See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/288485871

Main challenges in poultry farming: Hatchery vaccination

Book · November 2015

CITATION READS

1 1,550

1 author:

Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem

The University of Calgary
80 PUBLICATIONS   1,613 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Distribution and Characterization of influenza and parainfluenza viral types in children with acute respiratory tract infection in a selected cohort of hospitalized
children in Sri Lanka View project

Induction of adaptive immune responses against respiratory viruses using in ovo delivered toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands (Funded by NSERC-Collaborative Research
and Development, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry and Canadian Poultry Research Council or CPRC) View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem on 28 December 2015.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Presentation
brochure

MAIN CHALLENGES IN P ULTRY FARMING

Hatchery
Vaccinati n
Servet (División de Grupo Asís Biomedia S.L.)
Centro Empresarial El Trovador, planta 8, oficina I
Plaza Antonio Beltrán Martínez, 1 • 50002 Zaragoza (España)
Tel.: +34 976 461 480 • Fax: +34 976 423 000 • www.grupoasis.com
Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
The publishing strength of
Grupo Asís
Editorial Servet, a division of Grupo Asís, has become one of the reference publishing com-
panies in the veterinary sector worldwide. More than 15 years of experience in the publis-
hing of contents about veterinary medicine guarantees the quality of its work. With a wide
national and international distribution, the books in its catalogue are present in many diffe-
rent countries and have been translated into nine languages to date: English, French, Por-
tuguese, German, Italian, Turkish, Japanese, Russian and Chinese.

Its identifying characteristic is a large multidisciplinary team formed by doctors and

graduates in Veterinary Medicine and Fine Arts, and specialised designers with a great
knowledge of the sector in which they work. Every book is subject to thorough technical
and linguistic reviews and analyses, which allow the creation of works with a unique design
and excellent contents.

Servet works with the most renowned national and international authors to include the
topics most demanded by veterinary surgeons in its catalogue. In addition to its own works,
Servet also prepares books for companies and the main multinational companies in the
sector are among its clients.
main challenges in poultry farming

Hatchery MAIN CHALLENGES IN P ULTRY FARMING

vaccination Hatchery
Vaccinati n
Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem

Author: Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem.

Format: 17 x 11 cm.
Number of pages: 62.
Number of images: 40-50.
Estimated
Binding: paperback, wire-o. RETAIL PRICE
30 €

The availability of new technology vaccines has been increased

worldwide since the mid 2000’s, as well as their widespread use
within the poultry industry in the past 5 years, especially at hatchery
level. Therefore, an updated review, with a practical and visual
approach, has been thoroughly developed in order to highlight
the importance of this type of vaccination in poultry farming,
whatever the vaccination technique used (in ovo, subcutaneous
or spray vaccination), to control the main diseases affecting this
species (infectious bursal disease, Newcastle disease, infectious
laryngotracheitis, etc.). The handbook has been written by a
prestigious expert with a wide experience in this field. Numerous
graphic resources (images, graphs, tables, flow charts) have been
included to complement the information provided and make the
contents more understandable and accessible to readers.
Piotr Marcinski/shutterstock.com
 Hatchery vaccination

Presentation of the book

Newly hatched chicks are placed in the barn when they are less than 3 days old. Since
then, they are exposed to various pathogens in the contaminated barn environment. The
generation of vaccine mediated immune responses requires at least 6-7 days to mount
and the earlier the vaccination the better the protection of chicks. In this regard vacci-
nation before placing them in the barn environment or “hatchery vaccination” is gaining
increasing attention. The goal of hatchery vaccination is to empower or at least to prime
the chick’s immune system by the time of placing the chickens in the contaminated barn
environment. Since there is evidence that hatchery vaccination also mount quick innate
immune responses, there is a chance that the stimulated innate host responses lead to
protection until solid antigen specific adaptive immune responses are generated. Addi-
tional consideration of employing hatchery vaccination may be the 1) increasing the vac-
cine coverage and vaccination efficiency and 2) decreasing the cost of production. On the
other hand, the limitations of hatchery vaccination may include the potential overload of
the developing immune system of the chick very early and possible interactions among
vaccines that are introduced in the hatchery.

Disease control maintaining the health of chickens allowing them to express their full
genetic potential is a pre-requisite for the profitability of poultry farming. Hatchery vac-
cination plays a significant role in poultry disease control. The objective of this book is
to provide an overview of hatchery vaccination in poultry farming including the immune
mechanisms, techniques, precautions, advantages and limitations.

Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem

hkeita/shutterstock.com
 Hatchery vaccination

The author

Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem

Dr. Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem is Assistant Professor (virology) at the University of
Calgary (Canada) since 2010. He has obtained his basic veterinary degree (BVSc) from the
University of Peradeniya (Sri Lanka) and a Master of Veterinary Medicine degree (MVM)
from the University of Glasgow Veterinary School (UK) in 1995. He completed his PhD
degree from the University of Guelph (Canada) in 2008. His doctoral thesis entitled “Cha-
racterization of Host Responses Following Marek’s Disease Virus Infection or Vaccination
Against Marek’s Disease”. Following his PhD degree, he was awarded a prestigious Cana-
dian Institutes of Health Research Fellowship to conduct post-doctoral research on inna-
te immune responses generated against mucosal viral infections at the Center for Gene
Therapeutics of the McMaster University (Canada). He is diplomate of American College of
Poultry Veterinarians (ACPV) and American College of Veterinary Microbiologists (ACVM).

He has expertise and strong interests in the area of avian viral immunology. He has around
31 manuscripts published in peer-reviewed journals and 90 % of these manuscripts are
on avian viral immunology. His research programme at the University of Calgary is sup-
ported by grants from Canadian federal, provincial and poultry industry sources such as
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Alberta Livestock and
Meat Agency (ALMA), and Canadian Poultry Research Council. He has established state-
of-the-art research facility for his experimental animal and laboratory work at the Univer-
sity of Calgary.
Communication services
Website
Online visualisation of the sample chapter.

Presentation brochure in PDF format.

Author´s CV.

Sample chapter compatible with iPad.

www.grupoasis.com/promo/hatchery_vaccination
MAIN CHALLENGES IN P ULTRY FARMING

Hatchery
Vaccinati n
Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
 Table of contents
1. Introduction
General definition
History
Economic significance

2. Development of immune
system
General overview
Innate immune system development
Development of innate immune
functions
Cell-mediated immune system
development
Development of cell-mediated immune
functions
Antibody-mediated immune system
development
Development of antibody-mediated
immune functions
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
development
Development of adaptive immune
responses in GALT
DenisNata/shutterstock.com
3. Immune responses to
hatchery vaccination
General overview
Innate immune responses
Adaptive immune responses
Cell-mediated immune responses
Antibody-mediated immune responses
4. Hatchery vaccination
6. Hatchery vaccination
techniques
In ovo vaccination
In ovo vaccination leads to induction
of mucosal immune responses
Currently available in ovo vaccines
Vectored vaccines
Hatchery spray vaccination
Currently available spray hatchery vaccines

Hatchery subcutaneous vaccination

Overview
Differences between hatchery and field 7. Management of hatchery
vaccination
vaccination
Current trends of hatchery vaccination
practices Practices during pre-vaccination period

Practice of in ovo vaccination by broiler Practices during post-vaccination

chicken industry period

5. Hatchery vaccines 8. Advantages of hatchery

Currently available hatchery vaccines
vaccination
Attributes of acceptable hatchery
vaccines
9. Limitations of hatchery
Safety vaccination
Compatibility among hatchery vaccines
Ability to withstand maternal antibody 10. References
interferences
Ability to induce innate responses
Persistence of vaccine antigens
Ability to induce adaptive responses
and protection
2 Development of immune system Hatchery vaccination

General overview
Since hatchery vaccination is
centred on ED 18 pre-hatch and
D  1 post-hatch, the status of
development of immune system
(innate and adaptive) and im- 8
ED 18 D 1 D 8–12
mune functions during this pe-
Immune system organ development
riod determine the outcome of
vaccination. It appears that the Adaptive immune response generation
development of immune system
and its functions are not as op- Quality of adaptive immune responses
timum as in adult chickens until
early post-hatch period.
Figure 2. The status of development of immune system organs and adaptive immune
functions are not as optimum as in adult chickens when hatchery vaccination is performed.

DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

Innate immune system development

Innate immune system development, including the innate immune cells, innate immune receptors (Toll-
like receptors –TLRs–) and effectors such as type I and III interferons (IFNs), is completed around the
time of hatchery vaccination.

Innate receptors (TLRs)

9

Type I and III IFN receptors

Type I and III IFNs

Macrophages

ED 9 ED 12 ED 15 ED 18 D1 D4 D7
Figure 3. Development of various components of the innate immune system during pre- and post-hatch periods.
2 Development of immune system Hatchery vaccination

Development of innate immune functions

Innate immune stimulants administered into ED 18 eggs and D 1 chickens are capable of inducing
potent and transient innate immune responses pre- and post-hatch. Similarly, live, attenuated and
vectored vaccines are expected to induce potent innate responses in the host, since the organisms
are capable of replication or multiplication.

10

Higher macrophages and other


innate cells
Higher pro-inflammatory

mediators
Innate immune responses
In ovo hatchery vaccination
pre-hatch and D 1 post-hatch

Figure 4. Live, live attenuated and vectored vaccines are capable of inducing innate host responses leading to protection until
adaptive immune responses are generated.

DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

Cell-mediated immune system development

Development of T lymphocyte colonisation of the main primary lymphoid organ involved in cell-medi-
ated immune responses (thymus) is close to be completed just after hatch. The secondary lymphoid
organs acquire the T lymphocytes necessary for the functions during the early post-hatch period.

Table 2. Time scale of the formation of the primary lymphoid organ (thymus) and its colonisation by T lymphocytes during pre- and 11
post-hatch periods.
ED 3 ED 6–8 ED 12 ED 18–early
ED 12–14 post-hatch period
Beginning of development of the thymus
First wave of T lymphocyte colonisation
Well-developed cortex and medulla

Second wave of T lymphocyte colonisation

Third wave of T lymphocyte colonisation

3 Immune responses to hatchery vaccination Hatchery vaccination

General overview
Currently, killed vaccines are used rarely in the hatchery. The vaccines used at hatchery
are mostly live, live attenuated and vectored (fowlpox and herpesvirus of turkeys -HVT-).
Since these vaccines are capable of replication or multiplication, they may induce innate
host responses almost immediately following vaccination. However, optimal adaptive
immune response generation appears to be delayed due to the incomplete develop-
ment of adaptive immune system (its structure and functions) by the time of hatchery 18
vaccination.

Vaccine organism Natural killer (NK) cell Cytokines

Vaccine antigen Pro-inflammatory cytokines Antibody

Macrophage T cell

IMMUNE RESPONSES TO HATCHERY VACCINATION

Availability of vaccine antigen

Innate response due to vaccine replication

or multiplication

Cell-mediated immune response 19

Antibody-mediated immune response

ED 18 D1 D4 D8

Figure 8. The development and functions of adaptive immune system are not optimum to elicit the antigen-specific immune
responses by the time of hatchery vaccination. Thus, the combination of innate and adaptive immune responses protects the chickens
once they have been vaccinated at hatchery.
3 Immune responses to hatchery vaccination Hatchery vaccination

Innate immune responses

Once hatchery vaccination has been carried out, innate immune responses may play
a substantial role protecting the chickens during the early post-hatch period. Most of
the hatchery vaccines are based on introducing organisms with the ability to induce a
mild infection, in order to create potent innate host responses (in response to vaccine 20
organism replication or multiplication) within the hours following vaccination. Such
antimicrobial responses are mediated through innate receptor  (i.e. TLR) signaling
pathways and may persist at least for a few days post-hatch until adaptive immune
responses are elicited.

IMMUNE RESPONSES TO HATCHERY VACCINATION

Vaccine organism entry into host cells (i.e. vaccine virus)

Vaccine organism
TLR 5 Vaccine
TLR 1 organism-associated
TLR 4
Endosome TLR 2 molecular patterns
TLR 7
TLR 3 TLR 21
NK cells

Transcription of 21
Hatchery vaccination antiviral genes
Type I IFNs

Nucleus Inhibition of microbial infections

Nitric oxide Macrophages IFN-γ

Transient protection (NO)
from microbial challenge
encountered after hatch

Figure 9. Induction of innate responses following hatchery vaccination that culminate in antimicrobial responses.
4 Hatchery vaccination Hatchery vaccination

Overview
D 1 chickens are placed in the poultry barn environment following the hatch. Upon placement, the chicks
may be exposed to numerous pathogens via several routes (ocular, respiratory, oral and cutaneous).

Salmonella spp.
Infectious bronchitis virus Escherichia coli
Infectious bursal disease virus Clostridium spp.
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus Mycoplasma spp. 26
Newcastle disease virus Haemophilus paragallinarum
Chicken anaemia virus Bordetella spp.
Marek’s disease virus Chlamydia spp.
Avian poxvirus Pasteurella multocida
Avian leucosis virus
Avian encephalomyelitis virus
Inclusion body hepatitis virus Eimeria spp.
Egg drop syndrome virus Helminths

Figure 12. The transfer of D 1 chicks from hatchery to barn exposes them to a wide range of pathogens.

HATCHERY VACCINATION

Differences between hatchery and field vaccination

Hatchery vaccination is performed before placing the chickens in the contaminated barn environment.
Due to the early induction of host responses, these chicks are better protected compared with those
vaccinated in the field as field vaccination is performed once the birds have been potentially exposed
to pathogens.

27

In ovo Subcutaneous Subcutaneous

vaccination Spray vaccination Spray vaccination
vaccination vaccination
Hatchery vaccination Exposure to pathogens Field vaccination
Before being exposed to pathogens At the poultry barn After being potentially exposed to pathogens
Better vaccine-mediated protection with hatchery vaccination

Figure 13. Hatchery vaccination may induce early host responses in D 1 chickens before being exposed to potential pathogens.
4 Hatchery vaccination Hatchery vaccination

Current trends of hatchery vaccination practices

Hatchery vaccination, particularly in ovo vaccination, has been mainly adapted by the broiler chicken
industry because it uses both sexes for rearing. Once female birds are separated in layer industry, the
use of other means of hatchery vaccination (coarse spray and subcutaneous routes) is feasible.

Table 5. Currently, in ovo vaccination is difficult to perform in layer chickens (unlike in broilers); however, other hatchery vaccination
techniques can be applied in layers.
28

Broiler industry Layer industry

In ovo vaccination

Spray vaccination

Subcutaneous vaccination

HATCHERY VACCINATION

Practice of in ovo CENTRAL AND

EASTERN EUROPE
vaccination by
∼ 100 %

WESTERN
∼ 50 %

broiler chicken EUROPE

∼ 55 %

industry
∼ 35 %

∼ 99 %

Hatchery vaccination, particu- 29

larly in ovo vaccination, is prac- ASIA NORTH
∼ 20 %

AMERICA
tised mainly in North and Latin
America, followed by Asia, Eu- AFRICA AND
MIDDLE EAST
rope, Africa and Middle East.
Approximately 65 % of world’s LATIN
AMERICA
broiler chicken population is Practice of in ovo vaccination as a percentage
hatchery vaccinated.
Figure 14. In ovo vaccination is mainly practised in North and Latin America and it is
gaining acceptance worldwide.
4 Hatchery vaccination Hatchery vaccination

Overview
D 1 chickens are placed in the poultry barn environment following the hatch. Upon placement, the chicks
may be exposed to numerous pathogens via several routes (ocular, respiratory, oral and cutaneous).

Salmonella spp.
Infectious bronchitis virus Escherichia coli
Infectious bursal disease virus Clostridium spp.
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus Mycoplasma spp. 26
Newcastle disease virus Haemophilus paragallinarum
Chicken anaemia virus Bordetella spp.
Marek’s disease virus Chlamydia spp.
Avian poxvirus Pasteurella multocida
Avian leucosis virus
Avian encephalomyelitis virus
Inclusion body hepatitis virus Eimeria spp.
Egg drop syndrome virus Helminths

Figure 12. The transfer of D 1 chicks from hatchery to barn exposes them to a wide range of pathogens.

HATCHERY VACCINATION

Differences between hatchery and field vaccination

Hatchery vaccination is performed before placing the chickens in the contaminated barn environment.
Due to the early induction of host responses, these chicks are better protected compared with those
vaccinated in the field as field vaccination is performed once the birds have been potentially exposed
to pathogens.

27

In ovo Subcutaneous Subcutaneous

vaccination Spray vaccination Spray vaccination
vaccination vaccination
Hatchery vaccination Exposure to pathogens Field vaccination
Before being exposed to pathogens At the poultry barn After being potentially exposed to pathogens
Better vaccine-mediated protection with hatchery vaccination

Figure 13. Hatchery vaccination may induce early host responses in D 1 chickens before being exposed to potential pathogens.
4 Hatchery vaccination Hatchery vaccination

Current trends of hatchery vaccination practices

Hatchery vaccination, particularly in ovo vaccination, has been mainly adapted by the broiler chicken
industry because it uses both sexes for rearing. Once female birds are separated in layer industry, the
use of other means of hatchery vaccination (coarse spray and subcutaneous routes) is feasible.

Table 5. Currently, in ovo vaccination is difficult to perform in layer chickens (unlike in broilers); however, other hatchery vaccination
techniques can be applied in layers.
28

Broiler industry Layer industry

In ovo vaccination

Spray vaccination

Subcutaneous vaccination

HATCHERY VACCINATION

Practice of in ovo CENTRAL AND

EASTERN EUROPE
vaccination by
∼ 100 %

WESTERN
∼ 50 %

broiler chicken EUROPE

∼ 55 %

industry
∼ 35 %

∼ 99 %

Hatchery vaccination, particu- 29

larly in ovo vaccination, is prac- ASIA NORTH
∼ 20 %

AMERICA
tised mainly in North and Latin
America, followed by Asia, Eu- AFRICA AND
MIDDLE EAST
rope, Africa and Middle East.
Approximately 65 % of world’s LATIN
AMERICA
broiler chicken population is Practice of in ovo vaccination as a percentage
hatchery vaccinated.
Figure 14. In ovo vaccination is mainly practised in North and Latin America and it is
gaining acceptance worldwide.
6 Hatchery vaccination techniques Hatchery vaccination

Vaccine is deposited in the

amniotic cavity
In ovo vaccination B A

In ovo vaccination targets

ED  18 embryos. The vaccine
is delivered into the amniotic C
cavity with an accuracy of more E
than 95  % and its uptake into 38
the embryo is via oral, cloacal
and respiratory routes. Vaccine uptake by the
D embryo

Figure 23. In ovo vaccination involves delivering the vaccine into the amniotic cavity,
where it will be absorbed by the embryo via oral, cloacal and respiratory routes. A, B, C, D
and E represent air sac, chorioallantoic membrane, amniotic cavity, yolk sac and embryo,
respectively.

HATCHERY VACCINATION TECHNIQUES

In ovo vaccination
leads to induction Immune response
post-hatch
of mucosal immune
In ovo vaccination at ED 18
responses
In ovo vaccination aims to de-
liver the vaccine onto the mu-
CD8 cytotoxic T cells
cosal surfaces of gastrointesti- 39
nal and respiratory tracts. Antibody

Induction of both innate and cell- and antibody-mediated immune responses

locally in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts

Figure 24. In ovo vaccination may lead to the induction of cell- and antibody-
mediated immune responses in addition to innate host responses in the respiratory and
gastrointestinal systems.
6 Hatchery vaccination techniques Hatchery vaccination

Currently available in ovo vaccines

Marek’s disease (MD) vaccine
MD vaccine was the first ever in ovo vaccine made available for the poultry industry. MD vaccines are
cell associated and can withstand the maternal antibody levels without compromising the vaccine
efficacy during the early post-hatch period. Although the exact underlying mechanisms of the vac-
cine-induced protection against Marek´s disease virus (MDV) are unknown, it is believed that chickens
are protected due to the elicitation of both innate and adaptive immune responses.
40
NO
Macrophage Antibody-dependent Cytotoxic
Reduce MDV- cell-mediated T lymphocyte-
infected cells cytotoxicity mediated killing
NK cell

IFN-γ Reduce MDV-infected cells

Days post-vaccination 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Figure 25. Proposed mechanism of host responses induced by in ovo MD vaccine, which involves both innate and adaptive immune
responses.

HATCHERY VACCINATION TECHNIQUES

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccine

In ovo immune complex vaccines against IBD are protected from maternal antibody interferences be-
cause the vaccine virus is protected from immune complex antibodies (Fig. 26). The decay of immune
complex antibodies over time allows vaccine virus to replicate at a low maternal antibody levels. At
around 3 weeks of age, vaccine virus-mediated antibody production begins leading to protection of
vaccinated chickens against IBD, once maternal antibody levels are also waned (Fig. 27).

Vaccination with naked viral particles Vaccination with antibody-virus immune complexes 41

1:500 1:500
Maternal antibody titer

Maternal antibody titer

1:250 1:250

1:125 1:125

Age 0 3 weeks 6 weeks Age 0 3 weeks 6 weeks

Vaccine virus is protected as far as antibodies
Vaccine virus neutralisation are attached with the virus particles

Figure 26. Immune complex vaccines can withstand the maternal antibodies compared with naked viral vaccines against IBD.
The publishing strength of
Grupo Asís
Editorial Servet, a division of Grupo Asís, has become one of the reference publishing com-
panies in the veterinary sector worldwide. More than 15 years of experience in the publis-
hing of contents about veterinary medicine guarantees the quality of its work. With a wide
national and international distribution, the books in its catalogue are present in many diffe-
rent countries and have been translated into nine languages to date: English, French, Por-
tuguese, German, Italian, Turkish, Japanese, Russian and Chinese.

Its identifying characteristic is a large multidisciplinary team formed by doctors and

graduates in Veterinary Medicine and Fine Arts, and specialised designers with a great
knowledge of the sector in which they work. Every book is subject to thorough technical
and linguistic reviews and analyses, which allow the creation of works with a unique design
and excellent contents.

Servet works with the most renowned national and international authors to include the
topics most demanded by veterinary surgeons in its catalogue. In addition to its own works,
Servet also prepares books for companies and the main multinational companies in the
sector are among its clients.
 Presentation
brochure

MAIN CHALLENGES IN P ULTRY FARMING

Hatchery
Vaccinati n
Servet (División de Grupo Asís Biomedia S.L.)
Centro Empresarial El Trovador, planta 8, oficina I
Plaza Antonio Beltrán Martínez, 1 • 50002 Zaragoza (España)
Tel.: +34 976 461 480 • Fax: +34 976 423 000 • www.grupoasis.com
Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem

View publication stats