Dokumen - Tips Danelia Kvaracxelia Masalata Gamdzleoba

7/25/2019 Danelia, Kvaracxelia...
MASALATA GAMdZLEOBA
d. danelia a. kvaracxelia z. maZaRua
masalaTa gamZleobis
safuZvlebi
`teqnikuri universiteti”@
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/danelia-kvaracxelia-masalata-gamdzleoba 1/88
7/25/2019 Danelia, Kvaracxelia... MASALATA GAMdZLEOBA
saqar velos teqnikuri universiteti
d. danelia a. kvaracxelia z. maZaRua
masalaTa gamZleobis
safuZvlebi
damtkicebulia stu s
saredaqcio sagamomcemlo
sabWos mier
Tbilisi
2009
cf[tkv’qdfytkj ufyresdybkbf ntmybrehb eybdth-

cbntnbc cfvityt,kj afrekntnbc evfqktcb ghjatcbekb
ufyfskt,bc cneltynt,bcfsdbc& vfcib cfrbs[t,b uflvjwtvekbf

vfhnbdb^ fldbkfl ufcfut,b tybs lf bkecnhbht,ekbf vfufkb-
st,bs lf fvjwfyt,bs&
htwtyptynb ghja& h& w[dtlf’t
© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-14-480-6
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/
yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto,
ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu
meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis
gareSe.
saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.
1& “BHBSFLB WYT<T<B

1&1 VFCFKFSF UFV”KTJ<BC CFUFYB
gbhdtk.jabkb flfvbfyt,bc cfw[jdht,kt,c ofhvjflutylyty

ufvjmdf,ekt,b^ hjvkt,bw sdbs ,eyt,bc vbth b.j itmvybkb& fvbnjv
fcts yfut,j,t,c tojlt,fs ,eyt,hbdb yfut,j,t,b & flfvbfyt,bc
ufvhfdkt,fcsfy lfrfdibht,bs fctsb ,eyt,hbdb yfut,j,t,b erdt fqfh
b.j cfrvfhbcb lf flfvbfyvf lfbo.j ghbvbnbekb cfw[jdht,tkb
cfsfdct,bc ~mj[t,bc` fityt,f& fcts yfut,j,t,c tojlt,fs [tkjdyehb
yfut,j,t,b& t b yt,bcvbth yfut,j,fc ~lfo.t,ekc mj[blfy lf
lfvsfdht,ekc rjcvjcehb fgfhfnbs`^ hjvtkbw flfvbfybc vbth fhbc
itmvybkb tojlt,f [tkjdyehb yfut,j,f bub hjv udtvcf[ehjc
[fyuh’kbdb lhjbc ufyvfdkj,fib^ cfzbhjf fh lfbyuhtc fy bvltyfl fh
itbwdfkjc ajhvf lf pjvt,b^ hjv vbcb ufvj.tyt,f ite’kt,tkb uf[ltc&
‘bhbsflb vbptpt,b^ hjvkt,vfw itb’kt,f yfut,j,f edfhubcb uf[fljc^
fhbc ufhtufyb vtmfybrehb ptvjmvtlt,t,b & fctst,bf% ufhtufyb ‘fkt,b
cftmcgkefnfwbj lfndbhsdt,bc cf[bs^ vbobc’dht,b^ mfhbcf lf sjdkbc
lfoytdf yfut,j,bc ptlfgbhpt lf c[df&
vfcfkfsf ufv’ktj,bc vbpfybf lffveifdjc yfut,j,bc itvflutytkb
yfobkt,bc ~tktvtynt,bc` uffyufhbit,bc bctsyfbhb [th[t,b^ hjvkt,bw
ufvjhbw[fdty hjujhw vbc lfyuhtdfc ~cbvnrbwbc lfrfhudfc`^ fctdt vbcb
ajhvbcf lf pjvt,bc bvltyfl itwdkfc^ hjv vfsb itvlujvb ufvj.tyt,f
ite’kt,tkb uf[ltc ~cb[bcnbcf lf vluhflj,bc lfrfhudfc`&
hflufyfw yfut,j,f ufy[jhwbtkt,ekbf v.fhb c[tekt,bcfufy^
itb’kt,f bsmdfc^ hjv cbvnrbwt fhbc v.fhb c[tekbc sdbct,f ufe’kjc
ufhtufy vtmfybreh ptvjmvtlt,fc bct^ hjv fh lfbhqdtc vbcb vskbfyj,f
~t b fh lfbyuhtc` cb[bcnt fhbc v.fhb c[tek bc bctsb sdbct,f^
hjvtkbw tobyffqvltut,f ufhtufyb ptvjmvtlt,bc itltufl vbcb
gbhdfyltkb utjvtnhbekb pjvt,bcf lf ajhvbc cfuh’yj, itwdkfc
~cfuh’yj, ltajhvfwbfc`
se c[tekb lhtrflbf ^ bub obyffqvltuj,fc eotdc ufhtufy ptvjm-
3

vtlt,fc sfdbcb lf’f,dbc ~lf’f,ekj,bc` [fh]pt& se vfc tc ptvjmvtlt,f

vjt[cyt,f ~vjcwbklt,f`^ bub fqblutyc sfdbc gbhdfyltk ajhvfc lf pj-
vt,c lf lf’f,ekbw fqfh bmyt,f& fmtlfy ufvjvlbyfhtj,c^ hjv se c[te-
kb frvf.jabkt,c cbvnrbwbcf lf cb[bcnbc gbhj,t,c^ ufhtufyb ptvjmvt-
lt,bc itltufl bub b’f,t,f bvltyfl^ hfvltybw cfzbhjf fv ptvjmvtlt,bc
uf’kt,bcfsdbc& fcts vlujvfhtj,fc ojyfcojhj,bc vlujvfhtj,fc
eojlt,ty^ hflufyfw ufhtufyb ptvjmvtlt,bc ‘fkt,b lf c[tekbc
ufv’ktj,bc eyfhbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb ‘fkt,b fojyfcojht,ty thsvfytsc&
vfcfkfsf ufv’ktj,fib egbhfntcfl ufyb[bkt,f yfut,j,bc
evfhnbdtcb tktvtynbc - qthjc uffyufhbit,f& qthj ofhvjflutyc bcts
c[tekc^ hjvkbc thsb pjvf ~cbuh’t` ufwbkt,bs fqtvfnt,f jh
lfyfhxtyc ~cbufytc lf cbvfqktc` qthjc ‘bhbsflb utjvtnhbek b
tktvtynt,bf uh’bdb qth’b lf ufybdb rdtsb ~yf[ 1` tc tktvtynt,b eh-
sbthsrfdibhibf% uh’bdb qth’b ofhvjflutyc [fpc^ hjvtkbw uflbc uf-
ybd rdtssf cbv’bvbc wtynht,pt^ [jkj ufybdb rdtsb vbbqt,f qthjc
uh’bdb qth’bcflvb vfhsj,ekfl ufnfht,ekb ofhvjcf[dbsb

cb,hn.bc cfiefkt,bs
yf[&1
ufhtufyb ptvjmvtlt,f bodtdc qthjc ufzbvdfc ~revidfc`^ ‘dhfc^

uht[fc lf fvbc vb[tldbs ufyfc[dfdt,ty ojyfcojhj,bc
qeydfc
gbhj,t,cfw ~vfufkbsfl^ ojyfcojhj,bc gbhj,t,b ufzbvdf-revidbcfc^
qeydbcfc lf f&i&` hjltcfw qthjc ojyfcojhj,bc gbhj,f ~vfufkbsfl^
revidbc ojyfcojhj,bc gbhj,f` vbcb tmcgkjfnfwbbc gbhj,t,ib fh
bwdkt,f ~vluhflbf`^ vfiby vluhflj,bc gbhj,f epheydtk.jabk bf
4

vt-2 yf[fppt ofhvjlutybkbf qthjt,bc cbvnrbwbc ~f`^ cb[bcnbc

~,` lf vluhflj,bc ~u` gbhj,t,bc lfhqdtdbc vfufkbst,b&
YF[&2
qthjt,bc lblb hfjltyj,bs lfvpflt,bc ~nbhf;bht,bc` itvs[-

dtdfib ufycfresht,ekb vybidytkj,f tybzt,f vfcfkbc trjyjvbehfl
[fh]dfc& fvbnjv vfcfkfsf ufv’ktj,bc ptvjfqybiyekb vbpfyb ~uffy-
ufhbit,bc bctsb [th[t,bc lfveifdt,f^ hjvkt,bw epheydtk.jaty
cbvnrbwbc^ cb[bcnbcf lf vluhflj,bc gbhj,t,bc lfwdfc` eylf
ufy[jhwbtkltc vfcfkbc vbybvfkehb [fh]bs
1&2 UFHTUFYB ‘FKT,BC RKFCBABRFWBF

vtmfybrehb ptvjmvtlt,t,b yfut,j,fpt ~cftmcgkefnfwbj lfndbh-
sdt,b^ vbobc’dhbc itltufl fq’hekb ‘fkt,b lf c[d&` ofhvjflutyty
ufhtufy ‘fkt,c & tc ‘fkt,b itb’kt,f lfb.jc hfvltybvt ybify-sdbct,bc
vb[tldbs& egbhdtktc .jdkbcf^ ufhtufyb ‘fkt,b c[tekpt vfsb
vjmvtlt,bc flubkbc vb[tldbs b.jaf jh ‘bhbsfl ]ueafl% vjwekj,bs
’fkt,fl lf ptlfgbhek ‘fkt,fl
5


yF[&5
ib^ hjvtkbw cfrvfjl fhbc lfijht,ekb lfndbhsdbc vjlt,bc

flubkblfy^ lf’f,df ~vtmfybrehb ‘f,df` lf uflfflubkt,f ghfmnbrekfl
fh fhbc lfvjrblt,ekb ‘fksf vjlt,bc [fcbfspt^ vybidytkj,f fmdc
v[jkjl cnfnbreh trdbdfktync ~njkmvtlc`
1&4 UFRDTSBC VTSJLB& IBYFUFYB ‘FKT,B
c[tekb hjv lfdndbhsjs^ cfzbhjf vbcb cbdhwtib lfvfuht,f

bctsyfbhfl^ hjv bub fhw uflfflubkltc lf fhw itvj,heyltc& fv lhjc
lfndbhsdf c[tekbc lfvfuht,bc ~fye c[df c[tekt,sfy vbthst,bc
flubkt,ib` fq’hfdc ‘fkjdfy afmnjht,c ~’fkt,c lf vjvtynt,c`^
hjvkt,cfw cftmcgkefnfwbj lfndbhsdt,bcfufy ~fmwbt,bcfufy`
ufyc[dfdt,bs deojlt,s htfmnbek ‘fkjdfy afmnjht,c ~htfmwbt,c`&
c[tekpt vjmvtlb fmwbt,b lf htfmwbt,b ofhvjflutyty ufhtufy ‘fkjdfy
afmnjht,c lf bcbyb fojyfcojht,ty thsvfytsc& fvudfh vlujvfhtj,fib
v.ja c[tekc ojyfcojhj,fib v.jab tojlt,f& t& b& c[tekb ojyf-
cojhj,bc vlujvfhtj,fib fhbc vfiby^ hjltcfw .dtkf ufhtufyb
‘fkjdfyb afmnjhbc ~fmwbt,bcf lf htfmwbt,bc` ptvjmvtlt,fsf ]fvb
yekbc njkbf
ufhtufyb ‘fkjdfyb afmnjht,blfy fmwbt,b fye cftmcgkjfnfwbj
lfndbhsdt,b wyj,bkb ~vjwtvekb` cblbltt,bf^ [jkj htfmwbt,b -
ewyj,b& fv erfyfcrytksf ufycfpqdhfc df[ltys flht fqybiyekb ojyf-
cojhj,bc gbhj,t,bc cfiefkt,bs bvbc lf vb[tldbs^ se hfc ufybwlbc
c[tekb% ufzbvdfc ~revidfc`^ ‘dhfc^ uht[fc^ se qeydfc&
hjujhw erdt fqdybiyts^ ufhtufyb ‘fkt,b^ hjvkt,bw vjmvtlt,ty
v.fh lhtrfl c[tekpt^ bodtdty vbcb ajhvbcf lf pjvt,bc wdkbkt,fc& fv
10


YF[&6
vbc wtynhib^ vbdbqt,s ths R ‘fkfc ~vsfdfh dtmnjhc` lf ths M
o.dbk’fkfc ~vsfdfh vjvtync` ~yf[&6û`& se R ‘fkfc lfdikbs cfrjjh-
lbyfnj qth’t,bc vbvfhsekt,t,pt^ vbbdbqt,s N z ^ Q x lf Q y vlutytkt,c&
fyfkjubehfl^ M vjvtynbw lfbikt,f M X , M y lf M z vlutytkt,fl
~yf[&6^l`&
fvudfhfl^ vbqt,ekb cblbltt,b^ hjvtksf hfjltyj,f tmdcbf^ ofh-
vjflutyty ibyfufyb ‘fkt,bc rjvgjytynt,c lf vfs eojlt,ty ibyfufy ‘f-
kjdfy afmnjht,c qthjc ufybd rdtspt& sbsjtek vfsufyc fmdc sfdbcb
cf[tkb% N z fhbc yjhvfkehb ‘fkf* Q x lf Q y-ufybdb ‘fkt,b* M X lf M y -
vqeyfdb vjvtynt,b* M z-vuht[fdb vjvtynb&
dbyfblfy vskbfyb c[tekb ojyfcojhj,fib b.j^ ojyfcojhj,fib
eylf b.jc vbcb ufycf[bkdtkb ~vfhw[tyf` yfobkbw& tc ufhtvjt,f
eakt,fc udf’ktdc itdflubyjs ojyfcojhj,bc tmdcb ufynjkt,f%
∑X = Qx + ∑ Fx = 0; ∑ Y = Qy + ∑ Fy = 0; ∑ Z = N z + ∑ Fz = 0;
F F
∑ mx = Mx + ∑ Mx = 0; ∑ my = My + ∑ My = 0;
F ~1&1`
∑ mz = Mz + ∑ Mz = 0;
12

1&5 WYT,F ‘F,DBC ITCF[T,

hjujhw erdt fqdybiyts^ ufybdb rdtsbc ptlfgbhpt vjmvtlt,ty
ibyfufyb ‘fkt,b^ hjvkt,bw eo.dtnfl fhbfy ufykfut,ekyb fv ptlfgb-
hpt ~b[& yf[&6^,`& ptlfgbhbc yt,bvbthb K othnbkbc ufhitvj ufvjd.js
vwbht ΔA afhsj,b^ hjvkbc afhukt,ibw vjmvtlb ibyfufyb ‘fkt,bc
njkmvtlb fqdybiyjs ΔR bs ~yf[&7^f` fv njkmvtlbc utuvbkt,b cfrj-
k k k
jhlbyfnj qth’t,pt bmyt,bfy Δ N , ΔQ x lf ΔQ y ~yf[&7^,`& ufvjcf[ekt,fc
k k
Δ N dN k
lim = = σ ~1&2`
ΔΑ →0 ΔΑ dA
tojlt,f yjhvfke hb ‘f,df ufybdb rdtsbc K othnbkib &
YF[&7
fyfkjubehfl^
k k
ΔQ dQ x k
x
lim = = τ
x ~1&3`
ΔΑ →0 ΔΑ dA
fhbc v[t,b ‘f,df ufybdb rdtsbc K othnbkib ox qth’bc vbvfhsekt,bs^

[jkj
k k
ΔQ dQ y
y k
lim = = τ
y ~1&4`
ΔΑ →0 ΔΑ dA
14

ofhvjflutyc v[t, ‘f,dfc ufybdb rdtsbc K othnbkib oy qth’bc

vbvfhsekt,bs&
‘f,dbc ufypjvbkt,f^ hjujhw ajhvekt,b udbxdtyt,ty^ fhbc ru$cv2^
ry$v2 lf f& i&
1&6& LTAJHVFWBBC WYT,F

hjujhw erdt fqdybiyts^ v.fhb c[tekbc sdbct,fc itbwdfkjc sf-
dbcb ajhvf lf pjvt,b ufhtufyb ‘fkt,bc vjmvtlt,bc itltufl^ tojlt,f
ltajhvfwbf se ufhtufyb ptvjmvtlt,bc ~lfndbhsdbc` vjwbkt,bc
itvltu c[tekb vskbfyfl fqblutyc sfdbc gbhdfyltk ajhvfc lf pj-
vt,c^ ltajhvfwbf lhtrflbf cbyfvldbktib f,cjkenehfl lhtrflb lt-
ajhvfwbf fh fhct,j,c& yt,bcvbthb vfcfkbcfufy lfvpflt,ek c[tekc
lfndbhsdbc vjwbkt,bc itvltu f[fcbfst,c fvf se bv cblblbc yfhxtyb
fye gkfcnbrehb ltajhvfwbf&
fqcfybiyfdbf v.fhb c[tekbc ltajhvbht,bc rbltd thsb cf[t - lfn-
dbhsdbc itewdktkfl ltajhvfwbbc ufydbsfht,f [fyuh’kbdb lhjbc
ufyvfdkj,fib ~rdbhf^ sdt^ otkboflb`^ hfcfw vfcfkbc wjwdflj,f
tojlt,f&
c[dflfc[df vfcfkbcfufy lfvpflt,ekb thsb lf bubdt pjvbcf lf
ajhvbc c[tekt,ib thsb lf bubdt ufhtufyb ‘fkt,bc vjmvtlt,bcfc c[df-
lfc[df cblblbc ltajhvfwbt,b fqb’dht,bfy& vfufkbsfl^ rfexerbcfufy
lfvpflt,ekb qthj 20000-]th vtnfl lfuh’tklt,f ufzbvdbcfufy^
dblht pecnfl bubdt ajhvbcf lf pjvbc vmjyt ajkflbc qthj&
ufydb[bkjs c[tekbc yt,bcvbthb othnbkblfy ufvjvfdfkb yt,bc-
vbthb vbvfhsekt,bc AB=l vjyfrdtsb ~yf[&8`& ltajhvfwbbc itltufl AB
vjyfrdtsb itbwdkbc hjujhw cbuh’tc^ fctdt vbvfhsekt,fc cbdhwtib lf
' '
ufhlfbmvyt,f A B =l+Δl vjyfrdtsfl& cblbltc
15


YF[&8
ε = Δl ~1&5`
l
eojlt,ty afhlj,bs [fpj,hbd ltajhvfwbfc l-bc vbvfhsekt,bs&
cfrjjhlbyfnj oz qth’bc vbvfhsekt,bs afhlj,bsb [fpj,hbdb
ltajhvfwbf bmyt,f ~yf[& 8`
Δl ~1&6`
ε z
= z
l
z
fyfkjubehfl vbbqt,f
Δl Δl ~1&7`
ε x
= x
, ε y
= y
,
l x
l y
bv vwbht γ res[tc^ hjvkbsfw AB vjyfrdtsb itbwdkbc sfdbc vbvfh-

sekt,fc cbdhwtib ~b[& yf[&8`^ eojlt,ty res[eh ltajhvfwbfc& se AB
| |
lf A B vjyfrdtst,C lfdfutuvbkt,s cfrjjhlbyfnj cb,hn.tt,pt^ udt-
myt,f res[ehb ltajhvfwbbc cfvb vlutytkb% γ xy , γ yz lf γ xz & byltmct,b
vbesbst,c bv cfrjjhlbyfnj cb,hn.tt,c^ hjvkt,ptlfw lfutuvfht,e-
| |
kbf γ res[t^ fye AB lf A B vjyfrdtst,b&
16

ltajhvfwbfc _ M z vjvtynb ~yf[& 9^ l`* qeydbc ltajhvfwbfc - M x

vjvtynb~yf[&9^t`&
1&7& YFUT,J,BC TKTVTYNT,BC CFFYUFHBIJ CMTVT,B

yt,bcvbthb htfkehb yfut,j,bc ~htfkehb j,btmnbc` uffyuf-
hbit,bcfsdbc obyfcofh fut,ty cffyufhbij cmtvfc ^ hjvtkibw euekdt-
,tk.jabkbf fv yfut,j,bc vtjht[fhbc[jdfyb afmnjht,b^ hfw^ sfdbc
v[hbd^ fvfhnbdt,c uffyufhbit,bc ghjwtcc&
cffyufhbij cmtvbc itlutyf uekbc[vj,c yfut,j,bc vfcfkbc
abpbreh-vtmfybrehb sdbct,t,bc^ c[tekbc utjvtnhbbc ^ yfut,j,bc
tktvtynsf ehsbthsrfdibht,bc ~t o cfcfpqdhj gbhj,t,bc` lf ufhtu-
fyb ‘fkt,bc vjmvtlt,bc bltfkbpfwbfc &
hjujhw flht fqdybiyts^ qthjc ‘bhbsflb vf[fcbfst,kt,bf uh’bdb
qth’b lf ufybdb rdtsb& fvbnjv se htfkeh yfut,j,fc fmdc bctsb cf[t^
hjujhbw ofhvjlutybkbf vt-10^f yf[fppt^ vbcb cffyufhbij cmtvf
itb’kt,f ofhvjdflubyjs bct^ hjujhw tc vt-10^, yf[fpptf yfxdtyt,b& fv
erfyfcrytkpt qthjc nfyb ofhvjlutybkbf v[jkjl vbcb uh’bdb
qth’bs& ufhlf fvbcf^ qthjc xfvfuht,f ofhvjlutybkbf bltfkbpt,ekb
[bcnb cf.hltybc cf[bs lf ufyfobkt,ekb lfndbhsdbc q0 byntycbehj,f
afhsj,bc thstekpt ofhvjlutybkbf q = q0b ufyfobkt,ekb lfndbh-
sdbc byntycbehj,bs cbuh’bc thstekpt& cffyufhbij cmtvfpt [bcnb

xfvfuht,f ufvjhbw[fdc xfvfuht,bc cb,hn.tib fhct,ekb ufybdb rdtsbc
hjujhw [fpj,hbd uflffubkt,fc^ bct itvj,heyt,fc&
10û yf[fppt yfxdtyt,bf rbltd thsb htfkehb yfut,j,f& se xdty ud-
bylf ufdbfyufhbijs fv yfut,j,bc dthnbrfkehb tktvtynb^ vfiby dmvybs
cffufhbij cmtvfc^ hjvtkbw ofhvjlutybkbf 10^l yf[fppt&
18


YF[&10
eylf fqbybiyjc^ hjv [tkcf.htkb ~jgnbvfkehb` cffyufhbij
cmtvbc itlutyf efqhtcfl cfgfce[bcvut,kj cfrbs[bf& fv cfrbs[bcflvb
pthtkt lfvjrblt,ekt,fv itb’kt,f ufvjbodbjc hjujhw vfcfkbc
uflf[fh]df^ fctdt yfut,j,bcfsdbc fdfhbekb vlujvfhtj,bc itmvyf&
2& QTHJC UFZBVDF ~REVIDF`

2&1 IBYFUFYB ‘FKT,BC^ ‘F,DT,BCF LF LTAJHVFWBT,BC
UFYCFPQDHF
cojh[fpjdfyb ~ohabdb` qthjc ufzbvdbc ~revidbc` evfhnbdtcb
itvs[dtdff wtynhfkehb fye qth’ekb ufzbvdf ~revidf`^ hjvtkcfw fl-
ubkb fmdc vfiby^ hjltcfw ufhtufyb ufvzbvfdb ~vrevifdb` ‘fkf
vjmvtlt,c qthjc uh’bdb qth’bc ufcodhbd
ufydb[bkjs ohabdb qthjc qth’ekb ufzbvdbc
itvs[dtdf ~yf[& 11^f`& ofhvjlutybs ufdrdtsjs qthj
vbcb uh’bdb qth’bcflvb vfhsj,ekb α cb,hn.bs&
ofhvjlutybsdt vjdfwbkjs ptlf yfobkb lf ufydb-
[bkjs mdtlf yfobkbc ojyfcojhj,f ~yf[& 11^,`&
dbyfblfy vskbfyb qthj ojyfcojhj,fibf^ ojyfc-
YF[&11 ojhj,fib eylf b.jc vbcb ufycf[bkdtkb yfobkbw&
vbdvfhsjs ojyfcojhj,bc ~1&1` ufynjkt,t,c& ojyfcojhj,bc tmd-
cb gbhj,blfy [esb bubdehfl rvf.jabklt,f lf udhxt,f v[jkjl
19

thsb% ∑ Z = − F + N = 0 ^ cfblfyfw

z
N z = F ~2&1`

wlt,bc cfiefkt,bs lfvnrbwt,ekbf^ hjv qth’ekb ufzbvdbc
~revidbc` itvs[dtdfib ‘f,df ghfmnbrekfl velvbdb cblbltf ufybdb
rdtsbc vstk ptlfgbhpt lf ufvjbcf[t,f

N z
σ z = = const ~2&2`
A
cflfw A ufybdb rdtsbc vskbfyb afhsj,bf&
hflufyfw ~2&1`-bc sfyf[vfl N z = F ^ ~2&2` vbbqt,c cf[tc
F ~2&3`
σ z =
A
f[kf ufydb[bkjs bvfdt qthjc ltajhvbht,f qth’ekb ufzbvdbc

lhjc ~yf[&12`& ufzbvdbc itltufl qthj lfuh’tklt,f Δl cblblbs^ hj-
vtkcfw f,cjkeneh ofuh’tkt,fc fye f,cjkeneh [fpjdfy ltajhvfw-
bfc eojlt,ty& hjujhw yf[fpblfy xfyc^ Δl = l1 − l & se f,cjkeneh
ofuh’tkt,fc itdeafhlt,s qthjc cfo.bc cbuh’tc^ vbdbqt,s afhlj,bs
ofuh’tkt,fc fye afhlj,bs [fpjdfy ltajhvfwbfc
Δl ~2&4`
ε = l
hjujhw ~2&4`-lfy xfyc^ afhlj,bsb ltajhvfwbf eufypjvbkt,j
cblbltf&
byukbctkvf abpbrjcvf hj,thn /ervf
wlt,bc cfiefkt,bs lffvnrbwf^ hjv qth’ekb
ufzbvdbc itvs[dtdfib ~’fkbc ufhrdtek cblbltvlt`
yjhvfkeh ‘f,dfcf lf afhlj,bs [fpjdfy
ltajhvfwbfc ijhbc fhct,j,c ohabdb
lfvjrblt,ekt,f^ t&b&
σ =
E ε ~2&5`
YF[&12
20

~2&5` lfvjrblt,ekt,fc eojlt,ty /erbc rfyjyc qth’ekb ufzbvdbc

itvs[dtdfib&
ghjgjhwbekj,bc E rjtabwbtync tojlt,f uh’bdb lhtrflj,bc
fy^ vjrktl^ lhtrflj,bc vjlekb & bub f[fcbfst,c vfcfkbc cb[bcntc ^ t&b&
eyfhc obyffqvltuj,f ufeobjc lhtrfl ltajhvfwbfc& lhtrflj,bc
vjlekc fuhtsdt beyubc vjlekcfw eojlt,ty& bub velvbdb cblbltf fvf
se bv vfcfkbcfsdbc& vfu&^ ajkflbcfsdbc E = 2 ⋅106 ry$cv2 = 2 ⋅105 vgf *
se]bcfsdbc E = 1 ⋅10 6 ry$cv2 = 1 ⋅105 vgf* [bc vfcfkbcfsdbc ~,jzrj,bc uf-
codhbd` E = 1 ⋅105 ry$cv2 = 1 ⋅104 vgf lf f&I&
~2&3` lf ~2&4` -bc sfyf[vfl ~2&5` vbbqt,c cf[tc%
F Δl
= E
A l
cfblfyfw
Fl ~2 &6`
Δl =
EA
EA yfvhfdkc tojlt,f ufybdb rdtsbc cb[bcnt ufzbvdbc ~revidbc`
itvs[dtdfib&
qthjc ufzbvdbc itvs[dtdfib vbcb ufybdb rdtsbc pjvt,b
rkt,ekj,c^ [jkj revidbc itvs[dtdfib - bphlt,f& se qthjc cfo.bcb

cbuh’tf l ^ [jkj cbufyt b ~b[& yf[& 12`^ ufhtufyb ‘fkbc vjmvtlt,bc ufvj
vbcb cbuh’t uf[lt,f l1 [jkj cbufyt - b1 & afhlj,bsb [fpjdfyb
ltajhvfwbf ufybdb vbvfhsekt,bs ~ufybdb ltajhvfwbf` bmyt,f
b − b Δb
ε 1
= 1
=− .
b b
wlt,bs lflutybkbf^ hjv ufybdb ε 1 afhlj,bsb [fpjdfyb ltajh-
vfwbbc itafhlt,f uh’bd ε afhlj,bs [fpjdfy ltajhvfwbfcsfy
ufhrdtek pqdhfvlt ufzbvdbcfc ~revidbcfc` sbsjtekb vfcfkbcfsdbc
velvbdb cblbltf%
ε ~2&7`
μ = − 1
ε
21

revidbc lbfuhfvf & kbsjybc revidfpt ufvjwlf [lt,f wbkbyl-

hekb cf[bc ybveit,pt^ hjvtksf cbvfqkt lbfvtnhbc njkbf ~ d = h = 20
vv`& c[df vfcfkt,bcfsdbc b.tyt,ty re,bc cf[bc ybveit,c% [bc
vfcfkt,bcfsdbc a =50 vv^ wtvtynbcfsdbc a = 200 ÷ 300 vv^ cflfw a fhbc
re,bc ob,jc cbuh’t&
ufydb[bkjs ajkflbcf lf se]bc revidbc lbfuhfvt,b^ hjvkt,bw
sdfkcfxbyjt,bcsdbcff vjwtvekb ths yf[fppt ~yf[&16û`& se ajkflb-
cfsdbc lfndbhsdbc ufphlf bodtdc ltajhvfwbbc ufphlfc hfbvt
,pfht,bc ufxtybc ufhtit^ se]bc ybveibc lfhqdtdf bo.t,f etwhfl lf
gbhdtkb ,pfht,bc ufxtyfcsfy thsfl ‘f,df vrdtshfl twtvf&
vfcfkt,bc vtmfybrehb ufvjwlbc vsfdfhb vbpfybf lfdflubyjs bc
pqdhekb ‘f,df ^ hjvkbc vbqotdbcfc rjycnhemwbbc tktvtynt,ib [lt,f
yjhvfkehb veifj,bc gbhj,t,bc lfhqdtdf&
gkfcnbrehb vfcfkt,bcfsdbc^ cnfnbrehb lfndbhsdt,bc
itvs[dtdfib pqdhek ‘f,dfl bsdkt,f ltyflj,bc pqdfhb^ [jkj v.bat
vfcfkt,bcfsdbc - cbvnrbwbc pqdfhb & qthjc cbvnrbwbc epheydtk.jab-
cfsdbc fewbkt,tkbf^ hjv tmcgkefnfwbbc gbhj,t,ib vfcib fq’hekb
‘f,df yfrkt,b b.jc vbc pqdhek vybidytkj,fpt&
fvbnjv itvjdbqjs wyt,f lfcfidt,b ‘f,dbc itcf[t,& lfcfidt,b
‘f,df tojlt,f ‘f,dbc bv elbltc vybidytkj,fc^ hjvkbc vjmvtlt,bcfc
rjycnhemwbf bveifdt,c [fyuh’kbdb lhjbc ufyvfdkj,fib lfhqdtdbc
.jdtkudfhb cfibihjt,bc ufhtit & lfcfidt,b ‘f,df fqbybiyt,f [σ ]
cbv,jkjsb lf ufybcfpqdht,f pqdhekb ~cfibib^ cf[bafsj` σ pq ‘f,dbc
itafhlt,bs vfcfkbc cbvnrbwbc vfhfubc rjtabwbtynsfy [σ ] = σ pq
n.
rth’jl^ gkfcnbrehb vfcfkt,bcfsdbc [σ ] = σ lty &pq& n1 ^[jkj v.bat
vfcfkt,bcfsdbc [σ ] = σ c &p& n2 &

n lf
1
n cbvnrbwbc
2
vfhfubc rjtabwbtynt,b vjwtvekbf
wyj,fht,ib*
26

lfndbhsdt,bc vbth qthjib fq’hek ‘f,dt,c veif ‘f,dt,b

tojlt,fs &rjycnhemwbbc ecfahs[j^ yjhvfkehb veifj,bcfsdbc
cfzbhjf hjv tc ‘f,dt,b fh fzfh,t,ltc lfcfidt, ‘f,dt,c& wfkrtek
3 ÷ 5 )-bfyb
itvs[dtdt,ib yt,flfhsekbf lfcfidt,b ‘f,dt,blfy
uflf[hf^ se tc lfcf,est,ekbf rjycnhemwbekb vjcfpht,t,bs&
fvudfhfl^ ufzbvdbc ~revidbc` itvs[dtdfib veif ‘f,dt,bc vfmcbvfkehb
vybidytkj,f&
N
σ max = ≤ [σ ]
A
fv enjk j,fc eojlt,ty cbvnrbwbc gbhj,fc
se qthjc ufybdb rdtsb udbylf itdfhxbjs^ vfiby A ≥ N [σ ],
[jkj se udbylf ufydcfpqdhjs qthjib fq’hekb ibyfufyb ‘fkbc
lfcfidt,b vybidytkj,f^ vfiby N ≤ [ σ ]⋅ A &
cbvnrbwbc gbhj,t,bc epheydtk.jabc fv vtsjlc eojlt,ty
lfcfidt, ‘f,dfsf vtsjlc &
2&3 THSB ,JKJSB {BCNFL XFVFUHT<EK COJH

QTHJIB “F<DBCF LF VFMCBVFKEHB OFUH”TKT<BC
UFYCFPQDHF
Ptlf ,jkjsb [bcnfl xfvfuht,ekb ajkflbc qthj
lfndbhsekbf F=100ry ufvzbvfdb ‘fkbs& ufydcfpqdhjs qthjib
fq’hekb vtmfybrehb lf’f,ekj,f ~’f,df` lf f,cjkenehb ofuh’tkt,f
se qthjc cbuh’t l =200 cv& ufybdb rdtsbc afhsj,b A=4cv2^ [jkj vbcb
lhtrflj,bc vjlekb E=2·104 ry$cv2&
uflfo.dtnf%
~2&2`-bc sfyf[vfl
N z F 100ry
σ z = = = 2
= 25 ry 2

A A 4 cv cv
[jkj ~2&6`-bc sfyf[vfl qehjc f,cjkenehb ofuh’tkt,f
27

Fl 100 ⋅ 200
Δl = = 4 = 0,25 cv = 2^5vv
EA 2 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 4
3& ,HN>TK RDTSSF UTJVTNHBEKB VF[FCBFST,KT,B

ufydb[bkjs thsb ,jkjsb xfvfuht,ekb qthj lf F it.ehcekb
'fkf ]th dfvjmvtljs bct^ hjujhw 17^ f yf[fpptf yfxdtyt,b^ [jkj
itvltu bct^ hjujhw 17^, lf 17û yf[fpt,ptf ofhvjlutybkb&
YF[&17
f` itvs[dtdfib qthj ufybwlbc revidbc ltajhvfwbfc lf xdtysdbc
wyj,bk ajhvekfib ~b[& ajhv& 2&6`
Fl
Δl =
EA
f,cjkenehb [fpjdfyb ltajhvfwbf ~lfvjrkt,f` lfvjrb-
lt,ekbf qthjc rdtsbc afhsj,pt lf vybidytkj,f fhf fmdc vbc vj-
[fpekj,fc^ t&b& fhf fmdc vybidytkj,f bvfc^ ufybdb rdtsb ohtf^ coj-
hres[tlbf^ rdflhfnbf^ se rbltd c[df hfbvt ,hn.tkb abuehf&
,` lf u` itvs[dtdt,ib qthj ufybwlbc qeydbc ltajhvfwbfc& fldb-
kb vbcf[dtlhbf^ hjv bub u` itvs[dtdfib ufbqeyt,f ufwbkt,bs eahj
vtnfl& t&b& fv lhjc vybidytkj,f fmdc fhf vfhnj ufybdb rdtsbc afhsj-
,bc cblbltc^ fhfvtl vbc vj[fpekj,fcfw ~abuehfcfw` fmtlfy ufvjvlb-
yfhtj,c f[fkb utjvtnhbekb vf[fcbfst,kt,bc itcofdkbc fewbkt,-
kj,f^ hjvkt,bw ufbsdfkbcobyt,ty qthjc ufybdb rdtsbc vj[fpekj,f-
cfw& fctsb vf[fcbfst,kt,bf ufybdb rdtsbc cnfnbrehb lf bythwbbc
vjvtynt,b&
28


yF[&20
3&3& BYTHWBBC VJVTYNT,BC WDKBKT,F QTH’T,BC

VJ,HEYT,BCFC
dsmdfs^ xdtysdbc wyj,bkbf I x ^ I y ^ I
xy vjvtynt,b lf udcehc ufy-
dcfpqdhjs bythwbbc vjvtynt,b f[fkb uov cbcntvbc vbvfhs^ hjvtkbw

vj,heyt,ekbf xoy cbcntvbc vbvfhs hfbvt α res[bs ~yf[& 21`&
yf[fpblfy xfyc^ hjv v + a = y cos α ^ [jkj a = x sin α * fvbnjv
yF[&21
v + x sin
α = y cosα ^ cfblfyfw
v = y cos
α − x sin α ~3&13`
yf[fpblfy xfyc fuhtsdt^ hjv
32

dI u d
= ( I x cos 2 α + I y sin 2 α − I xy sin 2α ) =
d α d α
= − I x ⋅ 2 ⋅ cosα sin α + I y 2 sin α cosα − I xy ⋅ 2 ⋅ cos 2α = ~3&18`
= − I x sin 2α + I y sin 2α − 2 I xy cos 2α
⎛ dI u ⎞
t&b& ⎜⎝ d α ⎠⎟α =α = ( I y − I x ) sin 2α 0 − I xy cos 2α 0 = 0
0
~3&19`
ufd.js tc erfyfcrytkb ( I y-I x)cos2α 0-pt^ vbdbqt,s

2 I xy ~3&20`
tg 2α 0 =
I y − I x
se α 0 = 0 ^ t&b& ox lf oy vsfdfhb qth't,bf^ vfiby ~3&20`-bc
I =0
sfyf[vfl xy & ufvjlbc^ hjv vsfdfhb qth't,bc vbvfhs bythwbbc
wtynhblfyekb vjvtynb yekbc njkbf
dbyfblfy tg 2α = tg (180

0
+ 2α ) ^ fvbnjv ~3&20` cfvfhskbfybf α 0 -
bc jhb vybidytkj,bcfsdbc% hjltcfw α 1 = α 0 lf hjltcfw α 2 = α 0 + 90 * 
fmtlfy xfyc^ hjv bythwbbc vsfdfhb qth't,b ehsbthsvfhsj,ekbf lf

se ths-thsb qth'bc vbvfhs bythwbbc vjvtync fmdc vfmcbvfkehb
cblblt^ vtjht qth'bc vbvfhs bub vbybvfkehb cblblbcf bmyt,f&
~3&15` lf ~3&16` ajhvekt,b itb'kt,f ufhlfdmvyfs bct^ hjv
bcbyb itbwfdlyty v[jkjl bythwbbc vjvtynt,c
I u − I v = I x cos 2 α − I xy sin 2α + I y sin 2 α − I y cos 2 α − I xy sin 2α − I x sin 2 α =

= I x (cos 2 α − sin 2 α ) − I y (cos 2 α − sin 2 α ) − 2 I x sin 2α =
= ( I x − I y ) cos 2α − 2 I xy sin 2α (3,21)
dbyfblfy
1 1 I y − I x *
cos 2α = = =
± 1 + tg 2α 2
4 I
2
± y − I x )
( I 2
+ 4 I 2
± 1+
xy xy
( I y − I x ) 2
[jkj
34

vfmcbvfkeh lf vbybvfkeh hflbect,c eojlt,ty vsfdfh

hflbect,c
3&5 VFHNBDB ,HN>TKB RDTST,BC BYTHWBBC
VJVTYNT,BC UFYCFPQDHF
ufydcfpqdhjs cojhres[tlbc ajhvbc vmjyt rdtsbc ~yf[&23`
bythwbbc qth’ekb lf wtynhblfyekb vjvtynt,b wtynhfkehb ox lf oy
qth’t,bc vbvfhs& yf[fpblfy xfyc^ hjv dA = bdy ^ fvbnjv
h 2 h 2
3 3
y bh ~3&25`
∫
I x = y dA = by
A
2
−h 2
∫
2 dy = b
3 −h 2
=
12
fyfkjubehfl vbbqt,f
hb 3 ~3&26`
I =
y
12
bythwbbc wtynhblfyekb vjvtynb
h 2 h 2
2
= bx y
I xy = ∫ xydA = ∫ bxydy =0
A −h 2
2
−h 2
fyfkjubehfl ufybcfpqdht,bfy ohbc^

yf[tdfhohbc^ cfvres[tlbc lf c[df vfhnbdb
YF[&23
abueht,bc bythwbbc qth’ekb vjvtynt,b&
3&6 HSEKB ABUEHBC UTJVTNHBEKB

VF[FCBFST,KT,BC UFYCFPQDHF
cfzbhjf ufybcfpqdhjc hsekb abuehbc bythwbbc vsfdfhb imax lf
imin hflbect,b& hsekb abuehf ofhvjflutyc ajkflbc pjkbcf lf idt-

kthbcfufy itlutybkb qthjc ufybd rdtsc ~yf[&24`& ajkflbc pjkbc ~+
abuehf` ufybdb rdtsbc pjvt,bf% h1 = 20 cv
, b 1 = 1 cv t&b& vbcb ufybdb rdts-
bc afhsj,b A1 = b 1h1 = 1 ⋅ 20 = 20 cv2* =10 idtkthbc ~++ abuehf` ufybdb

rdtsbc afhsj,c lf z 0 vfy’bkc ~cbv’bvbc wtynhbc ths-ths rjjh-
lbyfnc` dbqt,s t&o& cjhnfvtynbc w[hbkblfy ~b[& lfyfhsb^ w[hbkb 3`^
36

I x0 + I y
I max = 0
± ( I y0 − I x )2 + 4 I x2 y =
min 2 0 0 0
1186 + 389,67 1
= ± (389,67 − 1186) 2 + 4 ⋅ 333 2 = 787,8 ± 515;
2 2
I max = 1302,8 cv 4
; I min = 272,8 cv 4
vbqt,ek itltut,c dfvjovt,s gbhj,bs
I max + I min
= I
x + I y 0 0
1302,8 + 272,8 = 1186 + 389,67

− 1575,67.
1575,6 ~
dbyfblfy I x > I y -pt^ fvbnjv I max = I u lf I min = I v & bythwbbc hflbect,b
0 0
I u 1302,8
iu =± =± = ±6,5 cv;
A 30,9
I v 272,8
iv =± =± = ±2,97 cv &
A 30,9
iu bpjvt,f v qth’pt^ [jkj iv - u qth’pt&
bythwbbc hflbect,bc cfiefkt,bs fbut,f t&o& bythwbbc tkbacb^

hjvtkbw cfiefkt,fc b’ktdf uhfabrekfl ufydcfpqdhjs bythwbbc
vjvtynb 0 c&w-pt ufvfdfkb yt,bcvbthfl jhbtynbht,ekb qth’bc vbvfhs&
se bythwbbc vjvtynt,b jhb vsfdfhb qth’bc vbvfhs thsvfytsbc
njkbf^ bythwbbc tkbacb uflfbmwtdf ohtl& tc rb bvfc ybiyfdc^ hjv
fvudfhb rdtsbcfsdbc .dtkf qth’b vsfdfhb qth’bf& fctsb rdtst,bf^
vfufkbsfl^ oht lf hujkb&
39


yF[&25
4. ‘DHF
4&1 ‘F,DT,BCF LF LTAJHVFWBT,BC UFYCFPQDHF

‘DHBCFC& /ERBC RFYJYB
hjujhw tc erdt b.j fqybiyekb^ ‘dhbc ltajhvfwbfc ufybwlbc
qthj^ se vbcb yt,bcvbthb jhb ufybdb rdtsb ~ Aα lf B β ` thsvfytsbc
vbvfhs cfobyffqvltuj vbvfhsekt,bs uflfflubklt,f bct^ hjv vfs
ijhbc vfy’bkb fh bwdkt,f& qthjib fctsb cf[bc ltajhvfwbt,c bodtdc
vbc ufybd rdtst,ib fq’hekb ufybdb ‘fkt,b^hjvkt,bw bodtdty v[t,
‘f,dt,c&
40

ekb vfcfkbc vb[tldbs wyj,fht,ibf ofhvjlutybkb&

‘dhbc vjlekc^ lhtrflj,bc vjlekc lf gefcjybc rjtabwbtync
ijhbc lfvjrblt,ekt,f fbcf[t,f ajhvekbs%
E
G= . ~4&4`
2(1 + μ )
tktvtynbc of[yfut,pt vjmvtlb v[t,b ‘f,dt,b hjv ufydfc[dfdjs
thsvfytsbcfufy^ cfzbhjf ufvjdb.tyjs jhb byltmcb ~yf[&26^, lf 26û`%
gbhdtkb fqybiyfdc qth’c^ hjvtkptlfw bub fhbc lfutuvfht,ekb^
[jkj vtjht - bv cb,hn.bc yjhvfkc^ hjvtkptlfw bub vjmvtlt,c&
lfdothjs ∑ m x = 0 ojyfcojhj,bc gbhj,f 26^, yf[fpbc
vb[tldbs%
m = τ ⋅ h ⋅1 ⋅ h − τ yz ⋅ h ⋅1 ⋅ h = 0
∑ ~4&5`
x zy
cfblfyfw vbbqt,f^ hjv

τ zy =
τ yz ~4&6`
fv ufvjcf[ekt,fc eojlt,ty v[t,b ‘f,dt,bc o.dbkflj,bc rfyjyc ^
hjvkbc sfyf[vflfw jh ehsbthsvfhsj, rdtspt vjmvtlb v[t,b ‘f,dt,b
cblblbs njkbf lf vbvfhsekyb fhbfy fy cfthsj ob,jcrty^ fy cfthsj
ob,jlfy
5&UHT[F
5&1 UHT[BC LTAJHVFWBBC PJUFLB WYT,T,B
hjujhw flht b.j fqybiyekb^ qthjc uht[fc bodtdc vjvtynb^
hjvtkbw fqb’dht,f qthjc uh’bdb qth’bc vfhsj,ek cb,hn.tib
~yf[&9^l`& bub hbw[j,hbdfl njkbf rdtsbc wfk v[fhtpt vjmvtlb .dtkf
‘fkbc vjvtynt,bc ]fvbcf qthjc uh’bdb qth’bc vbvfhs& itb’kt,f it-
dsfy[vlts vuht[fdb vjvtynbc ybiybc ufycfpqdhbc otcpt% vuht[fdb vj-
vtynb bsdkt,f lflt,bsfl^ se bub qthjc ufycf[bkdtk yfobkc cffsbc
42


3& uht[bc ltajhvfwbf lfb.dfyt,f rdtst,bc ehsbthsvj,heyt,f-
pt^ fye wbkbylhek ptlfgbhpt vjsfdct,ekb tktvtynbc ‘dhfpt&
4& qthjc vfcfkf uht[bc vwbht ltajhvfwbt,bc lhjc
tvjhxbkt,f /erbc rfyjyc ‘dhbc itvs[dtdfib (τ = γ G) &
5& lfuht[bkb qthjc qth’b cojhb hxt,f&
6& vcf[dtkb ~/jhbpjynfkehb qfht,b 28^f yf[fppt` [hf[yobhbc
~cgbhfkbc` ajhvfc bqt,c ~yf[& 28^,`&
7& qthjc cbuh’t hxt,f ewdktkb&
rdtsbc vj,heyt,bc ϕ res[tc uht[bc res[t tojlt,f^ [jkj γ
res[t^ hjujhw dbwbs^ ‘dhbc res[tf ~yf[&29`&
5&2 OHBEKB UFYBDB RDTSBC VMJYT QTHJC UHT[F

jhb vtpj,tkb ufybdb rdtst,bc cfiefkt,bs qthjlfy fvjdzhfs
dz cbuh’bc tktvtynb ~yf[& 29`&
ufydb[bkjs AC 1 [fpb ~yf[& 30^f` qthjc ptlfgbhpt& se
ufdbsdfkbcobyt,s hjv hrfkb C 1C 2 = Rd ϕ ^ vfiby cflfw~4&2`-bc
sfyf[vfl γ fhbc ‘dhbc res[t&
vbqt,ekb ajkvekblfy xfyc hjv ‘dhbc cblblt bphlt,f qthjc
qth’blfy lfwbkt,fcsfy thsfl^ [jkj ,jzrj^ hjvtkbw tvs[dtdf
qth’c^ ‘dhfc fh ufybwlbc& hflufyfw ρ = 0 &
44


Yf[& 29
YF[&30
C C Rd ϕ ~5&1`
1 2
= = γ
AC 1
dz
/erbc rfyjybc sfyf[vfl τ = γ G & fvbnjv
Rd
τ = G ~5&2`
dz
qthjc cbqhvtib wtynhblfy ρ vfy’bkpt udtmyt,f
ρ d ϕ
τ ρ = G
dz
45

lfdflubyjs rfdibhb vuht[fd vjvtyncf lf v[t, ‘f,dfc ijhbc

~yf[&30^,`& tktvtynfkehb τ ρ dA ‘fkbc vjvtynb ufybdb rdtsbc cbv’bvbc
wtynhbc vbvfhs bmyt,f
d
dM z = τ ρ dA
ρ = ρ 2 GdA. ~5&3`
dz
[jkj vuht[fdb vjvtynb^ hjvtkbw vjmvtlt,c vstkc ufybd rdtspt
d ϕ d ϕ
= ∫ ρ 2 GdA
= G ρ dA;
∫ 2
M z
A
dz dz A
dbyfblfy byntuhfkmdtif ufvjcf[ekt,f bythwbbc gjkfhekb

vjvtynbf^ udtmyt,f
d ϕ
M z = GI p ~5&4`
dz
cfblfyfw
d ϕ M z
= = Θ ~5&5`
dz GI p
fv erfyfcrytkc eojlt,ty uht[bc afhlj,bs res[tc fye uh’bdb

uht[bc res[tc&
~5&5` itdbnfyjs ~5&2`-ib
τ = R M z ~5&6`
I p
itvjdbqjs wyt,f obyfqj,bc gjkfhekb vjvtynbc itcf[t,& bub

tojlt,f ufvjcf[ekt,fc%
I p
W p =
~5&7`
R
vbcb ufypjvbkt,ff cv3^ v3 lf f&I&
~5&7` itdbnfyjs ~5&6`-ib

M z ~5&8`
τ =
W p
cbvnrbwbc gbhj,fc tmyt,f cf[t%
46

M z max
τ max = ≤ [τ ] ^ ~5&9`
W p
cfblfyfw ufybcfpqdht,f cfzbhj obyfqj,bc vjvtynb%

M z max ~5&10`
W p ≤
cfz
[τ ]
f[kf ufydb[bkjs cb[bcnbc gbhj,f& qthjc ltajhvfwbbc pjvfl
vbbqt,f uht[bc res[t& cb[bcnbc gbhj,fc^ ~5&5`-lfy ufvjvlbyfht^ fmdc
cf[t%
M z
Θ= ≤ [ Θ]
GI p
cflfw [Θ] fhbc uht[bc lfcfidt,b res[t^ hjvtkbw xdtekt,hbdfl
0^24 ÷ 0^5 uhflecbc njkbf ths uh’bd vtnhpt& itdybiyjs^ hjv fv ajh-
vekfib Θ -c fmdc thstek cbuh’tib hflbfybc ufypjvbkt,f& fvbnjv
[Θ] -bw eylf b.jc uflf.dfybkb hflbfyek ufypjvbkt,fib&
6& QEYDF
6&1& WYT,F QEYDBC ITCF[T, LF QTHJT,BC CF>HLTYT,BC
CF[TT,B
qeydf fhbc ltajhvfwbbc bctsb cf[t^ hjltcfw qthjc uh’bdb
qth’bc cbvhelt bwdkt,f rth’jl^ se qthjc qth’b cojh[fpjdfybf^
qeydbcfc bub uflfbmwtdf vhel [fpfl& fcts ltajhvfwbfc bodtdc .dtkf
bc ‘fkf^ hjvtkcfw fmdc qthjc uh’bdb qth’bcflvb vfhsj,ekb vlu-
tytkb ~yf[& 31^ f`& se lfndbhsdf uh’bdb qth’bcflvb vfhsj,ekbf^ fcts
qeydfc eojlt,ty ufybd qeydfc qthjc^ hjvtkbw ufybwlbc qeydfc^
eojlt,ty rjzc & se lfndbhsdbc ‘fkt,b lf rjzbc qth’b vjsfdct,ekbf
ths cb,hn.tib^ vfiby udfmdc ,hn.tkb qeydf hjltcfw rjzpt vjm
vtlt,c v[jkjl vqeyfdb vjvtynb^ vfiby udfmdc ceasf qeydf & se .dtkf
‘fkf^ hjvkt,bw rjzpt vjmvtlt,ty^ ufykfut,ekyb fhbfy vbcb ufybdb
rdtsbc bythwbbc ths-ths vsfdfh wtynhfkeh cb,hn.tib^
47


yF[& 33
6&2 RJZBC CF>HLTYT,IB FQ’HEKB HTFMWBT,BC

UFYCFPQDHF
ufydb[bkjs jh cf.hltypt
vlt,fht cnfnbrehfl hrdtdflb
rjzb ~yf[&34`^ hjvtkptlfw vjm-
vtlt,c ghfmnbrfib .dtkfpt vt-
nfl ufdhwtkt,ekb lfndbhs-
dt,b& rth’jl^ rjzbc uh’bdb
qth’bcflvb vfhsj,ekb it.eh-
cekb F ‘fkf^ q byntycbehj-
YF[&34 ,bc sfyf,fhufyfobkt,ekb lfn-
dbhsdf lf it.ehcekb m vjvty-
nb& tc lfndbhsdt,b vjwtvekb ~wyj,bkb` cblbltt,bf& bcbyb^ hjujhw
dbwbs^ ufhtufyb ‘fkt,bf lf rjzbc cf.hltyt,ib fq’hfdty H A ^ R A lf
R B htfmnbek ‘fkt,c ~htfmwbt,c` ^ hjvkt,bw fuhtsdt ufhtufyb
‘fkt,bf^ vfuhfv xdtysdbc ewyj,b& ufydcfpqdhjs tc htfmwbt,b&
50

dfyb afmnjht,b ~’fkdt,b` N , Q lf M x & ~b[bkt yf[& 6^l`& hflufyfw
ufycf[bkdtkb ufybdb rdtsb A othnbkblfy z vfy’bkbsff lfijht-
,ekb^ tc ‘fkdt,b bmyt,f z rjjhlbyfnbc aeymwbt,b& t&b& udtmyt,f
N ( z ), Q( z ) lf M x ( z ) & ~yf[&35^,`
dbyfblfy ufybdb qeydbc lhjc rjzbc ufqeydf .jdtksdbc [lt,f

zoy cb,hn.tib^ fvbnjv x byltmcbc [vfht,f cfzbhj fqfh fhbc lf
vjvfdfkib M x ( z ) -bc yfwdkfl lfdoths M ( z ) -c&

ibuf ‘fkdt,bc ufycfpqdhbcfsdbc db.tyt,s ojyfcojhj,bc itvltu
gbhj,t,c%
1` ∑ Z = N = 0,
z
~6&7`
t&b& ufybdb qeydbc itvs[dtdfib rdtsbc cbv’bvbc wtynhib yjh-
vfkehb ‘fkf yekbc njkbf
2` ∑ Y = R A − F − qz − Q( z ) = 0,

~6&8`
cfblfyfw
Q( z ) = R A − F − qz. ~6&9`
z
3`
∑ m( z) = R ⋅ z − F ( z − a) − qz 2 − M ( z ) = 0, ~6&10`
A
cfblfyfw
qz 2 ~6&11`
M ( z ) = R A z − F ( z
− a) − .
2
fvudfhfl^ ufybdb Q( z ) ’fkf rjzbc yt,bcvbth ufybd rdtsib
hbw[j,hbdfl njk bf rdtsbc wfk v[fhtc vlt,fht .dtkf ufhtufyb ‘fkbc
utuvbkt,bc ]fvbcf oy qth’pt
vqeyfdb M ( z ) vjvtynb rjzbc yt,bcvbthb ufybdb rdtsbc cbv’bvbc

wtynhpt ufvfdfkb qth’bc vbvfhs^ hjvtkbw gfhfktkehbf ox cfrj-
jhlbyfnj qth’bcf^ hbw[j,hbdfl njkbf rdtsbc wfk v[fhtc vlt,fht
.dtkf ufhtufyb ‘fkt,bc vjvtynt,bc ]fvbcf bvfdt qth’bc vbvfhs
53

q + q + dq ⎞
∑ y = Q − ⎛ ⎜⎝ 2
⎟ dz − (Q + dQ) = 0
⎠
~6&12`
se vtjht hbubc ecfchekjl vwbht cblbltt,c euekdt,tkd.jas^

vbdbqt,s%
dQ
dz = −q ~6&13`
ojyfcojhj,bc gbhj,f ∑ m k
= 0 udf’ktdc
M + Qdz − ⎜
⎛ q + q + dq ⎞dz ⋅ dz − ( M + dM ) = 0 ~6&14`
⎟ 1
⎝ 2 ⎠
fmfw^ se vtjht hbubc ecfchekjl vwbht cblbltt,c
euekdt,tkd.jas^ vbdbqt,s
Qdz − dM = 0,
cfblfyfw
dM
=Q ~6&15`
dz
se fv erfyfcrytkc ufdfofhvjt,s z - bs^ vbdbqt,s
2
d M dQ ~6&16`
2
=
dz dz
se ufdbsdfkbcobyt,s ~6&13`-c^ cf,jkjjl udtmyt,f
2
d M dQ
2
= = −q ~6&17`
dz dz
~6&17` lfvjrblt,ekt,t,b ufvjb.tyt,f vqeyfdb vjvtynbcf lf
ufybdb ‘fkbc tgbeht,bc fut,bc cbcojhbc itcfvjovt,kfl&
6&5 VQEYFDB VJVTYNT,BCF LF UFYBDB ‘FKT,BC
TGBEHT,BC FUT,F
xdty erdt dbwbs rjzbc yt,bcvbth ufybd rdtsib vqeyfdb vjvtynbcf
lf ufybdb ‘fkbc ufycfpqdhbc pjuflb otcb& ufvjdcf[js tc cblbltt,b
uhfabrekfl fye fdfujs vqeyfdb vjvtynt,bcf lf ufybdb ‘fkt,bc
tgbeht,b & dbyfblfy fv tgbeht,c c[dflfc[df rjyrhtnek itvs[dtdfib
55

fmds c[dflfc[df cf[t^ ufydb[bkjs ghfmnbrfib .dtkfpt vtnfl

ufdhwtkt,ekb vfufkbst,b%
1& jh cf.ltytpt vlt,fht cnfnbrehfl hrdtdflb rjzb lfndbh-
sekbf it.ehcekb ‘fkbs ~yf[& 38^f`& ]th eylf ufydcfpqdhjs cf.h-
ltyt,ib fq’hekb htfmwbt,b& ojyfcojhj,bc ∑ m A
= 0 lf ∑ m
B
= 0
gbhj,t,blfy%
YF[&38
∑m A = − R B l + Fa = 0, cfblfyfw R B = Fa l ~6&18`
∑m B = R A l − Fb = 0, cfblfyfw R A = Fb l ~6&19`
vbqt,ek itltut,c dfvjovt,s ojyfcojhj,bc ∑ Y = 0 gbhj,bs%
56

Fb Fa F ( a + b) Fl
∑ Y = R A − F + R B =
l
− F +
l
=
l
− F =
l
− F = 0,
t&b& htfmwbt,b cojhfl fhbc ufycfpdhekb&
fvbc itvltu rjzpt eylf ufdfnfhjs bvltyb rdtsb^ hfvltyb
lfndbhsdbc e,fybw udfmdc& lfndbhsdbc e,fyb tojlt,f rjzbc bv
yfobkc^ hjvtkbw vjsfdct,ekbf jh ‘fkjdfy afmnjhc ijhbc&
ufycf[bkdtk itvs[dtdfib udfmdc jhb e,fyb% AC e,fyb lf CB e,fyb&
ufdrdtsjs rjzb gbhdtk e,fyib A cf.hltyblfy hfbvt z1
vfy’bkpt lf vjdfijhjs vfh]dtyf v[fht&
fv itvs[dtdfib ufybd rdtsib vjmvtlb vqeyfdb vjvtynb bmyt,f%
Fb
M ( z1 ) = R A z
1 = z1 ~6&20`
l
hjltcfw z1 = 0; M ( z1 ) = 0
hjltcfw z1 = a; Fab

M ( z 1 ) = .
l
f[kf ufdrdtsjs rjzb vtjht e,fyib A cf.hltyblfy hfbvt (a + z2 )
vfy’bkpt& vqeyfdb vjvtynb ufybd rdtsib bmyt,f%
Fb
M ( z 2 ) = R A (a + z 2 ) − Fz
2 = (a + z 2 ) − Fz 2 . ~6&21`
l
hjltcfw z 2 = 0; Fab
M ( z 2 ) =
l
hjltcfw z 2 = b; Fb( a + b)
M ( z 2 ) = − Fb = 0.
l
rjzbc gbhdtk e,fyib ufybdb ‘fkbc ufycfpqdhbcfsdbc rdtsbc
vfhw[ybd vlt,fht .dtkf ‘fkf lfdfutuvbkjs oy qth’pt%
Fb
Q ( z1 ) = R A =
= const . ~6&22`
l
rjzbc vtjht e,fyibw fyfkjubehfl dbmwtdbs%
Fb F (l − a) − Fl Fa
Q( z 2 ) = R A − F = − F = =− = const . ~6&23`
l l l
57

f[kf erdt itudb’kbf fv cblbltt,bc uhfabrekfl ufvjcf[df&

fdfujs ]th vqeyfdb vjvtynt,bc tgbehf& fvbcfsdbc itdsfy[vlts^ hjv
se vjvtync fmdc lflt,bsb ybifyb^ vbcb cblblt uflfdpjvjs t&o& yekj-
dfyb [fpbc ~oo1 [fpb 38^, yf[fppt` ptvjs& obyffqvltu itvs[dtdfib -
mdtvjs& vqeyfdb vjvtynbc vybidytkj,t,b A lf B othnbkt,pt ufvfdfk
ufybd rdtst,ib yekbc njkbf^ [jkj C othnbkpt ufvfdfk ufybd
rdtsib ~hjltcfw z1 = a lf z 2 = 0 ` M ( z ) = Fab . tc cblblt lflt,bsbf^

l
fvbnjv vfc uflfdpjvfds ~hfbvt vfcinf,ib` yekjdfyb [fpbc ptvjs lf
dbyfblfy ~6&20` lf ~6&21`-bc sfyf[vfl M ( z ) aeymwbf ohabdbf^ hjujhw
o lf o2^ bct o2 lf o1 othnbkt,c dfthst,s cojhb [fpt,bs& vbqt,ekb
uhfabrekb ufvjcf[dbc ~tgbehbc` fphb bvfib vlujvfhtj,c^ hjv rjzbc

yt,bcvbthb ufybdb rdtsbcfsdbc itudb’kbf vqeyfdb vjvtynbc ufycfpqdhf
tgbehfpt itcf,fvbcb jhlbyfnbc ufpjvdbs&
fyfkjubehfl fbut,f ufybdb ‘fkt,c tgbehf& dbyfblfy vstk gbh-
dtk e,fypt Q ( z1 ) = Fb = R A = const , fvbnjv tgbehfptw fv jhlbyfnbc

l
cblblt velvbdb bmyt,f& fctdt velvbdb bmyt,f Fa

Q( z 2 ) = − = − Rb = const ,
l
jhlbyfnbc cblbltw ~b[& yf[& 38û`&
itdybiyjs hjv vqeyfdb vjvtynbc tgbehf fqbybiyt,f cbv,jkjsb
# M @ ^ [jkj ufybdb ‘fkbc - #Q@&
2& jh cf.hltpt vlt,fht cnfnbrehfl hrdtdfl rjzpt vjmvtlt,c
sfyf,hfl ufyfobkt,ek b lfndbhsdf ~yf[& 39^f`&
ufydcfpqdhjs htfmwbt,b
ql 2 ql
∑ m B = R Al −
2
= 0, cfblfyfw R A =
2
(6.24)

ql 2 ql
∑m A = − R B l +
2
= 0, cfblfyfw R B =
2
(6.25)
vbqt,ek itltut,c dfvjovt,s gbhj,bs%
58

∑ Y = ql2 − ql + ql2 = ql − ql = 0.

fvhbufl^ htfmwbt,b cojhfl fhbc ufycfpqdhekb&
YF[&39
fv itvs[dtdfib rjzbc vstk cbuh’tpt udtmyt,f thsb e,fyb^ hflu-
fyfw yt,bcvbthb ufybdb rdtsbc wfk v[fhtpt^ rth’jl vfhw[tyf v[fhtpt^
vjmvtlt,c R A lf qz ‘fkt,b&
vqeyfdb vjvtynb rjzbc A othnbkblfy z vfy’bkpt fhct,ek ufybd
rdtsib bmyt,f%
2 2
qz ql qz ~6&26`
M ( z ) = R A z − = z −
2 2 2
hjltcfw z = 0; M ( z ) = 0.
hjltcfw z = l; (z ) = 0.
M
2
− ⎛
q l ⎞
2
hjltcfw z = ; l ql l ql
M ( z ) = ⎜ ⎟ = .
2 2 2 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 8
59

ufybdb ‘fkf
ql
Q ( z ) = R A − qz = − qz ~6&27`
2
hjltcfw z = 0; ql
Q( z ) = .
2
hjltcfw z = l; ql ql
Q( z ) = − ql = − .
2 2
tgbeht,b ofhvjlutybkbf 39^, lf 39û yf[fpt,pt&
3& jh cf.hltypt vlt,fht cnfnbrehfl hrdtdfl rjzpt vjmvtlt,c
it.ehcekb vjvtynb ~yf[& 40^f`&
ufydcfpqdhjs htfmwbt,b
m
m = R l − m = 0, cfblfyfw R = (6.28)
B A A
∑ 2
m

∑m A = − R B l − m = 0, cfblfyfw R B =−
2
(6.29)
htfmwbt,bc ufycfpqdhbc cbcojhtc dfvjovt,s gbhj,bs%
∑ Y = ml − ml = 0;
t&b& htfmwbt,b cojhfl fhbc ufycfpqdhekb&
60

hjltcfw z 2 = b; m
M ( z 2 ) = ) − m = 0.
(a + b
l
ufybdb ‘fkf rb hjujhw gbhdtk^ bct vtjht e,fyib thsyfbhbf%
m
Q ( z1 ) = Q ( z 2 ) = R A = = const . ~6&32`
l
vqeyfdb vjvtynbcf lf ufybdb ‘fkbc tgbeht,b ofhvjlutybkbf

itcf,fvbcfl 40^ , lf 40^ u yf[fpt,pt&
4& rjycjkehb ~thsb ,jkjsb [bcnfl xfvfuht,ekb` rjzbc
sfdbceafk ,jkjpt vjmvtlt,c it.ehcekb ‘fkf ~yf[& 41^f`&
se rjzc^ vbcb ofhvjcf[dbs ufrdtsbc itvltu vjdfwbkt,s
vfhw[tyf yfobkc lf ufydb[bkfds vfh]dtyf yfobkc^ htfmwbt,bc
ufycfpqdhf fqfh fhbc cfzbhj&
vqeyfdb vjvtynb B othnbkblfy z vfy’bkbs lfijht,ek ufybd
rdtsib bmyt,f
M ( z ) =
− Fz. ~6&33`
efh.jabsb ybifyb vbesbst,c bvfc^
hjv rjzbc ptlf ,jzrjt,b bzbvt,f&
hjltcfw z = 0; M ( z ) = 0.
hjltcfw
z = l; ( z ) = − Fl.
M
ufybdb ‘fkf Q( z ) = F = const .
YF[&41
vqeyfdb vjvtynbc lf ufybdb ‘fkbc tgbeht,b ofhvjlutybkbf
itcf,fvbcfl 41^, lf 41û yf[fpt,pt&
62

YF[&44
yf[fpblfy xfyc^ hjv hrfkbc cbuh’t m1n1 = ( ρ + y)d ϕ , [jkj
oo1 = ρ . mn ihbc f,cjkenehb ofuh’tkt,f m1 n1
dϕ − mn
= yd ϕ , [jkj
mn ihbc afhlj,bsb ofuh’tkt,f ~[fpj,hbdb afhlj,bsb ltajhvfwbf`&
m1 n1 − mn yd ϕ y
ε = = = . (6.36)
mn ρ d ϕ ρ
vtjhtc v[hbd /erbc rfyjybc sfyf[vfl σ = E ε . ‘f,df^ hjvtkbw
vjmvtlt,c rjzbc ytbnhfkehb ihblfy y vfy’bkbs lfijht,ek m1n1
ihtpt^ bmyt,f
y
σ ( y ) = E (6.37)
ρ
fv ufynjkt,bc sfyf[vfl^ hjltcfw y = 0; σ
( y ) = 0. t&b&
ytbnhfkeh ihtpt yjhvfkehb ‘f,df yekbc njkbf &
f[kf ufydcfpqdhjs cbvhelbc ρ hflbecb& dN(y) tktvtynfhekb

‘fkt,bcfufy ~yf[&45` ufvjodtekb vqeyfdb vjvtynb ox qth’bcflvb
bmyt,f
65

y E EI x
= ∫ yσ ( y)dA = ∫ yE
ρ ∫
M x dA = y 2 dA = (6.38)
A A
ρ A
ρ
cfblfyfw
1 M x
= (6.39)
ρ EI x
YF[&45
~6&37` - bc sfyf[vfl
1 M x
σ ( y ) = Ey
= y (6.40)
ρ I x
hjltcfw y=ymax^ vfiby σ ( y ) = σ max & fvbnjv ~6&40` vbbqt,c cf[tc
M x
σ max = ymax ~6&41`
I x
itvjdbqjs fqybidyf
I x ~6&42`
W max =
y max
fv erfyfcrytkc eojlt,ty ufybdb rdtsbc qth’ek obyfqj,bc

vjvtync
~6&42`-bc cfae’dtkpt ~6&41` vbbqt,c cf[tc
66

M x ~6&43`
σ max =
W x
yjhvfkehb ‘f,dt,bc tgbehf ofhvjlutybkbf 45 yf[fppt&
xdtyc vbth rjzblfy ufvj.jabkb dz cbuh’bc tktvtynb ~b[& yf[&
44^f` ufd.js jh yfobkfl lf ufydb[bkjs ptlf ~lfinhb[ekb` yfobkbc
ojyfcojhj,f ~yf[&46`& dbyfblfy vstkb tktvtynb ojyfcojhj,fibf^ oj-
yfcojhj,fib eylf b.jc vbcb tc ~lfinhb[ekb` yfobkbw& yjhvfkehb
‘fkf^ hjvtkbw tktvtynbc lfinhb[ekb yfobkbc vfhw[tyf ufybd
rdtspt vjmvtlt,c^ fqdybiyjs N * -bs& vfiby vfh]dtyf ufybd rdtspt
bvjmvtlt,c vfhw[tyfcfufy vwbhtl ufyc[dfdt,ekb N * + dN * ‘fkf*
YF[&46
∑ Z = − N + N + dN = 0 udf’ktdc^ hjv

* * *
ojyfcojhj,bc gbhj,f
dN
*
= 0 & tc rb cbyfvldbktc fh ittcf,fvt,f^ hflufyfw yjhvfkehb
‘f,dt,b~lf t&b& yjhvfkehb ‘fkt,bw` qeydbcfc c[dflfc[df ufybd
rdtst,ib c[dflfc[dff lf fvbnjv dN * ≠ 0. t&b& eylf fhct,j,ltc fv
67

*
QS
τ max = < [τ ] &
I x b
6&7 CNFNBREHFL HRDTDFLB RJZBC UFFYUFHBIT,F

QEYDFPT
cnfnbrehfl hrdtdfl rjzpt vjlt,ekbf m=20 ryv it.ehcekb
vjvtynb lf F=40 ry it.ehcekb ‘fkf ~yf[& 47`& a=2v* b=3v* c=1v& rjzb
eylf ufy[jhwbtkltc ajkflbc idtkthbcfufy^ hjvkbcsdbcfw [σ ] = 16
ry$cv2&
cnfnbrehfl hrdtdflb rjzbc ufy[jhwbtkt,f itb’kt,f jhb
upbs% 1` rjzbc ,jkjt,b eylf lfdfvfuhjs e’hfd lf vj’hfd cf[chjdfy
cf.hltyt,pt fy 2` rjzbc ths-thsb ,jkj [bcnfl xfdfvfuhjs&

uflfo.dtnf % ]th ufydb[bkjs gbhdtkb dfhbfynb ~yf[&47^f`&
ufydcfpqdhjs htfmwbt,b& fvbcfsdbc ufvjdb.tyjs ojyfcojhj,bc
gbhj,f ∑ m = 0 .
∑m = − R B (a + b + c) + F (a + b) − m =
A
= − R B ⋅ 6 + 40 ⋅ 5 − 20 = 0.
cfblfyfw R B = 180 6 = 30 ry&

fyfkjubehfl
∑m B = R A (a + b + c ) − m − F ⋅ c = R A ⋅ 6 − 20 − 40 ⋅ 1 = 0. cfblfyfw
R A = 60 6 = 10 ry&
itvjovt,fc df[ltys ∑ y = 0 ojyfcojhj,bc gbhj,bs%
∑ y = R A
− F
+ R B = 10 − 40 + 30 = 0.
ufydcfpqdhjs vqeyfdb vjvtynt,brjzbc ufybd rdtst,ib%

ufycf[bkdtkb rjzb lfndbhsdt,bc vb[tldbs itlut,f cfvb
e,ybcfufy%
70

M ( z 3 ) = R A (a + b + z 3 ) − m − Fz 3 = R A (5 + z 3 ) − 20 − 40 z3

hjltcfw z 3 = 0, M ( z 3 ) = 10 ⋅ 5 − 20 = 30ryv;
hjltcfw z 3 = 1v, M ( z 3 ) =

10 ⋅ 6 − 20 − 40 ⋅ 1 = 0.
vqeyfdb vjvtynt,bc tgbehf ofhvjlutybkbf 47^, yf[fppt&
ufydcfpqdhjs ufybd rdtst,ib fq’hekb ufybdb ‘fkt,b%
I e,fyib Q( z1 ) = R A = 10
ry = const
II e,fyib Q( z 2 ) = R A = 10
ry = const
III e,fyib Q( z 3 ) = R A − F = 10 − 40 = −30ry = const .
ufybdb ‘fkt,bc tgbehf ofhvjlutybkbf 47û yf[fppt&
f[kf ufydb[bkjs vtjht dfhbfynb ~b[& 48^ f yf[fpb`%
se uffyufhbit,fc vjdf[ltys vfh]dyblfy vfhw[ybd^ vfiby
htfmwbt,bc ufycfpqdhf fqfh fhbc cfzbhj&
I e,fyib M ( z1 ) = 0
II e,fyib M ( z 2 ) = −
Fz
2 = −40z 2
hjltcfw z2 = 0, M ( z 2 ) = 0
hjltcfw z 2 = b = 3, M ( z 2 ) = −40 ⋅ 3 = −120ryv &
III e,fyib M ( z 3 ) = − F (b + z 3 ) + m = −40(3 + z 3 ) − 20
hjltcfw z 3 = 0, M ( z 3 ) = −120 + 20 = −100ryv;
hjltcfw z 3 = a = 2, M ( z 3 ) = −40 ⋅ 5 + 20 = −180ryv
vqeyfdb vjvtynt,bc tgbehf ofhvjlutybkbf 48^, yf[fppt&

ufydcfpqdhjs ufybdb ‘fkt,b%
I e,fyib Q( z1 ) = 0.
II e,fyib Q( z 2 ) = F = 40ry = const
III e,fyib Q( z3 ) = F = 40ry = const .
72


YF[&48
ufybdb ‘fkt,bc tgbehf ofhvjlutybkbf 48û yf[fppt
jhbdt dfhbfynbc vb[tldbs M max =180ryv=18000rycv& fv vjvtynbc
vb[tldbs ufybcfpqdht,f cfzbhj obyfqj,bc vjvtynb
M max 18000 3
W cfz = = = 1125 cv
[σ ] 16
dbyfblfy cjhnfvtynbc w[hbkib ~b[& lfyfhsb^ w[hbkb 3` fh

fhbc bctsb lblb idtkthb^ hjvtkcfw fctsb lblb obyfqj,bc vjvtynb
fmdc^ dbqt,s hfvltybvt ~xdtyc itvs[dtdfib jh` idtkthc lf fvbnjv
W cfz 1125 3
/
W cfz = = = 562,5 cv
2 2
73

t&b& w[hbkblfy dbqt,s jh N 36 idtkthc^ hjvkbcsdbcfw

W max = W x = 601
cv > W cfz = 562,5 cv &
3 / 3
7& ITREVIEKB QTHJT,BC VLUHFLJ,F

7&1 OJYFCOJHJ,BC VLUHFLB LF FHFVLUHFLB AJHVT,B
rehcbc lfcfo.bcib fqybiyekb b.j^ hjv qthj eylf frvf.jabkt-
,ltc cbvnrbwbc^ cb[bcnbc lf vluhflj,bc gbhj,t,c& fmfvlt ufy[bkek
fvjwfyt,ib buekbc[vt,jlf^ hjv qthj frvf.jabkt,lf vluhflj,bc gb-
hj,t,c fye vbcb ojyfcojhj,bc gbhj,f revidbc lhjc ∑ Z = − F + R = 0
YF[&49
~yf[&49^f` fh bwdkt,jlf vrevifdb ‘fkbc phlfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs& tc

gbhj,f thsflthsb lf cfrvfhbcb b.j qthjc ufybd rdtsib ‘f,dbc
ufycfpqdhbcfsdbc ~yf[& 49^,`%
N F
σ ( z ) = = = const , ~7&1`
A A
vfuhfv^ se qthjc lfdfodhbkt,s^ vbcb cb[bcnt itvwbhlt,f lf fv lhjc

se qth’ek vrevifd ‘fkfc ytk-ytkf ufdphlbs^ lflut,f bctsb
vjvtynb^ hjltcfw qthj ufbqeyt,f ~yf[&49û` lf F vrevifdb ‘fkf
xfvfuht,blfy hfbvt z vfy’bkpt vlt,fht ufybd rdtsib ufvjbodtdc fhf
revidfc^ hjujhw tc flht b.j^ fhfvtl qeydfc& vqeyfdb vjvtynb
74

lhtrflb obhbc lbathtywbfkeh ufynjkt,fc^

hjujhw dbwbs fmdc cf[t ~b[& ajhv& 7&4`%
d 2 y M ( z ) ~7&3`
2
=
dz EI
yf[fpblfy xfyc^ hjv M ( z ) = − F rh y ^ fvbnjv
d 2 y F rh
+ y = 0 ~7&4`
dz 2 EI
YF[&50 itvjdbqjs fqybidyf F rh

= k 2 ^ vfiby
EI
d 2 y
2
+ k 2 y = 0 ~7&5`
dz
evfqktcb vfstvfnbrbc rehcblfy wyj,bkbf^ hjv fv lbathtywbf-

kehb ufynjkt,bc fvj[cyff
y = A cos kz
+ B sin kz ~7&6`
cflfw A lf B yt,bcvbthb velvbdt,bf& vfsb ufycfpqdhbcfsdbc
db.tyt,s t&o& cfcfpqdhj gbhj,t,c%
1& hjltcfw z=0, y=0& fv lhjc ~7&6` vbbqt,c cf[tc
0 = A cos
0 + B sin 0.
cfblfyfw A=0
2& hjltcfw z=l^ y=0& fv itvs[dtdfib ~7&6` vbbqt,c cf[tc
0 = A cos kl
+ B sin kl. ~7&7`
hflufyfw A=0^ fvbnjv ~7&7`-lfy dqt,ekj,s^ hjv B sin kl = 0 & tc
gbhj,f hjv itchekltc fy B eylf b.jc yekbc njkb^ fy sin kl & se
lfdeidt,s B=0, vfiby^ hflufyfw A=0^ ufvjlbc hjv y=0 z-bc yt,bcvbthb
vybidytkj,bcfsdbc^ hfw cbyfvldbktc fh ittcf,fvt,f& t&b& sinkl =0 fye
⎛ F rh ⎞
sin ⎜ l ⎟ = 0,
⎜ EI ⎟
⎝ ⎠
76


= b d A I x i x z0 = b d A I x i x z0
vv vv cv4 cv4 cv cv vv vv cv4 cv4 cv cv

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 20 3 1^13 0^4 0^59 0^6 7^5 75 5 7^39 39^5 2^31 2^02
4 1^46 0^5 0^58 0^64 6 8^78 46^6 2^30 2^06
2^5 25 3 1^43 0^81 0^75 0^73 7 10^1 53^3 2^29 2^10
4 1^86 1^03 0^74 0^76 8 11^5 59^8 2^28 2^15
2^8 28 3 1^62 1^16 0^85 0^80 9 12^8 66^1 2^27 2^18
3^2 32 3 1^86 1^77 0^97 0^89 8 80 6 9^38 57^0 2^47 2^19
4 2^43 2^26 0^96 0^94 7 10^8 65^3 2^45 2^23
3^6 36 3 2^10 2^56 1^10 0^99 8 12^3 73^4 2^44 2^27

4 2^74 3^29 1^09 1^04 9 90 6 10^6 82^1 2^78 2^43
4 40 3 2^35 3^55 1^23 1^09 7 12^3 94^3 2^77 2^47
4 3^08 4^58 1^22 1^13 8 13^9 106 2^76 2^51
4^5 45 3 2^65 5^13 1^39 1^21 9 15^6 118 2^75 2^55
4 3^48 6^63 1^38 1^26 10 100 7 13^8 131 3^08 2^71
5 4^29 8^03 1^37 1^30 8 15^6 147 3^07 2^75
5^0 5 3 2^96 7^11 1^55 1^33 10 19^2 179 3^05 2^83
4 3^89 9^21 1^54 1^38 12 22^8 209 3^03 2^91
5 4^80 11^2 1^53 1^42 14 26^3 237 3^00 2^99
5^6 56 4 4^38 13^1 1^73 1^52 16 29^7 264 2^98 3^06
5 5^41 16^0 1^72 1^57 11 110 7 15^2 176 3^40 2^96
6^3 63 4 4^96 18^9 1^95 1^69 8 17^2 198 3^39 3^00
5 6^13 23^1 1^94 1^74 12^5 125 8 19^7 294 3^87 3^36
6 7^28 27^1 1^93 1^78 9 22^1 328 3^86 3^41
7 70 5 6^86 31^9 2^16 1^90 10 24^3 360 3^85 3^45
6 8^15 37^6 2^15 1^94 12 28^9 422 3^83 3^53
7 9^42 43^0 2^14 1^99 14 33^4 482 3^80 3^61
8 10^7 48^2 2^13 2^02 16 37^8 539 3^78 3^68
79

LFYFHSB^ W[HBKB 2
jhntct,hb
=
h b d A I x W x i x I y W y i y
vv vv vv cv 2 cv4 cv3 cv cv4 cv3 cv
10 100 55 4^5 12^0 198 39^5 4^06 17^9 6^49 1^22
12 120 64 4^8 14^7 350 58^4 4^88 27^9 8^72 1^38
14 140 73 4^9 17^4 572 81^7 5^73 41^9 11^5 1^55
16 160 81 5^0 20^2 873 104 6^57 58^6 14^5 1^70
18 180 90 5^1 23^4 1290 143 7^42 82^6 18^4 1^88
18f 180 100 5^1 25^4 1430 159 7^51 114 22^8 2^12
20 200 100 5^2 26^8 1840 184 8^28 115 23^1 2^07
20f 200 110 5^2 28^9 2030 203 8^37 155 28^2 2^32
22 220 110 5^4 30^6 2550 232 9^13 157 28^6 2^27
22f 220 120 5^4 32^8 2790 254 9^22 206 34^3 2^50
24 240 115 5^6 34^8 3460 289 9^97 198 34^5 2^37
24f 240 125 5^6 37^5 3800 317 10^1 260 41^3 2^63
27 270 125 6^0 40^2 5010 371 11^2 260 41^5 2^54
27f 270 135 6^0 43^2 5500 407 11^3 337 50^1 2^80
30 300 135 6^5 46^5 7080 472 12^3 337 49^9 2^69
30f 300 145 6^5 49^9 7780 518 12^5 436 60^1 2^95
33 330 140 7^0 53^2 9840 597 13^5 419 59^9 2^79
36 360 145 7^5 61^9 13380 748 14^7 516 71^1 2^89
40 400 155 8^0 71^4 18930 947 16^3 666 85^9 3^05
45 450 160 8^6 83^0 27450 1220 18^2 807 101 3^12
50 500 170 9^5 97^8 39290 1570 20^0 1040 122 3^26
55 550 180 10^3 114^3 55150 2000 22^1 1350 150 3^44
60 600 190 11^0 132 75450 2510 23^9 1720 181 3^60
65 650 200 12^0 153 101400 3120 25^8 2170 217 3^77
70 700 210 13^0 176 134600 3840 27^7 2730 260 3^94
70f 700 210 15^1 202 152700 4360 27^5 3240 309 4^01
70, 700 210 17^5 234 175371 5010 27^4 3910 373 4^09
80

LFYFHSB^ W[HBKB 3
idtkthb
h b d A I x W x i x I y W y i y z0

=
vv vv vv cv2 cv4 cv3 cv cv4 cv3 cv cv
5 50 32 4^4 6^16 22^8 9^1 1^92 5^61 2^75 0^95 1^16
6^5 65 36 4^4 7^51 48^6 15^0 2^54 8^70 3^68 1^08 1^24
8 80 40 4^5 8^98 89^4 22^4 3^16 12^8 4^75 1^19 1^31
10 100 46 4^5 10^9 174 34^8 3^99 20^4 6^46 1^37 1^44
12 120 52 4^8 13^3 304 50^6 4^78 31^2 8^52 1^53 1^54
14 140 58 4^9 15^6 491 70^2 5^60 45^4 11^0 1^70 1^67
14f 140 62 4^9 17^0 545 77^8 5^66 57^5 13^3 1^84 1^87
16 160 64 5^0 18^1 747 93^4 6^42 63^3 13^8 1^87 1^80
16f 160 68 5^0 19^8 823 103 6^49 78^8 16^4 2^01 2^00
18 180 70 5^1 20^7 1090 121 7^24 86^0 17^0 2^04 1^94
18f 180 74 5^1 22^2 1190 132 7^32 105 20^0 2^18 2^13
20 200 76 5^2 23^4 1520 152 8^07 113 20^5 2^20 2^07
20f 200 80 5^2 25^2 1670 167 8^15 139 24^2 2^35 2^28
22 220 82 5^4 26^7 2110 192 8^89 151 25^1 2^37 2^21
22f 220 87 5^4 28^8 2330 212 8^99 187 30^0 2^55 2^46
24 240 90 5^6 30^6 2900 242 9^73 208 31^6 2^60 2^42
24f 240 95 5^6 32^9 3180 265 9^84 254 37^2 2^78 2^67
27 270 95 6^0 35^2 4160 308 10^9 262 37^3 2^73 2^47
30 300 100 6^5 40^5 5810 387 12^0 327 43^6 2^84 2^52
33 330 105 7^0 46^5 7980 484 13^1 410 51^8 2^97 2^59
36 360 110 7^5 53^4 10820 601 14^2 513 61^7 3^10 2^68
40 400 115 8^0 61^5 15220 761 15^7 642 73^4 3^23 2^75
81


LFYFHSB^ W[HBKB 4
YFNEHFKEHB NHBUJYJVTNHBEKB CBLBLTT,B
α α α α
sin cos tg ctg sin cos tg ctg
o ‘ ‘ o o ‘ ‘ o
0 0 0.000 1.000 0.000 ∞ 60 89 22 30 0.383 0.924 0.414 2.414 30 67
0 5 0.001 1.000 0.001 687.55 55 89 23 0 0.391 0.921 0.424 2.356 60 66
0 10 0.003 1.000 0.003 343.77 50 89 23 30 0.399 0.917 0.435 2.300 30 66
0 20 0.006 1.000 0.006 171.89 40 89 24 0 0.407 0.914 0.445 2.246 60 65
0 25 0.007 1.000 0.007 137.51 35 89 24 30 0.415 0.910 0.456 2.194 30 65
0 30 0.009 1.000 0.009 114.59 30 89 25 0 0.423 0.906 0.466 2.145 60 64
0 40 0.012 1.000 0.012 85.940 20 89 25 30 0.431 0.903 0.477 2.097 30 64
0 50 0.015 1.000 0.015 68.750 10 89 26 0 0.438 0.899 0.488 2.050 60 63
1 0 0.017 1.000 0.017 57.290 60 88 26 30 0.446 0.895 0.499 2.006 30 63
1 10 0.020 1.000 0.020 49.104 50 88 27 0 0.454 0.891 0.510 1.963 60 62
1 20 0.023 1.000 0.023 42.964 40 88 27 30 0.462 0.887 0.521 1.921 30 62
1 30 0.026 1.000 0.026 38.188 30 88 28 0 0.469 0.883 0.532 1.881 60 61
1 40 0.029 1.000 0.029 34.368 20 88 28 30 0.477 0.879 0.543 1.842 30 61
2 0 0.035 0.999 0.035 28.636 60 87 29 0 0.485 0.875 0.554 1.804 60 60
2 30 0.044 0.999 0.044 22.904 30 87 29 30 0.492 0.870 0.566 1.768 30 60
3 0 0.052 0.999 0.052 19.081 60 86 30 0 0.500 0.866 0.577 1.732 60 59
3 30 0.061 0.998 0.061 16.350 30 86 30 30 0.508 0.862 0.589 1.698 30 59

4 0 0.070 0.998 0.070 14.301 60 85 31 0 0.515 0.857 0.601 1.664 60 58
4 30 0.078 0.997 0.079 12.706 30 85 31 30 0.523 0.853 0.613 1.632 30 58
5 0 0.087 0.996 0.087 11.430 60 84 32 0 0.530 0.848 0.625 1.600 60 57
5 30 0.096 0.995 0.096 10.385 30 84 32 30 0.537 0.843 0.637 1.570 30 57
6 0 0.105 0.995 0.105 9.514 60 83 33 0 0.545 0.839 0.649 1.540 60 56
6 30 0.113 0.994 0.114 8.777 30 83 33 30 0.552 0.834 0.662 1.511 30 56
7 0 0.121 0.993 0.123 8.144 60 82 34 0 0.559 0.829 0.675 1.483 60 55
7 30 0.131 0.991 0.132 7.596 30 82 34 30 0.566 0.824 0.687 1.455 30 55
8 0 0.139 0.990 0.141 7.115 60 81 35 0 0.574 0.819 0.700 1.428 60 54
8 30 0.148 0.989 0.149 6.691 30 81 35 30 0.581 0.814 0.713 1.402 30 54
9 0 0.156 0.988 0.158 6.314 60 80 36 0 0.588 0.809 0.727 1.376 60 53
9 30 0.165 0.986 0.167 5.976 30 80 36 30 0.595 0.804 0.740 1.351 30 53
10 0 0.174 0.985 0.176 5.671 60 79 37 0 0.602 0.799 0.754 1.327 60 52
10 30 0.182 0.983 0.185 5.396 30 79 37 30 0.609 0.793 0.767 1.303 30 52
11 0 0.191 0.982 0.194 5.145 60 78 38 0 0.616 0.788 0.781 1.280 60 51
11 30 0.199 0.980 0.203 4.915 30 78 38 30 0.623 0.783 0.795 1.257 30 51
12 0 0.208 0.978 0.213 4.705 60 77 39 0 0.629 0.777 0.810 1.235 60 50
12 30 0.216 0.976 0.222 4.511 30 77 39 30 0.636 0.772 0.824 1.213 30 50
13 0 0.225 0.974 0.231 4.332 60 76 40 0 0.643 0.766 0.839 1.192 60 49
13 30 0.233 0.972 0.240 4.165 30 76 40 30 0.649 0.760 0.854 1.171 30 49
14 0 0.242 0.970 0.249 4.011 60 75 41 0 0.656 0.755 0.869 1.150 60 48
14 30 0.250 0.968 0.259 3.867 30 75 41 30 0.663 0.749 0.885 1.130 30 48
15 0 0.259 0.966 0.268 3.732 60 74 42 0 0.669 0.743 0.900 1.111 60 47
15 30 0.267 0.964 0.277 3.606 30 74 42 30 0.676 0.737 0.916 1.091 30 47
16 0 0.276 0.961 0.287 3.487 60 73 43 0 0.682 0.731 0.933 1.072 60 46
16 30 0.284 0.959 0.296 3.376 30 73 43 30 0.688 0.725 0.949 1.054 30 46
17 0 0.292 0.956 0.306 3.271 60 72 43 40 0.690 0.723 0.955 1.048 20 46
17 30 0.301 0.954 0.315 3.172 30 72 43 50 0.693 0.721 0.960 1.042 10 46
18 0 0.309 0.951 0.325 3.078 60 71 44 0 0.695 0.719 0.966 1.036 60 45
18 30 0.317 0.948 0.335 2.989 30 71 44 10 0.697 0.717 0.971 1.030 50 45
19 0 0.326 0.946 0.344 2.904 60 70 44 20 0.699 0.715 0.977 1.024 40 45

19 30 0.334 0.943 0.354 2.824 30 70 44 30 0.701 0.713 0.983 1.018 30 45
20 0 0.342 0.940 0.364 2.748 60 69 44 40 0.703 0.711 0.988 1.012 20 45
20 30 0.350 0.937 0.374 2.675 30 69 44 45 0.704 0.710 0.991 1.009 15 45
21 0 0.358 0.934 0.384 2.605 60 68 44 50 0.705 0.709 0.994 1.006 10 45
21 30 0.367 0.930 0.394 2.539 30 68 44 55 0.706 0.708 0.997 1.003 5 45
22 0 0.375 0.927 0.404 2.475 60 67 45 0 0.707 0.707 1.000 1.000 0 45
sin
o ‘ cos sin ctg tg ‘ o o ‘ cos ctg tg ‘ o
82

<TH”YEKB FY<FYB KFSBYEHB FY<FYB

Α α fkaf A a f Y y buhtr
Β β ,tnf B b ,t Z z ptn
Γ γ ufvf C c wt
Δ δ ltknf D d lt
Ε ε t acbkjy E e t
Ζ ζ ‘tnf F f ta ~t`
Η η tnf G g ;t
Θ ϑ stnf H h /fi
Ι ι bjnf I i b
Κ κ rfgf J j ;b
Λ λ kfv,lf K k rf
Μ μ vbe L l tk
Ν ν ybe M m tv
Ξ ξ mcb N n ty
Ο ο j vbrhjy O o j
Π π gb P p gt
Ρ ρ hj Q q me
Σ σ cbuvf R r th
Ττ nfe S s tc
Υ υ e acbkjy T t nt
Φ ϕ ab ~b` U u e
Χ χ [b V v dt
Ψ ψ acb W w le,k dt
ω j vtuf X x bmc
83

ibeWdeba avtor a mier warmodgenili saxi
gadaeca warmoebas 01.05.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad

11.05.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 5.
tiraJi 100 egz.

Dokumen - Tips Danelia Kvaracxelia Masalata Gamdzleoba

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7/25/2019 Danelia, Kvaracxelia...

d. danelia a. kvaracxelia z. maZaRua

saqar velos teqnikuri universiteti

d. danelia a. kvaracxelia z. maZaRua

cf[tkv’qdfytkj ufyresdybkbf ntmybrehb eybdth-

ufyfskt,bc cneltynt,bcfsdbc& vfcib cfrbs[t,b uflvjwtvekbf

htwtyptynb ghja& h& w[dtlf’t

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009

1& “BHBSFLB WYT<T<B

gbhdtk.jabkb flfvbfyt,bc cfw[jdht,kt,c ofhvjflutylyty

vtlt,fc sfdbcb lf’f,dbc ~lf’f,ekj,bc` [fh]pt& se vfc tc ptvjmvtlt,f

uh’bdb qth’bcflvb vfhsj,ekfl ufnfht,ekb ofhvjcf[dbsb

ufhtufyb ptvjmvtlt,f bodtdc qthjc ufzbvdfc ~revidfc`^ ‘dhfc^

vt-2 yf[fppt ofhvjlutybkbf qthjt,bc cbvnrbwbc ~f`^ cb[bcnbc

qthjt,bc lblb hfjltyj,bs lfvpflt,bc ~nbhf;bht,bc` itvs[-

1&2 UFHTUFYB ‘FKT,BC RKFCBABRFWBF

ib^ hjvtkbw cfrvfjl fhbc lfijht,ekb lfndbhsdbc vjlt,bc

1&4 UFRDTSBC VTSJLB& IBYFUFYB ‘FKT,B

c[tekb hjv lfdndbhsjs^ cfzbhjf vbcb cbdhwtib lfvfuht,f

1&5 WYT,F ‘F,DBC ITCF[T,

tojlt,f yjhvfke hb ‘f,df ufybdb rdtsbc K othnbkib &

fhbc v[t,b ‘f,df ufybdb rdtsbc K othnbkib ox qth’bc vbvfhsekt,bs^

ofhvjflutyc v[t, ‘f,dfc ufybdb rdtsbc K othnbkib oy qth’bc

1&6& LTAJHVFWBBC WYT,F

bv vwbht γ res[tc^ hjvkbsfw AB vjyfrdtsb itbwdkbc sfdbc vbvfh-

ltajhvfwbfc _ M z vjvtynb ~yf[& 9^ l`* qeydbc ltajhvfwbfc - M x

1&7& YFUT,J,BC TKTVTYNT,BC CFFYUFHBIJ CMTVT,B

sdbc byntycbehj,bs cbuh’bc thstekpt& cffyufhbij cmtvfpt [bcnb

cffufhbij cmtvfc^ hjvtkbw ofhvjlutybkbf 10^l yf[fppt&

2& QTHJC UFZBVDF ~REVIDF`

thsb% ∑ Z = − F + N = 0 ^ cfblfyfw

N z = F ~2&1`

rdtsbc vstk ptlfgbhpt lf ufvjbcf[t,f

f[kf ufydb[bkjs bvfdt qthjc ltajhvbht,f qth’ekb ufzbvdbc

~2&5` lfvjrblt,ekt,fc eojlt,ty /erbc rfyjyc qth’ekb ufzbvdbc

rkt,ekj,c^ [jkj revidbc itvs[dtdfib - bphlt,f& se qthjc cfo.bcb

revidbc lbfuhfvf & kbsjybc revidfpt ufvjwlf [lt,f wbkbyl-

rth’jl^ gkfcnbrehb vfcfkt,bcfsdbc [σ ] = σ lty &pq& n1 ^[jkj v.bat

vfcfkt,bcfsdbc [σ ] = σ c &p& n2 &

lfndbhsdt,bc vbth qthjib fq’hek ‘f,dt,c veif ‘f,dt,b

2&3 THSB ,JKJSB {BCNFL XFVFUHT<EK COJH

3& ,HN>TK RDTSSF UTJVTNHBEKB VF[FCBFST,KT,B

3&3& BYTHWBBC VJVTYNT,BC WDKBKT,F QTH’T,BC

dcfpqdhjs bythwbbc vjvtynt,b f[fkb uov cbcntvbc vbvfhs^ hjvtkbw

= − I x sin 2α + I y sin 2α − 2 I xy cos 2α

ufd.js tc erfyfcrytkb ( I y-I x)cos2α 0-pt^ vbdbqt,s

se α 0 = 0 ^ t&b& ox lf oy vsfdfhb qth't,bf^ vfiby ~3&20`-bc

dbyfblfy tg 2α = tg (180

fmtlfy xfyc^ hjv bythwbbc vsfdfhb qth't,b ehsbthsvfhsj,ekbf lf

vfmcbvfkeh lf vbybvfkeh hflbect,c eojlt,ty vsfdfh

fyfkjubehfl ufybcfpqdht,bfy ohbc^

3&6 HSEKB ABUEHBC UTJVTNHBEKB

imin hflbect,b& hsekb abuehf ofhvjflutyc ajkflbc pjkbcf lf idt-

bc afhsj,b A1 = b 1h1 = 1 ⋅ 20 = 20 cv2* =10 idtkthbc ~++ abuehf` ufybdb

1302,8 + 272,8 = 1186 + 389,67

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