History of Trier

Trier in Rhineland-Palatinate, whose history dates to the Roman

Empire, is often claimed to be the oldest city in Germany.
Traditionally it was known in English by its French name of Treves.

Contents
Prehistory
Roman Empire
Middle Ages
Modern age
Second World War
Coat of arms of Trier.
Postwar period
Incorporation of municipalities
Population development
Notes
Literature
External links

Prehistory
The first traces of human settlement in the area of the city show evidence of linear pottery settlements dating
from the early Neolithic period. Since the last pre-Christian centuries, members of the Celtic tribe of the
Treveri settled in the area of today's Trier.[1]

Roman Empire
The Romans under Julius Caesar first subdued the Treveri in 58 to 50
BC. No later than 16 BC, at the foot of the hill later christened the
Petrisberg, upon which a military camp had been set up in 30 BC and
abandoned again a few months later, the Romans founded the city of
Augusta Treverorum ("City of Augustus in the land of the
Treveri"),[2] which has a claim to being the oldest city in Germany.[3]
The honour of being named after the Emperor was only locally shared
by Augsburg and Augst in northern Switzerland. Following the
reorganisation of the Roman provinces in Germany in 16 BC,
Emperor Augustus decided that the city should become the capital of
the province of Belgica. Shortly before AD 100, an amphitheatre was Map showing the Roman city plan of
built, the signal sign of a city of any importance. By the first half of Augusta Treverorum.
the second century another major structure, a Roman circus, had
reached truly monumental proportions.
Trier rose in importance during the Empire's third-century crisis,
as the chief city of the province of Gallia Belgica. From 271 to
274 AD, Trier was the second city of the breakaway Gallic
Empire, at first under Postumus, who was proclaimed in
Cologne, then under his ephemeral successor, Victorinus, who
made his base at Trier, where he had rebuilt a large house with a
mosaic proclaiming his position as tribune in Postumus' Gallic
Praetorian Guard;[4] the city served again as capital under the
emperors Tetricus I and II. From the second half of the 3rd
century onwards, Trier was the seat of an archbishopric; the first
The Porta Nigra built 160-180 A.D.
bishop being Eucharius.[5] In the year 275, the city was
destroyed in an invasion by the Alamanni. Diocletian recognized
the urgency of maintaining an imperial presence in the Gauls,
and established first Maximian, then Constantius Chlorus as
caesars at Trier; from 293 to 395, Trier was one of the residences
of the Western Roman Emperor, [6] and its position required the
monumental settings that betokened imperial government.

A mint was immediately established by Constantius, which came

to be the principal mint of the Roman West.[4] A new stadium
was added to the amphitheater, to stage chariot races. Under the
rule of Constantine the Great (306–337), the city was rebuilt and
buildings such as the Palastaula[7] (known today as the The Aula Palatina (Constantine Basilica)
Constantine Basilica) and the Imperial Baths (Kaiserthermen), built during the reign of Constantine I (306-
337 AD)
the largest surviving Roman baths outside Rome, were begun
under Constantius and completed c 314,[8] constructed[9] by his
son Constantine, who left Trier
in the hands of his son Crispus.
In 326, sections of the imperial
family's private residential
palaces were extended and
converted to a large double
basilica, the remains of which
are still partly recognisable in the
Model of the Roman imperial
area of the Trier Cathedral
city Augusta Treverorum in The Roman Bridge across the Moselle
(Trierer Dom) and the church
the 4th century (seen from River
"Liebfrauenkirche".[10] A
the direction of the Porta
Nigra).
demolished imperial palace has
left shattered sections of painted
ceiling, which scholars believe once belonged to Constantine's young wife,
Fausta, whom he later put to death.[11]

From 318 onwards Trier was the seat of the Gallic prefecture (the Praefectus Praetorio Galliarium) which
governed the western Roman provinces from Morocco to Britain. The praetorian prefects usually numbering
3–4, were the senior civilian officials taking precedence over all other officials and army officers. They were
vice-regents of the emperors who alone with them could pronounce final verdicts. Constantine's son
Constantius II resided here from 328 to 340. Roman Trier was the birthplace of Saint Ambrose ca. 340, who
later became the Bishop of Milan and was eventually named a Doctor of the Roman Catholic Church long
after his death in 397.
From 367 under Valentinian I Trier once more became an imperial residence until 375. It was the largest city
north of the Alps. Gratian resided there for most of his reign until assassinated in 383. It was for the capital of
Magnus Maximus, who ruled the prefecture of Gaul, as emperor from 383–388. Valentinian II visited the city.
In 407, shortly after the invasion of Gaul by the Vandals, Alans and Suebi, the Gallic prefecture was relocated
to Arles, on the Rhône.

Roman Trier had been subjected to attacks by Germanic tribes

from 350 onwards, but these had been repulsed by Emperor
Julian. After the invasions of 407 the Romans were able to
reestablish the Rhine frontier and hold northern Gaul tenuously
until the end of the 450s, when control was finally lost to the
Franks and local military commanders who claimed to represent
central Roman authority. During the early 5th century, sources
indicate Trier was sacked four times by the Franks. According to
Lanting & van der Plicht (2010), this happened in 411 (more The Imperial Baths (Kaiserthermen) built
probable than 407), 413, 421, and probably 428 or 435.[12] The in the 4th century A.D.
Huns under Attila also sacked Trier in 451. The city became
definitively part of Frankish territory (Francia Rhinensis) around
485; the last Roman administrator of Trier was Arbogast.[12] As a result of the conflicts of this period, Trier's
population decreased from an estimated 80,000 in the 4th century to 5,000 at the beginning of the 6th
century.[13]

Middle Ages
By the end of the 5th century, Trier was under Frankish rule, first controlled by the Merovingian dynasty, then
by the Carolingians. The city still maintained a small group of romance speaking inhabitants in the early 8th
century.[14] As a result of the Treaty of Verdun in 843, by which the grandsons of Charlemagne divided his
empire into three parts, Trier was incorporated into the Kingdom of Lorraine (Lotharingia). After the death of
Lothair II, ruler of Lorraine, Trier in 870 became part of the East Frankish Empire, later called Germany, under
Henry I.[15]

Many abbeys and monasteries were founded in the early Frankish time,
including St. Maximin, St. Martin, St. Irminen, St. Maria ad
Martyres/St.Mergen and others.[16] The only important abbey that survived
wars and secularization by the French at the beginning of 1800 is the
Benedictine abbey St. Matthias in the south of Trier. Here, the first three
bishops of Trier, Eucharius, Valerius and Maternus are buried alongside the
apostle Saint Matthias.[17] This is the only tomb of an apostle to be located in
Europe north of the Alps, thus making Trier together with Rome in Italy
(burial place of St. Peter the apostle) and Santiago de Compostela in Spain
(tomb of St. James) one of three major places of pilgrimage in Europe for
Catholics. In 882, Trier was sacked by the Vikings, the Great Danish Army,
who burnt most churches and abbeys.[18] This was the end of the
systematically built Roman Trier.[19]

Medieval legend, recorded in 1105 in the Gesta Treverorum, makes Trebeta Place of pilgrimage: St.
son of Ninus the founder of Trier.[20] Also of medieval date is the inscription Matthias benedictine abbey.
at the facade of the Red House of Trier market,

ANTE ROMAM TREVIRIS STETIT ANNIS MILLE TRECENTIS.

PERSTET ET ÆTERNA PACE FRVATVR. AMEN.
 ("Thirteen hundred years before Rome, Trier stood / may it stand on and enjoy eternal peace,
amen.")

being mentioned in the Codex Udalrici of 1125.

From 902, when power passed into the hands of the archbishops,
Trier was administered by the Vogt of the archbishopric, which
developed its own seal in 1149. The Archbishop of Trier was, as
chancellor of Burgundy, one of the seven Electors of the Holy
Roman Empire, a right which originated in the 12th or 13th
century, and which continued until the French Revolution. From
the 10th century and throughout the Middle Ages, Trier made
several attempts to achieve autonomy from the Archbishopric of
Trier, but was ultimately unsuccessful. In 1212, the city received
a charter from Emperor Otto IV, which was confirmed by
The Trier Cathedral (Trierer Dom) and the
Conrad IV. In 1309, however, it was forced to once again
Church of our Lady (Liebfrauenkirche) to
recognise the authority of the Archbishop, who was at that time the right of the cathedral
the imposing Baldwin of Luxembourg, son of the Count of
Luxemburg.[21]

Elected in 1307 when he was only 22 years old, Baldwin was the most important Archbishop and Prince-
Elector of Trier in the Middle Ages. He was the brother of the German King and Emperor Henry VII and his
grandnephew Charles would later become German King and Emperor as Charles IV. He used his family
connections to add considerable territories to the Electorate of Trier and is also known to have built many
castles in the region. When he died in 1354, Trier was a prospering city.[22]

The status of Trier as an archbishopric city was confirmed in 1364 by Emperor Charles IV and by the
Reichskammergericht; the city's dream of self-rule came definitively to an end in 1583. Until the demise of the
old empire, Trier remained the capital of the electoral Archbishopric of Trier, although not the residence of its
head of state, the Prince-Elector. At its head was a court of lay assessors, which was expanded in 1443 by
Archbishop Jacob I to include bipartisan mayors.[23]

The Dombering (curtain wall of the Cathedral) having been secured at the end of the 10th century, Archbishop
Theoderich I and his successor Arnold II later set about surrounding the city by walls.[24] This curtain wall,
which followed the path now taken by the Alleenring, enclosed 1.38 square kilometres.

Modern age

Historical view of Trier by Georg Braun &

Frans Hogenberg: Civitates Orbis
Terrarum, vol. 1, 1572.
Engraving of Trier by Eberhard
Kieser, from the Thesaurus
In 1473, Emperor Frederick III and Charles the Bold, Duke of
philopoliticus (1625) by Daniel
Burgundy convened in Trier. In this same year, the University of Trier
Meisner
was founded in the city.[25]
From 1581 until 1593, intense witch persecutions, involving nobility as well as commoners, abounded
throughout this region, leading to mass executions of hundreds of people.

In the 17th century, the Archbishops and Prince-Electors of Trier relocated their residences to Philippsburg
Castle in Ehrenbreitstein, near Koblenz. A session of the Reichstag was held in Trier in 1512, during which
the demarcation of the Imperial Circles was definitively established.

With the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), more than two centuries of warfare began for Trier. It was occupied
several times by French troops. They besieged and occupied Trier in 1632, 1645, 1673 (the French Army
stayed until 1675 and destroyed all churches, abbeys and settlements in front of the city walls for military
reasons; the city itself was heavily fortified).[26]

In 1684, with the War of the Reunions, an era of French expansion began. Trier was again captured in 1684;
all walls and fortresses were destroyed this time. After Trier and its associated electorate were yet again taken
during the War of Palatinate Succession in 1688, many cities in the electorate were systematically destroyed in
1689 by the French Army. Nearly all castles were blown up and the only bridge across the Moselle in Trier
was burnt. King Louis XIV of France personally issued the order for these acts of destruction but also gave the
command to spare the city of Trier. As the French Army retreated in 1698, it left a starving city without walls
and only 2,500 inhabitants.

During the War of the Spanish Succession in 1702, Trier was occupied again by a French army. In 1704-05 an
allied British-Dutch army commanded by the Duke of Marlborough passed Trier on its way to France. When
the campaign failed, the French came back to Trier in 1705 and stayed until 1714. After a short period of
peace, the War of the Polish Succession started in 1734; the following year Trier was again occupied by the
French, who stayed until 1737. The last Prince-Elector, Clement Wenceslaus of Saxony, relocated to Koblenz
in 1786. In August 1794, French Republican troops took Trier. This date marked the end of the era of the old
electorate. Churches, abbeys and clerical possessions were sold or the buildings put to practical use, such as
stables.[27]

With the peace treaties of Basel and Campo Formio in 1797, German hegemonic powers Prussia and Austria
ceded all German territories on the left bank of the Rhine river to France. Trier became a de facto French city.
The University of Trier was dissolved in the same year. In 1798, it became the capital of the newly founded
French Département de la Sarre. With the Treaty of Lunéville in 1801, Trier became also a de jure French city.
In 1801, Napoleon Bonaparte signed a concordate with Pope Pius VII, thus stopping defamations of clerics
and making Trier a diocese. Its territory was identical with the Département de la Sarre, much smaller than the
Archbishopric of Trier had been until 1794. In 1802, the Frenchman Charles Mannay became first bishop of
the new founded diocese and, in 1803, the first Holy Mass since 1794 was celebrated in the Cathedral of Trier.
Emperor Napoleon visited Trier in 1804. In this time, French Trier began to prosper.

In 1814, the French era ended suddenly as Trier was taken by Prussian troops. After the defeat of Napoleon,
the Franco-German borders of 1792 were restored in the 1814 and 1815 Paris peace treaties. The city was
proclaimed part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1815 and made part of the Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine,
with six administrative districts. Trier became seat of one these district administrations, the Regierungsbezirk
Trier. Because of the new political situation and the new customs frontiers in the West, the economy of Trier
began a steady decline that was to last until 1840. The Province of the Lower Rhine was merged into the
Rhine Province in 1822.

The influential philosopher and revolutionary Karl Marx was born in Trier in 1818. His birthplace, the Karl-
Marx-Haus, was opened in 1947 and renovated in 1983.

From 1840 on, the situation of Trier began to improve as the neighbouring state of Luxembourg, an important
market for Trier-made products, joined the German Customs Union in 1842. Trier, with a population of 15,500
at this time, produced mainly leather, cloth, wine and tobacco. Iron works were founded in Quint near Trier at
this time. An important infrastructural improvement was the
introduction of a shipping line operating with paddle-wheel
steamers on the Moselle River, connecting Trier, Koblenz and
Metz. The first railway line, linking Trier with Saarbrücken and
Luxembourg was inaugurated in 1860, followed by the Trier-
Cologne line across the Eifel in 1871 and the Moselle Railway to
Koblenz in 1879. Minor lines to Bitburg via Irrel along the Sauer
River, to Hermeskeil along the Ruwer River and the Moselbahn
to Bullay (near Zell) were built later. A sign of increasing
prosperity were the first trade fairs in modern Trier in 1840 and The Constantine Basilika and the
1842. Electoral Palace.

During the revolutions of 1848 in the German states, Trier also

saw protests and conflicts. The city council sent a letter to King Frederick William IV of Prussia, demanding
more civic liberties. The lawyer Ludwig Simon was elected to represent Trier in the first German parliament in
Frankfurt. After Prussian soldiers killed one citizen and wounded others in a melée, the situation escalated.
The people of Trier hoisted black-red-gold flags as democratic symbols, rang the church bells, organized a
militia and took away the signs of Prussian rule. A second melée between demonstrators and soldiers, which
left two citizens dead, led to a collective outburst of fury. The people began to build barricades and wave the
red flag. There were even reports that a statue of the Prussian king was smashed into pieces. Trier was on the
eve of a civil war when the commander of the VIII Prussian army corps arrived and threatened to shell Trier.
After being confronted with superior Prussian military power, the citizens gave up and removed the barricades.
Some citizens were jailed for their democratic attitude; Ludwig Simon emigrated like many others and died in
Switzerland. Trier became part of the German Empire during the Prussian-led unification of Germany in 1871.

Second World War

In September 1944 during the Second World War, Trier was only a
short distance from the frontline fighting and was subjected to almost
daily bombardment by American artillery. Allied forces carried out
three large-scale aerial attacks on the city later in the same year. On
December 19 at 15:30, 30 British Lancaster bombers dropped 136
tonnes of high-explosive bombs over Trier. Two days later, on
December 21 at 14:35, 94 Lancasters and 47 American fighter-
bombers dropped 427 tonnes of ordnance (high-explosive, incendiary
and napalm bombs). Another two days after that, 700 tonnes of
bombs were released over the city.[28] The railroad bridge in Trier-Pfalzel
under attack, 1944.
According to research by the historian Adolf Welter, at least 420
people were killed in the December 1944 attacks on Trier. Numerous
buildings were damaged. During the entire war, 1,600 houses in the city were completely destroyed.

On March 2, 1945, the city surrendered to the U.S. 10th Armored Division with minimal resistance.[29]

Postwar period
At the end of April 1969, the old Roman road at the Porta Nigra was uncovered. Shortly afterward, on May
12, 1969, the open-air wildlife enclosure in the Weisshaus forest was opened. The University of Trier was
reestablished in 1970, initially as part of the combined university of Trier-Kaiserslautern. The evolution of
Trier as a university city took a further step forward with the opening on April 1, 1974, of the Martinskloster
student residence halls. In 1975, the university once more became independent.[30]
Other significant events of the 1970s include the discontinuation of
the 99-year-old "Trierische Landeszeitung" newspaper on March 31,
1974, and the reopening of the restored Cathedral of Trier on May 1
of that same year.

From May 24 to 27 1984, Trier officially celebrated its 2,000th

anniversary. In 1986, Roman Trier (the amphitheater, Barbara Baths,
Imperial Baths, Constantine Basilica, Igel Column, Porta Nigra,
Roman bridge, Dom St. Peter and Liebfrauenkirche) was declared a
UNESCO World Heritage Site titled "Roman Monuments, Cathedral
of St. Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier." Another cultural
heritage site is St. Paulinus' Church, designed by Balthasar Neumann.
During construction of an underground parking lot in October 1988,
remnants of Roman fresco paintings were discovered beneath the
Viehmarkt. On November 5, the Trier Observatory was officially
inaugurated. In the course of excavation work on a further
subterranean garage near the Roman bridge, a collection of 2,558
Roman gold coins was discovered on September 9, 1993. The coins
have an estimated value of 2.5 million Euro.[31]

From April 22 to October 24, 2004, the State Garden Show was held
on the Petrisberg heights and attracted 724,000 visitors.[32] The air raid bunker (Hochbunker)
built in 1942.
A new discovery of Roman remains was made in April 2006, when
traces of building walls were unearthed during demolition works in
the city centre.

A large exhibition on the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great was the largest exhibition in Trier up to date.
It ran from the 2nd of June to the 4th of November 2007. Some 1,600 pieces lend by 160 museums in 20
countries were on exhibit in three museums in Trier. In all 353,974 tickets were sold and all three museums
counted 799,034 visitors, making it one of the most successful exhibitions in Germany.[33]

Incorporation of municipalities
Formerly autonomous municipalities and territories that have been incorporated into the city of Trier. Some
localities had already formed part of the urban area between 1798 and 1851. In 1798, the city area covered a
total of 8.9 square kilometres.[34]

Year Localities
1888 St. Paulin, Maar, Zurlauben, Löwenbrücken, St. Barbara
1888 Separation of Heiligkreuz and Olewig
1912 Pallien (southern part), Heiligkreuz, St. Matthias, St. Medard, Feyen (with Weismark)
1930 Euren, Biewer, Pallien (northern part), Kürenz, Olewig
June 7, Ehrang-Pfalzel (formed on March 1, 1968, through unification of the two previously autonomous
1969 municipalities)
June 7,
Eitelsbach, Filsch, Irsch, Kernscheid, Ruwer, Tarforst, Zewen
1969

Population development
At the beginning of the 4th century AD, Trier was the residence of the Roman Emperor and, with an estimated
80,000 inhabitants, the largest city north of the Alps. Through the Middle Ages and up until the start of the
Modern Age, numerous wars, epidemics and famines caused the city's population to drop to only 2,677 in
1697. The population began to increase once more in the course of the 18th century, reaching 8,829 in 1801.
The onset of industrialisation in the 19th century accelerated this growth. In 1900, the city was home to over
43,000 people. By 1939, this figure had doubled to over 88,000.

The Second World War cost Trier roughly 35% of its population
(30,551 people) and the number of inhabitants had dropped to 57,000
by 1945. Only through the incorporation of several surrounding
localities into the city on June 7, 1969, did the population once more
reach its prewar level. This reorganisation in fact pushed the number
of inhabitants beyond the 100,000 mark, which accorded the city of
Trier Großstadt status. On June 30, 2005, the population of Trier
according to official records of the Rhineland-Palatinate state
authorities was 99,685 (registered only by Hauptwohnsitz and after Floodlit Trier Dom.
comparison with other regional authorities).

The following overview illustrates the city's different population levels, according to the current size of the city
area. Up until 1801, these figures are mostly estimates; after this date they have been sourced from census
results or official records of state authorities. From 1871 onwards, these statistics correspond to the "present
population", from 1925 to the "resident population" and from 1987 to the "population resident at main
domicile". Prior to 1871, the population was recorded using inconsistent survey methods.

Year Population Year Population Year Population

100 20,000 December 1, 1885 ¹ 26,126 October 29, 1946 ¹ 63,420
300 80,000 December 1, 1890 ¹ 36,166 September 13, 1950 ¹ 75,526
400 70,000 December 2, 1895 ¹ 40,026 September 25, 1956 ¹ 84,869
1363 10,000 December 1, 1900 ¹ 43,506 June 6, 1961 ¹ 87,141
1542 8,500 December 1, 1905 ¹ 46,709 December 31, 1965 86,808
1613 6,000 December 1, 1910 ¹ 49,112 May 27, 1970 ¹ 103,724
1697 2,677 December 1, 1916 ¹ 47,107 December 31, 1975 100,338
1702 4,200 December 5, 1917 ¹ 45,709 December 31, 1980 95,536
1801 8,829 October 8, 1919 ¹ 53,248 December 31, 1985 93,472
December 1, 1831 ¹ 14,723 June 16, 1925 ¹ 57,341 May 25, 1987 ¹ 94,118
December 1, 1840 ¹ 15,717 June 16, 1933 ¹ 76,692 December 31, 1990 97,835
December 3, 1855 ¹ 20,172 May 17, 1939 ¹ 88,150 December 31, 1995 99,428
December 1, 1858 ¹ 20,060 December 31, 1945 57,599 December 31, 2000 99,410
December 1, 1871 ¹ 21,442 June 30, 2005 99,685
December 1, 1875 ¹ 22,100 December 19, 2006 101,685
December 1, 1880 ¹ 24,200

¹ Census figure[35]
Notes
1. See: Heinen, pp. 1-12.
2. See: Heinen, pp. 30-55.
3. Paul Stephenson, Constantine, Roman Emperor, Christian Victor 2010: :"Trier" 124ff.
4. Stephenson 2010:124.
5. See: Heinen, pp. 327-347.
6. See: Heinen, pp. 211-265.
7. See: Kuhnen, pp. 135-142.
8. A coin of 314 was found in a construction trench (Stephenson 2010:125).
9. See: Dehio, p. 1031.
10. See: Kuhnen, pp. 114-121. See also: Dehio, pp. 1033-1051.
11. Preserved in Trier's Diocesan Museum; Stephenson 2010:125 and fig. 25.
12. Lanting, J. N.; van der Plicht, J. (2010). "De 14C-chronologie van de Nederlandse Pre- en
Protohistorie VI: Romeinse tijd en Merovische periode, deel A: historische bronnen en
chronologische thema's" (https://books.google.com/books?id=6HCeJU_7SFwC&pg=PA46).
Palaeohistoria 51/52 (2009/2010) (in Dutch). Groningen: Groningen Institute of Archaeology.
p. 45–46. ISBN 9789077922736. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
13. See: Heinen, pp. 366-384.
14. Romance speakers in Mosella valley & Trier; p.14 (in Italian) (https://docs.google.com/viewer?a
=v&q=cache:CJHbebPAnQAJ:wpage.unina.it/sornicol/Articoli/InterferenzaRivisitata.pdf+lingua
+romanza+della+Mosella&hl=en&gl=it&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgFhw9FWWzJtJzHwMbNzn7E
kWCyxREURpGSCrI3o2hJawkU2TLldJfM1dhewKHxKRdVn52itG5Aq8zzH1Dr0KROFe17iZD
I42o7Qi0YtPYIpne-UxPcoUdPWDZn9ddtyunQi9pZ&sig=AHIEtbTmPoVXAPn7SRUfg62Dsyc
Cdf-AOw)
15. See: Anton / Haverkamp, pp. 22-67.
16. See: Dehio, pp. 1054-1057.
17. See: Dehio, pp. 1057-1063.
18. Bell-Fialkoff, Andrew, ed. (April 2016) [First published 2000]. The Role of Migration in the
History of the Eurasian Steppe: Sedentary Civilization vs. "Barbarian" and Nomad (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=upUYDAAAQBAJ&q=danish+vikings+trier+882+AD&pg=PA161).
New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 161. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-61837-8 (https://doi.org/1
0.1007%2F978-1-349-61837-8). ISBN 978-1-349-61839-2.
19. See: Petzold, pp. 36-39.
20. See: Petzold, p. 82.
21. See: Anton / Haverkamp, pp. 239-293.
22. See: Anton / Haverkamp, pp. 295-315.
23. See: Anton / Haverkamp, pp. 570-579.
24. See: Petzold, p. 43.
25. See: Anton / Haverkamp, pp. 531-552.
26. See: Petzold, pp. 101-103.
27. See: Petzold, pp. 73-96.
28. See: Petzold, pp. 128-131; See also: Welter, 1939-1945 pp. 115-119 and the site on
historicum.net listed under external links
29. See: Christoffel, pp. 468-511; See also: Welter, Neue Forschungsergebnisse, pp. 41-83 and
the site on historicum.net listed under external links
30. See: Heise, pp. 107-192.
31. Stadt Trier - City of Trier - La Ville de Trèves (http://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?set_touris
mushttp://www.trier.de/tourismus/chronik.htm) Archived (https://archive.is/20120713083547/htt
p://redaktion.trier.de/praefectus/trier?set_tourismushttp://www.trier.de/tourismus/chronik.htm)
2012-07-13 at Archive.today
32. Landesgartenschau Trier 2004 (http://www.landesgartenschau-trier.de/landesgartenschau/eng
_index.htm)
33. Konstantin-Ausstellung
34. See: Petzold, pp. 137-157.
35. StLA RLP - Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz (http://www.statistik.rlp.de/index.html)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100210062832/http://www.statistik.rlp.de/index.html)
2010-02-10 at the Wayback Machine

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Roman/Texts/secondary/journals/CJ/29/1/Roman_Trier*.html). The Classical Journal. 29 (1): 3–
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Heise, Karl A.: Die alte Stadt und die neue Zeit. Stadtplanung und Denkmalpflege Triers im 19.
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King, Anthony: Roman Gaul and Germany (Exploring the Roman World). University of
California Press 1990. ISBN 0-520-06989-7
Kuhnen, Hans-Peter (ed.): Das roemische Trier. Stuttgart, Konrad Theiss 2001. ISBN 3-
923319-85-1
Monz, Heinz (ed.): Trierer biographisches Lexikon. Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, Trier 2000.
ISBN 3-88476-400-4
Petzold, Hans (ed.): Trier - 2000 Jahre Stadtentwicklung. Katalog zur Ausstellung Tuchfabrik
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Resmini, Bertram: Das Erzbistum Trier (Germania Sacra, Vol. 31). Walter De Gruyter Inc. 1993.
ISBN 3-11-013657-0
Schnitzius, Sebastian: Entwicklung der Eisenbahn im Trierer Raum. Trier, Deutsche
Bundesbahn 1984.
Trier. Augustusstadt der Treverer. Stadt und Land in vor- und fruehroemischer Zeit. 2nd ed.
Mainz 1984, ISBN 3-8053-0792-6.
Universitaet Trier: 2000 Jahre Trier. 3 volumes, Spee-Verlag, Trier.
Heinz Heinen: Trier und das Trevererland in roemischer Zeit. 1985, ISBN 3-87760-065-4.
Hans-Hubert Anton / Alfred Haverkamp (ed.): Trier im Mittelalter. 1996, ISBN 3-87760-066-
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Kurt Duewell / Franz Irsigler (ed.): Trier in der Neuzeit. 1988, ISBN 3-87760-067-0.
Welter, Adolf: Die Luftangriffe auf Trier 1939-1945. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Trierer
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Welter, Adolf: Die Luftangriffe auf Trier im Ersten Weltkrieg 1914-1918. Trierer Muenzfreunde
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 Welter, Adolf: Trier 1939-1945. Neue Forschungsergebnisse zur Stadtgeschichte. Trier 1998
Welter, Adolf: Bild-Chronik Trier in der Besatzungszeit 1918-1930. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte
des Trierer Landes. Trierer Muenzfreunde 1992. ISBN 3-923575-11-4
Welter, Adolf: Der Flugplatz Trier-Euren. Vom kaiserlichen Exerzierfeld zum heutigen
Industriegebiet. Trierer Muenzfreunde 2004. ISBN 3-923575-20-3
Wightman, Edith M.: Roman Trier and the Treveri. London, Brecon 1970. ISBN 0-246-63980-6
Zenz, Emil: Die Stadt Trier im 20. Jahrhundert, 1. Haelfte 1900-1950. Trier, Spee 1981. ISBN 3-
87760-608-3
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057-3

There is not much literature in English on Trier. The three volumes on Trier's history published by the history
department of the University of Trier between 1985 and 1996 represent a complete history including all
researches up to the time when they were published. Clemens' 2007 book (Clemens is a history professor of
Trier University, earlier he worked at the Roman Museum in Trier) can be viewed as an update.

External links
Official website of the City of Trier with some historical information (https://web.archive.org/web/
20110204104042/http://cms.trier.de/frontend/resource/)
History of the diocese of Trier (in German) (https://web.archive.org/web/20070603050856/http://
www.bistum-trier.de/kiosk/bistum/bistum_geschichten.htm)
The Bombings of Trier 1943-1945 at historicum.net (in German) (http://www.historicum.net/no_c
ache/persistent/artikel/1851/)
website of the Roman Museum (Landesmuseum Trier) (in German) (http://www.landesmuseum-
trier.de/)
website of the Municipal Museum Simeonstift (Stadtmuseum Simeonstift Trier) (in German and
French) (http://www.museum-trier.de/)
website of the museum of the diocese of Trier (Bischoefliches Dom- und Dioezesanmuseum)
(in German) (http://www.bistum-trier.de/museum/)
website of the Karl-Marx-House museum (http://www.fes.de/marx/index_e.htm)
website of the Toys Museum (Spielzeugmuseum Trier) (in German) (http://www.spielzeugmuse
um-trier.de/)

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