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okay, Welcome to another lecture on basic survey.

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Today, we are on module 5 and will be doing lecture number 4.

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Now, before we go for this lecture number
4 of module 5 which is on theodolites and

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total stations, we would like to see, what
we did in our last video lecture.

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In the last lecture about the theodolite,
we talked about the angle measurement, and

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we measured the angles using the methods of
reiteration.

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We saw what is the, you know, advantage of
methods of reiteration.

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If we have to measure multiple number of angles
from one station, we go for this method.

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Then we compared the method of reiteration
and method of repetition for the accuracies.

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We did a little analysis, how the errors propagate?

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The errors as we saw do occur, because of
number one bisection, number two reading.

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So, in the case of the repetition there were
only two readings, while in the case of reiteration

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there are several readings.

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So, how this, more numbers of readings in
the reiteration affect the accuracy and this

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what we have seen, how all these little errors
they propagate finally in our angle that we

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measure.

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Then we also saw the vertical angle measurement,
how do we do it?

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What are the steps?

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How do we write it on a table?

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And we were talking about the some errors
of the theodolite, like the personal and natural

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errors.

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So, we saw some of the causes a surveyor may
introduce some error or there may be an error,

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because of the nature.

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Something goes wrong you know the reflective
index of the medium, simmering of ranging

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rod this is what we talked about.

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We also saw towards the end of our lecture,
the instrumental and the fundamental lines

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of a theodolite.

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Now, we will go into the same error part of
the theodolite today, and to begin our lecture,

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we will again talk about relationships in
fundamental lines of theodolite.

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We have seen those lines, we will see them
again today and would like to see very minutely,

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what are the relationships among those different
lines?

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If those relationships are not so, as desired
in the instrument, what happens?

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The instrument will have the errors, how we
check these errors and how to eliminate these errors.

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You can eliminate the errors, by adopting
some strategy in observation, also we can

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eliminate by permanently eliminating the error, while working in the theodolite.

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So, these are all that we are going to do
today, to repeat what are the fundamental

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lines; the fundamental lines are this is a
vertical axis.

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Vertical axis means, if I show you here in
the theodolite I am rotating this theodolite,
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it rotates about a line here that is the vertical axis, then we have the horizontal
circle.

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So, this circle is the horizontal circle,
where we have the graduated circle, where

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we read the angle values.

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Then this red line here is the axis of the
bubble tube.

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We have a bubble tube and for this bubble
tube we can define the axis, which is tangent

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at this middle point.

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This is the axis of the bubble tube.

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Then further, because we have not only the
horizontal circle, but on top of that the

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vernier frame with these two index, because
we are making use of these index a and index

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b or we can say vernier a and vernier b to
take the readings.

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So, we have this another frame.

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Our this entire theodolite, if I clamp it
by the lower clamp.

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Now, still it is rotating, so the lower plate
is not rotating now, only the upper one is

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rotating.

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So, this entire theodolite is rotating now,
as well as the verniers.

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So, there is another axis which we can define,
this is the axis of the vernier frame or we

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say inner axis.

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So, this dotted line here is the inner axis.

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If you go further up, we have the horizontal
axis, this is the horizontal axis about which

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we can rotate the telescope.

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Well, we go further this is the line of sight.

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Line of sight means, the line which is here
in the telescope.

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We have defined this line of sight, the line
of sight is defined by intersection of the

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cross wire and the center of the objective
lens.

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So, the line joining these two is the line
of sight.

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Also we have line of collimation, again another
line here, which is joining the center of

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the eyepiece lens and the center of the objective.

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Then on this side we have the vertical circle,
and as we can see here this is our vertical

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circle, which we make use to observe the vertical
angles, and as well as this is the axis of

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altitude bubble.

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If you see here in the theodolite that is
where altitude bubble, and we can define an

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axis for the altitude bubble, at the because
the bubble as we know bubble will look like

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this.

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And this is the line, which is tangential
at the middle of the bubble.

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So, this is the axis of the bubble tube.

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Similarly, here the same line I can visualize
it like this.

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So, this line is the axis of the altitude
bubble.

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Once you have seen these lines, what is the
fundamental relationship between these lines
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this is very important.

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And when we want to talk about the theodolite,
when we want to take the observations from

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the theodolite, when you want to eliminate
the errors of the theodolite, we should know

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these relationships.

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Now, in order to understand these relationships,
because we are talking about this instrument,

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I will try to show you some relationships
here in the instrument.

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You will have to visualize these things.

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And when whenever you have an opportunity
to handle an instrument like this, try to

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see those lines yourself where these lines
are.

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Of course, all these are imaginary lines,
which you are thinking that yes they are there.

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So, we will start one by one, the very first
relationship is we are writing here, horizontal

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circle should be perpendicular to vertical
axis, what is the meaning here?

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This is our vertical axis and that is our
horizontal circle.

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These two should be perpendicular, why they
should be perpendicular, because it my vertical

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axis is vertical in the direction of the gravity.

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And this horizontal circle is perpendicular
to the vertical axis.

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Then this horizontal circle will be actually
horizontal.

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This will ensure that we are taking all our
angles in horizontal plane, which is desirable.

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Then second thing, the vertical axis should
pass through the centre of graduated horizontal

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circle.

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Now, why is it so?

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That is the centre of graduated horizontal
circle here, and this is the vertical axis.

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Now why it is so, because all the observations
for the horizontal angle that we are taking,

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we are taking for with respect to the point
as we can see here, this particular point.

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And our circle is also graduated with reference
to this point only this is the origin, all

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the angles are being measured with reference
to this point.

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So, this is why, the vertical axis should
coincide with the centre of the horizontal

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circle or the graduated circle.

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Now, we go further, vertical circle should
be perpendicular to the horizontal axis.

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Well, this is the horizontal axis and this
horizontal axis is also called trunnion axis

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or transit axis and this is the vertical circle.

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So, these two should also be perpendicular
as you can see here in the theodolite.

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This is our horizontal axis that is the vertical
circle.

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So, this vertical circle should be perpendicular
to the horizontal circle horizontal axis.

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Again why, because by making this instrument
leveled by making the vertical axis vertical,

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this horizontal axis will be horizontal.

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If it is horizontal, then our vertical circle
will be vertical and we want it like that,
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because we are observing all the angles in
vertical.

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So, in order to measure the vertical angles,
our vertical circle should be vertical, this

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is why this relationship.

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This one is same as this, that for this graduated
vertical circle, it is centre should coincide

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with the horizontal axis, the why it is so
the reason is same as we discussed here.

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Then finally, the tangent to plate bubble
tube should be perpendicular to vertical axis.

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Now, why this relationship.

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Here is the plate bubble tube the tangent
of the plate bubble tube goes like this, and

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our vertical axis is here.

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Now, these two should be perpendicular, why?

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We make our vertical circle axis, vertical
by making use of this plate bubble tube.

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We bring this plate bubble tube to the centre,
once it is in centre the axis of the plate

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bubble tube will be horizontal, and if this
axis of the plate bubble tube is perpendicular

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to the vertical axis, our vertical axis will
be vertical.

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So, in order to ensure that our vertical axis
is truly vertical, we need to have our plate

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bubble tube axis perpendicular to the vertical
axis.

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So, this is what this relationship is there.

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Well we go further, this is line of sight
should be perpendicular to transit axis, now

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why it is so.

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If we see here, this is the transit axis or
horizontal axis or trunnion axis, this one

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here about which I can rotate my telescope.

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Now, the line of sight is here, the angle
formed as we can see here the angle formed

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from line of sight to the horizontal axis.

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So, this angle, this angle should be 90 degrees
whereby take it this angle, wherever take

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it this angle.

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So, from the line of sight to the horizontal
axis this angle should be 90 degrees, why

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it is so.

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It is so because, if my horizontal axis is
truly horizontal.

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Now, if I rotate my telescope by rotating
this telescope or the line of sight I want

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to rotate it in vertical plane.

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So, if this angle is 90 degrees, then only
it will rotate in a vertical plane.

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If it is not then it will form some other
plane.

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So, in order to ensure that my line of sight
when I rotate it, it forms a vertical plane

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this line of sight should be perpendicular
to the transit axis.

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The next relationship is the trunnion axis
or transit axis or horizontal axis, it should

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be perpendicular to the vertical axis.

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Now, as you can see here this is what the
relationship is, now why so, again our horizontal

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axis and the vertical axis.
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Let us see using the plate bubble tube here,
we have made our vertical axis to be truly

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vertical, so vertical axis is truly vertical.

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Now, we want our horizontal axis to be truly
horizontal.

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Now, it will be so only if, if the horizontal
axis is perpendicular to the vertical axis.

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Now, the next relationship it says for telescope horizontal and altitude bubble in
centre,

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the reading in vertical circle should be 0.

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Now, what is the meaning of this?

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When we measure the vertical angle, we measure
the vertical angle always from horizontal.

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So, now here somehow I make the line of sight
horizontal, let us say that line of sight

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is horizontal now.

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This altitude bubble is in centre, in this
case when the altitude bubble is in centre,

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line of sight is horizontal the reading over
here should be 0 0 0, because I have made

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the line of sight horizontal and that is my
reference.

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So, the reading here should be 0 0 0, if it
is not so.

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So, this is another error in the instrument.

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We will need to take care of that, will need
to account for that.

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So, this is what we will see.

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Then finally, this important as you can see
here.

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This is vertical axis, the horizontal axis
and the line of sight and all these three

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meet at one single point.

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Now, this single point is called centre of
instrument.

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Now, here if you see we will have to visualize
it.

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The vertical axis is coming like this, the
horizontal axis is coming like this and the

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line of sight, I can rotate this one the line
of sight has been rotating, it is here like

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this.

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So, all these three intersect like this, so
we have a relationship vertical axis, horizontal

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axis and the line of sight.

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And all these three they meet at a single
point that point is the center of instrument.

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So, all the angles whatever we do all the
measurements, you know in vertical we are

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measuring the vertical the angles.

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So, where is the reference?

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The reference is here.

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It is not here, the reference is here.

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If I say the height of the instrument, so
height of the instrument means I measure the

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height of that particular point from the ground.

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And that particular point to measure the height
can be approximated using this screw here.

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So, the centre of this from the ground this
distance is the height of the instrument.

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Now, we have seen all these different kinds
of relationships.

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Now, if this relationship or these relationships
are not there in the instrument.

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We want this instrument ideal instrument should
be like that, but if it is not so, what to

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do.

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Let us be assured that in most of the instrument,
particularly the modern instruments the total

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stations, most of these relationships are
ensured by the manufacturer, and really really

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these will go out of adjustments.

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But, still we are using this instrument in
field there is continuous wear and tear, some

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mishandles it.

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For example, I apply some you know pressure
some pull or something and some relationship

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goes wrong.

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So, mishandling of the instrument or sometime
the accident also, this instrument falls.

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What might happen?

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Some of these relationships what we talked
about they might deviate from the standard
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ones from the desired relationships.

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Now, if it is so what will happen, just you
know a single thing.

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If my axis of the plate bubble tube is no
more perpendicular to the vertical axis, what

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will happen?

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I am making it to the center.

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So, my axis of the plate bubble tube is horizontal,
my vertical axis is perpendicular to this

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or not let us say not perpendicular.

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So, what will happen?

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Then now, my vertical axis will not be vertical.

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In order to have the vertical axis to be vertical,
it should be perpendicular to this, but it

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is not so.

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Now, if my vertical axis is not vertical,
my horizontal circle will inclined, then entire

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instrument will incline.

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So, there will be you know different kinds
of errors which we introduced in our observations

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that we want to take.

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So, we need to ensure all these relationships.

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Now how to do this?

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If at all they are errors like this, these
relationships are not maintained in instrument,

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what to do?

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One strategy is which we say by measurement,
if you follow some strategy while we are measuring

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00:17:53,289 --> 00:17:58,679
the angles, then even if this instrument has
got error those errors can be eliminated.

224
00:17:58,679 --> 00:18:05,179
Now, what is this strategy, mostly as we also
saw in all our tables which I gave you?

225
00:18:05,179 --> 00:18:12,810
We take the observations on both face using
both the verniers, if we take the mean of

226
00:18:12,810 --> 00:18:15,559
both the verniers a and b or c and d.

227
00:18:15,559 --> 00:18:22,418
We take their mean, we take both these observations
again their mean, and if possible we should

228
00:18:22,419 --> 00:18:25,650
also take full circle reading.

229
00:18:25,650 --> 00:18:30,090
We do not like to measure angle only in one
part of the circle, rather in different parts

230
00:18:30,090 --> 00:18:31,449
of the circle.

231
00:18:33,860 --> 00:18:35,020
Now, this is one way.

232
00:18:35,260 --> 00:18:38,660
It is the soft way, there is a hard measure
also.

233
00:18:38,660 --> 00:18:45,260
This hard measure is we can permanently adjust some of these relationships.

234
00:18:45,260 --> 00:18:48,780
If we come to know, well in my instrument
there is some problem.

235
00:18:48,780 --> 00:18:53,200
Some of the relationships are not maintained,
what we can do we can carry out some tests

236
00:18:53,200 --> 00:18:58,450
in the field, and some adjustment procedures which we say permanent adjustments.

237
00:18:58,450 --> 00:19:04,040
And we can adjust our instrument, so that
those relationships are maintained.

238
00:19:04,040 --> 00:19:12,760
So, what we will see now, we will see how
to carry out these permanent adjustments?

239
00:19:12,760 --> 00:19:15,770
How to check if the instrument has got error?

240
00:19:15,770 --> 00:19:18,980
What should be the strategy for taking the
observations in the field?

241
00:19:18,980 --> 00:19:24,690
If you want to eliminate these errors by soft
measures.

242
00:19:24,690 --> 00:19:30,240
The very first error, we said well we have
the lower plate for the horizontal angle and

243
00:19:30,240 --> 00:19:33,850
the upper plate, upper plate means these two
verniers.

244
00:19:33,850 --> 00:19:39,320
And when we rotate it we can measure the angles,
ideally speaking the axis about which this

245
00:19:39,320 --> 00:19:44,980
plate rotates, and the axis about with this
plate rotates should be constant, if it is

246
00:19:44,980 --> 00:19:45,980
not so.

247
00:19:46,320 --> 00:19:48,560
Well, we are going to talk about this error.

248
00:19:48,560 --> 00:19:51,120
So, in ideal case what will happen?

249
00:19:52,740 --> 00:19:54,500
That is my horizontal circle.

250
00:19:54,940 --> 00:20:04,800
Now, here this is the center of the horizontal
circle and our vernier is also coincident

251
00:20:04,810 --> 00:20:05,810
with this.

252
00:20:06,020 --> 00:20:10,540
So, in order to measure any angle what we
do, as you can see over here.

253
00:20:11,420 --> 00:20:18,020
These are our vernier A and B and that is
the line of sight, so I can show the line

254
00:20:18,020 --> 00:20:21,049
of sight here like this.

255
00:20:21,049 --> 00:20:29,330
So, if there is a ranging rod here, I take
a line of sight to this ranging rod, and I

256
00:20:29,330 --> 00:20:36,539
take the observations in A and B.
Then, I take another line of sight, let us

257
00:20:36,539 --> 00:20:45,860
say this way to another ranging rod and here
what will happen our verniers will rotate

258
00:20:45,860 --> 00:20:48,010
by some angle.

259
00:20:48,010 --> 00:20:57,020
So, the angle between the objects theta is
the same angle, which is being measured here.

260
00:20:57,020 --> 00:21:04,170
So, what we do, we take the readings at A
dash and B dash.

261
00:21:04,170 --> 00:21:10,360
So, the vernier A reading from here to here,
and vernier B reading from here to here.

262
00:21:10,360 --> 00:21:16,110
And these two readings they give us the angle
value theta, which is same as the angle between

263
00:21:16,110 --> 00:21:20,570
these two ranging rods at O, where the observer
is.

264
00:21:22,520 --> 00:21:23,600
Now, we are going to the problem.

265
00:21:23,610 --> 00:21:31,600
The problem is the situation is slightly different,
our center has changed.

266
00:21:31,600 --> 00:21:44,209
Now, our verniers are centered here and this
is my vernier A and B and any rotation of

267
00:21:44,210 --> 00:21:49,190
the vernier will rotate it like this A dash
and B dash.

268
00:21:49,190 --> 00:21:53,260
So, what will the problem, because of this
we are going to see this particular problem,

269
00:21:53,260 --> 00:21:57,590
we are going to see how to eliminate it, not
to do that.

270
00:21:57,590 --> 00:22:06,590
I will draw again this horizontal circle,
Let us say this is our horizontal circle or

271
00:22:06,590 --> 00:22:18,209
the lower plate, and this is the actual center
of it or the center of the lower graduated

272
00:22:18,210 --> 00:22:19,210
circle.

273
00:22:19,210 --> 00:22:33,950
Now, on this, our verniers have shifted here,
there is an eccentricity in the centers of

274
00:22:33,950 --> 00:22:35,510
these two circles.

275
00:22:36,140 --> 00:22:43,080
Now, any angle that I measure now, any angle that I measure, let us say the ranging
rods

276
00:22:43,090 --> 00:22:46,330
are here and here as in the previous case.

277
00:22:46,330 --> 00:22:56,021
So, in order to measure these angles what
I do, I take a sight to this and I take a

278
00:22:56,021 --> 00:22:57,168
sight to this.

279
00:22:59,120 --> 00:23:05,040
So, these are the two sights, while I am taking these two sights, what is happening
of the
280
00:23:05,050 --> 00:23:17,730
verniers, the verniers here in this case they
are A and B. And here in this case, for the

281
00:23:17,730 --> 00:23:25,590
case of this ranging rod the verniers will
be A dash and B dash.

282
00:23:25,590 --> 00:23:33,320
Well the important thing here now, what angles
we are observing, just to clear this figure

283
00:23:33,320 --> 00:23:39,450
I will delete these lines, because we have
seen already that these are the lines of sight.

284
00:23:39,450 --> 00:23:42,740
Now, what is happening there?

285
00:23:42,740 --> 00:23:55,050
When we take the angles at A and at A dash,
I am actually reading the angles about this

286
00:23:55,050 --> 00:23:59,710
center, I will explain what I mean.

287
00:24:02,160 --> 00:24:09,429
And similarly here, for B and B dash I am
taking the observations about this circles.

288
00:24:09,429 --> 00:24:20,059
So, if this is point O and this is O dash,
what happen actually, the angle between these

289
00:24:20,059 --> 00:24:33,309
two, if it is theta and as we saw over here
also, this was angle theta.

290
00:24:33,309 --> 00:24:40,639
So, this was angle theta, and what is happening?

291
00:24:40,640 --> 00:24:47,620
Whatever is the amount of rotation this bisecting first ranging rod now?

292
00:24:47,620 --> 00:24:51,820
Then I rotate it, it is bisecting the second
ranging rod, so whatever is the amount of

293
00:24:51,820 --> 00:24:56,460
rotation of this telescope that is the angle
value in the field.

294
00:24:58,060 --> 00:25:04,460
If we see in the diagram here, this theta
is same as this theta here.

295
00:25:04,470 --> 00:25:11,490
So, this is angle theta and we can write this
theta here like this theta, but what we are

296
00:25:11,490 --> 00:25:16,440
reading, are we really reading this theta,
when we are reading in the horizontal circle.

297
00:25:16,440 --> 00:25:22,340
We are reading our value corresponding to
A and corresponding to A dash.

298
00:25:22,340 --> 00:25:27,178
And if you find the difference of these two
readings will it give us theta, it will not

299
00:25:27,179 --> 00:25:31,620
give us theta, because we are not reading
this theta, we are reading some other value

300
00:25:31,620 --> 00:25:32,620
here.

301
00:25:32,940 --> 00:25:40,740
Let us say if it is alpha, and this is beta
here, because our graduated circle the lower

302
00:25:40,750 --> 00:25:47,169
plate has it is origin at O, not at O dash.

303
00:25:47,169 --> 00:25:54,900
Because of this, I am while taking this theta
observation, I am reading alpha and beta by

304
00:25:54,900 --> 00:26:02,040
vernier A and by vernier B. So, this is an
error in the instrument, because of the eccentricity.
305
00:26:03,300 --> 00:26:10,300
Now, how to test it, if it is so what is the
test of the error, the test of error is

306
00:26:10,309 --> 00:26:15,800
we can take the readings in vernier A and vernier B these two angles.

307
00:26:15,800 --> 00:26:22,000
The angle value in vernier A and vernier B
let us say alpha minus or let us say the readings

308
00:26:22,000 --> 00:26:31,780
only, the reading in A and the reading in
B, the difference will not be equal to 180.

309
00:26:33,180 --> 00:26:45,780
Now, you can see here the difference in A
and the difference in B, that is our A, this

310
00:26:45,789 --> 00:26:50,039
our B is not half circle here, so this difference
is not 180.

311
00:26:50,039 --> 00:26:56,570
Similarly, A dash and B dash it is also not
half circle, so this difference will not be 180.

312
00:26:56,940 --> 00:27:04,820
In case of the, if there was no eccentricity
the A was here, B was here this is half circle,

313
00:27:04,830 --> 00:27:06,879
so the difference between A and B 180.

314
00:27:07,460 --> 00:27:12,580
Similarly, for A dash and B dash this is half
circle, so the difference in A dash and B

315
00:27:12,590 --> 00:27:15,610
dash again 180, so this is not the case here.

316
00:27:15,610 --> 00:27:23,500
And this is how by doing this test, we can
find the error in the instrument, yes there

317
00:27:23,500 --> 00:27:28,610
is an error in the instrument, because of
eccentricity of the circles.

318
00:27:28,610 --> 00:27:37,760
Now, one more thing this difference as you
can see over here, this arc is different in

319
00:27:37,760 --> 00:27:45,840
length, than this arc from A dash to B dash
and A to B. And because of this reason this

320
00:27:45,840 --> 00:27:49,419
difference will not remain, whatever is the
difference at any time this will not be a

321
00:27:49,420 --> 00:27:53,120
constant difference, it will change, it will
vary.

322
00:27:53,120 --> 00:27:57,780
So, this tells us, yes there is error in our
instrument.

323
00:27:57,780 --> 00:28:02,030
Now, how to eliminate it, in order to eliminate
it what we will do?

324
00:28:02,030 --> 00:28:09,658
We will do a little analysis here, now this
angle also we know it is theta, I am going

325
00:28:09,659 --> 00:28:16,450
to delete this one here just to have better
clarity in the figure.

326
00:28:16,450 --> 00:28:29,920
If I write this angle over here as let us
say a and this is a dash, and over here I

327
00:28:29,920 --> 00:28:40,090
write this as b, small b and this is b dash.

328
00:28:40,090 --> 00:28:45,260
Let us say these are the angle values here,
just for our derivation purpose b here and

329
00:28:45,260 --> 00:28:46,389
the b dash.

330
00:28:47,500 --> 00:28:50,220
Now, in triangle if you look at the triangle,

331
00:28:53,940 --> 00:28:59,580
in triangle O A and this particular point,
let us name this point as H,

332
00:29:00,820 --> 00:29:17,399
and the point here is H dash. So, in triangle O A H and O dash H and A dash, the
angle over here are

333
00:29:17,400 --> 00:29:23,700
same this angle is same as this angle, as
it is very much clear here. So, if these two

334
00:29:23,700 --> 00:29:32,000
angles are same, then the sum of alpha and a should be same as theta and a dash.

335
00:29:32,200 --> 00:29:39,880
So, I am write I am going to write it, alpha
plus a should be same as theta plus a dash.

336
00:29:41,720 --> 00:29:49,940
Now, that should be clear to you, similarly
here in triangle O B dash H dash and in triangle

337
00:29:50,100 --> 00:29:56,620
O dash H dash and B, here also these two angles are same.

338
00:29:58,660 --> 00:30:05,220
The angle B dash H dash and O angle I can write it B dash

339
00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:15,460
H dash same as angle B H dash and O dash. Now, if it is so,

340
00:30:15,800 --> 00:30:26,020
I can write that this theta and b, the sum of these
two angles should be same as sum of the angle

341
00:30:26,020 --> 00:30:37,860
beta and b dash. So, beta plus b dash should be same as if you see here, theta plus
b

342
00:30:38,420 --> 00:30:46,060
theta plus b. Now, I sum these two, so it gives me alpha

343
00:30:46,360 --> 00:30:57,100
plus beta plus a plus b dash this is 2 theta
plus a dash plus b. Now, after this if you

344
00:30:57,100 --> 00:31:04,800
go back to the figure, now in the figure O
is the center of the graduated circle.

345
00:31:05,020 --> 00:31:21,620
Now, let us look at the triangle O A dash and A dash here, and you join this,
because this

346
00:31:21,620 --> 00:31:29,800
is a straight line. So, in the triangle B
dash O and A dash. If you look at this triangle

347
00:31:30,200 --> 00:31:40,440
then our B dash O is same as O A dash, because they are simply the radius in our
circle.

348
00:31:40,840 --> 00:31:48,679
Now, if it is so our angles b dash will be
same as a dash.

349
00:31:49,680 --> 00:32:00,180
Similarly, in the triangle O B and A, again
OA is same as OB.

350
00:32:00,800 --> 00:32:06,800
So, we can write our a angle a is same as angle b.

351
00:32:07,380 --> 00:32:13,000
Now, if it is so we go back here our b dash is same as a dash,

352
00:32:13,320 --> 00:32:22,040
a is same as b. So, I can eliminate these and I can write now theta as alpha plus
beta

353
00:32:22,360 --> 00:32:30,659
divided by 2. Now, what is the meaning of
this, let us understand the meaning. Alph is a

354
00:32:31,640 --> 00:32:38,560
reading taken by vernier A, beta is reading
taken by vernier B, what does it say?

355
00:32:40,180 --> 00:32:46,420
It says even if our instrument has got an
error, and if you take the observation with

356
00:32:46,420 --> 00:32:53,220
both the verniers, and we take the mean of these two observations. So, whatever is
the

357
00:32:53,220 --> 00:32:57,700
reading given by vernier A, whatever is the
reading given by vernier B. We take these

358
00:32:57,700 --> 00:33:02,980
two readings and find the mean of these two, the error because of the eccentricity
of the

359
00:33:02,980 --> 00:33:09,760
centers will be eliminated this is what it
says. So, this is important that we can eliminate

360
00:33:09,760 --> 00:33:14,440
this error. It is very difficult to eliminate
this error by working with the instrument,

361
00:33:15,400 --> 00:33:20,600
but we can eliminate it easily by adopting
this procedure of taking both the verniers

362
00:33:20,600 --> 00:33:24,439
and their mean, and we can eliminate the readings the errors.

363
00:33:25,560 --> 00:33:33,399
Now, the next error that we are going to is
error due to graduated circle.

364
00:33:38,960 --> 00:33:44,080
Now, in the previous case I was giving you example of the horizontal plate, but the
same is true

365
00:33:44,080 --> 00:33:50,761
for the vertical also. If there is eccentricity
in vertical circle and the vernier, again

366
00:33:50,761 --> 00:33:55,210
we need to take the observations for vernier A and vernier B. In vertical we were
saying

367
00:33:55,210 --> 00:34:00,410
vernier C and vernier D take their mean the
error due to eccentricity will be eliminated.

368
00:34:01,760 --> 00:34:10,699
Now, when I say graduated circle, I mean the graduated circle is non uniformly
graduated,

369
00:34:10,710 --> 00:34:15,830
we have seen this before also. Non uniformly means, the graduations are far
somewhere they

370
00:34:15,830 --> 00:34:24,149
are very nearby, they are very far somewhere
and they are very nearby. If this is the case,

371
00:34:24,149 --> 00:34:28,900
it might be so because, this is a plate which
has been manufactured there might be some

372
00:34:28,900 --> 00:34:34,260
manufacturing errors or may be because the
temperature also. The part of the graduated

373
00:34:34,260 --> 00:34:39,490
circle is exposed to the sunlight. So, because
of the temperature it is expanded, while the

374
00:34:39,489 --> 00:34:44,049
rest is not.
So, if this is the problem in the instrument,

375
00:34:44,050 --> 00:34:48,879
how to eliminate it? We have seen the answer
of that, the answer of that was we should

376
00:34:48,879 --> 00:34:55,920
take observations in different parts of the
graduated circle. So that, and the mean of

377
00:34:55,920 --> 00:35:03,100
these, this is so in the method of repetition.
In the method of repetition we ensure this,

378
00:35:03,100 --> 00:35:08,390
we take the observation this way and any error
which will be there, because of non uniform

379
00:35:08,390 --> 00:35:11,190
graduations will be eliminated.

380
00:35:11,680 --> 00:35:18,600
Then next error which may be there in the
instrument is axis of plate bubble tube is

381
00:35:18,600 --> 00:35:27,359
not perpendicular to the vertical axis. Now,
if it is so number one how to test it, whether

382
00:35:27,359 --> 00:35:33,660
this is so or not, so the test is very simple
what we do in our instrument. First of all

383
00:35:33,660 --> 00:35:39,549
as we have seen, we level let us say that
is my plate bubble tube here, these two and

384
00:35:39,550 --> 00:35:43,390
these three these are the foot screw. So,
I level this plate bubble tube.

385
00:35:43,390 --> 00:35:51,089
Now, let us say first like this it is leveled
here, then I rotate I level again, then by

386
00:35:51,090 --> 00:35:57,290
trial and error I rotate it and level it and
level it. So, after doing this trial and error

387
00:35:57,290 --> 00:36:03,259
for some time, you will find this plate bubble
is in centre in this position also and in

388
00:36:03,260 --> 00:36:10,570
this position also. Now, to check whether
the axis of the plate bubble tube is perpendicular

389
00:36:10,570 --> 00:36:16,590
to the vertical axis or not, what we do? Once
it has been leveled and you find yes it is

390
00:36:16,590 --> 00:36:24,660
in center. We rotate this plate bubble tube
by 180 degree, what is the meaning of this?

391
00:36:24,670 --> 00:36:34,730
Right now, if you see this bolt is on that
side, now I rotate it by 180, it is rotated.

392
00:36:35,040 --> 00:36:40,339
Now, it will be difficult for you to see,
but the bolt is here now, so that bubble tube

393
00:36:40,339 --> 00:36:46,830
which was like this has been rotated this
way. Now, in this case if this plate bubble

394
00:36:46,830 --> 00:36:54,650
tube or the bubble goes out of the center,
there is an error. And if it does not go out

395
00:36:54,650 --> 00:36:59,520
of the center it stays there, there is no
error. Now, what is the theoretical background

396
00:36:59,520 --> 00:37:02,540
for these, we will try to do it here by the
diagram.

397
00:37:03,460 --> 00:37:18,890
Well, thus my vertical axis and the horizontal plate, we have A end and B end of
the plate

398
00:37:18,890 --> 00:37:29,368
bubble tube. And as we are saying the problem is our plate bubble tube axis of the
plate

399
00:37:29,369 --> 00:37:39,790
bubble is making an angle here. Ideally this
should be parallel to the horizontal circle

400
00:37:39,790 --> 00:37:46,180
or we can say it should be perpendicular to
the vertical axis, but it is not so. Well,

401
00:37:46,180 --> 00:37:51,960
in this case if I level it as you are doing
early in this instrument.

402
00:37:51,960 --> 00:38:01,100
If I level it, the leveling will make this
plate bubble tube horizontal that means this

403
00:38:01,100 --> 00:38:12,290
is the axis of the plate bubble tube now,
which is horizontal A and B. And now the vertical

404
00:38:12,290 --> 00:38:18,520
axis is like this, so what it has done? If
you look at the diagram this angle remains

405
00:38:18,520 --> 00:38:25,800
is 90, because this is how from the construction
of the instrument. This is horizontal, but

406
00:38:25,800 --> 00:38:32,579
my vertical axis is no more vertical now,
rather it has gone eccentric by an value of

407
00:38:32,579 --> 00:38:45,480
e, e is the same value by which my plate bubble
tube axis is away from the perpendicularity

408
00:38:45,480 --> 00:38:48,099
with the vertical axis.

409
00:38:48,420 --> 00:38:56,339
Now, this is the situation and in this situation we saw the test, the test was
rotate your

410
00:38:56,339 --> 00:39:03,500
plate bubble tube by 180 degree. Now, if you rotate this, so by rotating this what
will

411
00:39:03,500 --> 00:39:13,780
happen? This is how the situation is the B
comes here and the A goes here A and B.

412
00:39:14,840 --> 00:39:21,780
If I go back the A is here now, A side of the
plate bubble tube and this is the B side of

413
00:39:21,780 --> 00:39:25,560
the plate bubble tube, and this is how the
situation is here.

414
00:39:25,560 --> 00:39:31,089
If I rotate it by 180, this A will come here
and B will go there, so the B goes here and

415
00:39:31,089 --> 00:39:40,049
A comes here and that is my plate bubble,
this is a still at an angle of e. Now, because

416
00:39:40,050 --> 00:39:49,960
of this you can easily find at this stage
the axis of the plate bubble tube will make

417
00:39:49,960 --> 00:39:58,410
an angle of 2 e from the horizontal. Now,
how to eliminate this error, how to permanently

418
00:39:58,410 --> 00:40:10,460
adjust our instrument, permanent adjustment
number one can we eliminate this error by

419
00:40:10,460 --> 00:40:15,370
observations, by taking some strategy of observation
no it is not possible.

420
00:40:15,900 --> 00:40:23,640
And what this error is going to do, this error
is going to make my horizontal circle inclined.

421
00:40:23,650 --> 00:40:28,660
So, I am going to take the observations in
an inclined plane not in an horizontal plane

422
00:40:28,660 --> 00:40:35,819
which is desirable, which is desired. So,
to eliminate this permanently from the instrument,

423
00:40:35,819 --> 00:40:43,840
what we do. The permanent adjustment is first
of all as we have seen here now, after rotating

424
00:40:43,840 --> 00:40:51,440
this by 180 the bolt is here and the other
side is here. What I do next, I eliminate

425
00:40:51,440 --> 00:40:56,630
the bubble has gone out of centre. So, half
of the bubble, whatever the bubble might have
426
00:40:56,630 --> 00:41:04,420
gone by you know whatever is the distance.
If I draw it here in the diagram this is the

427
00:41:04,420 --> 00:41:09,941
central line. Let us say, these are the lines
for the bubble, and if the bubble is in center

428
00:41:09,941 --> 00:41:16,200
it might look like this, but now the bubble
has shifted here. So, that is the total shift

429
00:41:16,200 --> 00:41:22,919
of the bubble, what we do half of the shift
of the bubble, so we bring this bubble half

430
00:41:22,920 --> 00:41:33,910
here using 40 screws. And then further half,
we bring it here using the capstan screw.

431
00:41:33,910 --> 00:41:38,480
So, we use this capstan screw, we can change
it so what we can, what we have basically

432
00:41:38,480 --> 00:41:46,750
doing we can raise it or lower. The plate
bubble tube if I draw it here, if I do the

433
00:41:46,750 --> 00:41:54,480
same thing here in the diagram.
Well in this case now by bringing this bubble,

434
00:41:54,480 --> 00:42:15,319
half by capstan screw, what we are doing actually
we are raising it up. So, my bubble becomes

435
00:42:15,319 --> 00:42:21,930
like this and the line of sight, and the axis
of the bubble tube is now this way. Now, this

436
00:42:21,930 --> 00:42:28,819
angle will be obviously e, so half of the
error has been eliminated. Next, if I further

437
00:42:28,819 --> 00:42:35,990
now change or bring the bubble to centre using
the foot screw, so when I using the foot screw
438
00:42:35,990 --> 00:42:40,700
basically what we are doing? We are changing
the orientation of this vertical axis.

439
00:42:40,700 --> 00:42:50,560
So, what we do in this case B and A. And this
is how the bubble will become now, because

440
00:42:50,560 --> 00:42:56,420
we have by using the foot screw, we have changed
this vertical axis from this position to this

441
00:42:56,420 --> 00:43:02,770
position, eliminated this error of e. So,
our finally stage will look like this. So,

442
00:43:02,770 --> 00:43:08,060
we can eliminate this error from the instrument, we have seen the test of this, we
have seen

443
00:43:08,060 --> 00:43:13,220
how to eliminate this. So, this is a kind
of permanent adjustment of the instrument.

444
00:43:14,140 --> 00:43:19,160
Next, we are going to talk about some more errors, but before that I will give you
a

445
00:43:19,160 --> 00:43:30,310
principle of reversal. Because, we are going
to use this principle of reversal, henceforth

446
00:43:30,310 --> 00:43:38,880
in our adjustments or also in our strategy
that we are making to take readings, you know

447
00:43:38,880 --> 00:43:42,930
mean of face left and face right observation,
why should we go for that kind of thing? So,

448
00:43:42,930 --> 00:43:48,690
what is the basic principle of that? It is
very important, let us say we have a set square,

449
00:43:49,920 --> 00:43:54,200
all of you have worked with the set square,
and this is the set square.

450
00:43:54,210 --> 00:44:02,070
Ideally speaking the angle in the set square
should be 90 degrees, we assume it to be 90

451
00:44:02,070 --> 00:44:06,950
degrees, but is it really 90 degrees. It has
been manufactured somewhere, the company or

452
00:44:06,950 --> 00:44:13,230
the vendor they try to make it 90, but it
will never be 290 only we let us say by continuous

453
00:44:13,230 --> 00:44:21,560
use of this instrument. One edge of the instrument
has got wear or may be both of them. We had

454
00:44:21,560 --> 00:44:26,578
been drawing the lines altogether about these
edges. So, these edges have got now some kind

455
00:44:26,579 --> 00:44:33,110
of wear and tear.
So, this angle is no more 90 degrees, it may

456
00:44:33,110 --> 00:44:39,280
be more than 90 degrees less than 90 degrees,
but it is not 90 degree. How to find it that

457
00:44:39,280 --> 00:44:46,740
is the question, how to find it number one.
And number two question is, if you find it

458
00:44:46,740 --> 00:44:51,819
there is an error, how to eliminate it? Can
we really eliminate it, we do not want to

459
00:44:51,820 --> 00:45:01,500
do anything with this set square, because
we cannot manufacture ourselves now, but should

460
00:45:01,500 --> 00:45:07,470
be use the set square in a proper way. So,
that we can eliminate this error, how can

461
00:45:07,470 --> 00:45:08,970
we do it?

462
00:45:08,970 --> 00:45:17,689
Well, the answer lies, let us say we have
a straight line here, I keep my set square

463
00:45:20,460 --> 00:45:30,910
over here that is the set square. Now, if
the set square angle is 90 degree, let us

464
00:45:30,910 --> 00:45:38,170
assume that this is 90 degree, and I now rotate
my set square, rotate means I take this sight

465
00:45:38,170 --> 00:45:47,450
over here. So, my set square will look like
this, what I have done? I have just rotated

466
00:45:47,450 --> 00:45:56,730
it or other way round, we can say I keep this as of the set square on this line and
I draw

467
00:45:56,730 --> 00:46:07,390
a line. So, these two lines will be same,
however if there is problem.

468
00:46:07,390 --> 00:46:15,940
I keep my set square, let us say there is
error in the set square, I am as exaggerating

469
00:46:15,940 --> 00:46:23,170
this error, and thus the value of the error.
So, if I draw a line using this set square

470
00:46:23,170 --> 00:46:33,150
the line will go like this. And in this case,
what I had done, I had kept this as of the

471
00:46:33,150 --> 00:46:38,980
set square on this line, what I do now? I
again keep this as of the set square on this

472
00:46:38,980 --> 00:46:47,530
line. So, I am rotating it, if I rotate it
what the set square will look like. Well,

473
00:46:47,530 --> 00:46:55,359
by aligning the set square of this edge of
the set square is aligned with this line.

474
00:46:55,359 --> 00:47:02,529
So, this is how the situation will be; now
in this case if I draw a line, the line will

475
00:47:02,530 --> 00:47:07,410
go like this.
Now, none of these lines are at 90 degree

476
00:47:07,410 --> 00:47:18,000
from this line, but we can easily bifurcate
this particular angle. And now the line which

477
00:47:18,000 --> 00:47:28,520
is bifurcating this angle will be at 90 degree
from this line. So, what we saw here by changing

478
00:47:28,520 --> 00:47:37,059
the face of the set square from here to here,
even if there is an error in our set square,

479
00:47:37,059 --> 00:47:45,010
we can eliminate it. We can still do our job
with the set square which is wrong in construction,

480
00:47:45,010 --> 00:47:49,930
because this line is at 90 degree angles.
Now, what we will do in all our adjustments,

481
00:47:49,930 --> 00:47:56,129
henceforth or while we are taking the observation
with theodolite or many surveying instruments.

482
00:47:56,130 --> 00:48:02,410
We make use of this principle, we change the
face, we reverse our way of taking the observation

483
00:48:02,410 --> 00:48:06,740
and many of the errors are eliminated. So,
we should keep this principle of reversal

484
00:48:06,740 --> 00:48:15,029
in mind. Well, the next problem in the instrument
may be the horizontal axis is not perpendicular

485
00:48:15,030 --> 00:48:21,450
to vertical axis. Now, let us see this problem
in the instrument, here is the instrument

486
00:48:21,450 --> 00:48:29,089
this is the horizontal axis, this is the vertical
axis and they are not perpendicular, what

487
00:48:29,090 --> 00:48:34,960
might happen? If it is not so.
Let us assume well, by making this plate bubble

488
00:48:34,960 --> 00:48:42,839
tube horizontal. We have made our vertical
axis to be vertical, truly vertical. So, all

489
00:48:42,839 --> 00:48:50,430
these rotations of the instrument are in truly
vertical with the reference to the truly vertical

490
00:48:50,430 --> 00:48:56,160
axis. Now, the horizontal axis is inclined.
So, the situation is like this, this is the

491
00:48:56,160 --> 00:49:01,339
vertical axis, this is the horizontal axis.
The horizontal axis is inclined, now what

492
00:49:01,340 --> 00:49:07,160
will happen because of this, just think of
the line of sight, here is the line of the

493
00:49:07,160 --> 00:49:14,569
sight. If these two are perpendicular and
the line of sight is going like this.

494
00:49:14,570 --> 00:49:19,869
If these two are perpendicular line of sight
is going like this, if I rotate my telescope.

495
00:49:19,869 --> 00:49:28,790
Now, the line of sight is forming a plane
and that plane is a vertical plane wherever

496
00:49:28,790 --> 00:49:33,710
I rotate this, it is forming a plane and that
is the vertical plane. Now, you can start
497
00:49:33,710 --> 00:49:42,930
visualizing this plane, it is here yes very
much it is here, but if this horizontal axis

498
00:49:42,930 --> 00:49:49,000
is inclined. Now, what will happen because
of that, for an inclined horizontal axis.

499
00:49:49,000 --> 00:49:58,270
If I rotate my line of sight, if I rotate
it what it will do, it will still form a plane,

500
00:49:58,270 --> 00:50:07,369
but the plane will not be vertical anymore,
rather it will be inclined, because the horizontal

501
00:50:07,369 --> 00:50:13,211
axis has now become like this. So, all the
rotations which are taking place of the line

502
00:50:13,211 --> 00:50:20,169
of sight are forming a plane like this. So,
this is an inclined plane, now what is the

503
00:50:20,170 --> 00:50:26,470
effect of this? The effect of this is the
horizontal angle measurement becomes wrong.

504
00:50:29,140 --> 00:50:42,580
We will see how, why the horizontal angle
is wrongly measured? Well, let us take one

505
00:50:42,589 --> 00:50:52,440
example here, there is some object A and another object is B, and we are somewhere
at O. We

506
00:50:52,440 --> 00:50:59,690
want to measure the horizontal angle between A and B, how these A and B are. Let us
say

507
00:50:59,690 --> 00:51:06,510
I am the observer A is here and B is here,
in front of me and here is the theodolite,

508
00:51:07,140 --> 00:51:14,549
and the height of these two objects are different, this high and this is lower. So,
what will
509
00:51:14,550 --> 00:51:20,630
be the procedure, the procedure will be first
of all, I will set my readings in the instrument

510
00:51:20,630 --> 00:51:27,110
to be 0 0 0, I will bisect this A.
Well the A is bisected then what will I do,

511
00:51:27,110 --> 00:51:34,850
I will bring my telescope down, and then rotate it like this in order to bisect B,
and whatever

512
00:51:34,850 --> 00:51:39,970
is the rotation over here in the theodolite
that is the angle, which is a horizontal angle.

513
00:51:41,320 --> 00:51:48,340
Well, if you are doing the same thing, this
is the line corresponding to the elevation

514
00:51:48,349 --> 00:51:57,510
of B. So, what I am doing, I am bisecting
A then bringing it down, and then I am taking

515
00:51:57,510 --> 00:52:10,520
it to B and whatever is the rotation of the
telescope, because this telescope first it

516
00:52:10,520 --> 00:52:16,700
is bisecting A. Let us say, it has bisected
A the reading is 0 0 0, I bring it down then

517
00:52:16,700 --> 00:52:22,930
I rotate it in horizontal. So, after bringing
it down the rotation in horizontal is the

518
00:52:22,930 --> 00:52:29,200
angle between A and B.
So, this angle theta can be observed in the

519
00:52:29,200 --> 00:52:35,500
theodolite. Now, this case which I have shown
here is the case when there is no error. If

520
00:52:35,500 --> 00:52:42,619
there is error, what will happen now? Because,
we are forming a plane like this our horizontal

521
00:52:42,619 --> 00:52:48,400
axis is inclined, we are forming a plane like
this and when I bring this telescope down,

522
00:52:48,400 --> 00:52:57,510
it goes not vertically down, but in inclined
way. So, it goes somewhere here, and then

523
00:52:57,510 --> 00:53:06,530
what I do I take it to point B and I take
the angle. So, angle which is measured in

524
00:53:06,530 --> 00:53:15,829
this case is actually, theta plus alpha. So,
theta plus alpha is the angle which is measured,

525
00:53:15,829 --> 00:53:20,730
and this is not equal to theta our actual
angle obviously. So, this alpha is an error

526
00:53:20,730 --> 00:53:27,040
which is being introduced here, so this particular problem of horizontal angle.

527
00:53:27,040 --> 00:53:32,099
So, the horizontal axis not being perpendicular
to the vertical axis will lead to the error

528
00:53:32,099 --> 00:53:38,220
in horizontal angle measurements. This will
not give error, if two objects are at same

529
00:53:38,220 --> 00:53:44,589
height, but if they are at different heights
it will produce the error, how to eliminate

530
00:53:44,589 --> 00:53:51,071
it? One thing I am going to do it, and you
have to follow very carefully. The horizontal

531
00:53:51,071 --> 00:53:56,200
axis of this instrument is like this, I am
going to change the face, right now the face

532
00:53:56,200 --> 00:54:03,200
is face left I am going to change the face,
if I change the face just observe what happens?

533
00:54:03,200 --> 00:54:10,490
The eye piece comes here still the horizontal
axis is like this. Now, I rotate the instrument,

534
00:54:10,490 --> 00:54:15,490
if I rotate the instrument the horizontal
axis is like this, I rotate further the instrument

535
00:54:15,490 --> 00:54:20,810
the horizontal axis is like this, and I rotate
it further. Now, the horizontal axis like this,

536
00:54:22,540 --> 00:54:27,740
now eye piece is towards me face is
right, and now horizontal axis like this,

537
00:54:27,920 --> 00:54:33,760
earlier it was like this. So, by changing
the face my horizontal axis is now this way,

538
00:54:35,150 --> 00:54:42,599
if I make again I bisect A bring it down earlier it was going like this, now it
will go this

539
00:54:42,599 --> 00:54:47,430
way. So, by changing the face what will happen?

540
00:54:47,430 --> 00:54:56,808
I will bring it down here and then take it
to B, and then I will observe the angle. So,

541
00:54:56,809 --> 00:55:03,720
the angle that I will observe will be this
angle, which will be let us say this angle

542
00:55:03,720 --> 00:55:12,649
is beta here. So, the angle that we are observing
is theta minus beta which is again not equal

543
00:55:12,650 --> 00:55:23,080
to theta. Now, in our instrument this alpha
will be equal to beta, so what we can do?

544
00:55:23,080 --> 00:55:29,850
If I take the sum of these two angles, so
that will be 2 theta because this alpha is

545
00:55:29,850 --> 00:55:37,390
equal to beta and divided by 2 gives me theta.
So, basically what we are doing? I am taking

546
00:55:37,390 --> 00:55:43,609
the face left observation earlier it was face
left observation, whatever is the angle value

547
00:55:43,950 --> 00:55:49,220
recorded by these two verniers. Then I change the face, now it is face right
observation,

548
00:55:49,220 --> 00:55:54,359
whatever is the angle value. If I take mean
of these two, face left and face right observations

549
00:55:54,359 --> 00:56:00,119
I get my actual angle, even if there is error
in the instrument. So, by taking face left

550
00:56:00,119 --> 00:56:04,619
and face right by this principle of reversal,
the error can be eliminated.

551
00:56:04,619 --> 00:56:12,069
So, what we have seen today, we saw today
some of the basic relationships in the fundamental

552
00:56:12,069 --> 00:56:18,430
lines of the theodolite. Then we saw if these relationships are not as desired,
what will

553
00:56:18,430 --> 00:56:24,848
happen? It will lead to the error. Then we
saw some of the errors, number one was eccentricity

554
00:56:24,849 --> 00:56:31,570
in the circles the upper plate and lower plate, they are eccentric, what will
happen? What

555
00:56:31,570 --> 00:56:35,370
will the error? How to test it? How to adjust
it in observations?

556
00:56:35,960 --> 00:56:41,311
Then we saw you know, if our horizontal axis is not perpendicular to the vertical
axis,

557
00:56:41,311 --> 00:56:48,420
what will the problem? How to eliminate it?
So, far we have not done permanent adjustment

558
00:56:48,420 --> 00:56:54,060
of this error. So, in our next class we will
do the permanent adjustment also of this error,

559
00:56:54,550 --> 00:56:58,350
plus we will also see some more different
kinds of errors in the instrument.

560
00:56:58,920 --> 00:56:59,940
Thank you.