‘mitees Vespa (Vise 5.6), dem gua, zur Prenton und Namensaeaning des Belobigtn an hd zvar in int an RUA! ee ‘nnerden worsen und sytaltschen Bue de Reider. ein hang De rose Kmper vol rg nach Es invoke een © ch ot eur as hictn unmitlbar ansclessende rite Veaar (Vise 7-8) sonst dann wioter fir rhetorserende Zac und Onin mit cnet tatioben Methoe, de dari beset, das sn pat spice Quai ten oder Tagen des Belobitn ia formal parallel staktronen Halbverse, in amsrem Fall Versione, aufgriblt werden, Der leichen sere damn gradezu nach Rei er bevetTenden Glide: Oh dur shear ‘asta * baths car "rach de Gt" en mie ie Not ‘voeausgesingenen Parlelsmen wenigstens wa lalbversebene noch "aciiken, wend sich im Schlusers alles in cine Trevebe- kennnie rum Beloigen nonlin. VL Der stings, manchmal auch donige oder dberwachsne fad des BOP-Mesrams hat une scliessich ms Ris gokenem Ei tang den Zauergaten mairstscher Ding get, aus dem Ich me ia Form von Mukhiiis Lobgaide eine kleine Blame zs pilucken erable, woblwisend, dats ee uchbare Betruing de ‘er Ganenpracht den kundigen Haden unsres hachveriewen bi. lars am besten asi. Aber gelegentich welt ich ela Sperling den Schnabel wach da wo man gewehot i, dem Gevang der Nactgall aus IBLIS AND Tie J I AL: FUTUHAT AL-MAKKIYYA Wiliam C. Citick, Stony Brook University 1 Spr an gt iho 1, Shp Sine (Sat Comologtal Dnonin) Vite VL Wai Saad Reise A fw yours back Professor Heinrichs was leaching a couse on Tis fn Arabic erate, Dring that semester, we happened to meet ot Several octason ane recouted a mur of neresting tet. 1 fecal nt he aed me if knew of ay good mera fom Ten “Ab Tvs I espnded that nthing stack i my mid boa T ‘nad many erences i my noes. Te invitation Yo contribute ois Fetch seome! hike good opportunity fo pve some order 0 thowe notes Although bis oe a-ha, “the Stan." is one ofthe jn, not 8 fallen ange ike Lucifer, the dtinsonhetacen angel an jon no ‘sped cle In Crianity, once Lucier elle became a de too, devo ev pet, When i lhe became the fist sta—a trod the Quen somsies uses inthe plural. Not al the jin be ame stins, however. “Tae “asa amoog he inn are speciticlly the wretched (aha), those deve fir fom Cad’ mec, at the aman” remains forth ious (0). seamaster SB ile Cae ny My ae Ky ar ed ee BeBis night be called an ei pit, but he Bliving jin are not evil near they angel: Rater, they ae god sits, but the sense in whieh they are spr” aco to he clad. And we cat ay hat “stan” ae spy the evil jin, because the Que in ne he ex reson shan aon wan “ie tans of jin and main” (0,112. So the stars ae not only evil jinn Bt aso evil ppl, just as believers ae not nly good peopl ut also good jinn. hn A pas thse pins allows Got ca! on nt ete os na ma sr des morta ra Sin cate fie er ome rere cee “To understand the dstiction that hn ‘Arby draws between angels jinn, we nod to examine how he fi hem int these of ‘he Tosinos” (alam, defined as everything ober han Go.” mz ‘syd ll), The nearest hig oa cosmological scheme that be po: "des i ound in chapter 198 of the Fuh on he Breath ofthe All meu, one ofthe longest chapters ofthe book. There he describes the eoanon a the action of twenty-ige dvi lees ranged ‘honstiall. The fist hance, dhe Fist Inlet, and the final two Sr mim, in (a-ne), anlw he levels, stony, and aye ion (af mar elomogamai aman) By that hemes ‘he diferentiaon of human Being nas range of pe nd in vidual according to hie degre of achiving the erections the Inuman sate tn tis scheme angels and Jin are respectively the vent ad west eters ofthe alphabet? “This depiction ofthe univene is version of the ation of a ‘mabe ama, “he engin and te tr,” och discussed in Dilosophy. In Sufism the same topic is comamoaly dealt wih i fers of the "ovo aes (gawd) ofthe ce of existence, n ex- Pression derived tom the Qura'saccount ofthe Propet min) Tah ra ama. Wl CCM (998, Te econ a Ppt ath Camel Ab Sa Un Sor Fre ato an Tw bur so ein ming oe “ah avon ban Mn (Q.539)4 The descending ar races ofthe emergence ofall erca- tars frm Gosh aa he stnding aro maps oo the sages of thir rem, InTon Arabs weniger seem, the descending ae rc theft twensy-oe eters, fom the Fist nelle down 0 the fourlements As we wl se shorty, Stan's oles pei in the eighth level of masifstition, the Foot}, where the pure ‘sry of the previ level, the Tone, bance int to sor of ‘sey, of which s mined wit wrath, Without the repercussions ‘of cvinewra nthe cous, thee ean be no distntion Betvecs {ood and ei o revealed avs ad no plac for Tis to ato is {ele as ene othe prophes The acending ar nls ine, plats, ania, jon, ang and human hong, sta reaches culmination wit those hums ‘ings who achieve perfection. By placing angcls and in ight be foe humans, bo Arab inating tht each eienates a major co tepory of sears ike plants o animals, nd that bath pl poe tan rls in ringing boul th al actuation of "the Inne En tig” aly abmagrda, which sprit aa (a-nsna-mi “his gene ter designates those Human eines who achieve the divine purpose in eeuing the conto, prpone announced ia the famous baci of the Hien Treasure—for God to be known. An shower, incon fo the jm, also play’ a port role i the deyending me, sven tht the are’ dflerenaton depends on ‘heirintrmeticytetween God andthe creation The fs wo stapes fof eoumogencris are the Ft Inllct (he Highost Pen) and the Tinvesl Soul (he Gude Tale, ot of wick areal 1 Spirits and Angels “The Quran divides the costos ito tw9 els, angen and vss trheaven and ear, and these ae egy glo asthe wold of Spine aad the wold of odes Tb Arby ad may otos, owexe, tree not icine to lake this at 9 atk dh. They Gypclly ded eo intermediate ream, co which they saw reference nthe ‘Qurnic expression “whats between the te,” Oats, between hosven and ea, They cle his realm the barzath or isthmus. For hon Ane ek 1998290. fear aeoa wane cnc Tha ‘Arab, itis he mand imaginal (lam ab thay), the wor of imagination hat nether spettua nor bodily but paraes ofthe ‘gis ofboth ides, “Anges ann pertain othe rei of nice things, hog ath ave te ably to appear in the sensory word! though imaginal: ‘ion amar), Bh ae spi, but Ho ‘Arab fretates be- tween them by caling angels “minnie spins” (alardh al rp) and jin “ery spins” (a-araha-ndriya). As fr stan, he somedines convass them with angels by speaking 6 pure, a gohe spins larva alakra malate) abd apne, sanic ‘iis (alardh ghar a-thra a shay) "The fct tat angel are huminows a jinn ey is soporte by ‘Queinic verses and wellknown hadith: “God crested te angels from ih, God erent the jm fom fis, and He rested a fom ‘wht yu have been ok” The ght for which angels were rested {5 "arrays Tha ‘Arab, though this cenainly does not mean Dyseal nis vocabulary nate (ta) hast base eases Le Fer ether t the Brent of the Almere el, within which the divine words become imprinted (a), or 1 everything below the Universal Soul, whether sista, imaginal or curporel Tim al“Arbi aes the word malak and rh, gel ad spi, terchingealy, He points out tat when 9 dsinton is dew Be ‘een the two ite done because te word maluk drives rom a Oot ‘meaning “message,” 40 this specie qualify boing ake ito ac- ‘Soant! Spin that camy mestages ae angel, and toe tha have ‘ter functions shuld not roped be called by this nae He class= fos angelspits nto de sot carpe (muhayum), governing (onudahbiry nd sbjeted (mutha, bt he a at aly the ‘hd sr are angels in these sese.” "The easpred angels ae so folly engrossed in the contempt tion of God tht ty ve no avarenets of themselves. The Fist tellet was originally one of them, but Go tured ts attention avy fom hinsef and employed ito create the universe. The govering ‘pis re putin turge of al odes nthe cosmes, wheter ese be TP aaa Tay app lecbaee ae SS ts “fala anata OE mu 103 Iumings, er, or element. They are the spins of all “ving ‘hing Chayavcnd) a Woed which means inthe view of "he fk of ‘vein (a Aa Th Aras erm fo hse who ahve vie ‘Sonary knowles), every rata nd elemental body, The sj Spiis ae the angle propery so calle, because they alone act as ressenges Unie goveming spits they are at Lied a ingle tay They ave Ben ets with specifica i the cosmos, for God wanted 1 give the “eaderstip” (nina) overall things Tighest among ther is he Fist llc. Among tel functions ae revelton insintion, provision, taking spits ping Ue to the ‘ead aking forgives for believers, and eltating the plas of the Garde. 1. The nn 1 ‘Arabi is wel aware tha heres much cnfsion abou the di ‘zene between atgls ad jin. Te Quen des bot always ds subh between the two, beeause it uses both ens in road ab tow senses. Sometimes ten angel in the eral seas of “ess f°" and includes te jon, and sometimes aes jn inthe eral nse of conceded” nd includes the angels. ‘God made angel and ses ining cui (att, s0 He mele hem sian’ He eye coceing he satu," eke Ieee om hci ofthe kg whspere wht ao an ‘iho wipers ie ests of te (O18 8) Hee by ht he ER Dive hs dnd me fen te, te geen en touw nth sal be ain (0 358) The angie meng (a, rant) om Go 1 an, hen ‘hare a, gay 2 wry of uae These a en ‘thor ever tan by Gn seman, 50 they [asa re eoys {eli mana) oe fon God Sine God des Shae ‘ssengethood (rs) wit angels ie nln wit hea inthe comand poston ™ Ib ak‘Arabt devots th ninth ehapee ofthe Fut the “rue knowledge ofthe existence of the faming, Sery spits” AS usual, the chap Bogins with « Quric vers, this ese Q. 55:15: “He tre the jin ftom a lame of re” He explains ta er Gs Bd ‘Sb 36718«sete the four lements, smoke (dln) os op othe inside ‘Bee ofthe spore ofthe xed stars, and inside the smoke, God che aga) the seven hastens. To cach heaven be resaled Command (Q. 41:12, and then he brought shout the mariage of heaven apd ear, Heaven "eas (ala) int earth something oF the commands tht God tad revealed oi jas a5 he man cass water {nto te woman in nrc” and te result was th bth a the progeny (muvalat)minerl, plans, and asmals To rete the Sina God hee arto peoduce ame” (md) Te is ition tnetning ofthis word ts “mic,” and Tho “Arab says fame is Caled tis ame bacase i fie mined with it "The an were erenod of clement ran re, nl Adam was read from the ter vo, ist (urd) abd water, Tn ‘Arab does remind ws, however tat semen reatres ae by defaiton ee ‘Se fom all or elements, 0 the fase rater he province ‘one or more leant ocr theaters. Adam's eae, water and hs were clldla" sn ia he ions case ar and ve were call “rae” Ae gives jin the ability to take any shape ash), nd fie makes thom isbtanal (oAA) and soe La). Fite also dvs thes to subjugate (gar) others, claim to be great (i Sind consider thamches exalted (iro). lis rfised to prostate Fins before Adam proviscly ssa of i's valid place smn the element He did bot understand hat lay is more excellent than Fr, becuse water extinguishes fee and dst is move feed than fie Fire bestows aogance khbur) and ly my (eno). In suppor of Water's pein: Ton ‘Arabi comments oma hah sr lls that God rete wae srnger han Be a song han ‘water, andthe chile of Ada Songer tan a i's weakes ex Pine why "Satins pie i ever fhe” (Q. 4:76), The seenth of ‘ay allows man to achieve uahuredess, deliberation, retin, Sd ccumspction. “Ho is ample intlect because dst binders and Fenns him, and water softens and smonthes him.” When Ti said ‘bout Adam, “Tam Beer tha he” (Q. 12), he combined ignorance dil manos Because ofthe ightes of is intellect" “The importance of sir nthe jin's make-up is sugested by Toa ‘Aras stement here hat “Angle respite blown (mani) ino ahs, ar spt blown into winds (0), and mankind ar spit Taam waa is bow into spyctions (haba That the n-blown spit ih) squeal wisi and wind (7) is shown, ofcourse by is very name, as inthe cane of sprus. When God Bows thee ino win ad ir, which are lead charaterzd by constant ait on dir), the ato nreases This provides another ey wo the onsnly sings chaning shapes ht charctrie ein. "hen the jan engage in seal tercourse ths aks te fom of ‘ving (itd), "ike the smoke yo se coming fom a Tumace 0 2 peters in ach of tem intrpenciates the ote, and both de fie pas fom the inerpenetao Procreation aks pice through “csing a” (gd a-howd) Jota in he burn cae fakes place hough cating water’ = "Wha they east ke the pen ‘fie pam ee which emerges wih he sight recs" "The food often he sna of grease on bones. ba ABI ites to hate to tis effect and the onde oon of te folk oF tmveling who rept to hi fat be saw some of he jin coming totones an snifing them ie wi animals Then teywent ava, ving taken their provision The fet atthe fim ake ROU tmnt alld wo inthe sry of Solomon (0.28), an his helps {iferenate them fo ange, who dono ke foe 8 We KDW ffm he tory of Abram ans gests. 170). "The rt jn, Tn ‘Arab sous, was eens 60,000 yeas be- fore Adam. Aco oan repr iad he sexu ora of bah tale and mae, nore epedace, one pao t copa with other par and lien were bora ihe male female Some ie sy th eduction among jinn comes 0am ct ae 000 Sean tong makin fer 600 sar, ft his has ot et happened and repro contines in bth res, Noone Bas {ny veticd knowledge as to how many yeas age Adam Was ce ‘ted nora how many years enn unl the end ofthis Work People who chim know sik things "ae ite gag whose words areofna secu" ee Beciersccten TASS RE106 aunt cure As fortis, Tha “Arb rej the common ides that e was the fist of dhe jem. Rather, he was like Can smog hans he Ss sinner” AI the nn cominued fo wership God un the crestion of ‘Adu. Then one of thm, ealed a Hirth, was overcome by hated Foe im, ait ihe who cae o be Known 3 Tis The jinn have many tribes and families, dough itis sid that cxiginlly there were telve ies, which then became subdivided Tremendous wars ake place among then, and some, but nol, storms and wiring fe the esther wars. Thee he "well Known and often rel” try about “Am Jin, who appeared ‘er having bee mowally wouaded in aster tht bad bee bale ‘mong the jinn Iba “Arb! does not 20 ito dis, however, so he ‘elles why Wer his wrk bse onthe eling of eps and so fies, we would mention fe, bt this Bok is omy the science of Ioemings (im a-m), So you ean lek for sors abot the jon ‘the eirniles of erate st poetry ‘When th ‘Arabi doe el stories sot hein, pil has & clear teaching in mia. Ina later chapter, fr example, be ella a cdots i oder properly to ite shat tht i gor o watt by any ater ine of rasmisson Te context oncems pint ie of ten makes: The Believing jan were beter han people a stn the Qui when th Propet rected i" have route phar ah fam oe of te commit of he ‘ny nope leo He wae fo Dev umn oe of he se Sneed pen ie ws cy soe by jan, wh ge Metra wer yh th ar ofthe epi. Thy "This man hel oar ante “Te nondet pin “ nwwhat oaesyng Lamn Woodend sre noo wh e501 ‘The soup ti, "Tha was or’ sn” “Than the shayth—Cid be pen wih isi, Let he an go ‘adhe Mewenger o€ Gad sy, wie he we sping 2 "e ema esa neta, 2 ah 328 2 aa ee 22S reunpe g 79 330 4824 wus wor nh sus fon ther hs hs ow rms isin inte IS sh teeta lation The son of your mele same Be em sent which ome of he nen of hana begs ‘The wonder sei" sid oH, “Sig yon sing ta oa edhe Mesger od Diy mes in esa WS ae ‘Sivoo f Nani wo wer Sle the Messen of Gol So Sf hud rm i Bu only oe of hat pp lee omg iy companion sedge on he Messing at th matron the mine of iret man rl. ‘hess of tejom ee i rom hn Shape Shing In haps 198 on the Broth of the Al-nersifl Tb ‘Arab associ ses cach of th twenty-eight cos levels with divine name. An= els mutts the properies ofthe Song (ev), and jinn those of the Sable (la) Aa vine name, lof is wstally understood 0 ‘mean Gone or Kind andi taken as the complet of gah, the Severe or Subjagting. I he cosmological sense dat Tha "Arab hs ‘in mind bee, tf ose t kath, dense or oid, The lemons tc kod in degrees o eceaing sult) in the order dst, water, Sr, and fie The unseen werk re suble in relation to the visible ‘ens Te in are sube compar to creatures of ea, but dese Felt to angss Tei temic means that they pean othe Darah eth. ‘They ae a ean Between anges ans man. they ae ce ‘shih ts wiy fit] showed ep hal he Ree ps a, ‘Sut aty frp of seme wel at ate shaw [neat wl inv oc ete gle Th confpation bho $i ha’ fe tured toma he anos Spots ough ees Ste and hereby types vl (a) ane aston ‘tahun it hat etme ovary hough ch ey Slomenal ada fame. The ume Ste ie be en he by Yo own te chit Ada ie bol wit ht being wa ot Shear ans epee108 uae ems Because of hi suey the jin an lake on ay sensory form they ose Ths form eal asad, "tangible ba” a opposed 40 Jism the ordinary, corporeal body possessed by erates othe vse ble world fet 0. 38:34, where the inn appets ab fsa) ~The zane Sule makes the jan hes to being crane rom the eyes of ‘people, 40 eyes do not perceive them uns they Become ang feodid aso. “Te jinn can be sen only if thy chose wo be sees, “unless Gd doses to bestow veiling pon one of His seas who then ses ‘tem ‘When Gad desires «pean tse then sven hgh te jinn do ae eee then, ad be oeies hem, Ga ay com ages For and mes thom. Or, God uel the covering on wad we ‘ee them wih devine of he pe We may sc thes angie bo. {Sin fom or we may sce them ot fan fe a a ‘iron ee in thes at oth hem pee lt Ihe oom babe poses Inchaper 1, "On the Knowledge of Cen Men among he Folk of Abtetion (wor) who have Realized the Waystation ofthe Breath ofthe Alltel" Ibu “Arabi mentions some of the dangers pos by the jan for taveler on the pth God. The chapter dewrbes ros sot fants or enouncer (shad, tah) Te lowest ranking group ofthese ascetics st wit he jan to hele owe t= me of tem Seine stin-cnpunios as) ot espe {Takin fm among ja ese ete omer oi ay Jinn are ey oer oman In eng (aT lve person ‘econ tej be fles fom pte ce ing wa em ‘Seyi fo people an my pd of Ths Bene tn gear eal of movement ut to mele een Hance sting oman hy a3 mor seer ay Pops fe they way come gtr with pole to mvel shame tgs of —Fe se inetsae 1iBo,aya am nse us 109 Mores somone sis with pul, wil ae no tac fa {a ni, srt sgh he jy at ene cir ering-compnnn te tae of dapying rane ne po Plead every saan of os If ny sean of God aoa Ss Rinse peor to others Gol ae hated mage an tt le aH pic a eet eat Kow ke dat the jn ae te mt gpa of he maa wer ‘Sou Go Ty soporte ts sttingcomparion sit te eur Tepe of ees ad Wat aps i he eames so hey ase {Si by esvetoping on he Hghe ln ct 151) Ti he [sts aie te and he upset Ged omg ‘im burke ond bona of wa be vps Ts wy ou Sows of Gd whee Ths fut i of he ao wa ‘Sipe of th charters of plats stones na eto," Ins kot lge Mame byte ong oh esha) Se A sameme cima a be rcompanon vane beset thn Nsclnm= hn a questo nthe vig sk Ct aa), oul ind tare sr ot hoo at wis ele fo [as coperership cot bt tea ot he Sah i hie cmpun a rogans yma 0) {nad he and i for jee wo ha wo she fee fet denon of he sands fhe srpennstip x ey ‘Sima They were al fe Of gence, chor, and wor Blt ‘ih jan Th can tapes beau the sol (ea) the et Bed nd ont ‘fy The econ om oe cg seni andr eo ‘i (heme nh conan 6 ni ly ea nb he cede). el a al pla ‘hs I ley Stam, ores of Sr sn pi! ae ‘Repay gts pry aly mat ke ‘ah ann ht tain Wit Se shane het at fe Se