1

00:00:16,840 --> 00:00:21,439

okay, Welcome to another video lecture on basic surveying.

2
00:00:23,900 --> 00:00:29,320
Now, we are in module 5 which is about theodolites and total stations.

3
00:00:30,620 --> 00:00:33,520
And today we will do lecture number 5.

4
00:00:36,740 --> 00:00:39,159
What we have done so far in this module.

5
00:00:39,159 --> 00:00:46,559
We have done lecture number 1, 2, 3, and the last one was lecture number 4, and we
talked

6
00:00:46,559 --> 00:00:52,959
in this lecture number 4 about some important things like this relationship in
fundamental

7
00:00:52,960 --> 00:00:54,740
lines of a theodolite.

8
00:00:55,120 --> 00:01:00,160
We so what are the various lines in a theodolite, what is the relationship, desired
relationship

9
00:01:00,160 --> 00:01:01,519
between those lines.

10
00:01:02,660 --> 00:01:08,200
Now, in case these relationships are not maintained, we saw that it may be so
because of wear and

11
00:01:08,200 --> 00:01:13,110
tear, because of accident, because of mishandling of the instrument what happens?

12
00:01:13,110 --> 00:01:15,650
The instrument will lead to the errors.

13
00:01:16,240 --> 00:01:23,979
So, we should know is there anyway any method
which we can adopt in our observation by which

14
00:01:23,990 --> 00:01:27,210
we can eliminate these errors, yes they are
ways.

15
00:01:27,600 --> 00:01:32,320
We can go for face left, face right observation take their mean, both vernier
observation

16
00:01:32,320 --> 00:01:36,300
take their mean, and observe on the full graduated circle.

17
00:01:37,060 --> 00:01:39,340
So, we have seen some of these approaches.

18
00:01:39,640 --> 00:01:47,320
At the same time, we might like to permanently adjust the instrument for these
errors.

19
00:01:47,700 --> 00:01:54,229
The meaning is somehow we carry out a test we understand, what is the quantity of
error

20
00:01:54,229 --> 00:01:55,229
in the instrument?

21
00:01:55,620 --> 00:02:01,820
Once we have found it then what we do, we
adjust that error by moving various parts

22
00:02:01,829 --> 00:02:06,449
of the instrument, so that error is eliminated permanently from the instrument.

23
00:02:07,160 --> 00:02:10,440
Now, this permanent term is kind of misleading here.

24
00:02:10,440 --> 00:02:14,450
This permanent is may be for 6 months, 8 months or 1 year.

25
00:02:14,450 --> 00:02:19,920
Because, after use of the instruments again
for 6 months or 8 months or 1 year, again

26
00:02:19,920 --> 00:02:26,149
some of these errors may re come you know
again they may be reintroduced into the instrument.

27
00:02:26,150 --> 00:02:28,540
So, why we say permanent?

28
00:02:28,540 --> 00:02:31,872
Because, you want to differentiate these adjustments from the temporary
adjustments, temporary

29
00:02:31,872 --> 00:02:38,200
adjustments are those adjustments which we do in each and every survey station,
each

30
00:02:38,200 --> 00:02:40,670
and every traverse station as we have seen.

31
00:02:40,920 --> 00:02:46,559
While these permanent adjustments are done once, and then they are done again after
you

32
00:02:46,570 --> 00:02:52,269
know period of time may be 6 months or so
when you find that these errors are again there.

33
00:02:53,580 --> 00:02:56,440
So, this is what we had done so far, what
we will do?

34
00:02:56,440 --> 00:03:02,720
Today, we will continue with this checking
of errors, and some more permanent adjustment

35
00:03:02,720 --> 00:03:04,020
procedures in our instrument.

36
00:03:04,900 --> 00:03:08,810
Then we will see very briefly, what is the
traverse we have seen it already while we

37
00:03:08,810 --> 00:03:10,210
are talking about the compass.

38
00:03:11,100 --> 00:03:16,620
Also we have answered this question that why we need the traverse, what are the
advantages

39
00:03:17,500 --> 00:03:20,580
then what kind of checks could be there in
the traverse.
40
00:03:20,580 --> 00:03:25,460
Then we will see some type of the traverse,
which are polygonal or open traverse.

41
00:03:26,560 --> 00:03:31,560
And then finally, what are the sources of
error in a traverse, and finally we will look

42
00:03:31,570 --> 00:03:38,660
into one very interesting thing which is called TTS, three tripod system, what this
system

43
00:03:38,660 --> 00:03:41,489
is how we can eliminate some errors with this.

44
00:03:41,489 --> 00:03:46,049
Because, what we are going to do now, we will have understood the theodolite, we
are going

45
00:03:46,049 --> 00:03:48,470
to eliminate the errors of the theodolite
now.

46
00:03:48,470 --> 00:03:53,530
We are going to adjust today some of the errors permanently, we will carry out
those permanent

47
00:03:53,530 --> 00:03:54,730
adjustments today.

48
00:03:54,730 --> 00:03:59,769
And then after that we are going to use the
theodolite all the total stations in our traversing,

49
00:04:00,440 --> 00:04:04,680
and when we do the traversing, what all things are involved that is what we are
going to

50
00:04:04,690 --> 00:04:05,810
talk about today.

51
00:04:06,960 --> 00:04:13,760
We have already seen the errors in the instrument, because of number 1 the
eccentricity of the

52
00:04:13,769 --> 00:04:22,150
circles, the meaning is the full graduated
circle and the index, because they rotate.

53
00:04:22,150 --> 00:04:28,960
So, they are eccentric, if they are eccentric
what will be the effect, how the two vernier

54
00:04:28,960 --> 00:04:31,539
readings will be different, so we have seen
this.

55
00:04:32,100 --> 00:04:37,599
And we also so that we can eliminate this
by taking the average of two vernier readings,

56
00:04:37,599 --> 00:04:43,930
because this is an error which cannot be adjusted
permanently unless the instrument goes back

57
00:04:43,930 --> 00:04:47,850
to the manufacture, and he does these adjustments
themselves.

58
00:04:49,100 --> 00:04:56,720
Then the second one, which we were talking about, we are talking about an error in
which,

59
00:04:56,729 --> 00:05:01,840
this is the condition that our horizontal
axis should be perpendicular to the vertical

60
00:05:01,840 --> 00:05:02,840
axis.

61
00:05:04,360 --> 00:05:09,360
For example here, that is our vertical axis
about which I can rotate my instrument, and

62
00:05:09,360 --> 00:05:11,819
this is the horizontal axis they should be
perpendicular.

63
00:05:11,819 --> 00:05:17,300
If it is not we have seen what will happen,
the instrument starts now making the inclined

64
00:05:17,300 --> 00:05:23,169
planes, if I rotate the instrument, the line
of sight will mark an inclined plane.

65
00:05:23,169 --> 00:05:29,359
So, if in this case the instrument is or the
horizontal axis is rotated this way,

66
00:05:29,880 --> 00:05:35,880
what will happen, the inclined plane will be like this, and if I change the face,
the inclined

67
00:05:35,889 --> 00:05:37,509
plane becomes like this.

68
00:05:37,509 --> 00:05:41,729
And we have seen this that one time it will
come over here, it will come over here from

69
00:05:41,729 --> 00:05:48,789
an object A, this object B, and if you want
to measure the angle between from an observer O.

70
00:05:51,060 --> 00:05:57,590
Then what we are doing instead of measuring
the actual angle which is alpha, we are measuring

71
00:05:57,590 --> 00:06:02,929
with some error let us say, error is e here
similarly in this case again the error e.

72
00:06:04,140 --> 00:06:09,280
So, what we can do, we can take this is face left observation, face right
observation.

73
00:06:09,290 --> 00:06:15,949
We can take the average of these 2, face left plus face right divided by 2, and
that gives

74
00:06:15,949 --> 00:06:17,389
us the correct value.

75
00:06:18,020 --> 00:06:23,318
So, the error can be eliminated, we have understood this error we know now it can
be eliminated

76
00:06:23,319 --> 00:06:26,259
by taking face left and face right observation.
77
00:06:27,480 --> 00:06:31,759
We saw the principle of reversal also in our
last video lecture, and that is what we are

78
00:06:31,759 --> 00:06:35,279
making use of now, reversing the way we are taking the observations.

79
00:06:36,320 --> 00:06:44,599
Now, is there any test in order to know that
there is this error?

80
00:06:45,220 --> 00:06:53,400
Error due to non perpendicularity of horizontal axis and the vertical axis, and if
the test

81
00:06:53,410 --> 00:06:55,930
is there, what is the test, how to carry it
out.

82
00:06:56,380 --> 00:07:08,400
Well, the test is called spire, spire test,
and as the name is there what we do, at a

83
00:07:08,400 --> 00:07:12,099
distance from us let us say a 25 meters from us.

84
00:07:12,880 --> 00:07:19,080
We choose a highest spire it could be anything which is very high, may be at an
angle of

85
00:07:19,090 --> 00:07:23,279
60 from my position and a high object, so
we choose this.

86
00:07:23,279 --> 00:07:30,519
Let us say this is point A may be top of the
tree, top of the temple, top of the church anything.

87
00:07:31,560 --> 00:07:40,440
Now, what we do, in our instrument keeping
the face towards my left, I level the instrument

88
00:07:40,449 --> 00:07:46,840
as the procedure is the instrument is leveled now, then I bisect that particular
object.
89
00:07:46,840 --> 00:07:57,000
Well, once this object is bisected what we
do, we bring it down, if it can come vertically

90
00:07:57,000 --> 00:08:04,900
down the line of sight will come at the bottom
here, but that is not the case, because in

91
00:08:04,900 --> 00:08:09,159
this case our plane which the line of sight
is marking is inclined.

92
00:08:09,159 --> 00:08:15,849
So, what will happen, when I bring it down,
and here at the you know where my tripod is,

93
00:08:15,849 --> 00:08:19,860
we can keep something there, so that we can
make the marks on that.

94
00:08:19,860 --> 00:08:25,229
So, somewhere here I am standing with my tripod
and by bringing it down.

95
00:08:25,229 --> 00:08:32,330
Let us say in one case, it comes down like
this in an inclined way, and I make a mark

96
00:08:32,330 --> 00:08:40,580
let us say this mark is DL for a face left.

97
00:08:40,580 --> 00:08:47,930
And second time, I change the face again now
the face is towards my right.

98
00:08:47,930 --> 00:08:54,079
Now, I bisect again the same object A, and
take it down earlier the plane was coming

99
00:08:54,080 --> 00:08:56,720
like this, now the plane will come like this.

100
00:08:56,720 --> 00:09:03,910
So, what will happen, bisecting this A bringing
it down towards where our tripod is, it will

101
00:09:03,910 --> 00:09:06,560
reach at DR for face right.

102
00:09:06,560 --> 00:09:12,000
So, these two points they are somewhere near
to me, because we have started from there

103
00:09:12,000 --> 00:09:14,150
bisected that brought these points down.

104
00:09:14,150 --> 00:09:18,160
So, these two points are somewhere very near
to me, they are on the ground.

105
00:09:18,940 --> 00:09:26,580
Now, if these two points DL and DR are same,
they are the same points, because in case

106
00:09:26,590 --> 00:09:28,880
of no error what will happen?

107
00:09:28,880 --> 00:09:35,550
In both the cases, whether face left or face
right, in both the cases the vertical plane

108
00:09:35,550 --> 00:09:41,870
or the line of sight will reach here which
is point D, but if the error is there they

109
00:09:41,870 --> 00:09:44,040
will reach at DL and DR.

110
00:09:44,040 --> 00:09:51,709
So, this is a test, by carrying out this test
we can know yes there is error in the instrument,

111
00:09:51,710 --> 00:09:59,200
because of non perpendicularity of the horizontal axis from the vertical axis, now
how to eliminate

112
00:09:59,200 --> 00:10:01,560
it permanently how to adjust it.

113
00:10:02,000 --> 00:10:05,680
So, this permanent adjustment of the instrument what we do in this case?

114
00:10:08,300 --> 00:10:14,819
We find this middle point, because we know the point DL, we know the point DR, and
there

115
00:10:14,820 --> 00:10:18,220
on the ground I can locate this middle point
now.

116
00:10:19,980 --> 00:10:26,520
Having located this middle point, I will bisect now after rotating my theodolite, I
will bisect

117
00:10:26,530 --> 00:10:31,589
the point there on the ground, that particular point is bisected.

118
00:10:32,320 --> 00:10:42,680
Then I raise it up, when I raise it up where
will I go, I might go naturally somewhere

119
00:10:42,760 --> 00:10:43,480
like this.

120
00:10:44,260 --> 00:10:50,160
So, starting from this point D
I should have reached A, if there was no problem,

121
00:10:50,400 --> 00:10:52,640
but because, there is a problem that is why I reached here.

122
00:10:53,520 --> 00:11:02,520
Now, at this stage, once I am this far from A what we do? In our instrument in all
the instrument this facility is

123
00:11:02,520 --> 00:11:09,500
there, I can change the orientation of horizontal axis, how we have the capstans
screws here,

124
00:11:09,740 --> 00:11:16,600
I can use this capstans screw, and by using this capstans screw, we can change the
orientation

125
00:11:16,600 --> 00:11:21,960
of the horizontal axis. So, depending where I need to bring, I need

126
00:11:21,960 --> 00:11:28,160
to take this point to A. So, I will start
using my screw here in order to bring this
127
00:11:28,160 --> 00:11:34,219
point to A. So, once this point is at A, my
instrument is adjusted.

128
00:11:34,220 --> 00:11:41,280
I have corrected my horizontal axis, I made it perpendicular. Well, this thing
needs to be done in trial

129
00:11:41,280 --> 00:11:46,319
and error, because just in one operation you may not converge. So, by trial and
error we

130
00:11:46,320 --> 00:11:52,900
keep doing it till this error is fully eliminated. And in a spire test we find
whether we are

131
00:11:52,900 --> 00:11:56,860
doing it from face left or face right we are
always reaching at this point.

132
00:11:57,660 --> 00:12:04,439
Okay, the another error which may be there is, because line of sight is not
perpendicular

133
00:12:04,440 --> 00:12:10,980
to horizontal axis. Let us think about it
what is the meaning of this? And why it may happen.

134
00:12:11,400 --> 00:12:17,579
Somewhere here, if you visualize the
theodolite somewhere here, this is the eyepiece

135
00:12:18,100 --> 00:12:21,720
over here is the plane of the cross wire which we say diaphragm.

136
00:12:23,320 --> 00:12:26,400
Now, this plane of the cross wire or the center of the cross wire,

137
00:12:27,440 --> 00:12:33,240
when we join the center of the cross wire to the centre of the objective lens, it
may reach the line of sight.

138
00:12:33,380 --> 00:12:40,660
Because, we use that line in order to bisect the objects in order to define where
my line sight is,
139
00:12:41,240 --> 00:12:44,280
now it might happen as we can see here.

140
00:12:44,290 --> 00:12:54,260
Now, here in this case I am showing you using a diagram. If this is the dotted
line, they

141
00:12:54,260 --> 00:13:00,700
are the actual cross, cross wire frame, but
in my instrument this cross wire frame is

142
00:13:00,700 --> 00:13:06,920
slightly shifted. So, what has happened here? The cross wire frame ideally it
should be

143
00:13:06,920 --> 00:13:11,569
here, but it has shifted as you can see here
in this diagram also. If this is the cross

144
00:13:11,570 --> 00:13:17,730
wire frame, this black line is the actual
one, but it has shifted to the blue one.

145
00:13:18,940 --> 00:13:24,740
So, what has happened because of this? Because of this, now instead of having my
line of

146
00:13:24,750 --> 00:13:30,220
sight from this point, I have the line of
sight starting from this point. So, this point

147
00:13:30,220 --> 00:13:35,390
will be joined to the center of the objective
lens, and that will make the line of sight.

148
00:13:36,560 --> 00:13:42,420
Now, what kind of problem will occur because of this, will resolve this in two
components.

149
00:13:42,420 --> 00:13:51,740
One, when this movement of the axis is only the horizontal line, the horizontal
line has

150
00:13:51,740 --> 00:13:57,310
moved up let us say this is one component.
And the second component will talk, when this
151
00:13:57,310 --> 00:14:04,209
vertical line has moved sideways, because
this particular error can be can have these

152
00:14:04,210 --> 00:14:09,440
two components. So, what we will do now, we
will go about these two cases one by one,

153
00:14:09,440 --> 00:14:14,460
starting from this case then to this case,
and first we will see what kind of error may

154
00:14:14,460 --> 00:14:19,630
occur can we eliminate it, if we can eliminate
it how we can eliminate it.

155
00:14:19,630 --> 00:14:25,030
The first error now, it is because of the
movement of horizontal here, the horizontal

156
00:14:25,030 --> 00:14:32,530
here has shifted here from its original position.
So, the point of the cross wire or this point

157
00:14:32,530 --> 00:14:38,940
about which we define the line of sight is
now this point. Now, what will happen? If

158
00:14:38,941 --> 00:14:47,200
you see this in the instrument the cross wire
is like this, now it has shifted up. Of course,

159
00:14:47,200 --> 00:14:50,920
I am magnifying this error, it is not that
much inside the instrument, but in order to

160
00:14:50,920 --> 00:14:53,459
understand it I am just trying to magnify
it.

161
00:14:53,460 --> 00:14:58,440
Ideally, it should be at the centre, but we
are taking it up, because of the error. So,

162
00:14:58,440 --> 00:15:03,130
what will happen, then now the line of sight
is from this point which is the center of
163
00:15:03,130 --> 00:15:08,439
the cross wire, and the center of the objective,
so the line of sight is inclined. Well, let

164
00:15:08,440 --> 00:15:21,920
us say the effect of this, this is my telescope.
So, the line of sight is now, that is the

165
00:15:21,920 --> 00:15:29,530
center of the objective lens it is inclined,
it is not horizontal. In ideal case, in case

166
00:15:29,530 --> 00:15:36,589
of the horizontal line it should have been
like this. Now, if it is so what will be the

167
00:15:36,590 --> 00:15:41,100
problem?
Well, the problem will be if I am measuring

168
00:15:41,100 --> 00:15:48,180
a vertical angle, in case of the vertical
angle what we do. We make this reading 0,

169
00:15:48,180 --> 00:15:53,689
0, 0 and we consider the line to be horizontal,
and then we start taking the observation from

170
00:15:53,690 --> 00:16:01,290
there I take it up and measure the angle.
But, now when I am taking it up, I am not

171
00:16:01,290 --> 00:16:05,670
starting my measurement from the horizontal
line, rather I am starting my measurement,

172
00:16:05,670 --> 00:16:09,800
because I am looking down from the horizontal
line.

173
00:16:09,800 --> 00:16:14,990
Because, right now the center of the cross
wires if it is here, let us say I have exaggerated

174
00:16:14,990 --> 00:16:22,560
it, if it is here the line of sight is inclined.
So, we are initially bisecting somewhere there,

175
00:16:22,560 --> 00:16:30,369
and then in order to take it up, I have to
rotate my telescope more than the actual angle.

176
00:16:30,370 --> 00:16:35,300
So, the effect of that is the vertical angle
that we observe here is different than the

177
00:16:35,300 --> 00:16:42,740
actual vertical angle, so this is an error.
Now, how can we eliminate it, to eliminate

178
00:16:42,740 --> 00:16:48,300
it now we will see here in the instrument
itself, what we do?

179
00:16:48,300 --> 00:16:54,569
Let us say, right now the cross wire is here
of the center of the cross wire is here, the

180
00:16:54,570 --> 00:17:01,860
face is towards my right. Now, change the
face, in changing the face just follow me

181
00:17:01,860 --> 00:17:07,970
where I am holding is the center of the cross
wire. Well, to change the face, it will stay

182
00:17:07,970 --> 00:17:13,230
like this, it will stay like this, and that
is the centre of the cross wire, and the center

183
00:17:13,230 --> 00:17:20,010
of the cross wire comes down. Well, now the
face has changed, but in order for me to observe

184
00:17:20,010 --> 00:17:25,929
I will rotate it like this, and now the cross
wire center is here and here.

185
00:17:25,929 --> 00:17:30,629
So, what has happened, earlier the line of
sight was looking down, but now the line of

186
00:17:30,629 --> 00:17:35,939
sight is looking up. If the line of sight
is looking up, the effect of this will be.

187
00:17:35,940 --> 00:17:41,919
In all the vertical angles which we are measuring
will be shorter than the actual vertical angle,

188
00:17:41,919 --> 00:17:46,379
because we have measured now the vertical
angles from this line not from the horizontal

189
00:17:46,379 --> 00:17:55,969
line, so what has happened? In this case,
because the cross wire shift is same in both

190
00:17:55,970 --> 00:17:58,470
the cases, the inclination of the line is
same in both the cases.

191
00:17:58,960 --> 00:18:06,020
So, if we are taking face left observation
and face right observation, and we take the

192
00:18:06,020 --> 00:18:12,249
mean of that we will get the correct value,
because the error is being eliminated. In

193
00:18:12,249 --> 00:18:18,120
one case the error was positive, because we are measuring more angles. In the
second case

194
00:18:18,120 --> 00:18:23,879
the error is negative, because we are measuring less angle. So, we can combine
these two readings

195
00:18:23,879 --> 00:18:30,539
like this here, so the error can be eliminated. So, yes if at all this kind of
problem is

196
00:18:30,539 --> 00:18:37,110
there shift of horizontal wire, it can be
eliminated by taking face left and face right

197
00:18:37,110 --> 00:18:42,500
observations, and the vertical angles can
still be measured correctly.

198
00:18:42,500 --> 00:18:49,559
However, can we adjust it also can we permanently
change this. The meaning of adjustment is

199
00:18:49,559 --> 00:18:59,620
now as we know our horizontal here has shifted
here. We want to bring it down, we want to

200
00:18:59,620 --> 00:19:05,949
pull it down, so that it is at its original
position, it had shifted up, so we want to

201
00:19:05,950 --> 00:19:12,019
bring it down. So, what is the procedure for
this, the procedure for this is what we are

202
00:19:12,019 --> 00:19:13,090
going to do now.

203
00:19:13,090 --> 00:19:21,059
So, the procedure is we go to the ground where
we have a level ground, and at a distance

204
00:19:21,059 --> 00:19:26,730
of around 75 meter to 100 meter larger the
distance, better will be the result. We keep

205
00:19:26,730 --> 00:19:33,330
a ranging rod this is either a ranging rod
or a staff. We will see later on what a staff

206
00:19:33,330 --> 00:19:40,600
is? Staff is basically a vertical ruler; it
is a rod which has the graduations also. So,

207
00:19:40,600 --> 00:19:47,340
we can keep that staff here or ranging rod
then we keep our theodolite here.

208
00:19:47,340 --> 00:19:54,790
Now, in our theodolite we keep let us say
face left, as the face in the theodolite for

209
00:19:54,790 --> 00:20:01,379
me is left now. Then what we do, we set our
theodolite to any particular angle value.

210
00:20:01,379 --> 00:20:06,949
Let us say I set my theodolite to 0, 0, 0
how do we do it? We will rotate it till the

211
00:20:06,950 --> 00:20:13,769
readings over here in these two vernier C
and D are 0, 0, 0. Well the readings are 0,

212
00:20:13,769 --> 00:20:24,860
0, 0 now. Then I bisect the ranging rod, so
the ranging rod is bisected here at A. Now,

213
00:20:25,380 --> 00:20:31,220
why I am taking it this way, because we know
there is a shift, and if this shift is right

214
00:20:31,230 --> 00:20:39,090
now the center of the cross wire is somewhere
here. So, the line of sight is going up.

215
00:20:39,090 --> 00:20:44,240
Well, I am bisecting the ranging rod at A,
then I change the face, because the line of

216
00:20:44,240 --> 00:20:48,669
sight is here, now the line of sight will
come here at the center of the cross wire,

217
00:20:48,669 --> 00:20:54,399
and then it will stay here line of sight will
go down now. So, if it goes down what we do,

218
00:20:54,399 --> 00:20:59,678
we change the face, we set the same angle
value here, what we have set previously let

219
00:20:59,679 --> 00:21:07,710
us say 0, 0, 0. And then we take another line
of sight, and you bisect it on the staff or

220
00:21:07,710 --> 00:21:14,600
ranging rod.
Well, the test is if the readings of A and

221
00:21:14,600 --> 00:21:22,408
B are same, if points A and B are same there
is no error. But, if these two are not same
222
00:21:22,409 --> 00:21:26,999
there is error in the instrument, because
of shift of the horizontal here, how to correct

223
00:21:26,999 --> 00:21:34,140
it? To correct it, there in the rod or the
ranging rod we mark the center point. Let

224
00:21:34,140 --> 00:21:41,909
us say the center point is C. Now, we have
marked the center point on this, then what

225
00:21:41,909 --> 00:21:51,210
we do? We know this particular error is because
of shift of the horizontal here. In ideal

226
00:21:51,210 --> 00:21:57,840
case, the horizontal here should have bisected
the point C, but it is not bisecting it, so

227
00:21:57,840 --> 00:22:03,249
what we do now.
We have in our instrument, again some facility,

228
00:22:03,249 --> 00:22:10,179
which are called capstan screws by which we
can move the diaphragm up and down. So, the

229
00:22:10,179 --> 00:22:16,700
entire diaphragm, because the cross wires
have shifted like this. I want to move this

230
00:22:16,700 --> 00:22:22,159
entire diaphragm up and down. So, this entire
diaphragm can be moved up and down, and by

231
00:22:22,159 --> 00:22:28,289
moving it. Let us say right now, we have bisecting
B, but we want to bisect C, I move the diaphragm

232
00:22:28,289 --> 00:22:31,989
here at the theodolite, so that I bisect now
C.

233
00:22:33,080 --> 00:22:41,418
So, what is happening, I am basically moving
my cross this blue line to its original position.
234
00:22:41,419 --> 00:22:47,200
So, this entire diaphragm, because when you
look to the cross wire there will not be two

235
00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:53,139
lines like this, there will be only a thing
like this. So, we are bringing it down, and

236
00:22:53,139 --> 00:22:58,639
after bringing it down it will reach to its
original position. Again, this thing needs

237
00:22:58,640 --> 00:23:02,540
to be done you know by trial and error. Now, for trial and error you know time and
again

238
00:23:02,540 --> 00:23:08,280
you keep you need to repeat it. So, keep repeating it till you find that your test
is satisfied.

239
00:23:08,560 --> 00:23:11,220
Now, we are going to look at the other aspect.

240
00:23:11,970 --> 00:23:18,880
Well, here we are talking of the error due
to vertical hair movement. Now, this vertical

241
00:23:18,880 --> 00:23:28,279
hair as you can see here, it has shifted to
this position. So, how the cross wire may

242
00:23:28,279 --> 00:23:34,519
look like, it may look like this. Of course,
I am exaggerating these errors here, so that

243
00:23:34,520 --> 00:23:38,560
we can understand using these figures. It
will not be that big amount of error in the

244
00:23:38,560 --> 00:23:43,800
instrument, but to understand it I am exaggerating it. So, the cross wire may look
like this.

245
00:23:44,280 --> 00:23:49,560
Now, the line of sight is again, this particular point here and the center of the
objective.
246
00:23:50,360 --> 00:23:57,840
Now, start visualizing that line in the instrument. Here in the instrument the
cross wire has

247
00:23:57,840 --> 00:24:04,060
shifted this way, sideways. So, this vertical
hair has shifted this way, in ideal case it

248
00:24:04,060 --> 00:24:09,860
should have been at the center. And the center point of the cross wire joining to
the center

249
00:24:09,861 --> 00:24:13,850
of the objective that should have been the
line of sight. But, now what is happened to

250
00:24:13,850 --> 00:24:21,840
the line of sight, this point has if I do
it for you, it has shifted sideways. So, now

251
00:24:21,840 --> 00:24:26,488
the center of the cross wires is here where
I am holding it. If the center of the cross

252
00:24:26,489 --> 00:24:31,889
wire is here, and you are looking through
this line, center of the cross wire and the

253
00:24:31,889 --> 00:24:38,209
center of the objective, what will happen.
Well, in this case let us say that is the

254
00:24:38,210 --> 00:24:41,919
point where the center of the cross wires
is somewhere here, ideally it should have

255
00:24:41,919 --> 00:24:53,299
been here. Now, certain thing you have to
visualize it. If I rotate my telescope now

256
00:24:53,299 --> 00:25:00,070
what will happen, what the line of sight will
make, I am rotating my telescope like this,

257
00:25:00,070 --> 00:25:06,289
what will be formed by the line of sight?
If you think it now the line of sight, because

258
00:25:06,289 --> 00:25:11,039
I am holding the cross wire is here, and this
is the line of sight going this way.

259
00:25:11,039 --> 00:25:18,470
So, if you rotate it this way all through
the line cross wire is here of the way. So,

260
00:25:18,470 --> 00:25:26,239
line of sight will form a cone in this case,
a cone like this. In earlier case, we saw

261
00:25:26,239 --> 00:25:31,580
the line of sight will form an inclined plane
not a vertical plane. In this case, it is

262
00:25:31,580 --> 00:25:37,210
not forming a vertical plane rather it is
forming a cone, a cone which is centered here

263
00:25:37,210 --> 00:25:38,919
and something like this.

264
00:25:40,140 --> 00:25:45,600
Now, that is the problem, if that is the problem what will happen, if you are
taking the observations

265
00:25:45,600 --> 00:25:52,600
as in earlier case, there is one object A,
another at B at different heights, and somewhere

266
00:25:52,600 --> 00:25:58,570
here is the observer. And I want to measure
the angle between A and B the horizontal angle

267
00:25:58,570 --> 00:26:05,820
between A and B from this position what I
do, I bisect first A in the instrument I have

268
00:26:05,820 --> 00:26:13,259
bisected A, now I bring it down. So, in ideal
case, while I bring it down I should have

269
00:26:13,259 --> 00:26:18,840
brought it down along the horizontal vertical
line, but this is not the case here what is

270
00:26:18,840 --> 00:26:26,600
happening, I am bringing it down as per the
cone somewhere here.

271
00:26:26,600 --> 00:26:34,428
Then it is starting from this point, I rotate
my line of sight or my telescope, so is to

272
00:26:34,429 --> 00:26:42,330
reach here B, I bisect B. And I measure the
angle let us say, alpha plus some error here,

273
00:26:42,330 --> 00:26:48,369
because the alpha is in case of the actual
line of sight, the actual line of sight not

274
00:26:48,369 --> 00:26:55,908
actual, but without if there is no error.
If there is no error A will come down to its

275
00:26:55,909 --> 00:27:03,230
projection at this point from here, we can
measure the angle which is alpha, but with

276
00:27:03,230 --> 00:27:11,559
the error. A is brought down here at A dash,
and from A dash I measure the angle which

277
00:27:11,559 --> 00:27:20,499
is alpha plus some error value.
So, if you are taking the observations only

278
00:27:20,499 --> 00:27:28,980
on single face, our observations will be wrong.
Well, now if I change the face, start thinking

279
00:27:28,980 --> 00:27:34,480
we had our cross wire had shifted here. So,
this is the point where the cross wires is.

280
00:27:34,480 --> 00:27:40,850
Now, I am going to change the face, right
now the face is right for me, and in face

281
00:27:40,850 --> 00:27:47,459
right that is the point A dash which we are
getting here, then now I change the face what

282
00:27:47,460 --> 00:27:54,499
is the procedure. Well, I transit it this
is where the cross wire will be now.

283
00:27:54,499 --> 00:28:01,320
Well, that is the cross wire, then I rotate
it this is where the cross wire is I am holding

284
00:28:01,320 --> 00:28:07,129
it here center of the cross wire, and I take
it like this. Now, as you can see, by changing

285
00:28:07,129 --> 00:28:12,320
the face the cross wire has shifted, the center
of the cross wire has shifted from here to

286
00:28:12,320 --> 00:28:19,279
there. So, earlier now if I rotate my line
of sight what will happen, earlier the cone

287
00:28:19,279 --> 00:28:25,440
was being formed in that direction, now the
cone will be formed in this direction. Well,

288
00:28:25,440 --> 00:28:32,480
if in this case, now I bisect A bring it down.
So, the meaning is I bisect A bring it down.

289
00:28:32,480 --> 00:28:36,039
So, it will come here and then I measure my
angle.

290
00:28:36,039 --> 00:28:43,720
So, measuring angle means after bring it down, I rotate my line of sight, bisect B
and I

291
00:28:43,720 --> 00:28:50,610
measure the angle. So, this angle will be
again this error will be e. Let us say this

292
00:28:50,610 --> 00:28:57,488
angle, which I measured is alpha minus e,
in this case I had measured alpha plus B,

293
00:28:57,489 --> 00:29:04,640
alpha plus e. So, what we see, if you can
take again here face left plus face right

294
00:29:04,640 --> 00:29:12,249
observations, and their mean this error can
be eliminated, because in one case the error

295
00:29:12,249 --> 00:29:21,159
is positive, in other case it is negative.
Because, here in this case it is increasing

296
00:29:21,159 --> 00:29:26,559
the angle value, here in this case it is decreasing
the angle value. So, we are summing these

297
00:29:26,559 --> 00:29:31,239
two up. So, they will compensate. So, this
is another example of principle of reversal

298
00:29:31,239 --> 00:29:35,859
by using this principle of reversal, reversal
means face left and face right, we can eliminate

299
00:29:35,859 --> 00:29:36,859
this error.

300
00:29:36,859 --> 00:29:47,350
Well, how we can eliminate this error permanently,
is there any method, so that we can eliminate

301
00:29:47,350 --> 00:29:53,009
this permanently from our observations or
from our instrument. Permanent means we need

302
00:29:53,009 --> 00:29:58,570
to bring, now the cross wire is here that
is the cross wire it has shifted. So, I need

303
00:29:58,570 --> 00:30:04,519
to bring it to the center. So, to bring it
to the center, what I need to do, how should

304
00:30:04,519 --> 00:30:10,830
I bring it to the center? Of course, there
is a possibility here I can move my diaphragm

305
00:30:10,830 --> 00:30:17,299
this way using the capstans screws, I can
move my diaphragm. But, by what amount should

306
00:30:17,299 --> 00:30:22,509
I move my diaphragm we should know this, so
how to do this, we have got one more test

307
00:30:22,509 --> 00:30:29,290
for that, and this is very interesting test.
Let us say in this test what we do? We put

308
00:30:29,290 --> 00:30:38,070
our theodolite at a point O, where I am standing
right now. Then let us say, on one side we

309
00:30:38,070 --> 00:30:44,799
take a length of 100 meter, similarly on this
side also this length should be 100 meter,

310
00:30:44,799 --> 00:30:52,340
larger this length better will be the test,
as well as the adjustment. So, around 100

311
00:30:52,340 --> 00:30:59,899
meter and 100 meter lengths we take. We keep
a ranging rod here, thus ranging rod is let

312
00:30:59,899 --> 00:31:07,668
us say A, what we do now, well what we have
done. We have kept a ranging rod, 100 meters

313
00:31:07,669 --> 00:31:15,200
away from this theodolite, it is there somewhere.
Now, we level the instrument all these leveling

314
00:31:15,200 --> 00:31:21,029
other things are done with the instrument,
I now bisect that ranging rod. So, this ranging

315
00:31:21,029 --> 00:31:26,429
rod here is bisected while the instrument
is here. Let us say, we start from the ideal

316
00:31:26,429 --> 00:31:31,789
case there is no error in the instrument,
because of this shifting of the cross wire,
317
00:31:31,789 --> 00:31:38,440
the cross wire is here only in the center.
If it is in the center it will form a vertical

318
00:31:38,440 --> 00:31:43,629
plane, while I am rotating the line of sight
it will mark a vertical plane.

319
00:31:43,629 --> 00:31:52,549
So, the situation in that case is: if I bisect
A, then I transit it back, the transiting

320
00:31:52,549 --> 00:31:59,240
means that is transiting. And earlier, I am
bisecting now A, so I am seeing through the

321
00:31:59,240 --> 00:32:08,609
cross eyepiece, now A is bisected then I transit
it, it is transited. Then I move here, I use

322
00:32:08,609 --> 00:32:15,499
I again see through the eyepiece and in this
direction. So, in this direction I set another

323
00:32:15,499 --> 00:32:22,570
ranging rod B, because I can bisect it I can
see through the eyepiece, and I can bisect

324
00:32:22,570 --> 00:32:28,649
that ranging rod. And I say that is the point
where the ranging rod is now, I put this ranging

325
00:32:28,650 --> 00:32:31,389
rod.
Then what we do next, we change the face,

326
00:32:31,389 --> 00:32:39,820
well now the face is changed again A is bisected.
And again we transit it, and looking from

327
00:32:39,820 --> 00:32:44,600
here if the A is bisected after changing the
face, and there is no error in the instrument.

328
00:32:44,600 --> 00:32:50,559
Second time also what will happen, you will
automatically bisect B which was established
329
00:32:50,559 --> 00:32:56,918
earlier. But, if there is error then what
will happen.

330
00:32:56,919 --> 00:33:03,809
We are going to repeat the same thing of point
O is somewhere here, where the observer is

331
00:33:03,809 --> 00:33:14,539
we have our ranging rod A, and our theodolite
is kept here. Now, the problem is for me the

332
00:33:14,539 --> 00:33:20,789
face is towards my right, the cross wire is
shifted. Now, if it is, so if I rotate this

333
00:33:20,789 --> 00:33:27,470
it is making a plane. So, basically what is
happening here if you see, the cross wire

334
00:33:27,470 --> 00:33:34,750
is shifted, the line of sight now is making
an angle with the horizontal axis, which is

335
00:33:34,750 --> 00:33:42,320
not 90 degrees? In if there is no shift of
the cross wire, cross wire is here itself,

336
00:33:42,320 --> 00:33:45,500
the line of sight is making an angle of 90
degrees.

337
00:33:45,500 --> 00:33:50,190
As in this case the line of sight was making
an angle of 90 degrees. But, here in this

338
00:33:50,190 --> 00:33:53,769
case, because of the cross wire is shifted,
now the line of sight is going like this,

339
00:33:53,769 --> 00:34:01,520
it is not making an angle of 90 degrees with the horizontal axis. Well, if that is
so and

340
00:34:01,520 --> 00:34:12,290
this is our horizontal axis I am bisecting
A, and this is what will be the position of

341
00:34:12,290 --> 00:34:17,719
the horizontal axis. And this angle is not
90 degree rather 90 degree minus e. There

342
00:34:17,719 --> 00:34:31,810
is some error. Well, in this case now if I,
I am bisecting A I transit it back, if I transit

343
00:34:31,810 --> 00:34:33,870
it back this is very important, what is happening
here.

344
00:34:33,870 --> 00:34:39,009
That is the cross wire, cross wire is coming
here, right now the line of sight is going

345
00:34:39,010 --> 00:34:44,710
this way. Once it is here, the line of sight
will come this way, because now the cross

346
00:34:44,710 --> 00:34:51,120
wire is here, and line of sight will be starting
from here, and will go this way. So, the meaning

347
00:34:51,120 --> 00:34:57,390
of that is, now the line of sight will be
again it will make 90 minus e angle, because

348
00:34:57,390 --> 00:35:05,190
the angle will remain same. And this is how
the line of sight will go. So, what we are

349
00:35:05,190 --> 00:35:10,299
doing. We have bisected A, transiting it and
we are establishing one more ranging rod here.

350
00:35:10,299 --> 00:35:18,590
Let us say that ranging rod we say B as in
the earlier case. Now, what we do, we change

351
00:35:18,590 --> 00:35:27,170
the face, well the face is changed. The cross
wire was earlier here, and now the cross wire,

352
00:35:27,170 --> 00:35:32,180
because it moves from here along with this
another cross wire is shifted here, earlier

353
00:35:32,180 --> 00:35:38,660
it was here, now it has shifted here the face
is left. Now, again in this face left what

354
00:35:38,660 --> 00:35:46,401
will happen, if I bisect A the next position
of my horizontal axis will be like this. Then

355
00:35:46,401 --> 00:35:56,288
only I can bisect A, because this angle will
be 90 minus e. Then I transit it back as in

356
00:35:56,289 --> 00:36:02,140
the previous case by transiting back, I will
be looking in this direction and this angle

357
00:36:02,140 --> 00:36:09,288
will be again 90 minus e, obviously.
Now, what this value will be this angle will

358
00:36:09,289 --> 00:36:15,640
be here, you can compute it easily two e.
Similarly, this is also two e, well what we

359
00:36:15,640 --> 00:36:27,440
have done. We have again we are establishing
a ranging rod at C. So, this is the test,

360
00:36:27,440 --> 00:36:34,500
if point B and C are same there is no error.
Otherwise, there is error in the instrument,

361
00:36:34,500 --> 00:36:40,310
because of shift of the vertical here, how
to eliminate it, what is the error, the error

362
00:36:40,310 --> 00:36:48,770
in the instrument is only e. So, what we do,
we join these two points, this is around 100

363
00:36:48,770 --> 00:36:56,440
meter here, similarly 100 meter here.
So, we join these two points, and we find

364
00:36:56,450 --> 00:37:03,399
a point here which is one fourth of this total
distance BC. So, let us say this point is

365
00:37:03,400 --> 00:37:17,790
D. So, DC is 1 by 4 of BC. So, in ideal case
how much I should move my cross wire. I should

366
00:37:17,790 --> 00:37:23,609
move my cross wire, because now in my cross wire is somewhere here, and I should
move

367
00:37:23,609 --> 00:37:31,270
my cross wire, so that I start bisecting D.
Well, this what we do, we release the capstan

368
00:37:31,270 --> 00:37:36,950
screw, we move the cross wire now in order
to bisect this D. So, the D is bisected,

369
00:37:39,740 --> 00:37:43,720
let us say the D is bisected.
So, when we are doing it, what we are doing,

370
00:37:43,720 --> 00:37:48,200
we are bringing the vertical cross wire to
its actual position or its true position.

371
00:37:49,000 --> 00:37:55,460
So, this is how, we can adjust the instrument for this error. Again in this case
also we

372
00:37:55,460 --> 00:38:00,340
need to repeat this procedure, because just
in one single go we will not reach the answer.

373
00:38:01,060 --> 00:38:08,400
Now, we will see another error, and this error is called index error, what is an
index error.

374
00:38:08,900 --> 00:38:20,500
If our vertical circle reading is 0, and our
altitude bubble is in center. In that case,

375
00:38:20,510 --> 00:38:27,050
the line of sight should be horizontal, obviously.
Because when our line of sight is horizontal,
376
00:38:27,050 --> 00:38:38,760
our reading is 0, 0. So, that makes our reference.
If this is not true for 0 reading of the vertical

377
00:38:38,760 --> 00:38:48,660
circle, and altitude bubble in center if this
is not horizontal what will happen? We are

378
00:38:48,660 --> 00:38:53,578
measuring now vertical angles not from the horizontal reference, the other form
some

379
00:38:53,579 --> 00:39:00,069
other reference. So, if this is the problem
in the instrument. Then what will be the effect,

380
00:39:00,069 --> 00:39:04,269
it will start introducing, some error in our
vertical angle measurement.

381
00:39:05,860 --> 00:39:14,100
Well, this is the case this is the vertical
circle here. And this frame is the frame of

382
00:39:14,109 --> 00:39:21,120
the altitude bubble; the altitude bubble is
in center, so this line is horizontal. In

383
00:39:21,120 --> 00:39:29,339
ideal case, this blue line when the reading
is 0 and 0 should be also horizontal. Now,

384
00:39:32,280 --> 00:39:39,860
let us say this is not the case the line of
sight is now inclined, because of some

385
00:39:40,580 --> 00:39:45,279
problem with the instrument. We will come to that
particular problem, where the problem lies

386
00:39:45,289 --> 00:39:48,559
and we will see the effect of this also. So,
what will be the effect of this, the effect

387
00:39:48,559 --> 00:39:55,650
is very obvious.
Well, my face is left the reading is 0, 0,
388
00:39:55,650 --> 00:40:02,150
altitude bubble is in center, I take the observation
the line of sight is going inclined, so I

389
00:40:02,150 --> 00:40:09,010
am measuring more value of angle. Next, I
change the face, now the line of sight will

390
00:40:09,010 --> 00:40:13,250
go up naturally we are changing the face.
So, we will measure the angle smaller angle

391
00:40:13,250 --> 00:40:17,450
for the same 0, 0, value here, and altitude
bubble in center.

392
00:40:17,450 --> 00:40:30,089
So, it is very obvious that we can eliminate
this index error also by taking face left

393
00:40:30,089 --> 00:40:37,369
and face right observations and their mean.
So, we can eliminate this index error also

394
00:40:37,369 --> 00:40:44,160
by doing this. Now, we are going to see can
we really adjust this also permanent adjustment

395
00:40:44,160 --> 00:40:48,750
of this in our instrument. If it is so what
is the procedure for this?

396
00:40:48,750 --> 00:41:06,250
So, the procedure for this permanent adjustment
is, permanent adjustment of/for index error.

397
00:41:06,250 --> 00:41:16,559
Now, the thing is same we keep you know around
a 100 meter long line of sight we take it,

398
00:41:16,559 --> 00:41:27,329
and we keep a staff here for a ranging rod.
We keep our theodolite here, and with this

399
00:41:27,329 --> 00:41:33,480
theodolite for what we do now? Number 1 step,
we make first of all now in our theodolite

400
00:41:33,480 --> 00:41:39,859
we will level it against using the plate bubble,
and then we level it using the altitude bubble,

401
00:41:39,859 --> 00:41:46,470
because this is more sensitive.
So, altitude bubble is in center now. Then

402
00:41:46,470 --> 00:41:53,759
by rotating this telescope, while looking
through this vernier C and D, I am making

403
00:41:53,760 --> 00:42:02,829
the readings here 0, 0, 0. Altitude bubble
is in center by rotating this telescope, while

404
00:42:02,829 --> 00:42:06,660
I rotate this telescope there is no problem
with the altitude bubble, because they are

405
00:42:06,660 --> 00:42:13,620
two different frames. So, I make the reading to be 0, 0, 0. Well, now altitude
bubble is

406
00:42:13,630 --> 00:42:17,930
in centre, the reading is 0, 0, 0 and I can
see through the eye piece.

407
00:42:18,540 --> 00:42:25,920
So, if I see through the eyepiece, I might
bisect somewhere here which is point A. Then

408
00:42:25,930 --> 00:42:33,868
I change the face, the face is changed. Again,
because I have to bisect from here, altitude

409
00:42:33,869 --> 00:42:41,280
bubble is in center, we make it to the center. And by rotating this telescope, I
make the

410
00:42:41,280 --> 00:42:48,359
same reading let us say the reading is made
to be 0. Again now the reading is set to be

411
00:42:48,359 --> 00:42:54,558
0. So, as we have discussed if there is problem
in the instrument, it will bisect somewhere

412
00:42:54,559 --> 00:43:00,980
here. Now, how to eliminate this error, to
eliminate this error what we do?

413
00:43:00,980 --> 00:43:06,849
Again, we can locate the middle point here,
which is C. And this is the point where we

414
00:43:06,849 --> 00:43:15,680
should have bisected for altitude bubble to
be in center, reading to be 0, 0, this line

415
00:43:15,680 --> 00:43:20,720
of sight should be horizontal. And the line
of sight which is horizontal is this line,

416
00:43:20,720 --> 00:43:25,919
we should have bisected here. So, what is
the procedure to correct it before the test,

417
00:43:25,920 --> 00:43:32,130
whether A is equal to B or not that was the
test, now the procedure to permanently adjust

418
00:43:32,130 --> 00:43:36,279
it. Well the procedure is, once we have found

419
00:43:36,279 --> 00:43:43,799
this point C on the ranging rod or on the
staff. Now, I change it, let us say I right

420
00:43:43,799 --> 00:43:51,529
now I am bisecting B. I had already bisected A, and this is how we could locate C.
So,

421
00:43:51,529 --> 00:43:59,180
now from this telescope, we rotate the line
of sight a little we might use the capstan

422
00:43:59,180 --> 00:44:04,710
screw, because this will be very fine rotations. So, I use the capstan screw here
the tangent

423
00:44:04,710 --> 00:44:10,410
screw, I use the tangent screw I rotate the
line of sight. So, that this line of sight

424
00:44:10,410 --> 00:44:17,029
reaches C. So, now the cross wire is bisecting the point C.

425
00:44:17,510 --> 00:44:24,210
Well, at this stage the line of sight is horizontal or we can say the telescope is
horizontal,

426
00:44:25,420 --> 00:44:31,440
is the reading in verniers 0, 0 now. It is
not, because the reading was set about 0,

427
00:44:31,440 --> 00:44:37,900
0 earlier, the reading was at 0, 0, when the
point B was bisected. Now, we have rotated

428
00:44:37,900 --> 00:44:43,940
the telescope along with the rotation of the
telescope this vertical circle also rotates.

429
00:44:44,900 --> 00:44:51,900
And the verniers are there where they were,
so there is no change in the vernier position.

430
00:44:51,900 --> 00:44:58,390
So, because of this rotation of the vertical
circle, the reading is changed, well the reading

431
00:44:58,390 --> 00:45:04,120
is different now. So, what we do, we make
this reading 0, 0 now, how to make the reading

432
00:45:04,120 --> 00:45:09,450
0, 0, I use now the clip screw.

433
00:45:09,450 --> 00:45:18,118
The clip screw means this particular screw,
because the reading is not 0, 0 I use this

434
00:45:18,119 --> 00:45:26,460
screw by using this screw I can move my altitude bubble frame. So, I can shift it
here and

435
00:45:26,460 --> 00:45:35,720
there. So, that this particular frame rotates.
Well, using the clip screw I will change the

436
00:45:35,720 --> 00:45:42,259
frame, and by changing this frame, I can bring the reading to be 0, 0. Well, the
reading

437
00:45:42,260 --> 00:45:50,069
is 0, 0 now, but is altitude bubble is in
center, no because I have used this screw.

438
00:45:50,069 --> 00:45:57,339
So, this altitude bubble has gone out of center
now, it is not in center. I have rotated this

439
00:45:57,339 --> 00:46:02,288
in order to make the reading 0, 0. So, I need
to make this altitude bubble in center now.

440
00:46:03,100 --> 00:46:08,660
So, what I do, I use in the instrument, again
we have got the capstan screws if you can

441
00:46:08,660 --> 00:46:13,060
see here, these are the capstan screws in
the instrument. And using this capstan screws,

442
00:46:13,060 --> 00:46:19,759
I can move this bubble either up or down,
and I bring it to the center. So, right now

443
00:46:19,760 --> 00:46:29,029
we have achieved my line of sight is bisecting
C. So, because it is bisecting C, my line

444
00:46:29,029 --> 00:46:34,289
of sight is horizontal, I made the reading
to be 0, 0, 0 by moving this altitude frame,

445
00:46:34,289 --> 00:46:39,160
and as well as by using the capstan screws
I have brought this bubble to the center.

446
00:46:39,160 --> 00:46:45,640
And this is what the condition we desired.
So, this index error has been eliminated permanently

447
00:46:45,640 --> 00:46:52,190
from the instrument. Now, we have seen all
these adjustments of the instrument, and we

448
00:46:52,190 --> 00:46:57,549
have seen the angle measurement. Now, we want
to use this total stations or the theodolite.

449
00:46:57,549 --> 00:47:03,200
In our next video lecture, we will see the
total station it is various parts, but it

450
00:47:03,200 --> 00:47:06,799
will not be much different than the theodolite
the basic concepts are same.

451
00:47:06,799 --> 00:47:13,230
Well, we want to use it for some application,
and the application is we said theodolite

452
00:47:13,230 --> 00:47:18,779
traverse. We want to carry out a traverse
using the theodolite, why traverse we have

453
00:47:18,779 --> 00:47:23,250
already answered this question when we were
talking about the compass. Traverse has many

454
00:47:23,250 --> 00:47:29,109
advantages you know it we can do the traversing
anywhere. There is no restriction as far as

455
00:47:29,109 --> 00:47:33,970
the visibility and all those things are concerned.
We can have the shorter lines, longer lines,

456
00:47:33,970 --> 00:47:38,058
different kinds of angles.
So, we can follow the road line, we can follow

457
00:47:38,059 --> 00:47:42,299
the river, all these things are possible in
the case of the traversing, the computations

458
00:47:42,299 --> 00:47:51,670
are stronger. So, traverse is supposed to
be a very good mode of doing the control survey.

459
00:47:51,670 --> 00:47:55,630
So, we can generate the control survey. So,
when I say control survey mean, I mean the

460
00:47:55,630 --> 00:48:02,690
skeleton of that ground, we can do it by traversing.
Now, what is theodolite traverse, why especially

461
00:48:02,690 --> 00:48:07,640
we want to say theodolite traverse. It is
same as compass traverse the only difference

462
00:48:07,640 --> 00:48:15,319
is here in this case, these angles are being
measured by a theodolite.

463
00:48:15,319 --> 00:48:21,740
Now, theodolite is very precise instrument.
We have the precision of 1 second, 5 seconds,

464
00:48:21,740 --> 00:48:29,890
20 seconds. So, we need equally precise linear
measurement instrument. So, now, EDM is available.

465
00:48:29,890 --> 00:48:35,308
So, we can use EDM for measurement of these
lines, while these angles are being measured

466
00:48:35,309 --> 00:48:42,980
by the theodolite, and we have our theodolite
traverse.

467
00:48:42,980 --> 00:48:49,910
Now, what are the types of the traverse? Again
we have seen this, a traverse may be closed,

468
00:48:49,910 --> 00:48:55,480
the closed means here is the closed traverse.
It starts from a point and finally reaches

469
00:48:55,480 --> 00:49:00,250
there only. So, the same thing we started
taking the observations in the ground from

470
00:49:00,250 --> 00:49:05,539
one point we did the traversing, again reached the point. So, this is closed
traverse or
471
00:49:05,539 --> 00:49:12,040
the loop traverse, also it is called polygonal,
then the other traverse is open traverse.

472
00:49:12,040 --> 00:49:18,799
Open means, we start from a point keep following a road or any other object, but do
not reach

473
00:49:18,799 --> 00:49:26,110
the original point. So, it is open.
Then we have another one which we say link.

474
00:49:26,110 --> 00:49:34,579
In the case of the link, it looks like open
traverse except the starting line and the

475
00:49:34,579 --> 00:49:44,099
closing line are known to us. I am writing
right now, known these two lines are known.

476
00:49:44,099 --> 00:49:51,599
Known means these two lines had been done
using some more accurate survey. Similarly,

477
00:49:51,599 --> 00:49:57,049
this line they had been done using very, very
accurate survey. Now, we have starting our

478
00:49:57,049 --> 00:50:07,450
this traverse by connecting over this open
traverse with these links, we will see the

479
00:50:07,450 --> 00:50:09,189
advantage of this in a moment.

480
00:50:10,700 --> 00:50:20,319
Now, how to check the accuracy in a traverse, if it is a loop traverse, one method
which

481
00:50:20,329 --> 00:50:26,519
we know is we can sum up all the internal
angles. For all these internal angles, we

482
00:50:26,519 --> 00:50:32,459
can find their sum, and we can check whether
the sum is equal to this (2 n minus 4 into
483
00:50:32,460 --> 00:50:39,119
90), where n is number of the sights. If it
is, so we are sure that well the internal

484
00:50:39,119 --> 00:50:48,710
angles which had been measured or done correctly.
But, this is not the full solution, why it

485
00:50:48,710 --> 00:50:52,010
is not full solution, because we have not
done anything so far.

486
00:50:52,010 --> 00:50:58,280
For length, while we are measuring the length
of these lines, this length was measured,

487
00:50:58,280 --> 00:51:03,480
this length was measured, and this length,
this length, and this length. So, in measuring

488
00:51:03,480 --> 00:51:09,740
these lengths also some errors were introduced,
we cannot measure the true value. So, this

489
00:51:09,740 --> 00:51:19,259
particular check here, the check, this check
does not take care of the length as we have

490
00:51:19,260 --> 00:51:24,490
seen in case of the compass traverse also.
In our case of compass traverse, we had adjusted

491
00:51:24,490 --> 00:51:31,069
our angles for this correction, but still
we found, because of the error in length our

492
00:51:31,069 --> 00:51:36,460
compass traverse will not close. So, the same
thing will happen here for this length, and

493
00:51:36,460 --> 00:51:38,110
some similarly for the orientation.

494
00:51:38,110 --> 00:51:44,880
Now, what is the meaning of this? The length
means if you do a traverse in the ground,
495
00:51:44,880 --> 00:51:50,930
we have corrected for the internal angles,
and then we plot it. The plotting of the traverse

496
00:51:50,930 --> 00:51:57,730
may look like this, but with closing error,
because the land had not been adjusted.

497
00:51:57,730 --> 00:52:05,670
Similarly, the error of orientation, orientation
means there in the ground or traverse is oriented

498
00:52:05,670 --> 00:52:12,770
this way. Let us say this is the mean orientation
of the traverse, once we plot it we might

499
00:52:12,770 --> 00:52:20,700
plot it this way. So, there is an orientation
error, how to eliminate this orientation error.

500
00:52:20,700 --> 00:52:25,640
We need to take bearing of the lines also,
let us say if I had measured the bearing of

501
00:52:25,640 --> 00:52:31,230
this line, from the north, whatever this value
theta is and then I would have ensured that

502
00:52:31,230 --> 00:52:39,039
the same bearing of this line AB. AB here
is ensured, because these two bearings are

503
00:52:39,039 --> 00:52:46,309
not same. So, by measuring this bearing and
using that while we are plotting we can eliminate

504
00:52:46,309 --> 00:52:47,880
this orientation error.

505
00:52:49,300 --> 00:52:53,620
Well, we go further in the case of the link
traverse. In the case of the link traverse,

506
00:52:53,630 --> 00:52:59,829
how we can do the accuracy check. Now, this is a thing the purpose why we want to
connect
507
00:52:59,829 --> 00:53:10,819
our open traverse to 2 lines, which are known as I said earlier. These two lines
are done

508
00:53:10,819 --> 00:53:18,529
by some previous survey, and are very accurately done this is our high order
survey. We are

509
00:53:18,529 --> 00:53:26,049
connecting our open traverse here with these two lines, how can make use of these
in order

510
00:53:26,049 --> 00:53:35,369
to adjust the errors in our open traverse.
Well, I know the bearing of this line, and

511
00:53:35,369 --> 00:53:40,289
then I am measuring the bearing of all these lines. So, for example, let us say I
am measuring

512
00:53:40,289 --> 00:53:48,450
all these lengths, all these angles, all these
lengths and so on. So, starting from this

513
00:53:48,450 --> 00:53:55,279
known line, and these all angles, the angle
here, the angle here, and as well as all the

514
00:53:55,280 --> 00:54:02,490
lengths, what I can do is starting from this
known line, I can compute the bearing of this

515
00:54:02,490 --> 00:54:07,939
line, because it is a simple computation.
So, I can compute the bearing of this line

516
00:54:07,940 --> 00:54:14,120
which will be this angle. If there is error
in between which will be there?

517
00:54:14,120 --> 00:54:20,819
The bearing which we are computing here will
not be the bearing of this line actually there

518
00:54:20,819 --> 00:54:26,490
in the ground. So, what we find, we find there
is error in between, because we started from
519
00:54:26,490 --> 00:54:32,200
a known line, we are reaching unknown line.
And a starting from this known line, we use

520
00:54:32,200 --> 00:54:38,890
then later on all the measurements which we
had done in the field for our open traverse.

521
00:54:38,890 --> 00:54:44,089
And using those measurements we computed the
bearing of this line, and the bearing is not

522
00:54:44,090 --> 00:54:52,340
coming same, so there is error in between
here. So, what we can do by finding this amount

523
00:54:52,340 --> 00:54:57,490
of the error e, we can adjust our angles accordingly.

524
00:54:57,490 --> 00:55:10,740
So, this adjustment procedure could be let
us say if this is our link traverse, and it

525
00:55:10,740 --> 00:55:17,459
does not close here, as well as it computes
the bearing wrongly. Let us say we I am taking

526
00:55:17,460 --> 00:55:23,079
the case that it does not close here. Closing
means, I had done a traverse in the field,

527
00:55:23,079 --> 00:55:30,930
and now I am plotting it here. And by plotting
it here using these angles and the lengths,

528
00:55:30,930 --> 00:55:35,890
I find that it does not close. So, what we
want to do, we want to apply correction to

529
00:55:35,890 --> 00:55:46,200
it. I want to take it here to the known position.
So, each and every line will be shifted accordingly,

530
00:55:46,200 --> 00:55:50,779
so that it reaches here. So, what we are doing,
we are applying correction to our observed
531
00:55:50,780 --> 00:55:56,640
values, so that we are adjusting for the errors.
So, we can make use of these known lines in

532
00:55:56,640 --> 00:56:00,788
the link traverse for adjusting our open traverse.

533
00:56:00,789 --> 00:56:09,079
Well, going back now, in case of the open
traverse is there any way we can apply the

534
00:56:09,079 --> 00:56:16,349
check? No there is no control on this open
traverse. So, we cannot apply a check. So,

535
00:56:16,349 --> 00:56:22,420
because of this purpose generally the open
traverse are not preferred. We should try

536
00:56:22,420 --> 00:56:27,380
to do some kind of checks there even if we
need to do the open traverse, we can do some

537
00:56:27,380 --> 00:56:35,720
intermediate checks. For example, I am observing
this open traverse, but I take also this measurement,

538
00:56:35,720 --> 00:56:40,680
and you know some measurement. So, I measure
this length. So, I can make use of this length

539
00:56:40,680 --> 00:56:47,200
in order to apply checks in this part of the
traverse. So, generally in the open traverse

540
00:56:47,200 --> 00:56:52,220
there is no method to apply the checks, unless
we go for check lines like this, some extra

541
00:56:52,220 --> 00:56:53,750
measurements.

542
00:56:54,040 --> 00:57:04,558
So, if we discuss in overall. The sources
of error in a traverse could be because of
543
00:57:04,559 --> 00:57:08,869
the linear measurements naturally, because
we are measuring in traversing the length.

544
00:57:08,869 --> 00:57:15,420
So, because of length there will be the error
also because of angular measurement. The theodolite,

545
00:57:15,420 --> 00:57:20,089
the compass, whatever the instrument we are using has got the error. The personal
error,

546
00:57:20,089 --> 00:57:24,990
error because of the nature all these are
involved. So, these two are the sources of

547
00:57:24,990 --> 00:57:28,508
the error, as well as there will be the error
because of the centering.

548
00:57:29,320 --> 00:57:34,560
We know about these two linear measurements,
because we have seen in the case of EDMI how

549
00:57:34,570 --> 00:57:39,400
to apply the corrections. We have seen in
the case of the chain, how to apply the corrections.

550
00:57:39,400 --> 00:57:45,630
We also know now about angular errors, one
of the sources can we apply corrections, what

551
00:57:45,630 --> 00:57:50,690
should be the strategy when we are working
in the field to observe these, so that we

552
00:57:50,690 --> 00:57:57,080
can take care of these angular errors. The
centering errors is very interesting, we have

553
00:57:57,080 --> 00:58:02,200
not discussed this in detail so far. But,
we would like to eliminate this also while

554
00:58:02,200 --> 00:58:07,078
we are working in the field.
So, we will see a methodology now, in which
555
00:58:07,079 --> 00:58:14,030
we can eliminate centering error also. So,
we will see how to take care of this centering

556
00:58:14,030 --> 00:58:19,630
error in our next lecture. So, what we discussed
today, we again discussed couple of permanent

557
00:58:19,630 --> 00:58:24,819
adjustment in the instruments, how to do those,
what are the procedures for the test. Then

558
00:58:24,819 --> 00:58:32,640
how to eliminate those errors by observations, as well as by doing some changes in
the instrument,

559
00:58:32,640 --> 00:58:35,279
so that is the permanent adjustment of the instrument.