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176
terms
A
term
that
refers
to
a
type
of
metallurgical
structure
(austenite)
normally
found
in
300
Series
stainless
steels
and
nickel
base
alloys.
Austenitic
The
300
Series
stainless
steels
including
Types
304,
304L,
304H,
309,
310,
316,
316L,
316H,
321,
321H,
347,
and
347H.
The
"L"
and
"H"
suffixes
refer
to
controlled
ranges
of
low
and
high
carbon
content,
respectively.
These
alloys
are
characterized
by
an
austenitic
structure.
Steels
that
do
not
have
alloying
elements
intentionally
added.
However,
there
may
be
small
amounts
of
elements
permitted
by
specifications
such
as
SA516
and
SA106,
for
example
that
can
affect
corrosion
resistance,
hardness
after
welding,
and
toughness.
Elements
that
may
be
found
in
small
quantities
include
Cr,
Ni,
Mo,
Cu,
S,
Si,
P,
Al,
V
and
B.
Carbon steel
Used in amine treating to remove H2S and CO2 from hydrocarbon streams.
Diethanolamine (DEA)
A
family
of
stainless
steels
that
contain
a
mixed
austenitic-‐ferritic
structure
including
Alloy
2205,
2304,
and
2507.
The
welds
of
300
series
stainless
steels
may
also
exhibit
a
duplex
structure.
A
term
that
refers
to
a
type
of
metallurgical
structure
(ferrite)
normally
found
in
carbon
and
low-‐alloy
steels
and
many
400
series
stainless
steels.
Ferritic
Describes
stepwise
internal
cracks
that
connect
adjacent
hydrogen
blisters
on
different
planes
in
the
metal,
or
to
the
metal
surface.
No
externally
applied
stress
is
needed
for
the
formation
of
HIC.
The
development
of
internal
cracks
(sometimes
referred
to
as
blister
cracks)
tends
to
link
with
other
cracks
by
a
transgranular
plastic
shear
mechanism
because
of
internal
pressure
resulting
from
the
accumulation
of
hydrogen.
The
link-‐up
of
these
cracks
on
different
planes
in
steels
has
been
referred
to
as
stepwise
cracking
to
characterize
the
nature
of
the
crack
appearance.
A
family
of
steels
containing
up
to
9%
chromium
and
other
alloying
additions
for
high
temperature
strength
and
creep
resistance.
The
materials
include
C-‐0.5Mo,
Mn-‐
0.5Mo,
1Cr-‐0.5Mo,
1.25
Cr-‐0.5Mo,
2.25Cr-‐1.0Mo,
5Cr-‐0.5Mo,
and
9Cr-‐1Mo.
These
are
considered
ferritic
steels.
Low-alloy steel
Term
that
refers
to
a
type
of
metallurgical
structure
(martensite)
normally
found
in
some
400
series
stainless
steel.
Heat
treatment
and
or
welding
followed
by
rapid
cooling
can
produce
this
structure
in
carbon
and
low
alloy
steels.
Martensitic
Includes Types 410, 410S, 416, 420, 440A, 440B, and 440C.
Used in amine treating to remove H2S and CO2 from hydrocarbon streams.
Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)
Used in amine treating to remove H2S and CO2 from hydrocarbon streams.
Monoethanolamine (MEA)
A
family
of
alloys
containing
nickel
as
a
major
alloying
element
(>30%)
including
Alloys
200,
400,
K-‐500,
800,
800H,
825,
600,
600H,
617,
625,
718,
X-‐750,
and
C276.
Nickel base
What
describes
an
array
of
cracks,
aligned
nearly
perpendicular
to
the
stress,
that
are
formed
by
the
link-‐up
of
small
HIC
cracks
in
steel?
((Tensile
strength
(residual
or
applied)
is
required
to
produce
SOHIC.
SOHIC
is
commonly
observed
in
the
base
metal
adjacent
to
the
Heat
Affected
Zone
(HAZ)
of
a
weld,
oriented
in
the
through-‐thickness
direction.
SOHIC
may
also
be
produced
in
susceptible
steels
at
other
high
stress
points,
such
as
from
the
tip
of
the
mechanical
cracks
and
defects,
or
from
the
interaction
among
HIC
on
different
planes
in
the
steel.
))
There
are
four
categories
of
stainless
steels
that
are
characterized
by
their
metallurgical
structure
at
room
temperature:
austenitic, ferritic, martensitic and duplex
These
alloys
have
varying
amounts
of
chromium
and
other
alloying
elements
that
give
them
resistance
to
oxidation,
sulfidation
and
other
forms
of
corrosion
depending
on
the
alloy
content.
Stainless steel
What
hydrocarbon
stream
produced
on
a
crude
unit
will
have
the
most
sulfur?
A.
Gas
Oil
B.
Kerosene
C.
Diesel
D.
Gasoline
A. Gas Oil
What
is
the
typical
length
of
time
for
a
coke
drum
cycle
on
a
DCU?
A.
1
hour
B.
10
hours
C.
1
day
D.
10
days
C. 1 Day
When
evaluating
the
water
chemistry,
what
is
the
desired
pH
of
the
condensate
(water)
that
condensed
in
the
Main
Fractionator
at
the
DCU
A.
1.0
to
2.0
B.
4.0
to
5.0
C.
6.0
to
7.0
D
9.0
to
10.0
C. 6.0 to 7.0
In
many
refinery
units,
water
and
H2s
combine
to
form
which
of
the
following
corrosive
agents?
A.
Wet
H2s
B.
Sulfuric
Acid
C.
Sodium
Hydroxide
D.
Sulfur
Naptha
Acid
A. Wet H2S
A
neutralizer
injected
into
the
Crude
Unit
Atmospheric
Overhead
Condenser
system,
is
injected
for
the
purpose
of
neutralizing
what
type
of
acid?
A.
Hydrochloric
B.
Sulfuric
C.
Hydrofluoric
D.
H2S
A. Hydrochloric
A
crude
unit
that
is
processing
a
high
sulfur
material
operates
consistently,
which
of
the
following
streams
produced
from
the
tower
is
most
likely
to
contain
the
most
sulfur?
A.
Diesel
B.
Atmospheric
tower
bottoms
C.
Kerosene
D.
Gasoline
Which
of
the
following
streams
from
the
Crude
Unit
are
potentially
going
to
have
the
most
nitrogen
compounds?
A.
Heavy
Gas
Oil
B.
Gasoline
C.
Diesel
D.
Kerosene
A
Catalytic
Cracking
Unit
(FCCU)
will
do
which
of
the
following?
A.
Combine
small
hydrocarbons
chains
into
bigger
chains
B.
Thermally
cracking
large
hydrogen
chains
into
smaller
chains
C.
Produce
significant
amounts
of
gasoline
and
diesel
D.
Consume
all
HCN
(Cyanide)
in
the
feed
The
Gas
Oil
stream
on
a
crude
distillation
unit
will
go
to
what
downstream
unit
for
further
processing?
A.
Catalytic
Cracking
Unit
(FCC)
B.
The
Desalter
C.
The
Delayed
Coker
Unit
(DCU)
D.
The
Hydrogen
plant
What
can
be
done
to
mitigate
spikes
of
chlorides
in
the
crude
unit
atmospheric
overhead
condensing
system?
A.
Daily
adjustments
of
overhead
neutralizer
system
B.
Blending
of
crudes
rather
than
switching
from
one
to
another
C.
Controlling
the
water
levels
in
the
desalter
D.
Continuous
water
addition
to
the
desalter
Which
of
the
following
adequately
represents
the
sequence
of
liquid
in
a
desalter?
A.
Desalted
crude,
emulsion,
water
B.
Emulsion,
desalted
crude,
water
C.
Solids,
water,
mud
D.
Mixed
crude,
solids,
water
What
is
the
purpose
of
the
caustic
wash
on
an
alky
unit?
A.
To
provide
protection
against
chlorides
(HCl)
B.
To
provide
protection
against
salts
from
the
desalter
C.
To
neutralize
acid
D.
To
provide
a
catalytic
inhibition
C. To neutralize acid
Will
the
corrosion
rate
on
a
carbon
steel
section
of
line
in
an
Alkylation
unit
be
higher
or
lower
when
the
concentration
of
catalyst
is
high?
A.
The
more
concentrated
the
catalyst,
the
lower
the
corrosion
rate
B.
The
less
concentrated
the
catalyst,
the
lower
the
corrosion
rate
C.
The
catalyst
concentration
has
no
impact
on
carbon
steel
D.
The
catalyst
concentration
is
significant
contributor
to
the
process
operation,
but
has
no
impact
on
corrosion
A. The more concentrated the catalyst, the lower the corrosion rate
A. Yes
What
catalyst
is
used
in
an
Alkylation
unit?
A.
Hydrochloric
Acid
B.
Phosphoric
Acid
C.
Amine
D.
Sulfuric
Acid
D. Sulfuric Acid
Does
the
rich
Amine
enter
at
the
top
of
the
Stripper
Tower
or
at
the
bottom?
A.
Always
at
the
top
B.
Always
at
the
bottom
C.
Depends
on
the
gravity
of
the
hydrocarbon
D.
Depends
on
the
metallurgy
and
fluid
flow
rate
In
the
process
flow,
will
the
amine
unit
be
located
upstream
or
downstream
of
the
Crude
unit
desalter?
A.
Depends
on
the
crude
type
B.
Upstream
C.
Either
location,
it
doesn't
matter
D.
Downstream
D. Downstream
A. Water
Hydrotreater
feed
contains
sulfur
and
nitrogen.
When
processed
in
the
Hydrotreater
under
high
temperature
and
pressure,
this
sulfur
is
converted
into
what
compound?
A.
SO3
B.
SO2
C.
H2S
D.
H2SO4
C. H2S
In
what
part
of
the
hydrotreating
process
do
most
of
the
ammonium
salts
form
corrosive
liquid
salts?
A.
Hydrocracker
reactor
B.
Stabilizer
overhead
accumulator
C.
Reactor
Effluent
Air
Condenser
(REAC's)
D.
High
Pressure
separator
Which
process
stream
will
produce
the
most
sulfur
after
going
through
a
hydrotreater
unit
A.
Light
Ends
B.
Vacuum
Gas
Oil
C.
Naphtha
D.
Kerosene
A
Sour
Water
Stripper
will
remove
which
of
the
following
from
the
water?
A.
Salt
B.
Amine
C.
Ammonia
(NH3)
D.
Sulfur
C. Ammonia (NH3)
In
an
Amine
Unit,
what
vessel
operates
at
the
highest
temperature?
A.
The
amine
absorber
B.
The
sour
gas
knock
out
drain
C.
The
amine
stripper
D.
The
amine
stripper
reflux
accumulator
drum
In
an
Amine
Unit,
what
vessel
is
going
to
operate
at
the
highest
pressure?
A.
The
amine
stripper
reboiler
B.
The
amine
stripper
reflux
accumulator
drum
C.
The
amine
absorber
D.
The
amine
stripper
What
unit
is
immediately
upstream
of
the
Catalytic
Reforming
Unit
(CRU)?
A.
The
naphtha
hydrotreater
B.
The
crude
unit
C.
The
alkylation
unit
D.
A
caustic
treating
unit
The
hydrogen
produced
on
a
Catalytic
Reforming
Unit
(CRU)
goes
to
what
downstream
unit?
A.
It
goes
to
the
flare
because
it
is
contaminated
with
chlorides
B.
Desalter
to
remove
the
chlorides
C.
The
Hydrotreater
D.
The
alky
caustic
treater
C. The Hydrotreater
Which
of
the
following
is
a
metallurgical
treatment
that
worked
well
to
prevent
cracking
of
carbon
steel?
A.
Use
of
low
alloy
material
B.
PWHT
C.
WFMPT
D.
Use
of
low
carbon
material
B. PWHT
For
most
corrosion
mechanisms,
the
corrosion
rate
of
bare
metal
decreases
with
time.
This
is
because?
A.
The
corrosive
acid
gets
weaker
as
it
travels
along
the
pipe
B.
The
passive
layer
protects
the
metal
from
further
corrosion
C.
The
anode
gets
larger
in
respect
to
the
cathode
D.
Oxygen
interferes
with
the
speed
of
corrosion,
and
slows
down
the
rate
The
carbon
equivalent
(CE)
formula
is
comprised
of
7
elements.
What
single
element
has
the
greatest
contribution
of
the
results
of
the
overall
formula?
A.
Cr
B.
C
C.
Mo
D.
Ni
B. C
D. 0.15 - 1.5%
B. 2205
Which
of
the
following
is
not
a
result
of
killing
steel
with
silicon?
A.
There
will
be
reduced
amount
of
voids
in
the
metal
B.
The
alloy
will
be
more
corrosion
resistant
C.
The
material
will
have
small
grains
D.
The
material
will
not
require
PWHT'ing
What
is
the
common
deoxidizing
agent
used
in
Killed
Steel?
A.
Cr-‐Mo
B.
Mo
C.
Cr
D.
Silicon
D. Silicon
What
alloying
element
in
Cast
Iron
makes
it
difficult
to
weld?
A.
Silicon
B.
Aluminum
C.
Carbon
D.
Iron
(Fe)
C. Carbon
Which
of
the
following
cooling
methods
will
result
in
a
material
with
the
smallest
grain
size?
A.
Annealing
B.
Quenching
C.
Normalizing
D.
Baking
B. Quenching
When
testing
the
water
chemistry
of
the
water
from
the
main
fractionator
reflux
accumulator
drum,
what
is
the
desired
pH?
A.
4-‐5
B.
5-‐6
C.
7-‐8
D.
6-‐7
D. 6-7
Crude
Unit
Fractionator
overhead
condensers
use
a
neutralizer.
This
neutralizer
has
the
purpose
of
neutralizing
which
the
following
acids?
A.
Sulfur
B.
Caustic
C.
Hydrochloric
D.
Wet
H2S
C. Hydrochloric
What
is
the
purpose
of
the
caustic
wash
out
on
the
charge
stream
to
the
alky
unit?
A.
To
provide
protection
against
chlorides
(HCl)
B.
To
provide
protection
against
salts
from
the
desalter.
C.
To
remove
H2S
and
Mercaptans
D.
To
remove
water
B. Water
When
corrosive
ammonium
salt
that
are
formed
as
part
of
the
Hydrotreating
process
are
of
major
concern
once
they
are
wetted.
This
occurs
in
what
part
of
the
Unit?
A.
Light
ends
stripper
B.
Reactor
C.
Reactor
Effluent
Air
Coolers
(REAC's)
D.
High
Pressure
Separator
A
CS
vessel
with
a
400
series
liner
is
in
the
wet
gas
section
of
the
FCCU,
Carbonate
stress
CC
cracking
has
been
known
to
show
up
in
this
section.
The
first
inspection
opportunity
for
the
vessel
is
approaching.
As
the
unit
inspector,
this
vessel
is
going
to
be
opened
to
install
a
larger
vortex
breaker.
What
method
are
you
going
to
use
to
inspect
the
vessel?
A.
Visual
B.
PT
C.
WFMT
or
ACFM
D.
UT,
including
SWUT
A. Visual
Which
is
the
primary
factor
that
affects
the
likelihood
of
caustic
cracking
in
a
carbon
steel
pipe
in
caustic
service?
A.
Pipe
wall
thickness
B.
Pipe
wall
temperature
C.
Tensile
stress
resulting
from
process
pressure
D.
Inspection
interval
B. No
A
300
series
"L"
grade
vessel
was
in
rich
amine
service
for
years
before
being
retired.
After
sitting
idle
for
several
years
and
exposed
to
the
atmosphere
it
is
being
considered
to
be
reused
in
a
spent
caustic
service.
The
concentration
of
caustic
will
be
approximately
10%
and
will
contain
mercaptans
and
potentially
some
hydrocarbons.
What
is
the
maximum
temperature
for
this
vessel?
A.
100°F
(38°C)
B.
160°F
(71°C)
C.
240°F
(115°C)
D.
212°F
(100°C)
B. 160°F (71°C)
This
corrosion
mechanism
has
cracking
that
may
easily
be
mistaken
for
SSC
or
SOHIC,
however,
the
cracks
are
usually
further
from
the
toe
of
the
weld
and
have
multiple
parallel
cracks?
A.
Caustic
SCC
B.
Carbonate
Cracking
C.
CI
SCC
D.
PASCC
B. Carbonate Cracking
Amine
corrosion
in
a
refinery
system
is
caused
by
which
of
the
following?
A.
Amine
combine
with
H2O
that
produces
a
corrosive
acid
B.
Lean
amine
solutions
with
low
pH
C.
Dissolved
acid
gases
(CO2
and
H2S),
amine
degradation
products
and
containment
D.
Rich
amine
that
have
a
dissociation
constant
associated
with
addition
of
caustic
for
neutralization
C. Dissolved acid gases (CO2 and H2S), amine degradation products and containment
What
is
the
least
likely
cause
for
carbonate
stress
corrosion
cracking?
A.
The
presence
of
water
B.
CO3
concentration
dissolved
in
water
C.
Sour
water
with
pH
greater
than
7.6
D.
High
velocity
or
turbulence
An
amine
tower
is
going
to
be
steamed
out
to
get
it
gas
free.
What
special
precautions
should
be
used
to
prevent
Amine
SCC?
A.
Don't
steam
it
out
under
any
circumstance
B.
Monitor
the
temperature,
and
make
sure
that
metal
temperature
doesn't
above
140°F
(60C)
C.
Wash
the
tower
until
the
amine
concentration
is
2-‐5%
or
less
D.
Neutralize
the
tower
with
caustic
first
Caustic
injection
downstream
of
the
desalter
is
a
method
used
to
reduce
a
common
corrosive
that
is
active
in
the
crude
unit.
Which
of
the
following
corrosive
mechanism
will
be
mitigated
with
the
addition
of
caustic?
A.
Sulfuric
Acid
B.
Hydrochloric
Acid
(HCl)
C.
Naphtenic
Acid
D.
Sulfidation
B. Alloy 400
The
hydrotreater
had
two
identical
reactors
that
operated
in
parallel.
The
base
metal
in
both
is
PWHT'd
2.25Cr.
The
reactor
had
a
refractory
liner
in
them.
These
reactors
have
been
moved
into
amine
service,
and
the
liner
removed.
In
their
current
service
Reactor
"A"
operates
at
100
psi,
while
Reactor
"B"
operates
at
200
psi.
This
is
well
below
the
2,200
lbs.
design
pressure.
In
this
new
service,
they
will
operate
at
ambient
temperature.
What
is
a
critical
factor
for
these
two
vessels?
A.
Inlet
nozzle
size
B.
Welding
technique
used
in
the
cold
wall
reactors
C.
Stress
in
new
service
D.
The
duration
of
time
it
operated
in
the
prior
service
A. They are used in amine treating of hydrocarbon streams to remove H2S and CO2
What
material
should
be
used
for
high
strength
caustic
solution
when
the
metal
temperature
will
be
above
150°F
(66°C)?
A.
Alloy
400
B.
304
SS
C.
C-‐0.5Mo
D.
Refractory
A. Alloy 400
A
surplus
PWHT'd
carbon
steel
vessel
is
being
considered
to
be
used
as
a
vertical
storage
drum
for
KOH.
A
reasonable
corrosion
rate
would
be
expected
as
long
as
the
process
condition
does
not
exceed
which
of
the
following.
A.
40%
concentration
of
159°F
(70°C)
B.
50%
concentration
of
100°F
(38°C)
C.
50%
concentration
of
200°F
(96°C)
D.
40%
concentration
of
175°F
(79°C)
C. 304 SS
Which
of
the
following
is
the
greatest
contributor
to
lean
amine
corrosion?
A.
Too
much
water
in
the
amine
solution
B.
Too
high
of
a
concentration
of
amine
in
solution
C.
The
type
of
fresh
amine
D.
Impurities
(or
contaminants)
in
amine
solution
Caustic
corrosion
is
most
often
associated
with
which
of
the
following
units?
A.
Crude
units
and
FCCU
units
B.
Caustic
generators
and
regenerators
C.
Crude
units
and
waste
water
treating
units
D.
Boilers
and
steam
generating
equipment
Which
of
the
following
is
not
a
critical
factor
for
Vibration
Induced
Fatigue?
A.
Fatigue
resistance
of
the
component
B.
Amplitude
of
the
vibration
C.
Thickness
of
the
component
D.
Frequency
of
the
vibration
The
ratio
of
endurance
limit
over
the
Ultimate
Tensile
Strength
(UTS)
is
usually
about?
A.
10-‐20%
of
a
material's
ultimate
tensile
strength
B.
40-‐50%
of
a
material's
ultimate
tensile
strength
C.
10-‐20%
of
a
material's
yield
strength
D.
40-‐50%
of
a
material's
yield
strength
Which
of
the
following
is
an
example
of
dynamic
loading
due
to
vibration,
water
hammer
or
unstable
fluid
flow?
A.
Pressure
absorbers
on
hydrogen
purification
units
B.
Heat
exchanger
flows
due
to
vortex
shedding
C.
Small
diameter
piping
tat
see's
vibration
from
adjacent
equipment
and/or
wind
D.
Rotating
shafts
on
centrifugal
pumps
and
compressors
In
a
cycling
boiler,
the
first
sign
of
damage
due
to
corrosion
fatigue
is
usually
which
of
the
following?
A.
Pinhole
leak
on
the
cold
side
of
the
water
wall
tubes
at
a
buckstay
attachment
B.
A
pinhole
leak
in
the
tube
attachment
to
the
steam
drum
C.
Circumferential
weld
crack
of
attachment
weld
to
tube
to
steam
drum
D.
Galvanic
Corrosion
of
the
attachment
weld
of
the
tube
to
seam
drum
A. Pinhole leak on the cold side of the water wall tubes at a buckstay attachment
C. Once the crack begins, only a few cycles are needed for the crack to lead to failure
What
is
a
"related
mechanism"
to
Mechanical
Fatigue?
A.
Corrosion
Fatigue
B.
Vibration-‐Induced
Fatigue
C.
Thermal
Fatigue
D.
Frequency
Fatigue
B. Vibration-Induced Fatigue
The
magnitude
of
cyclic
stress
required
to
cause
a
cracking
in
Mechanical
Fatigue
is
__________
compared
to
the
cyclic
stresses
to
cause
corrosion
fatigue.
A.
Higher
B.
Lower
C.
The
same
D.
Not
enough
information
to
determine
the
correct
answer
A. Higher
The
tensile
separation
of
high-‐stressed
parts
or
equipment
in
thermal
fatigue
is
best
prevented
by
which
of
the
following?
A.
Strict
adherence
to
grain
size
impurities
B.
Design
and
operation
C.
Controlled
pressurization
sequence
D.
Utilization
of
steels
manufacture
after
the
1980's
Which
of
the
following
materials
is
the
least
susceptible
to
CI
SCC?
A.
Austenitic
Stainless
Steel
B.
Nickel
Base
Alloys
C.
Complex
Stainless
Steel
D.
Duplex
Stainless
Steel
Where
is
the
most
likely
place
for
copper
alloys
to
show
evidence
of
ammonia
SCC
in
an
exchanger
tube
bundle?
A.
The
end
of
the
tubes
in
the
tube
sheet
rolls
B.
The
area
around
the
baffles
where
the
velocity
is
the
highest
C.
The
area
immediately
around
the
splash
plates
D.
The
area
at
the
bundle
where
the
shell
side
is
the
coolest
It
is
generally
accepted
that
stresses
approaching
which
of
the
following
are
required
for
SCC
to
occur
so
that
thermal
stress
relief
is
effective
in
preventing
the
caustic
SCC.
A.
MAWP
B.
Yield
C.
Creep
D.
Critical
B. Yield
B. 141°F (60°C)
Ammonia
is
added
to
some
process
streams
for
a
specific
purpose.
Which
of
the
following
is
the
representative
of
the
purpose?
A.
Control
CO2
partial
pressure
in
stream
systems
B.
Perform
as
a
catalyst
in
specific
units
C.
Prevent
caustic
saturation
that
could
promote
Caustic
SCC
D.
Neutralize
Acids
D. Neutralize Acids
Which
of
the
following
materials
is
most
prone
to
experience
sulfate
stress
corrosion
cracking
when
operating
at
140°F
(63°C)
in
chloride
environment?
A.
Non-‐PWHT
Carbon
steel
B.
90/10
copper
nickel
C.
Admiralty
Brass
D.
Austenitic
SS
C. Admiralty Brass
A
FGE
Blend
meeting
ASTM
D
4806
water
specification
was
found
to
cause
cracking.
This
is
because
of
which
of
the
following?
A.
ASTM
D4806
does
not
regulate
the
SCC
controlling
factor
of
chloride
content
B.
Galvanic
couples
is
the
most
critical
factor
C.
Cracking
can
be
found
in
water
content
in
the
D4806
range
D.
ASTM
D4806
only
covers
high
concentration
manufacturing
equipment
and
tankage
(barges,
trucks
and
railcars)
Copper
alloys
are
susceptible
to
this
form
of
cracking
that
is
a
result
of
what
molten
metal
contacting
it?
A.
Zinc
B.
Cadmium
C.
Lead
D.
Mercury
D. Mercury
A
method
used
to
prevent
the
formation
of
Polythionic
acid
in
a
firebox
heater
is
to
do
which
of
the
following?
A.
Keep
out
the
firebox
during
the
shut
down
B.
Keep
the
firebox
heater
above
the
dew
point
C.
Minimize
the
water
egress
D.
Flush
the
equipment
with
an
alkaline
or
soda
as
solution
What
piece
of
equipment
is
most
susceptible
to
hydrogen
embitterment?
A.
A
hydroprocessing
reactor
operating
at
600°F
(315°C)
and
1000psig
B.
A
hydrotreater
operating
at
400°F
(205°C)
and
500psig
C.
A
thin
wall
heat
exchanger
channel
D.
Carbon
steel
pipe
where
welds
have
been
stress-‐relieved.
With
High
Temperature
Hydrogen
Attack,
the
inspection
method
commonly
used
in
combination
of
velocity
ratio
and
backscatter
that
has
been
the
most
successful
in
finding
cracking
is
which
of
the
following:
A.
MT
B.
UT
C.
RT
D.
EC
B. UT
To
prevent
Hydrogen
Stress
Cracking,
the
use
of
carbon
steel
with
Carbon
Equivalents
(CE)
less
that
0.43
is
recommended.
Steels
are
generally
not
susceptible
to
SSC
unless
localized
zones
of
hardness
exceed
what
number?
A.
200
B.
225
C.
235
D.
237
D. 237
What
is
the
best
NDE
inspection
method
to
use
to
determine
susceptibility
of
suspect
metal
to
Hydrogen
Stress
Cracking
–
HF?
A.
PMI
to
measure
carbon
content
B.
Do
a
hardness
test
C.
Do
an
impact
test
D.
Measure
the
Carbon
equivalents
(CE)
B. Do a hardness test
Atomic
Hydrogen
in
steel
undergoes
what
process
to
cause
possible
hydrogen
embrittlement?
A.
Atomic
Hydrogen
diffuses
through
the
steal
B.
Atomic
Hydrogen
stays
in
the
steel
and
causes
embrittlement
C.
Atomic
Hydrogen
combines
to
form
molecular
hydrogen
in
the
steel
D.
Atomic
Hydrogen
combines
with
carbides
to
form
methane
in
the
steel
C. Step like
High
temperature
hydrogen
attach
results
from
exposure
to
hydrogen
at
elevated
temperatures
and
pressures.
The
hydrogen
reacts
with
________
in
steel
to
produce________,
which
cannot
diffuse
through
the
steel.
The
loss
of
carbides
causes
an
overall
loss
in
strength
A.
Carbides,
Oxygen
B.
Alloys,
Hydrogen
dioxide
C.
Carbides,
Methane
D.
Hydrogen
dioxide,
H2S
C. Carbides, Methane
As
an
inspector,
what
preventative
method
would
you
describe
to
a
vessel
that
already
has
HIC
damage?
A.
Install
a
400
series
Stainless
Steel
liner
B.
Lower
the
operating
temperature
to
insure
dew
point
C.
Document
weld
hardness
for
future
inspection
to
determine
degradation
rates.
D.
Apply
an
effective
coating
What
does
the
time
to
failure
by
SSC
do
as
material
strength,
applied
tensile
stress,
and
environmental
charging
potential
increase?
A.
Increases
B.
Decrease
C.
SSC
failure
time
is
not
dependent
on
these
variables
D.
Hardness
and
tensile
stress
(applied
or
residual)
B. Decrease
SSC
is
defined
as
cracking
of
metal
under
the
combined
action
of
what
two
variables?
A.
Temperature
and
H2S
concentration
B.
Corrosion
and
tensile
stress
C.
Temperature
and
system
pH
D.
Hardness
and
tensile
stress
(applied
or
residual)
Which
of
the
following
wet
H2S
damage
mechanism
develop
without
applied
or
residual
stress,
so
that
PWHT
will
not
prevent
them
from
occurring?
A.
Blistering
and
HIC
B.
SOHIC
and
SSC
C.
Blistering
and
SOHIC
D.
HIC
and
SOHIC
When
inspection
the
internals
of
a
vessel
that
is
in
Wet
H2S
service,
what
areas
should
generally
be
focused
on?
A.
External
repad
locations
B.
Weld
seams
and
nozzles
C.
Wetted
areas
D.
Vapor
areas
D. 300°F (150°C)
Which
of
the
following
is
a
related
mechanism
to
SSC"
A.
Hydrogen
embrittlement
B.
High
Temperature
Hydrogen
Attack
C.
Hydrogen
Stress
Cracking
D.
Ammonia
Stress
Cracking
of
carbon
steel
Ammonia
Stress
corrosion
cracking
of
copper
alloys
requires
the
pH
to
be
which
of
the
following.
A.
Above
7.0
B.
Above
8.0
C.
The
solution
pH
is
not
a
Critical
Factor
D.
The
pH
is
dependent
on
the
oxygen
content
B. Above 8.0
Caustic
corrosion
is
most
often
associated
with
which
unit
listed.
A.
Waste
water
treatment
facilities
B.
Crude
unit
C.
Coker
unit
D.
Boilers
and
steam
generating
equipment
Mercury
that
has
entered
the
refinery
with
the
crude
is
going
to
show
up
(accumulate)
in
what
physical
location?
A.
In
the
desalter
bottoms
B.
In
the
atmospheric
tower
bottoms
C.
In
the
atmospheric
tower
overhead
system
D.
On
the
FCCU
Catalyst
Ammonium
chloride
(NH4CI)
salt
deposits
and
ammonium
chloride
corrosion
can
be
a
major
problem
due
to
the
extremely
high
corrosion
rate
when
they
are
wetted.
What
area
would
be
at
the
highest
risk
for
ammonium
chloride
salts?
A.
Sour
Water
strippers
feed
streams
B.
Cool
dead
legs
of
HF
Alkalization
unit
C.
Mixing
hot
steam
containing
ammonia
with
cool
streams
containing
HCI
D.
Heating
of
hydrocarbon
with
entrained
water
containing
dissolved
salts
C. Mixing hot steam containing ammonia with cool streams containing HCI
A. Lowering the temperature of the Hydroprocessor Reactor Effluent, vapor phase containing ammonium,
hydrogen sulfide and water vapor.
What
material
is
most
affected
by
ammonium
bisulfide
(NH4HS)
corrosion?
A.
CrNi
Alloys
B.
Ni
base
Alloys
C.
300
Series
SS
D.
PWHT'd
carbon
steel
In
a
refinery,
what
is
the
first
defense
to
mitigate
HCI
corrosion?
A.
More
effective
desalting
B.
Raising
the
temperature
of
at
least
20°F
(-‐6.6°C)
above
the
water
condensation
temperature
C.
Raising
the
pH
of
an
aqueous
HCI
solution
D.
Replacing
a
corroded
Carbon
Steel
line
by
316
SS
Which
of
the
following
is
the
best
answer
for
what
can
be
the
leading
to
the
formation
of
ammonium
chloride
(NH4CI)
salts.
A.
Lowering
the
temperature
of
the
vapor
phase
of
a
Hydrotreater
reactor
outlet
containing
ammonia
and
hydrogen
chloride
B.
Raising
the
temperature
of
the
vapor
phase
of
a
Hydrotreater
reactor
outlet
containing
ammonia
and
hydrogen
chloride
C.
Raising
the
pH
of
an
aqueous
HCI
solutions
D.
Replacing
a
corroded
carbon
steel
line
with
316SS
A. Lowering the temperature of the vapor phase of a Hydrotreater reactor outlet containing ammonia and
hydrogen chloride
Which
of
the
following
refinery
units
is
typically
the
first
unit
in
the
refinery
affected
by
HCI
corrosion?
A.
Crude
Unit
B.
Cat
(FCCU)
Unit
C.
Hydroprocessing
Unit
D.
Catalytic
Reforming
Unit
A. Crude Unit
Which
of
the
following
units
/
equipment
pieces
is
not
affected
by
ammonium
bisulfide
(NH4HS)
corrosion?
A.
Crude
unit
piping
from
the
heater
to
the
vacuum
tower
B.
Sour
Water
stripper
(SWS)
overhead
piping,
condensers,
accumulator
and
reflux
piping
C.
Amine
units
re-‐generator
overhead
condensers
and
reflux
piping
D.
Hydrotreater
aire
effluent
air
coolers
downstream
of
the
reactor
What
maximum
concentration
of
ammonium
bisulfide
NH4HS
can
you
have
with
carbon
steel
before
you
typically
get
concerned
about
ammonium
bisulfide
corrosion?
A.
1%
B.
2%
C.
4%
D.
5%
B. 2%
What
is
the
typical
length
of
time
for
a
coke
drum
on
a
DCU?
A.
1
hour
B.
10
hours
C.
1
Day
D.
10
Days
C. 1 Day
When
evaluating
the
water
chemistry
what
is
the
desired
pH
of
the
condensate
(Water)
that
condensed
in
the
frcationator
at
the
DCU?
A.
1.0
to
2.0
B.
4.0
to
5.0
C.
6.0
to
7.0
D.
9.0
to
10.0
C. 6.0 to 7.0
In
many
refinery
units,
water
and
H2S
combine
to
form
which
of
the
following
corrosive
agents?
A.
Wet
H2S
B.
Sulfuric
Acid
C.
Sodium
Hydroxide
D.
Sulfur
Naphtha
Acid
A. Wet H2S
Which
of
the
following
is
a
major
component
in
desalter
efficiency?
A.
Crude
oil
sulfur
content
B.
Desalter
water
addition
C.
Chemical
supplier
demulsiffier
D.
Desalter
water
preheat
temperature
A
neutralizer
injected
into
the
Crude
Unit
Atmospheric
Overhead
Condenser
system,
is
injected
for
the
purpose
of
neutralizing
what
type
of
acid
A.
Hydrochloric
B.
Sulfuric
C.
Hydrofluoric
D.
H2S
A. Hydrochloric
Where
in
a
refinery
would
you
least
expect
Naphthenic
Acid
Corrosion?
A.
Vacuum
furnace
transfer
line
B.
Crude
furnace
C.
Downstream
of
a
Hydrotreater
Reactor
D.
Vacuum
tower
internals
To
prevent
HF
acid
corrosion
some
users
limit
the
total
Residual
Element
(RE)
content.
What
elements
comprise
the
RE
calculation?
A.
Mo,
Ti,
Ni
&
Cr
B.
Cu,
Ni,
Cr
&
C
C.
Ni,
Cr,
Ti
&
C
D.
Cr,
C
Ni
&
Mo
Naphtenic
acid
is
_______
by
catalytic
reaction
in
downstream
hydroprocessing
and
FCC
units
A.
Enhanced
B.
Destroyed
C.
Concentrated
D.
Diluted
B. Destroyed
Napthenic
acid
corrosion
is
most
severe
in
_____
flow;
in
areas
of
high
velocity
or
turbulence
and
in
distillation
towers
where
hot
vapors
condense
to
form
liquid
phase
droplets.
A.
Single
Phase
B.
Two
Phase
C.
Three
Phase
D.
Negative
Phase
B. Two Phase
In
HF
service,
carbon
steel
forms
a
protective
fluoride
scale
in
dry
concentrated
acid.
Loss
of
the
protective
scale
through
high
_____
or
turbulence
will
result
in
greatly
accelerated
corrosion
rates.
A.
Temperature
B.
Pressure
C.
Velocities
D.
None
of
the
above
C. Velocities
In
HF
service,
CS
operating
above
_____
should
be
closely
monitored
for
loss
in
thickness
and
may
need
to
be
upgraded
to
Alloy
400.
A.
150°F
(65°C)
B.
175°F
(79°C)
C.
160°F
(71°C)
D.
200°F
(93°C)
A. 150°F (65°C)
Alloys
with
increased
amounts
of
______
show
improved
resistance
to
napthtenic
acid
corrosion.
A.
Chromium
B.
Molybdenum
C.
Nickel
D.
Carbon
B. Molybdenum
In
HF
service,
CS
forms
a
protective
_____
scale
in
dry
concentrated
acid.
Loss
of
the
protective
scale
through
high
velocities
or
turbulence
will
result
in
greatly
accelerated
corrosion
rates.
A.Chloride
B.
Fluoride
C.
Iron
Sulfide
D,
Iron
Oxide
B. Fluoride
With
sour
water
corrosion,
streams
with
a
pH
below
____
indicate
the
presence
of
a
strong
acid.
A.
7
B.
5.5
C.
6
D.
4.5
D. 4.5
With
sour
water
corrosion,
corrosion
increases
with
____
NH4HS
concentration
and
_____
velocity.
A.
Increasing,
Decreasing
B.
Increasing,
Increasing
C.
Decreasing,
Decreasing
D.
Decreasing,
Increasing
B. Increasing, Increasing
Which
of
the
follow
materials
is
most
resistant
to
hot
concentrated
Phosphoric
Acid?
A.
304L
SS
B.
Alloy
20
C.
Carbon
Steel
D.
316L
SS
B. Alloy 20
B. Low Velocity