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Delirium Dan Demensa FK
Delirium Dan Demensa FK
DELIRIUM
• Sindrome
• =Acute confusional state, Sundowning,
Ensephalopaty, dan sindroma otak organik
akut
• Neurocognitive disorder (DSM-5)
• Acute onset fluctuating cognitive impairment
and disturbance of consiousness
• Epidemiology: 0,4 -1,1%
• 10-30% of medically ill patients
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Delirium (PPDGJ-III)
• Gangguan kesadaran dan perhatian.
• Gangguan kognitif
– Halusinasi, ilusi, distorsi persepsi
– Disorientasi, ggn daya ingat, berpikir abstrak
• Gangguan psikomotor
• Gangguan siklus tidur-bangun
• Gangguan emosional
• Onset cepat (akut), hilang timbul sepanjang
hari (berfluktuatif), < 6 bulan
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Karakteristik
• Terjadi akut (jam-hari)
• Kondisi kesadaran fluktuatif , disorientasi
• Berkurangnya kemampuan memusatkan
perhatian
• Agitasi atau somnolen berlebihan
• Emosi labil yang ekstrim
• Dapat terjadi defisit kognitif
Tipe delirium
• Hiperaktif
• Hipoaktif
• Mixed
Etiology
Multifaktorial:
– Penyakit sistemik
– Terapi psikoaktif
– Adanya faktor risiko
mnemonic
Dementia
Electrolytes
Lungs, liver, heart, kidney, brain
Infection
Rx (especially medications)
Injury, pain, stress
Unfamiliar environment
Metabolic
Inouye SK. Conn Med1993;57:309-15
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Penyakit sistemik
• Infeksi
• Ketidakseimbangan elektrolit
• Disfungsi endokrin
• Kegagalan hati- ensefalopati hepatikum
• Gagal ginjal- ensefalopati uremikum
• Penyakit paru dengan hipoksemia
• Penyakit jantung : CHF, aritmia, infark
• Patologis SSP: tumor, stroke , kejang
• Defisiensi nutrisi: tiamin, asam folat, B12
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Obat
– Antikholinergics (difenhidramin), TCAs
( amitriptilin, imipramin), antipsikotik
(chlorpromazine, thioridazine)
– Antiinflamasi , steroid
– Benzodiazepin atau alkohol — toksik akut atau
withdrawal
– Kardiovascular (digitalis, antihipertensif)
– diuretics
– Anti Histamin (cimetidine, ranitidine)
– Lithium
– Opioid (terutama meperidine)
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Faktor Predisposisi
• > 60 tahun • Depresi
• Laki-laki • Dependensi fungsional
• Gangguan visual • Dehidrasi
• Kelainan SSP stroke, • Ketergantungan/
tumor, vasculitis, ketagihan zat tertentu
trauma, demensia • Fraktur panggul
• Operasi besar yang baru • Abnormalitas metabolik
dijalani • Polifarmasi
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Faktor Presipitasi
• Obat-obatan • Pembedahan ortopedi
• Penyakit akut berat • Pembedahan jantung
• UTI • ICU admission
• Hiponatremia • Prosedur rumah sakit
• Hipoksemia yang sering
• Syok
• Anemia
• Nyeri
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Patofisiologi
Acetylcholine
- Preoperative plasma cholinesterase menurun !
postoperative delirium
- Teori : Terapi Anticholinergic! ACS, pasien dengan
gangguan transmisi ACH (contoh: Alzheimer), lebih rentan
Dopamine
- Pada delirium, aktivitas dopamin berlebihan! terapi
antidopamin
•
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• Neurotransmiter lain:
- Serotonin: meningkat pada hepatic
encephalopathy dan septic
- Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): hepatic
encephalopathy, inhibitory GABA meningkat
GABA juga menurun pada benzodiazepine dan
alcohol withdrawal.
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Penilaian Delirium
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Kalish et al.,
2014
Differential Diagnosis
• Psychotic disorders
• Bipolar
• Depressive disorders with psychotic
features.
• Other neurocognitive disorders
(Dementia)
• Acute stress disorder
• Malingering and factitious disorder
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Terapi Farmakologis
• Tidak ada obat spesifik yang diindikasikan untuk
mengatasi gejala perilaku
• Haloperidol ! paling banyak diteliti, efektif untuk
agitasi
• Low dose
– Dosis: 2-3 x 0,5 -1,5 mg i.o
– Injeksi 2,5 – 5 mg IM /IV @ 12-24 jam
• Efek samping antikolinergik minimal
• Efek samping kardiovaskuler yang minimal
• prolonged QT intervaL
• Waspada EPS (ektrapyramidal symptom)
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Atypical Antipsychotic
• Penelitian! sama efektifnya dengan haloperidol
• Pilihan IM:
• Olanzapine 2.5 - 5mg IM q 4-6 hours prn maksimal 20mg/
hari
• Ziprasidone IM 10mg IM q 6-8 hours prn maksimal 30mg/
hari
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DEMENTIA
• (DSM-5)
= Major Neurocognitive Disorders
• Progressive impairment of cognitive functions occurring
in clear consciousness.
• Global impairment of intellect is the essential feature,
manifested as difficulty with memory, attention,
thinking, and comprehension.
• Other mental functions can often be affected, including
mood, personality, judgment, and social behavior.
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Epidemiology
• General population ≥ 65 y.o: 5%
• General population ≥ 85 y.o: 20-40%
• Outpatient general medical practices: 15-20%
• In chronic care facilities: 50%
• Type:
– Alzheimer
– Vascular
– Others (trauma; alkohol; Huntington ds;Parkinson
ds; etc)
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Cause of Dementia
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Screening
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Clock drawing test
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Diagnostic Criteria DSM-5
Major Neurocognitive disorders (Dementia)
A. Evidence of significant cognitive decline from a previous level of
performance in one or more cognitive domains (complex attention,
executive function, learning and memory, language, perceptual-motor,
or social cognition) based on:
1. Concern of the individual, a knowledgeable informant, or the clinician
that there has been a significant decline in cognitive function; and
2. A substantial impairment in cognitive performance, preferably
documented by standardized neuropsychological testing or, in its
absence, another quantified clinical assessment.
B The cognitive deficits interfere with independence in everyday
activities (i.e., at a minimum, requiring assistance with complex
instrumental activities of daily living such as paying bills or managing
medications).
C. The cognitive deficits do not occur exclusively in the context of a
delirium.
D. The cognitive deficits are not better explained by another mental
disorder (e.g., major depressive disorder, schizophrenia).
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Demensia (PPDGJ-III)
• Penurunan kemampuan daya ingat dan daya pikir,
yang sampai mengganggu kegiatan harian
seseorang (personal activities of daily living)
seperti mandi, berpakaian, makan, kebersihan
diri, buang aor besar dan kecil.
• Clear consciousness (tidak ada ggn kesadaran)
• Gejala dan disabilitas sdh nyata ± 6 bulan
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CLINICAL FEATURE
Decline cognitive Verbal & physical Anxiety Psychotic symptom Sleep disturbances Depression
functions agression, agitation
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Differential Diagnosis
• Mild Cognitive Impairment
• Delirium
• Depression
• Specific learning disorder and other
neurodevelopmental disorders
• Factitious Disorders
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DEMENTIA Vs DEPRESSION
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Comorbidity
• Dementia + delirium
• Dementia + neurodevelopmental disorders
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Treatment
Prinsip penatalaksanaan:
✓ Non-farmakologi lini pertama
✓ Farmakologi!derajat sedang-berat, atau tidak
memberikan respon terhadap terapi non-farmakologi
✓ Risks and benefits
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Non-pharmacological Therapy
• Activity and recreation.
• Aromatherapy, Massage.
• Reminiscence therapy.
• Music therapy.
• Muscle relaxation training.
• Pets.
• Carer education (communication, environmental
modifications, etc)
• Physical restraint
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Pharmacological Therapy
• No proven alternative psychotropic
• Antipsychotic atypical/typical, for psychotic
symptoms, agitation, aggression.
• Antidepressants
• Cognitive Enhancers
• Other Medications
– Anticonvulsants
– Benzodiasepines
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Treatment Demensia
1.Kognitif
1. 1st class: Cholinesterase inhibitors
Donepezil HCl, galantamine, rivastigmine
2. 2nd class: NMDA Receptor Antagonist
Memantine
3. Others
Ginkgo biloba, NSAID, estrogen ! efficacy unclear
Pharmacological Therapy
• Gejala psikotik/agresi/agitasi:
– Anti psikotik (haloperidol, risperidon, olanzapine, etc)
– Mood stabilizer
• Gejala Depresi
– Anti depresi ( Sertraline, Fluoxetine, etc)
• Gejala cemas
– Anti anxietas kombinasi dgn antidepres
• Gejala insomnia
– anti insomnia (Zolpidem, Ramelteon, benzodiazepine
short half life) prn /kalau perlu saja.
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THANK YOU 47