NAME.

SHAKIR ULLAH

Semester 8

Reg no. su_18_02_107_005

Assignment no.2

Submitted to. Dr Mamoona

Discuss the different types of anaesthesia and their effects o the body?

1) General anaesthesia

General anesthesia places the entire body, including the brain, into a state of unconsciousness
(sleep) during which the patient has no awareness and feels nothing, and will remember
nothing of the surgical experience.

General anesthesia is administered by injection or through a breathing mask, or sometimes

both. In order to control your breathing, patients are intubated, which is the insertion of a
flexible tube down the windpipe. The tube is inserted after the anesthesia is given and
removed as you are waking up and breathing adequately. Upon awakening from anesthesia,
patients may experience disorientation and/or a mild sore throat from the intubation.   

General anaesthesia is a state of controlled unconsciousness. During a general anaesthetic,

medicines are used to send you to sleep, so you're unaware of surgery and do not move or
feel pain while it's carried out.

Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) –

 When possible, the anesthesiologist will use a Laryngeal Mask Airway device instead of
intubation because it is quicker and causes less discomfort for the patient. An LMA is a tube
with an inflatable cuff that is inserted into the pharynx (the upper part of the windpipe).

How general anaesthetics are given

Before having an operation, you'll meet a specialist doctor called an anaesthetist to discuss
which anaesthetic is most suitable for you.

Your anaesthetist will look at your medical history and will ask whether anyone in your
family has had problems with anaesthesia. They'll also ask about your general health and
lifestyle, including whether you:
have any allergies

smoke or drink alcohol

are taking any other medicine

Your anaesthetist can answer any questions you have. Let them know if you're unsure about
any part of the procedure or if you have any concerns. You should be given clear instructions
to follow before the operation, including whether you can eat or drink anything in the hours
leading up to it.

Before and during your operation

Just before you have surgery, you'll usually be taken to a room where your anaesthetist will
give you the general anaesthetic. 

It will either be given as a:

liquid that's injected into your veins through a cannula (a thin, plastic tube that feeds into a
vein, usually on the back of your hand) gas that you breathe in through a mask

The anaesthetic should take effect very quickly. You'll start feeling lightheaded, before
becoming unconscious within a minute or so.

Your anaesthetist will stay with you throughout the procedure. They'll make sure you
continue to receive the anaesthetic and that you stay in a controlled state of unconsciousness.
They'll also give you painkilling medicine into your veins, so that you're comfortable when
you wake up.

Recovery

After your operation, the anaesthetist will stop the anaesthetic and you'll gradually wake up.
You'll usually be in a recovery room at first, before being transferred to a ward.

Depending on your circumstances, you'll usually need to stay in hospital for a few hours to a
few days after your operation.

General anaesthetics can affect your memory, concentration and reflexes for a day or two, so
it's important for a responsible adult to stay with you for at least 24 hours after your
operation, if you're allowed to go home. You'll also be advised to avoid driving, drinking
alcohol and signing any legal documents for 24 to 48 hours.
Side effects

 Nausea and vomiting – This very common side effect can occur within the first few

hours or days after surgery and can be triggered by a number of factors, such as the

medication, motion and the type of surgery.

 Sore throat – The tube that is placed in your throat to help you breathe while you’re

unconscious can leave you with a sore throat after it’s removed.

 Postoperative delirium – Confusion when regaining consciousness after surgery is

common, but for some people — particularly older patients — the confusion can

come and go for about a week. You may feel disoriented and have problems

remembering or focusing. This can worsen if you are staying in the hospital for a few

days after the procedure, especially in intensive care, because you are in an unfamiliar

place. Having a loved one with you helps, along with doing some other simple things:

wearing your glasses or hearing aids as soon as you can after the procedure and

making sure you have family photos, familiar objects and a clock and calendar in your

room.

 Muscle aches – The medications used to relax your muscles so a breathing tube can

be inserted can cause soreness.

 Itching – This is a common side effect of narcotics, one type of pain medication

sometimes used with general anesthesia.

 Chills and shivering (hypothermia) – This occurs in up to half of patients as they

regain consciousness after surgery, and it might be related to body temperature.

2) local anaesthetics
'Local anaesthesia' refers to the reversible loss of sensation in a defined area of the body. This
loss of sensation is achieved by the topical application or injection of agents that block the
sodium channels that facilitate nerve impulses in tissue.
The use of 'regional anaesthesia' or 'nerve blocks' refers to when local anaesthetic agents are
injected adjacent to larger nerves, resulting in anaesthesia of large areas supplied by that
nerve.

'Tumescent anaesthesia' is carried out by injecting large amounts of fluids containing

diluted local anaesthetic and adrenaline (epinephrine). It is used for liposuction and other
plastic, cosmetic, and dermatological surgical procedures involving large areas of skin.

How local anaesthetics work

Local anaesthetics stop the nerves in a part of your body sending signals to your brain.

You won't be able to feel any pain after having a local anaesthetic, although you may still feel
some pressure or movement.

It normally only takes a few minutes to lose feeling in the area where a local anaesthetic is
given. 

Full sensation should return when the medication has worn off a few hours later.

How local anaesthetics are used

Local anaesthetics are usually given by dentists, surgeons, anaesthetists, GPs and other
doctors.

Some medications containing mild local anaesthetic are also available on prescription or over
the counter from pharmacies.

Depending on what they're being used for, local anaesthetics can be given as injections,
creams, gels, sprays or ointments.

Some of the main uses of local anaesthetics are outlined on this page.

Treating pain

Slightly painful conditions, such as mouth ulcers and sore throats, can sometimes be treated
with over-the-counter gels and sprays that contain a local anaesthetic.
Injections of a local anaesthetic and steroid medication may be used to treat more severe
conditions, such as long-term joint pain. 

Preventing pain during and after surgery

A local anaesthetic, usually given by injection, may be used along with a sedative
medication to keep you relaxed while an operation or procedure is carried out.

Local anaesthetics are mainly used for relatively minor procedures, such as:

 a filling or wisdom tooth removal

 a minor skin operation, such as the removal of moles, warts and verruca’s

 some types of eye surgery, such as cataract removal

 a biopsy (where a sample of tissue is removed for closer examination under a

microscope)
A local anaesthetic may occasionally be used for more major surgery when it's important for
you to be awake, such as during certain types of brain surgery, or to prevent pain after a
major operation that's been carried out under a general anaesthetic.

side effects

 Local anaesthetics are generally very safe and serious problems are rare.
 You may have:
 some discomfort when the injection is given

 a tingling sensation as the medication wears off

 possibly some minor bruising, bleeding or soreness where the injection was given
 You shouldn't experience any significant side effects.
 You should move carefully until the anaesthetic has worn off as you may not notice if
you injure yourself.
 Some people experience temporary side effects from a local anaesthetic, such as:
 dizziness

 headaches

 blurred vision
  twitching muscles

 continuing numbness, weakness or pins and needles

 These problems will usually pass, but you should tell the healthcare professional in
charge of your care if you experience any.

In very rare cases, you could have an allergic reaction to the local anaesthetic or develop
serious problems, such as fits (seizures) or a cardiac arrest (when the heart stops pumping
blood around the body)

3) Regional anesthesia
Regional anesthesia is the use of local anesthetics to block sensations of pain from a large
area of the body, such as an arm or leg or the abdomen. Regional anesthesia allows a
procedure to be done on a region of the body without your being unconscious.
Major types of regional anesthesia include:
 Peripheral nerve blocks. A local anesthetic is injected near a specific nerve or
bundle of nerves to block sensations of pain from the area of the body supplied
by the nerve. Nerve blocks are most commonly used for surgery on the arms and
hands, the legs and feet, the groin, or the face.
 Epidural and spinal anesthesia. A local anesthetic is injected near the spinal
cord and major nerves that enter the spinal cord to block sensations of pain from
an entire region of the body, such as the lower abdomen, the hips, or the legs.
For regional anesthesia, the anesthetic is injected close to a nerve, a bundle of nerves, or the
spinal cord. Skill and experience are needed for the anesthesia specialist to inject the
anesthetic at the proper location, because the site of injection of the anesthetic has a
significant impact on its effect. Careful technique is needed to reduce the risk of rare
complications, such as infection or nerve damage.
The site of the injection also strongly affects how quickly the anesthetic is absorbed into the
rest of the body. People who receive regional anesthesia are carefully watched, because the
anesthetics used may affect the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and
respiratory system (airway and lungs). This is particularly important with spinal and epidural
anesthesia, because they may affect blood pressure, breathing, heartbeat, and other vital
functions.
Regional anesthesia may be given with other medicines that make you relaxed or sleepy
(sedatives) or relieve pain (analgesics). These other medicines are given through a vein
(intravenously, IV).
Regional anesthesia is most often used when the procedure:

 Is confined to a specific region of the body.

 Involves a large area of the body where injection of large amounts of an

anesthetic might cause side effects that affect the entire body.

 Does not require general anesthesia.

Side effects
For regional anesthesia, an anesthetic is injected close to a nerve, a bundle of nerves, or the
spinal cord. In rare cases, nerve damage can cause persistent numbness, weakness, or pain.
Regional anesthesia also carries the risk of systemic toxicity if the anesthetic is absorbed through
the bloodstream into the body. Other complications include heart or lung problems, and infection,
swelling, or bruising (hematoma) at the injection

4) Sedation anaesthesia

Sedation relaxes you to the point where you will have a more natural sleep, but can be easily
aroused or awakened. Light sedation can be prescribed by the person performing your
procedure, or together with a regular nurse, if they both have training to provide moderate
sedation. Examples of procedures performed with light or moderate sedation include cardiac
catheterization and some colonoscopies. Deep sedation is provided by an anesthesia
professional because your breathing may be affected with the stronger anesthetic
medications, but you will be more asleep than with light or moderate sedation. Although you
won’t be completely unconscious, you are not as likely to remember the procedure.

While you may be heavily sedated, this type of anesthesia is different from general anesthesia
because you are not chemically paralyzed, nor do you require assistance with breathing. Still,
your vital signs are closely monitored to make sure you're stable throughout the procedure.
This type of anesthesia wears off in as little as 10 minutes. Depending on the medications
used and the doses given, you may or may not remember the procedure.

Side effects

 drowsiness
  feelings of heaviness or sluggishness
 loss of memory of what happened during the procedure (amnesia)
 slow reflexes
 low blood pressure
 headache
 feeling sick

the potential side effects of anesthesia

Most anesthesia side effects are temporary and go away within 24 hours, often sooner.
Depending on the anesthesia type and how providers administer it, you may experience:

 Back pain or muscle pain.

 Chills caused by low body temperature (hypothermia).
 Difficulty urinating.
 Fatigue.
 Headache.
 Itching.
 Nausea and vomiting.
 Pain, tenderness, redness or bruising at the injection site.
 Sore throat (pharyngitis).