NAME.

Shakir Ullah
Reg no. su-18-02-107-005
Assignment.4
Submitted to . Dr Aleena Mustafa

QNO1: How can you improve Health in the community?

What do you know about patient's management?
Define the following conditions and also mention how will you manage
them
Cerebral Palsy
Spina Bifida
Poliomyelitis
Stroke
Blindness, Deafness & Amputation

ANSWER
How can you improve Health in the community?
The five ways you can improve health in your community.
1. Practice healthy habits with kids in your life.
It starts with all of us making a commitment to live 5-2-1-0 every day. Make your house the
place where you serve a variety of colourful fruits and veggies, serve water to drink, and take
an hour to play active games.

2. Engage in your school's efforts to encourage healthy practices.

Schools become healthier when parents speak up. Seek opportunities to volunteer or join
groups/committees at your child's school or the school district. Encourage all fundraisers to
have healthy options and encourage your child's classroom celebrations to feature non-food
treats or healthy alternatives. Ask your district about its local wellness policy that guides
student health efforts and how you can help update it. Find lots of ideas at Iowa's Team
Nutrition. 

3. Learn more about the decisions local officials are making that impact
your environment.
Many cities are considering proposals that focus on creating safe walking routes and places to
play and increase access to trails and other opportunities to exercise. Move DSM is a
transportation master plan that outlines a course to advance work around creating a complete
and safe transportation network in Des Moines for all users. The Central Iowa Well Kids
Coalition is advancing initiatives like this one through our advocacy agenda. 

4. Give back healthy options to your community

Join a community garden or your Giving Garden at work (better yet, start a Giving Garden at
your workplace!) and help harvest produce to donate to local food pantries. Or when donating
to food pantries, make sure you're giving healthy options, including low-sodium canned food.
If you're hosting an event, look into food rescue options for your leftovers--especially if
you're making your food choices healthy. Learn more about food rescue from Eat Greater
Des Moines. 

5. Seek out volunteer opportunities that engage kids.

Help encourage kids to spend less time on screens and more time getting exercise and
reading. United Way offers a lot of options to mentor kids in reading, as well as to engage in
other volunteer activities. In the process, you'll build social connections, which improves
children's mental health and well-being--and yours! 

What do you know about patient's management?

It’s safe to say all patient management tools have something to do with the overall patient
experience. Whether it’s an online tool to make appointment booking easier or a way to
converse with a physician, practices and hospitals are evaluating their systems. 

In medical practices,
patients are the customers, and keeping them happy has become a priority. Physicians are
also looking for ways to improve patient care and build relationships between office visits.
Office staff often need ways to automate administrative tasks and collect information. Patient
management can do all that and more, and sometimes save money in the process. 

In the prior post I mentioned I was the “Patient Management Officer” here at Hello Health.
One of the questions you get asked a lot when you’re a Patient Management Officer is,
“What the heck is Patient Management?”

If you’re a doctor you know better than I that healthcare is becoming more consumer-oriented
all the time. Patients’ expectations of their doctor – like the “customers” of nearly every
service provider – have risen right alongside healthcare costs. The demand for better
outcomes and service quality levels that inspire patient loyalty have never been higher, and
that’s putting pressure on doctors to go beyond “just” taking care of patient’s basic needs.

The set of activities practices are undertaking to manage and deliver on these rising
expectations are sometimes referred to as “patient management.” It’s an approach more than
a procedure, really, an orientation to place more focus and attention on the management of
patient relationships, rather than just illnesses.

Define cerebral palsy

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect a person's ability to move and
maintain balance and posture. CP is the most common motor disability in
childhood. Cerebral means having to do with the brain. Palsy means weakness or problems
with using the muscles

How Is Cerebral Palsy Treated?

There's no cure for cerebral palsy. But resources and therapies can help kids grow and
develop to their greatest potential.

As soon as CP is diagnosed, a child can begin therapy for movement and other areas that
need help, such as learning, speech, hearing, and social and emotional development.

Medicine helps kids who have a lot of muscle pain and stiffness. They can take medicine by
mouth or get it through a pump (the baclofen pump) placed under the skin.
Surgery can help fix dislocated hips and scoliosis (curved spine), which are common in kids
with CP. Leg braces help with walking.
Kids can improve their bone health
Comprehending math and reading. high in calcium, vitamin D, and phosphorus. These
nutrients help keep bones strong. Doctors, dietitians, and speech-language therapists can
work with families to make sure kids get enough of the right nutrients and suggest changes to
their diets or mealtime routines, if needed.

Spina bifida
Spina bifida is caused by the incomplete development of the fetus’ spine during the first
month of pregnancy. The condition varies in degree, from mild with no symptoms to severe
with nerve damage.
How is spina bifida treated?

Because it involves nerve damage, more serious types of spina bifida cannot be cured.
Children with more severe cases of spina bifida need to learn mobility skills and need
training to learn to manage their bowel and bladder functions. Some may require
catheterization to permit the passage of urine. These children also require multiple surgeries
as they grow up and will need assistive devices such as braces, crutches and wheelchairs
throughout their lives.

Surgery, physiotherapy and medication are used to treat some of the effects of spina bifida
and may be needed throughout a patient's life to prevent and manage certain complications.
Children with spina bifida, especially those who experienced hydrocephalus, sometimes have
learning problems. These learning disorders generally involve difficulty with:

Paying attention.

Expressing or understanding language.

Organizing.

Sequencing.

Comprehending math and reading.

Define poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis, or simply Polio, is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by three types
of poliovirus. The poliovirus is a virus that destroys nervous system causing paralysis.

Types of poliomyelitis

Abortive poliomyelitis: The mildest form.

Nonparalytic poliomyelitis: Symptoms are more severe than abortive, but not as bad as
paralytic.

Paralytic poliomyelitis: The most severe; may result in permanent paralysis of certain
muscle groups, including breathing muscles and leg muscles.

How is polio treated?

Unfortunately, there is no cure for polio. Supportive measures may be taken to ease some of
the symptoms and give the body time to recover. Pain relievers, such as ibuprofen, may be
given to reduce pain and fever. Fluids and bed rest are helpful for those with mild flu-like
symptoms. Physical therapy can be provided to stimulate the muscles and increase mobility
for those who become disabled. A mechanical ventilator may be required for patients who
have difficulty with breathing.

Define stroke

A stroke occurs when part of the brain loses its blood supply and stops working. This causes
the part of the body that the injured brain controls to stop working.

A stroke also is called a cerebrovascular accident, CVA, or "brain attack."

The types of strokes include:

Ischemic stroke (part of the brain loses blood flow)

Haemorrhagic stroke (bleeding occurs within the brain)

Stroke Treatment
Treatment

Emergency treatment for stroke depends on whether you're having an ischemic stroke or a
stroke that involves bleeding into the brain (hemorrhagic).

Ischemic stroke

To treat an ischemic stroke, doctors must quickly restore blood flow to your brain. This may
be done with:

Emergency IV medication.

 Therapy with drugs that can break up a clot has to be given within 4.5 hours from when
symptoms first started if given intravenously. The sooner these drugs are given, the better.
Quick treatment not only improves your chances of survival but also may reduce
complications.

An IV injection of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) — also called

alteplase (Activase) — is the gold standard treatment for ischemic stroke. An injection
of tPA is usually given through a vein in the arm with the first three hours.
Sometimes, tPA can be given up to 4.5 hours after stroke symptoms started.

This drug restores blood flow by dissolving the blood clot causing your stroke. By quickly
removing the cause of the stroke, it may help people recover more fully from a stroke. Your
doctor will consider certain risks, such as potential bleeding in the brain, to determine
if tPA is appropriate for you.

Emergency endovascular procedures.

 Doctors sometimes treat ischemic strokes directly inside the blocked blood vessel.
Endovascular therapy has been shown to significantly improve outcomes and reduce long-
term disability after ischemic stroke. These procedures must be performed as soon as
possible:

Medications delivered directly to the brain. 

Doctors insert a long, thin tube (catheter) through an artery in your groin and thread it to your
brain to deliver tPA directly where the stroke is happening. The time window for this
treatment is somewhat longer than for injected tPA, but is still limited.
Removing the clot with a stent retriever.

 Doctors can use a device attached to a catheter to directly remove the clot from the blocked
blood vessel in your brain. This procedure is particularly beneficial for people with large
clots that can't be completely dissolved with tPA. This procedure is often performed in
combination with injected tPA.

Hemorrhagic stroke

Emergency treatment of hemorrhagic stroke focuses on controlling the bleeding and reducing
pressure in your brain caused by the excess fluid. Treatment options include:

Emergency measures.

 If you take blood-thinning medications to prevent blood clots, you may be given drugs or
transfusions of blood products to counteract the blood thinners' effects. You may also be
given drugs to lower the pressure in your brain (intracranial pressure), lower your blood
pressure, prevent spasms of your blood vessels and prevent seizures.

Surgery.

 If the area of bleeding is large, your doctor may perform surgery to remove the blood and
relieve pressure on your brain. Surgery may also be used to repair blood vessel problems
associated with hemorrhagic strokes. Your doctor may recommend one of these procedures
after a stroke or if an aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation (AVM) or other type of blood
vessel problem caused your hemorrhagic stroke:

Surgical clipping. 

A surgeon places a tiny clamp at the base of the aneurysm, to stop blood flow to it. This
clamp can keep the aneurysm from bursting, or it can keep an aneurysm that has recently
hemorrhaged from bleeding again.

Coiling (endovascular embolization). 

Using a catheter inserted into an artery in your groin and guided to your brain, your surgeon
will place tiny detachable coils into the aneurysm to fill it. This blocks blood flow into the
aneurysm and causes blood to clot.
Surgical AVM removal. 

Surgeons may remove a smaller AVM if it's located in an accessible area of your brain. This
eliminates the risk of rupture and lowers the risk of hemorrhagic stroke. However, it's not
always possible to remove an AVM if it's located deep within the brain, it's large, or its
removal would cause too much of an impact on brain function.

Stereotactic radiosurgery.

 Using multiple beams of highly focused radiation, stereotactic radiosurgery is an advanced

minimally invasive treatment used to repair blood vessel malformations.

Stroke recovery and rehabilitation

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After emergency treatment, you'll be closely monitored for at least a day. After that, stroke
care focuses on helping you recover as much function as possible and return to independent
living. The impact of your stroke depends on the area of the brain involved and the amount of
tissue damaged.

If your stroke affected the right side of your brain, your movement and sensation on the left
side of your body may be affected. If your stroke damaged the brain tissue on the left side of
your brain, your movement and sensation on the right side of your body may be affected.
Brain damage to the left side of your brain may cause speech and language disorders.

Most stroke survivors go to a rehabilitation program. Your doctor will recommend the most
rigorous therapy program you can handle based on your age, overall health and degree of
disability from your stroke. Your doctor will take into consideration your lifestyle, interests
and priorities, and the availability of family members or other caregivers.

Rehabilitation may begin before you leave the hospital. After discharge, you might continue
your program in a rehabilitation unit of the same hospital, another rehabilitation unit or
skilled nursing facility, as an outpatient, or at home.

Define Blindness
Blindness is defined as the state of being sightless. A blind individual is unable to see. In a
strict sense, the word "blindness" denotes the inability of a person to distinguish darkness
from bright light in either eye. The terms blind and blindness have been modified in our
society to include a wide range of visual impairment. Blindness is frequently used today to
describe a severe visual decline in one or both eyes with the maintenance of some residual
vision

Treatment

In these patients, cataract surgery would, in most cases, restore their sight.

Inflammatory and infectious causes of blindness can be treated with medication in the form
of drops or pills.

Corneal transplantation may help people whose vision is absent as a result of corneal
scarring.

Deafness: 

Partial or complete hearing loss. Levels of hearing impairment vary from a mild to a total loss
of hearing. Elderly adults suffer most often from hearing loss. The most common cause of
hearing loss in children is otitis media. A substantial number of hearing impairments are
caused by environmental factors such as noise, drugs, and toxins. Deafness can also result
from inherited disorders.

Treatment

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If you have hearing problems, help is available.

Treatment depends on the cause and severity of your hearing loss.

Options include:

Removing wax blockage. Earwax blockage is a reversible cause of hearing loss. Your doctor
may remove earwax using suction or a small tool with a loop on the end.
Surgical procedures. Some types of hearing loss can be treated with surgery, including
abnormalities of the ear drum or bones of hearing (ossicles). If you've had repeated infections
with persistent fluid, your doctor may insert small tubes that help your ears drain.

Hearing aids. If your hearing loss is due to damage to your inner ear, a hearing aid can be
helpful. An audiologist can discuss with you the potential benefits of a hearing aid and fit you
with a device. Open fit aids are currently the most popular, due to fit and features offered.

Cochlear implants. If you have more severe hearing loss and gain limited benefit from
conventional hearing aids, then a cochlear implant may be an option. Unlike a hearing aid
that amplifies sound and directs it into your ear canal, a cochlear implant bypasses damaged
or nonworking parts of your inner ear and directly stimulates the hearing nerve. An
audiologist, along with a medical doctor who specializes in disorders of the ears, nose and
throat (ENT), can discuss the risks and benefits

Amputation

Amputation is the removal of a limb by trauma, medical illness, or surgery. As a surgical

measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as
malignancy or gangrene. In some cases, it is carried out on individuals as a preventive
surgery for such problems.

1. Stop the Bleeding

Wash your hands with soap and water, if possible.
Have the injured person lie down, if possible, and elevate the injured area.
Don’t reposition the person if you suspect a head, neck, back, or leg injury.
Apply steady, direct pressure to the wound. If there’s an object in the wound,
apply pressure around it, not directly over it.
If blood soaks through, apply another covering over the first one. Don’t take the
first one off.
Use a tourniquet or compression bandage only if bleeding is severe and not
stopped with direct pressure.
2. Check for and Treat Shock
With the person still lying flat, raise the feet about 12 inches.
Don’t reposition the person if you suspect a head, neck, back, or leg injury.
Cover with coat or blanket.
Calm the person as much as possible until medical help arrives.
3. Clean and Protect Wound
Wrap or cover the injured area with sterile dressing or clean cloth.
4. Save Amputated Part
In some cases, the amputated part can be reattached.
If possible, rinse with clean water to remove dirt or debris. Do not use soap or
scrub.
Place in a clean, plastic bag.
Pack the bag in ice. Take it with you to the hospital.