MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERING

FORMULA SHEET FS/1054-1055/19

1. Logarithm and exponential function

x=e

x ln a

The graph of y = ln x is

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..

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01x

y = ln x

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2. Trigonometry and hyperbolic functions

Trigonometric identities

sec2 A = 1 + tan2 A

cosec2 A = 1 + cot2 A

sin(A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B

cos(A ± B) = cos A cos B ∓ sin A sin B

tan(A ± B) = tan A ± tan B

1 ∓ tan A tan B

sin A + sin B = 2 sin

A+B

cos

A−B

sin A − sin B = 2 cos

A+B

sin

A−B

cos A + cos B = 2 cos

A+B

cos

A−B

cos A − cos B = −2 sin

A+B

sin

A−B

2
2 sin A cos B = sin(A − B) + sin(A + B)

2 cos A cos B = cos(A − B) + cos(A + B)

2 sin A sin B = cos(A − B) − cos(A + B)

The graphs of the three elementary trigonometric functions between −2π and 2π are: