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PATIENT WITH
DEMENTIA
DR ROBIN GARG
JUNIOR RESIDENT
DEPTT. OF MEDICINE
DEMENTIA- “OUT OF ONE’S MIND”
DEMENTIA- the disease with acquired deterioration in cognitive/
intellectual abilities, without impairment of consciousness, that
impairs the successful performance of activities of daily living.
Lewy Body
Dementia Other Dementias
•Metabolic
Vascular
Alzheimer’s (Multi-
•Drugs/toxic
•White matter disease
Disease infarct) Fronto-
•Mass effects
Dementia Temporal •Infections
•Early onset Lobe •Parkinson’s
Dementias
•Normal onset
ETIOLOGY
NEURO- Alzheimer's Ds ; Parkinson’s Ds dementia & Dementia with Lewy
DEGENERATIVE Bodies, Fronto-temporal dementia
VASCULAR Multi-Infarct; Diffuse white matter ds(Binswanger’s)
NEUROLOGICAL MS, Huntington’s ds, MSA, Hereditary ataxias, Prion Ds
(Creutzfeldt jakob & GSS), ALS-parkinsonism-dementia complex
of Guam, Adult Down’syndrome with Alzheimer ds, Brain tumour
ENDOCRINE Hypothyroidism; Cushing syndrome; Adrenal insufficiency; Hypo
and Hyperparathyroidism
NUTRITIONAL Def. of Vit.B12(SACD),Thiamine(Wernicke’s), Niacin(Pellagra)
INFECTIOUS HIV; Neurosyphilis; JC virus(PMLE), TB, Fungal, protozoal, Whipple
METABOLIC Hepatic/ Renal Insufficiency; Wilson’s Ds
TRAUMATIC & Chronic Subdural Haematoma; Dementia pugilistica(chronic
DIFFUSE BRAIN traumatic encephalopathy),Postencephalitis, Postanoxia,NPH,
DAMAGE Intracranial hypotension
TOXIC AGENTS Alcoholism; Heavy Metals(Pb,Hg,As,Al); Drug/medication
intoxication(Sedatives, tranquilizers & analgesics)
PSYCHIATRIC Depression(Pseudodementia),Schizophrenia,Conversion disorder
MISCELLANEOUS Sarcoidosis,Vasculitis,CADASIL,Acute intermittent porphyria
CORTICAL VS. SUBCORTICAL DEMENTIA
CORTICAL SUBCORTICAL
o Symptoms-major changes in o Symptoms-behavioral changes,
memory, language & perceptual impaired affect and mood, motor
deficits, apraxia .Lack of slowing, executive dysfunction,
extrapyramidal features less severe changes in
memory.extra pyramidal features
D= Delirium
E= Emotions (Depression) & Endocrine Disease
M= Metabolic Disturbances
E= Eye & Ear Impairments
N= Nutritional Disorders, NPH
T= Tumors, Toxicity, Trauma to Head(SDH)
I= Infectious Disorders
A= Alcohol, Arteriosclerosis
IRREVERSIBLE DEMENTIA
Alzheimer’s
Vascular
Lewy Body Dementia
Parkinson’s
Frontotemperal Dementia
Huntington’s Disease
Cruzefeldt Jakob Disease
Leukoencephalopathies
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT ?
YES
Symptoms analysis
Laboratory evaluation
FOCUSSED HISTORY
Chronology of the problem
- Mode of onset – acute(Delirium) vs gradual
- Progression -slow (AD)
-stepwise (Vascular dementia)
-rapid (CJD,FTD)
-progression with fluctuations(DLB)
- Duration of symptoms
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS
COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT
ANXIETY
FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT
PERSONALITY CHANGES
NEURO-PSYCHIATRIC
MANIFESTATIONS PSYCHOSIS
MOOD CHANGES
COGNITIVE IMPAIREMENT
• Delusions • Euphoria
• Hallucinations • Disinhibition
• Agitation • Aberrant Motor Behaviour
• Dysphoria • Night-time Behaviour
• Anxiety Disturbance
• Apathy • Appetite & Eating Abnormalities
• Irritability
BEHAVIOURAL DISTURBANCES
Apathy, disinhibition, compulsivity, loss of empathy for others
& overeating suggests FTD.
ADVANCING DEMENTIA
ALTERED SLEEP-WAKE
CYCLES
Extra-pyramidal signs
SCORE RANGE
24-30 Normal
18-23 Mild
10-17 Moderate
< 10 Severe
INVESTIGATIONS
ASSESSMENTS RATIONALE
Labs: Complete blood count, serum Rule out correctable or contributory causes of
electrolytes, renal and thyroid function dementia
and vitamin B12 level
Imaging: Computed tomography without Rule out infarcts, primary & metastatic neoplasms,
contrast or magnetic resonance subdural hematomas, NPH, diffuse white matter ds
imaging(MRI) or regional pattern of atrophy.
PET and SPECT Temporal-parietal hypoperfusion or hypometabolism
in AD & frontotemporal deficits in FTD.
Amyloid Imaging, Pittsburgh Compound- Radioligands for detecting brain amyloid a/w
B(PiB) & 18F-AV-45(florbetapir) amyloid angiopathy or neuritic plaques of AD
Lumbar Puncture Indicated when CNS infection or inflammation are
possibilities. Presence of low AB42 & mildly elevated
CSF tau is highly suggestive of AD.
EEG Can suggest CJD(repetitive bursts of diffuse high
amplitude sharp waves or periodic complexes) or
underlying nonconvulsive seizure disorder.
Brain Biopsy Only to diagnose vasculitis, potentially treatable
neoplasms or unusual infections.
TREATMENT
Major goals are to treat reversible causes. e.g. thyroid replacement for
hypothyroidism, vitamin therapy for thiamine & B12 deficiency,
antimicrobials for infections, ventricular shunting for NPH, appropriate
treatment for CNS neoplasms etc.
Symptomatic treatment in irreversible causes.
Drugs used in Alzheimer’s Ds are cholinesterase inhibitors(donepezil,
rivastigmine, galantamine); NMDA receptors blockers(memantine).
SSRIs are commonly used for depressive symptoms(e.g. escitalopram)
Seizures can be treated with levetiracetam.
Antipsychotics such as quetiapine can be used for patients with
agitation, aggression & psychosis but all antipsychotics should be used
with caution due to their untoward side effects.
DEMENTIA
- SUB TYPES
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE (AD)
About 70% of all cases of dementia in elderly
Incidence increases with age
Occurs in up to 20-40% of persons >85 years old
Risk factors include old age, family history, female sex, ApoE4 allele,
HTN,DM,elevated homocysteine & cholesterol levels, decreased folic
acid level, low intake of fruits, vegetables, low levels of exercise.
Characterized by:
Progressive loss of cortical neurons
Formation of neuritic plaques (beta-amyloid is major component)
and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (hyperphosphorylated tau
protein is major constituent)
Decrease in cortical levels of neurotransmitters esp. Ach & nicotinic
cholinergic receptors.
NORMAL BRAIN CELLS
Less
neurotransmitter
Further to go to get to the
plaques next cell
tangles
visuospatial skills
Anosognosia - unaware of difficulties
Cognitive decline-driving, shopping, house-keeping, job difficulties
Language impaired- naming, comprehension then
- fluency
Apraxia – learned seq. motor task can’t perform
Visuospatial deficits
Late stages- Delusions, capgras’ syndrome,loss of judgement & reasoning,
disinhibition, disrupted sleep-wake patterns.
End stage - rigid, mute, incontinent & bed-ridden, hyperactive DTRs,
myoclonic jerks.
Death resuls from malnutrition,. Secondary infections, pulmonary emboli,
heart ds or, most commonly, aspiration.
AD DIAGNOSIS
Neuroimaging- CT/MRI shows posterior predominant cortical
atrophy & atrophy of medial temporal memory structures
(entorhinal cortex & hippocampus).
PET – Hypometabolism in posterior temporal-parietal cortex. It
can also detect presence of fibrillar amyloid in the brain.
EEG- Normal or non-specific slowing
Lumbar Puncture- CSF shows low AB42 & mildly elevated tau.
Pet Scan of
Normal Brain
Slide 19
VASCULAR DEMENTIA
MMSE-18/30
CASE 4
82 yr old male came to opd with c/o progressive decline in memory
for the past 6-8 months. He also complaints of having decreased
sleep and occasional nightmares. He occasional sees his deceased
wife at times.
o/e- vitals stable ,rigidity of limbs+
MMSE- 21/30
MMSE- 23/30
CASE 6
50 YR old woman was admitted with c/o progressive memory loss
and gait problem ,slurred speech within one month; The pt also
had behavioral problem – insomnia, agitation,aggression duration
of 3 weeks.the pt also c/o abnormal jerky hand movements for past
1 month
o/e- limb & gait ataxia +, reflexes-exagg.
MMSE- 16/30
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