BUILDING MATERIALS ASSIGNMENT

SUBMITTED TO
A R . P R A S O O N G U P TA
S U B M I T T ED B Y:
AVA N T I K A
S H R E YA S H
A P O O R VA
GAURI
AT U L
INDEX
S.NO. CONTENT

1-5 INTRODUCTION

6 REFLECTING MATERIALS

7-9 MARBLE

10-12 CERAMIC TILE

13-16 CONCRETE

17-19 STEEL

19-22 PLASTIC
 AN INTRODUCTION
Sound is a vibration that propagates as an acoustic wave, through
a transmission medium such as a gas, liquid or solid.

TYPES OF SOUND:
• The human ear is capable of detecting sound waves with a wide range of
frequencies, ranging between approximately 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz
• Any sound with a frequency below the audible range of hearing (i.e., less
than 20 Hz) is known as an infrasound
• Any sound with a frequency above the audible range of hearing (i.e.,
more than 20 000 Hz) is known as an ultrasound.

FREQUENCY:The frequency of a wave refers to how often the particles of

the medium vibrate when a wave passes through the medium. The
frequency of a wave is measured as the number of complete back-and-forth
vibrations of a particle of the medium per unit of time.

PITCH:The sensation of a frequency is commonly referred to as the pitch of

a sound. A high pitch sound corresponds to a high frequency sound wave
and a low pitch sound corresponds to a low frequency sound wave.

THE MECHANISM OF SOUND


SOUND
AND THE PROCESSES
A N O V E R V I E W O F T H E P R O C E S S E S I N V O LV E D
The sound you hear in a room is a
combination of direct sound and indirect
sound. Direct sound will come directly from
your speakers while the other sound you
hear is reflected off of various objects in
the room.
So the following processes occurs when a
sound wave strikes a particular surface
depending upon the nature of the material
which it strikes.
Reflection
When sound travels in a given medium, it strikes
the surface of another medium and bounces back in
some other direction, this phenomenon is called
the reflection of sound.
Diffusion
When a sound wave hits an irregular surface like
foam or carpet, the vibration breaks up and travels
along many much smaller paths. This divides the
energy of the wave, sending it in many different
directions which depletes its energy faster
Absorption
refers to the process by which a material, structure,
or object takes in sound energy when sound waves
are encountered, as opposed to reflecting the
energy. Part of the absorbed energy is transformed
into heat and part is transmitted through
the absorbing body.
 The given figure shows the
mechanism of reflection
where the light ray when
strikes the surface is
reflected back and that
happens because certainly
the surface which it strikes
is extremely hard and then
the ray hits the surface after
which it is reflected back
rather than getting absorbed
by the surface.
This phenomenon is called
reflection.
The mechansim of reflection
Properties of good
reflecting materials
PROPERTIES OF GOOD
REFLECTING MATERIALS ARE :
Hard — which is why acoustic
foam is a sound absorber, rather
than a reflector
Dense — because porous materials
can trap air and, therefore, sound as
well
Flat — even though irregular
surfaces are reflective, flat ones are
better at bouncing the sound evenly
in all directions
DIFFERENT
REFLECTING
MATERIALS
STEEL CONCRETE

MARBLE

PLASTIC CERAMIC TILE

MARBLE AS A REFLECTING
MATERIAL
AN INTRODUCTION TO MARBLE
WHAT DO WE INFER FROM MARBLE?

• Marble, granular limestone or dolomite (i.e., rock composed of

calcium-magnesium carbonate) that has been recrystallized under
the influence of heat, pressure, and aqueous solutions.
Commercially, it includes all decorative calcium-rich rocks that can
be polished.
• Many marbles contain other minerals that are usually silicates of
lime or magnesia. And other impurities includes chlorite, alumina,
silica etc.
• As per the wide and varied range range of colors available, there
are various different types of marbles such as red marble, black
marble, cream marble etc.
AN INTRODUCTION TO MARBLE
WHY MARBLE IS A GOOD REFLECTING MATERIAL?

Marble is among the most reflective material because of its

density and strength.
It only absorb about 1% of all frequencies in the 125 – 2,000
hz. Range.
It is the strongest material, with the hardness rating of 3 on
mohs scale.
 CERAMIC TILE AS A
REFLECTING MATERIAL
AN INTRODUCTION TO CRAMIC TILE
WHY IS CERAMIC TILE A GOOD REFLECTING MATERIAL?

• Ceramic tile is a type of tile that is typically made from

red or white clay. Ceramic tile can be used in several
areas throughout the house.
• Ceramic tile is made of clay that has been fired in a kiln.
Ceramic tile is similar to porcelain tile.
• Ceremic tiles have an incredibly low absorption rate
even though they are not much hard or dense.
• They can absorb up to 2% of all frequencies, so ther are
mostly reflective.
• These are the best at producing an eco or such sounds.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF CERAMIC TILE
IS IT HARMFUL OR NOT?

• Ceramic tiles are made using 100% plentiful, natural materials like clay,
feldsar, quartz. They have a low impact on environment than most other
finishing materials, in terms of both the manufacturing process and the built
environment after they are installed.
• Over last 10 years the focus of the cerimic tile industry is basically on
adopting an integrated approach towards sustainability, to avoid pollution and
limit the consumption of resources.
• They are not an original source of contaminants nor will they absorb or
release other contaminants. Also they do not support bacterial or fungal
growth.
• They can also be recycled or reused.
CONCRETE AS A REFLECTING
MATERIAL
AN INTRODUCTION TO CONCRTE
WHAT DO WE INFER FROM CONCRETE?

• In its simplest form, concrete is a mixture of paste and

aggregates, or rocks. The paste, composed of portland cement
and water, coats the surface of the fine (small) and coarse
(larger) aggregates.
• Concrete is the most commonly used man-made material on
earth. It is an important construction material used extensively
in buildings, bridges, roads and dams. Its uses range from
structural applications, to paviours, kerbs, pipes and drains.
• Mechanical strength, in particular compressive strength. The
strength of normal concrete varies between 25 and 40 Mpa
• It is durable, fire resistant and a highly dense material.
AN INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE
WHY IS CONCRETE A GOOD REFLECTING MATERIAL?

• Concrete is an excellent construction material , it’s as hard

and dense as rock.
• rough concrete can absorb up to 7% of high-frequency
sounds in the 4,000 Hertz range and 4% in the 2,000 Hertz
range.
• But smooth concrete is even more reflective, and a layer of
paint or glaze can bring those numbers down to 1–2%.
•
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF CONCRETE
IS IT HARMFUL OR NOT?

• The environmental impact of concrete, its manufacture and applications, are complex. Some
effects are harmful; others welcome. Many depend on circumstances. A major component
of concrete is cement, which has its own environmental and social impacts and contributes
largely to those of concrete
• The cement industry is one of the main producers of carbon dioxide, a potent greenhouse
gas.
• Concrete causes damage to the most fertile layer of the earth, the topsoil. Concrete is used to
create hard surfaces which contribute to surface runoff that may cause soil erosion, water
pollution and flooding.
• Concrete dust released by building demolition and natural disasters can be a major source of
dangerous air pollution.
• The presence of some substances in concrete, including useful and unwanted additives, can
cause health concerns due to toxicity and (usually naturally occurring) radioactivity
STEEL AS A REFLECTING
MATERIAL
AN INTRODUCTION TO STEEL
WHY IS STEEL A GOOD REFLECTING MATERIAL?

• Steel is one of the most efficient construction material and is primarily of

three types:the low carbon steel, medium carbon steel and high carbon
steel.
• Low carbon steel is the most common and cost effective form. It contains
around 0.05–0.320% carbon and is malleable and ductile.
• Medium carbon steel contains between 0.30–0.59% carbon and balances
ductility and strength with good wear resistance.
• High-carbon steel has 0.6–0.99% carbon content and is exceptionally
strong, while ultra high carbon steel contains 1.0–2.0% carbon and can
be tempered to great hardness.
• Metals tend to have a flat shape and a polished surface, which usually
makes them highly reflective.
• steel has a sound absorption coefficient of only 0.03, which means that
it can only absorb about 3% of all sound waves that hit it. Therefore, it
reflects the other 97%
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF STEEL
IS IT HARMFUL OR NOT?

• Steel production is in fact characterized by an energy-intensive activity, since the largest part of
the production process takes place at high temperatures And its production causes emission of
green house gasses.
• 42% of crude steel produced is recycled material

• Iron and steel are the world's most recycled materials, and among the easiest materials to
reprocess, as they can be separated magnetically from the waste stream. Recycling is via a
steelworks: scrap is either re-melted in an electric arc furnace
• Steel reuse is any process where end-of-life steel is not re-melted but rather enters a new product
use phase.
• Steel buildings and products are intrinsically demountable. Easily re-usable components include:
• Piles (sheet and bearing piles)
• Structural members including hollow sections
• Light gauge products such as purlins and rails.
PLASTIC AS A REFLECTING
MATERIAL
AN INTRODUCTION TO PLASTIC
WHY IS PLASTIC A GOOD REFLECTING MATERIAL?
• 'Plastic' is a general name given to a wide range of synthetic materials that are
based on polymers. The construction industry uses plastic for a wide range of
applications because of its versatility, strength-to-weight
ratio, durability, corrosion resistance, and so on
• Plastic can be manufactured into forms such as; pipes, cables, coverings, panels,
films, sheets and so on; and can be formed or expanded to create low-
density materials; and be dissolved in solvents or dispersed as emulsions.
• Some of the main types of plastic that are used in construction include:
• Acrylic.
• Composites.
• Expanded polystyrene.
• ETFE.
• Polycarbonate.
• Polyethylene.
• Even though plastic is generally pretty malleable, it’s also firm and smooth enough
to reflect sound. Since it’s pretty dense and non-porous, it can reflect between 95
and 100% of all sound frequencies
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF PLASTIC
IS IT HARMFUL?

• Producing plastics can be hazardous to workers, too. Serious accidents have

included explosions, chemical fires, chemical spills, and clouds of toxic vapor.
These kinds of occurrences have caused deaths, injuries, evacuations and major
property damage.
• In addition to creating safety problems during production, many chemical
additives that give plastic products desirable performance properties also have
negative environmental and human health effects. These effects include direct
toxicity, as in the cases of lead, cadmium, and mercury; or carcinogens, as in the
case of diethyl hexylphosphate (DEHP).
• Other major emissions from plastic production processes include sulfur oxides,
nitrous oxides, methanol, ethylene oxide, and volatile organic compounds. And
hence contributes towards air pollution
THANK YOU!!!