Slide 13

For the second topic is methodology. The objective of this paper is to study the impact of using CSS
method in increasing oil recovery.

Slide 14
In here we have a flowchart which describes the content flow of this paper. For the first is
background, as explained earlier in the introduction chapter that more than 90% oil and gas field in
Indonesia dominated by mature field with slower reserve replacement rate. So, to overcome that
problem we searching for the problem solving from literature study and all the data were collected
from various sources such as journal paper, conference paper, thesis, and annual report. Based on the
data we found that CSS was once implemented as a pilot project, in Duri field. We also have a
screening criteria for the suitable field that match with this method, then designing the proper
instrumentation of CSS to optimize the injection process, and searching for an innovation of CSS
method, in order to optimize this method. And from the pilot field we move to the economical
analysis of CSS, in here we analyze the feasibility of CSS method on the field. And the last is
conclusion.

Slide 15
Next topic is result and discussion,

Slide 16
For the first we discuss about CSS surface equipment, there are source water tank which is the water
supply to generate the steam, water storage tank as a storage for continous water supply, water
treatment unit to treat the water before getting into the steam generator, this equipment have two
main unit there is a Water treatment unit-pump and Water Treatment Unit-softeners, and then from
water treatment unit there is a steam generator that used to heating the fluid before injected, steam
flowline that used as a steam conduit which usually made from isolated pipe, thermal wellhead to
control the temperature of injected fluid, thermal tubing to reduce heat losses during steam injection,
and the last is thermal packer

Slide 17
Oke the next discussion is about CSS history in duri field, known that the primary recovery used in this
field is the solution gas drive. Which the production was peaked up to 65 MMBOPD in 1960, but the
production was decreased continuously about 13% per year. The low of oil recovery due to oil in this
field are very heavy, also the gas drive has been limited causing decreased of pressure reservoir.
Whereas conventionally the Duri field has very large oil reserves in Indonesia (number 2 after minas
field)

Slide 18
In 1975, the Duri field was applying the EOR method to lifting the residual oil in the reservoir to the
surface. One of the EOR methods that were applying in the Duri Field is CSS method, that used 5 spot
patterns from 16 total well.

Slide 19
Duri field has a reservoir properties as you can see on your display and then after implemented EOR,
the production increase up to 1.2 MMBOPD with the ultimate recovery about 2 up to 4%. This result
becomes the pilot project to apply the EOR method in other fields, especially to implement the CSS
method.

Slide 20
And this is the challenges to apply the CSS Method. As we know in this modern era, the challenges of
oil and gas industry are increasing. The main challenge in Indonesia is to achieve 1 MMBOPD. Thus, a
lot of companies makes strategies to increase oil and gas production to overcome that challenges.
One of the strategies that can be done is EOR, especially the CSS method. The purpose of
implementing CSS is to decrease the oil viscosity, so the trapped oil in the reservoir can be produced
to the surface. Also, this method can increase permeability reservoir. Based on statement, it is
enough effective when CSS was applied to the reservoirs that have characteristic oil reservoir with API
8 – 20O, or categorized as bitumen, heavy oil, and medium oil. So, in this part we serving the list of
reservoir properties to become criteria for implemented CSS method.

Slide 21
And for another challenges, there are several reservoir criteria must be achieved, including:
1. Reservoir Depth: The minimum depth of applying CSS is 1000 feet
2. Reservoir Pressure: To have a good steam utilization, CSS can be applied in relatively low
pressure
3. Net Pay: CSS will effectively work if the pay zone is thick enough (more than 10 meters) with
sand porosity (more than 30%).
4. Permeability: The Horizontal permeability have to more than 1 Darcy
5. Oil Viscosity: The fluid contained in the reservoir is bitumen, heavy or medium oil with a
viscosity of about 100 to 10000 of centipoises.