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Colgate MM
Colgate MM
1806-1900
1901-1930
1931-1960
1961-1990
1991-Present
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1806
William Colgate starts a starch, soap and candle business on Dutch Street in New York City.
1817
First Colgate advertisement appears in a New York newspaper.
1820
Colgate establishes a starch factory in Jersey City, New Jersey.
1857
Upon the death of founder William Colgate, the company is reorganized as Colgate & Company
under the management of Samuel Colgate, his son.
1864
B.J. Johnson opens a soap factory in Milwaukee, WI, which later becomes the Palmolive
Company.
1866
Colgate introduces perfumed soap and perfumes/essences.
1872
Peet Brothers establish soap company in Kansas City, Kansas where they make Crystal White
soap.
Cashmere Bouquet, the first milled perfumed toilet soap, is registered as a Colgate trademark.
1873
Colgate introduces toothpaste in jars.
1879
Gerhard Mennen establishes a pharmacy in Newark, NJ, later becoming the Mennen Company.
1896
Colgate introduces toothpaste in a collapsible tube.
1898
B.J. Johnson Soap Co. introduces Palmolive Soap.
Today, the Palmolive equity is sold in over 88 countries in 54 variants.
1900
Colgate wins top honors for its fine soaps and perfumes at the World’s Fair in Paris.
1806: Colgate on Dutch Street
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• 1806: Colgate on Dutch Street
• 1817: First Colgate newpaper ad
• 1866: Colgate soap, perfumes and essences
• 1872: Cashmere Bouquet perfumed toilet soap
• 1873: Colgate aromatic toothpaste in jars
• 1896: Colgate dental cream
• 1898: Palmolive floating soap
Colgate, William
(1783-1857)
Colgate–Palmolive Company
Overview
William Colgate, founder of what is now the Colgate–Palmolive Company, revolutionized the
American household products industry by discovering new methods for making and selling soap.
Colgate–Palmolive Company is a household name and the leading seller of toothpaste in the
country. The company also makes personal care products, including shampoo, soap, deodorants,
household cleaning products, bleach, and liquid surface cleaners and boasts brands such as
dishwashing soap Palmolive and Ajax cleaner, which are brand leaders. Colgate also
incorporates a premium pet food division, Hill, which produces the leading Science Diet brand.
The company posted $9.3 billion in sales in 2000 and employed more than 38,000 employees.
Personal Life
Colgate was born January 25, 1783, in Hollingsbourne parish, Kent, England, to Robert Colgate,
a gentleman farmer, and Sarah Bowles. The family immigrated to the United States in 1795.
Colgate married Mary Gilbert in 1811, and the couple had sons Samuel, Robert, and James
Boorman. Colgate was a devout Baptist from 1808 on and donated a tenth of his earnings to
support missionary work and education. He donated generously to such organizations as the
Hamilton Literary and Theological Seminary in Hamilton, New York , which, by 1846, owed
half its property to donations by Colgate and his company. The seminary had since become
Madison University and was renamed Colgate University in his honor in 1890. Colgate helped
organize the American Bible Society in 1816 with the aim of providing Bibles for every
household in America. He also assisted in founding the American Baptist Home Mission Society
in 1832, to spread the Gospel throughout North America; the American and Foreign Bible
Society, serving as the organization's treasurer for thirteen years; and the American Bible Union
in 1850, which offered its Revised Version of the Bible that emphasized Baptist beliefs. Colgate
died in New York City , New York, in 1857. He withdrew from the Baptist church in 1838 and
aided in the organization of a society which built the Tabernacle.
At the age of twelve, Colgate's family immigrated to the United States in order for his father,
who spoke out against King George III in support of the French Revolution, to avoid charges of
treason. They settled in an estate in Hartford County, Maryland, near Baltimore. They lost the
house two years later after a discovery that they did not have clear title to the estate. The family
then moved to Randolph County, West Virginia, where his father worked at farming and coal
mining. His prospects dim, Robert Colgate moved the family back to Baltimore where he and
William partnered with soap and candle maker Robert Mather. William was sparsely educated in
England as well as in America and became a tallow chandler at age fifteen, which involved
making candles using animal fat, in 1798. The Colgates' partnership with Mather did not last
long and ended two years later but steered young William into what would become a very
successful career.
After the break–up with Mather, the Colgate family moved again, to Ossining, New York, but
William stayed behind in Baltimore, opening his own soap and candle shop. At that time in
America, most people made their own soap by boiling a mixture of ash and tallow or fat. The
soap was crude and harsh on the skin. Unlike in France and England, commercially–made soap
in America at that time was little better, as the scientific process of converting a fat to soap
through alkali was little known. Colgate realized there was a need for inexpensive, quality soap
that could be mass produced. In 1803, Colgate closed the doors on his business and headed to
New York where he joined John Slidell & company, a soap and candle manufacturer. Colgate,
who began as a candle maker with the company, worked his way up to business manager.
Career Details
Colgate left Slidell in 1806 to found his own business, William Colgate & Company, on Dutch
Street in New York City. To help with costs, Colgate was a one–person act in the business, doing
all the manufacturing, buying, selling, delivering, and accounting. He began by selling mainly
laundry soap but then began making hand soaps as well. He promoted sales by offering free
delivery of his lime and tallow soap mixtures to local housewives. He sold an interest in the
company to Francis Smith, who became his partner, in 1807. The 1807 and 1809 passage of the
Embargo and Non–Intercourse Acts, respectively, aided the fledgling company by barring most
competing European imports from vying with their soap market. From the profits of his growing
business, Colgate bought a farm in Delaware County, New York. By 1812 he had amassed
$5,000 and considered himself wealthy.
Soap itself was not new but had been produced by people since biblical times, and tallow soap
had been made since around the eighth century. Soapmaking, however, even in Colgate's time
was hard work. Water had to be boiled in large kettles, and the mixture had to be stirred by hand.
Large chunks of soap were produced by this method, which then had to be cut with a knife into
smaller pieces. The soaps of the time were harsh and often had a pungent odor. Colgate found a
way to produce a better grade of soap, however, through saponification, which allowed the
production of a variety of soaps and glycerin from combining tallow and oils.
Chronology: William Colgate
1783: Born.
1795: Came to the U.S.
1806: Founded William Colgate & Company.
1811: Married wife Mary Gilbert.
1817: Became New York's leading soapmaker.
1817: First Colgate ad appeared in a New York newspaper.
1838: Renamed business Colgate & Company.
1845: Constructed largest soap–boiling pan in existence.
1847: Moved operations to a plant in New Jersey.
1857: Died.
Over the next four years Colgate's company was steadily producing better quality soap that was
affordable, and by 1817, he had grown to become the leading soapmaker in New York as well as
a viable competitor abroad. His first advertisement ran that year in a New York newspaper
offering "Soap, Mould & Dipt Candles." In 1820 he began manufacturing starch with his
brother–in–law John Gilbert. For a time, he had the one of the country's largest starch factories
before he later abandoned starch making altogether. Colgate then hit on a way to broaden his
market and improve sales: scented soaps. The scented products Colgate formulated caught on
and prompted the 1845 creation of what was dubbed "Colgate's Folly," a 43,000–pound capacity
soap–boiling pan which several guessed to be the largest of its kind. Critics thought the
construction of the pan would sink the company, but by 1847 Colgate was expanding his
business even further by moving his company to a bigger, better–equipped plant in Jersey City,
New Jersey, and formulating a line of premium hand soaps in 1850. His son Samuel also joined
the company, which was renamed Colgate & Co. He remained a vital part of his company until
1856 and died in New York City on March 25, 1857.
Colgate, who has been described as an exceptionally good–natured, generous, and honest man,
enjoyed a prosperous business during his entire career with Colgate & Co., which continued even
after his death as the business continued to be successfully guided by his sons. Six years after
Colgate's death, the company began manufacturing Cashmere Bouquet, the first milled perfume
toilet soap to be registered as a trademark. In 1873 the company produced its first toothpaste,
which was sold in jars. They revolutionized the product in 1896, when they introduced
toothpaste packaged in a collapsible tube, much like modern toothpaste.
Colgate rival B. J. Johnson Soap Company, founded in 1864 and located in Milwaukee,
Wisconsin, was about to become part of Colgate's destiny. In 1898 the company debuted
Palmolive soap, a product that was selling so well, that B. J. Johnson decided to rename the
company the Palmolive Company in 1916. The company merged with Palmolive–Peet Company
in 1928 to become Colgate–Palmolive Company, which it remains to this day.
By its 100th anniversary, Colgate & Co. offered more than 3,000 different soaps, dental care
products, 625 varieties of perfumes, and related products. In 1906 the company launched a plant
expansion at its Jersey City site, and a new eight–story factory was opened on the site. A few
years later, in 1910, the entire Colgate operation moved from the original site on Dutch and John
streets into Jersey City. The first renowned Colgate clock was installed in 1908 on the roof of
one of Colgate's factories in Jersey City. It was 37 feet in diameter and spanned an area of 1,104
square feet. The original Colgate clock, which became a landmark on the New Jersey
Waterfront, was moved in 1924 to a new Colgate factory in Jeffersonville, Indiana, and replaced
with another, larger clock. The new octagon shaped clock measured 1,963.5 square feet with a
25–foot–10–inch–long minute hand and a 20–foot–long hour hand. The timepiece is still one of
the largest single–faced clocks in the world.
All three of Colgate's sons followed their father's path of success, albeit in different areas. His
son Samuel continued running the family business and vastly expanded it during his period of
leadership. His son Robert went on to head the Atlantic White Lead Works in Brooklyn, New
York, and his son James Boorman founded the banking firm of J. B. Colgate & Co. on Wall
Street in New York City.
Sources of Information
Bibliography
American Business Leaders From Colonial Times to the Present. ABC–CLIO, 1999.
American National Biography. Vol. 5., Oxford University Press, 1999.
Colgate–Palmolive Company. Available at http://www.colgate.com.
"Colgate–Palmolive Company." Hoover's, 2001. Available at http://www.hoovers.com.
"Colgate–Palmolive: Tour—When It Happened" Colgate–Palmolive Company, 2001. Available
at http://www.colgate.com.
"History." Colgate–Palmolive Company, November 2001. Available at http://www.colgate.com.
The National Cyclopedia of American Biography. Vol. 8., James T. White & Company, 1906.
Who Was Who in America. Vol. 1., Marquis Who's Who.
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Colgate, William
Copyright © 2002 by
William Colgate
Born: 25-Jan-1783
Birthplace: Hollingbourn, Kent, England
Died: 25-Jan-1857
Location of death: New York City
Cause of death: unspecified
Remains: Buried, Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, NY
Gender: Male
Religion: Baptist
Race or Ethnicity: White
Sexual orientation: Straight
Occupation: Business, Philanthropist
Nationality: United States
Executive summary: Toothpaste empirebuilder
William Colgate came to America with his family when he was a teenager, and settled in
Baltimore, where he worked as an apprentice to a soap-boiler. Eventually relocating to New
York City, he worked as a candlemaker, and in 1806 he went into business for himself, selling
soap, candles, and starch. After several years of financial struggle, William Colgate & Company
prospered in the 1820s selling Windsor toilet soaps and Pearl starch. Thirteen years after his
death in 1857, the company began selling toothpaste, and in 1893 it introduced toothpaste in a
tube.
Colgate was a Baptist deacon, and one of the founders and principle underwriters of the Baptist
Education Society of the State of New York, which, after his death, was renamed Colgate
University in his honor. His son, Samuel Colgate, succeeded him as President of Colgate &
Company, and his grandson, Gilbert Colgate, won the Bronze Medal in the bobsled competition
at the 1936 Olympics.
Father: Robert Colgate (farmer, d. 1805)
Mother: Sarah Bowles Colgate (m. 1740, d. 1840)
Brother: Bowles Colgate
Sister: Maria Colgate
Wife: Mary Gilbert Colgate (m. 1811)
Son: Samuel Colgate (President of Colgate & Company, b. 1822, d. 1898)
Son: Robert Colgate (b. 1812, d. 1885)
Son: James Boorman Colgate (banker, b. 1818, d. 1897)
Colgate-Palmolive Founder & President (1806-1857)
Naturalized US Citizen
English Ancestry
Official Website:
http://www.colgate.com/
Colgate-Palmolive Company
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Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Beginnings
In 1806, when the company was founded by 23-year-old William Colgate, it concentrated
exclusively on selling starch, soap, and candles from its New York City-based factory and shop.
Upon entering his second year of business, Colgate became partners with Francis Smith, and the
company became Smith and Colgate, a name it kept until 1812 when Colgate purchased Smith's
share of the company and offered a partnership to his brother, Bowles Colgate. Now called
William Colgate and Company, the firm expanded its manufacturing operations to a Jersey City,
New Jersey, factory in 1820; this factory produced Colgate's two major products, Windsor toilet
soaps and Pearl starch.
Upon its founder's death in 1857, the firm changed its name to Colgate & Company and was run
by President Samuel Colgate until his death 40 years later. During his tenure several new
products were developed, including perfumes, essences, and perfumed soap. The manufacture of
starch was discontinued in 1866 after a fire destroyed the factory.
In 1873 Colgate began selling toothpaste in a jar, followed 23 years later by the introduction of
Colgate Ribbon Dental Cream, in the now familiar collapsible tube. By 1906 the company was
also producing several varieties of laundry soap, toilet paper, and perfumes. Colgate & Company
shifted its headquarters to Jersey City in 1910.
While the Colgate family managed its manufacturing operations on the East Coast, soap factories
were also opened in 1864 by B.J. Johnson in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (under the name B.J.
Johnson Soap Company), and in 1872 by the three Peet brothers in Kansas City, Kansas. In 1898
Johnson's company introduced Palmolive soap, which soon became the best-selling soap in the
world and led the firm to change its name to the Palmolive Company in 1916. The Peets, who
sold laundry soap mainly in the Midwest and western states, merged their company (Peet
Brothers) with Palmolive in 1926, forming Palmolive-Peet Company. Two years later that firm
joined with Colgate & Company to form Colgate-Palmolive-Peet Company, with headquarters in
Jersey City. Palmolive-Peet's management initially assumed control of the combined
organization.
On October 25, 1929, management signed an agreement to merge the company with Kraft
Phenix Cheese Corporation (forerunner of Kraft Foods) and Hershey Chocolate Company. The
three companies would continue to operate independently, but they would become subsidiaries
of a holding company slated to be called International Quality Products Corporation. Just four
days after the deal was signed, however, the stock market crashed, forcing the huge
amalgamation to be scuttled. In the wake of the crash, the Colgate family regained control of
Colgate-Palmolive-Peet and installed Bayard Colgate as president in 1933.
International Expansion
Colgate & Company had been a pioneer in establishing international operations, creating a
Canadian subsidiary in 1913 and one in France in 1920. In the early 1920s the firm expanded
into Australia, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Mexico. Colgate or its successor firm next
created subsidiaries in the Philippines, Brazil, Argentina, and South Africa in the late 1920s. In
1937 the company moved into India and by the end of the 1940s had operations in most of South
America. By 1939 Colgate-Palmolive-Peet's sales hit $100 million.
In the 1940s and 1950s the company also built upon its strategy of growth by acquisition, buying
up a number of smaller consumer product companies. Organic growth remained on the agenda as
well, and in 1947 the company introduced two of its best-known products, Fab detergent and
Ajax cleanser. These acquisitions and new products, however, did little to close the gap between
Colgate and its arch-rival, the Procter & Gamble Company, a firm that had been formed in the
1830s and had by now assumed a commanding lead over Colgate in selling detergent products in
the United States. Meanwhile, the firm adopted its present name in 1953 and moved its offices
for domestic and international operations to New York City in 1956.
In 1960 George H. Lesch was appointed Colgate's president in the hopes that his international
experience would produce similar success in the domestic market. Under his leadership, the
company embarked upon an extensive new product development program that created such
brands as Cold Power laundry detergent, Palmolive dishwashing liquid, and Ultra Brite
toothpaste. In an attempt to expand beyond these traditional, highly competitive businesses into
new growth areas, Colgate also successfully introduced a new food wrap called Baggies in 1963.
As a result of these product launches, the company's sales grew between 8 and 9 percent every
year throughout the 1960s. Sales topped the $1 billion mark in 1967.
Lesch assumed the chairmanship of Colgate, and David Foster became president in 1970 and
CEO in 1971. Foster was the son of the founder of Colgate-Palmolive's U.K. operations. He
joined the company in 1946 as a management trainee and rose through the sales and marketing
ranks both in the United States and overseas.
Key Dates:
1806:
1857:
1873:
1896:
1898:
1910:
1926:
1928:
1953:
1956:
1966:
1967:
1968:
1976:
1987:
1992:
1995:
1997:
2004:
Company acquires European oral care firm GABA Holding AG; major
restructuring is launched.
Turnaround Under Reuben Mark, Mid- to Late 1980s
In 1983 Crane relinquished the title of president to Reuben Mark, one of the company's three
executive vice-presidents and a member of Crane's management advisory team. Mark also
assumed the position of chief operating officer at that time; one year later he succeeded Crane as
CEO. Mark built upon his predecessor's restructuring efforts in an attempt to increase profits and
shareholder value. Between 1984 and 1986 several inefficient plants were closed, hundreds of
employees laid off, and noncore businesses sold, including the remnants of the Riviana Foods
acquisition, except for the Hill's Pet Products subsidiary.
In an attempt to refocus the company's marketing and profitability, Mark developed a set of
corporate initiatives intended to address business areas ranging from production-cost reduction to
new product development, with a heavy emphasis on motivating employees and involving them
in company decision-making. In response to the implementation of these ideas, the company's
U.S. toothpaste business enjoyed a boost with first-to-the-market introductions of a gel
toothpaste and a pump-type dispenser bearing the Colgate brand name. Similar U.S. market share
gains were earned by new and improved versions of its Palmolive and Dynamo detergents and
Ajax cleaner. Palmolive automatic dishwashing liquid debuted in 1986.
With the company's turnaround firmly underway, business units managed by key executives
were formed to develop plans for the company's major product categories. The purpose of each
plan was to identify how products under development could be best introduced in domestic and
international markets. Two years into this strategic reorganization, coinciding with Mark's
appointment as chairman in 1986, Colgate confronted an embarrassing controversy.
Since the early 1920s Hawley & Hazel Chemical Company had marketed a product called
Darkie Black and White Toothpaste in the Far East. Colgate had acquired a 50 percent interest in
this company in 1985. The following year, the Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility, a
coalition of Protestant and Roman Catholic groups, demanded that Colgate change what it
deemed to be the product's racially offensive name and packaging, which depicted a likeness of
Al Jolson in blackface. The company acknowledged the criticism and agreed to make the
necessary changes.
Colgate also continued to seek out growth areas in its personal care product and detergent
businesses. In 1987 it acquired a line of liquid soap products (including the Softsoap brand) from
Minnetonka Corporation, the first transaction the company had made in the personal care area in
several years. Building upon its success in launching an automatic dishwashing detergent in
liquid form ahead of its competitors, the company also beat Procter & Gamble to the market with
a laundry detergent packaged in a throw-in pouch called Fab 1 Shot, although this product failed
to sustain consumer interest or reach sales expectations over the long term.
Buoyed by product development breakthroughs and a renewed commitment to consumer
products marketing, Colgate sold its Kendall subsidiary and related healthcare businesses in
1988 to Clayton & Dubilier. The sale enabled Colgate to retire some debt, sharpen its focus on
its global consumer products businesses, and invest in new product categories. Moreover, Mark's
global approach enabled the company to maintain its overall profitability despite not having a
leadership position in the United States. Although Colgate lagged behind Procter & Gamble in
the toothpaste category, for example, it held a commanding 40 percent share of the toothpaste
market worldwide.
Mark's strategy appeared to pay off handsomely. By the end of the third quarter of 1989
Colgate's international operations performed strongly while the profitability of its U.S.
operations rose, due mostly to manufacturing-cost economies and greater control over
promotional and sales expenses. Not yet ready to concede the U.S. market for personal care
products to Procter & Gamble, though, Colgate acquired Vipont Pharmaceutical, a manufacturer
of oral-hygiene products, toward the end of that year. Vipont's products, several of which
Colgate had already been marketing overseas, enabled Colgate to strengthen the market position
it had recently established with the introduction of a new tartar-control formula toothpaste.
Principal Subsidiaries
Colgate Flavors and Fragrances, Inc.; Colgate (Guangzhou) Co. Ltd. (China); Colgate Oral
Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Colgate-Palmolive (America), Inc.; Colgate-Palmolive (Asia) Pte. Ltd.
(Singapore); Colgate-Palmolive Argentina S.A.; Colgate-Palmolive A/S (Denmark); Colgate-
Palmolive Belgium S.A./N.V.; Colgate-Palmolive Beteiligungsgesellschaft mbH (Germany);
Colgate-Palmolive Canada, Inc.; Colgate-Palmolive (Central America), Inc.; Colgate-Palmolive
(Centro America) S.A. (Guatemala); Colgate-Palmolive Chile S.A.; Colgate-Palmolive Cia.;
Colgate-Palmolive (Hellas) S.A.I.C. (Greece); Colgate-Palmolive Compania Anonima
(Venezuela); Colgate-Palmolive Company, Distr. (Puerto Rico); Colgate-Palmolive del Ecuador
S.A.I.C.; Colgate-Palmolive de Puerto Rico, Inc.; Colgate-Palmolive Deutschland Holding
GmbH (Germany); Colgate-Palmolive (Dominican Republic), Inc.; Colgate-Palmolive (Eastern)
Pte. Ltd. (Singapore); Colgate-Palmolive España, S.A./N.V. (Spain); Colgate-Palmolive Europe
S.A. (Belgium); Colgate-Palmolive Europe Sarl (Switzerland); Colgate-Palmolive G.m.b.H.
(Germany); Colgate-Palmolive (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd. (China); Colgate-Palmolive (H.K.) Ltd.
(Hong Kong); Colgate-Palmolive Holding Inc.; Colgate-Palmolive Holdings (UK) Limited;
Colgate-Palmolive Holding S. Com. p.a. (Spain); Colgate-Palmolive Inc. S.A. (Uruguay);
Colgate-Palmolive (India) Limited; Colgate-Palmolive Industria e Comercio Ltda. (Brazil);
Colgate-Palmolive Industrial Unipessoal, Lda. (Portugal); Colgate-Palmolive International LLC;
Colgate-Palmolive Investments, Inc.; Colgate-Palmolive Ltd. (New Zealand); Colgate-Palmolive
(Malaysia) Sdn Bhd; Colgate-Palmolive (Marketing) Sdn Bhd (Malaysia); Colgate-Palmolive
Nederland BV (Netherlands); Colgate-Palmolive Norge A/S (Norway); Colgate-Palmolive
Philippines, Inc.; Colgate-Palmolive (Poland) Sp. z 0.0.; Colgate-Palmolive Pty Limited
(Australia); Colgate-Palmolive (Pty) Limited (South Africa); Colgate-Palmolive Services, S.A.
(France); Colgate-Palmolive, S.A. de C.V. (Mexico); Colgate-Palmolive S.p.A. (Italy); Colgate-
Palmolive Temizlik Urunleri Sanayi ve Ticaret, A.S. (Turkey); Colgate-Palmolive (Thailand)
Ltd.; Colgate Sanxiao Company Limited (China); Cotelle S.A. (France); CPIF Venture, Inc.;
GABA Holdings Delaware, LLC; GABA Holding A.G. (Switzerland); Hawley & Hazel
Chemical Company (HK) Limited (Hong Kong); Hawley & Hazel Chemical Company
(Zhongshou) Limited (China); Hawley & Hazel Chemical (Taiwan) Corporation Ltd.; Hill's Pet
Nutrition, Inc.; Hill's Pet Nutrition Indiana, Inc.; Hill's Pet Nutrition Limited (U.K.); Hill's Pet
Nutrition Sales, Inc.; Hill's Pet Nutrition Manufacturing, B.V. (Netherlands); Hill's Pet Nutrition
SNC (France); Hill's Pet Products, Inc.; Hill's-Colgate (Japan) Ltd.; Inmobiliara Hills, S.A. de
C.V. (Mexico); Kolynos Corporation; Mission Hills, S.A. de C.V. (Mexico); Norwood
International Incorporated; Softsoap Enterprises, Inc.
Principal Competitors
The Procter & Gamble Company; Unilever; The Clorox Company; S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc.;
The Gillette Company; Johnson & Johnson; Alberto-Culver Company; Reckitt Benckiser plc;
Sara Lee Corporation; Church & Dwight Co., Inc.; The Dial Corporation.
Further Reading
Abelson, Alan, "Colgate-Palmolive: Overseas Markets Have Put New Sparkle in a Century-Old
Concern," Barron's, November 25, 1957, pp. 15+.
Behar, Richard, "Colgate's Challenge," Forbes, October 3, 1988, pp. 39+.
Byrne, John A., "Becalmed," Forbes, December 20, 1982, pp. 48+.
Campanella, Frank W., "Soap to Nuts: Colgate-Palmolive Is Steadily Broadening Its Product
Mix," Barron's, February 23, 1976, pp. 9+.
"Colgate's Outlook Glows on Rapid Gains Overseas," Barron's, January 4, 1960, pp. 20+.
"Colgate: Time to Brush Up That Bottom Line," Business Week, November 11, 1985, pp. 134+.
Dash, Eric, "Colgate to Cut Jobs and Use Savings to Spur Sales," New York Times, December 8,
2004, p. C1.
Doherty, Jacqueline, "Colgate Squeezed: But Future Looks Brighter," Barron's, September 27,
2004, p. 14.
——, "Colgate's Revenge: After Ceding Market Share to P&G, the Toothpaste Titan Is Brushing
Up Its Defenses," Barron's, April 19, 2004, pp. 19–20.
——, "Fighting Profit Decay," Barron's, April 9, 2001, pp. 17–18.
Ellison, Sarah, "Colgate's Fight for Market Share Will Likely Erode Profit," Wall Street Journal,
December 13, 2004, p. C1.
——, "Colgate to Cut 12% of Work Force and Close a Third of Its Factories," Wall Street
Journal, December 8, 2004, p. A3.
——, "New Task for Colgate CEO: Grooming His Replacement," Wall Street Journal, July 12,
2004, p. B1.
Foster, David R., The Story of Colgate-Palmolive: One Hundred and Sixty-Nine Years of
Progress, New York: Newcomen Society in North America, 1975, 40 p.
Grant, Linda, "Outmarketing P&G," Fortune, January 12, 1998, p. 150.
Hager, Bruce, "Can Colgate Import Its Success from Overseas?," Business Week, May 7, 1990,
pp. 114, 116.
——, "Colgate: Oh What a Difference a Year Can Make," Business Week, March 23, 1992, pp.
90–91.
Kindel, Stephen, "The Bundle Book: At Reuben Mark's Colgate, Attention to Small Details
Creates Large Profits," Financial World, January 5, 1993, pp. 34–35.
Menzies, Hugh D., "The Changing of the Guard at Colgate," Fortune, September 24, 1979, p. 92.
Morgenson, Gretchen, "Is Efficiency Enough?," Forbes, March 18, 1991, pp. 108–09.
Nayyar, Seema, "Colgate Buys Its Way Back into the Game," Adweek, February 17, 1992.
O'Connell, Vanessa, and Bill Platt, "Colgate to Acquire GABA in Europe," Wall Street Journal,
December 19, 2003, p. B4.
Ono, Yumiko, "Colgate Slates Cuts in Jobs and a Charge," Wall Street Journal, September 21,
1995, p. A3.
Parker-Pope, Tara, "Colgate Places a Huge Bet on a Germ-Fighter," Wall Street Journal,
December 29, 1997, p. B1.
——, "Colgate Puts Lois Juliber in Line for Top," Wall Street Journal, January 20, 1997, p. B1.
Rudnitsky, Howard, "Making His Mark," Forbes, September 26, 1994, pp. 47–48.
Sasseen, Jane A., and Zachary Schiller, "For Colgate-Palmolive, It's Time for Trench Warfare,"
Business Week, September 19, 1994, pp. 56–57.
Schwartz, Nelson D., "Colgate Cleans Up," Fortune, April 16, 2001, p. 179.
——, "Colgate's Reuben Misses the Mark," Fortune, October 18, 2004, p. 46.
Steinbreder, H. John, "The Man Brushing Up Colgate's Image," Fortune, May 11, 1987, pp.
106+.
—Sandy Schusteff
—updates: Frank Uhle;
David E. Salamie
Born in Hollingbourn, Kent, England, Colgate was the second son of Robert Colgate
and his wife Sarah (nee Bowles).
Robert Colgate (1758-1826) was an 18th century English farmer, politician and
sympathiser with the American War of Independence and French Revolution whose
republican ideals forced him to leave their farm in Shoreham, Kent in March 1798
and flee to Baltimore in the United States of America, after which the family settled
on a farm in Hartford County, Maryland. Colgate formed a partnership with Ralph
Maher to manufacture soap and candles, and William helped the two men, but the
partnership dissolved after two years and Robert Colgate returned to farming.
William, however, decided to resurrect the soap business. His first attempt failed
but he tried again. Colgate & Company started in 1806 when William Colgate
opened a starch, soap, and candle business on Dutch Street in New York City. This
was the beginning of the the first great soap-making concern in the United States.