ae : en) CNA UM RA EH? ; ETC ALLELE AND PHENOTYPE FREQUENCIES IN ROCK POCKET MOUSE POPULATIONS INTRODUCTION The tiny rock pocket mouse weighs just 15 grams, about as much as a handful of paper clips.A typical rock pocket mouse {s 172 millimeters long from its nose to the end of ts tall, which is shorter than an average pencil. Its impact on science, however, has been enormous. What’s so special about this litle mouse? the Sonoran Desert in the southwestern United States, Two varieties Populations of rock pocket micé are found all over ly, there are two major colors of ‘occur widely in the area—a light-colored variety and a dark-colored variety, Simi substrate, or surface material, that make up the racky desert floor. Most of the desert landscape consists of light-colored sand and granite, Here and there, however, separated by several klometers of light-colored substrate, ae patches of dark Voleanic rocks that formed from cooling lava, These areas of dark volcanic rack range in age from 1,000 to more than 1 million years old. Dr, Michael Nachman of the University of Arizona and his colleagues have spent many years researching the genetics of hey were interested in understanding the forces that shape genetic variation fur colorin rack pocket mice. In patticul in natural populations, socket mice is an example of how scientists are arch, investigators try to find Investigating the adaptive value of different coat colors in rock p attempting to connect genotype with phenotype for ftness-elated traits. n this type of reser the underlying gene or genes for a given adaptation. Examples of other fitness-related traits that research currently investigating are resistance to the pesticide warfarin in rats, tolerance to heavy metals in plants, and antibiotic resistance in bacteria, MATERIALS calculator computer and the Select http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/classroom-activities-battling-beeties. ion Coefficient file found under the “Survival ofthe Fittest—Battling Beetles" activity at PROCEDURE 1. Watch the short film The Making ofthe Fittest: Natural Selecto weet e kool | Ply NO) 7 : b. How does this tat affect the survival ofthe micein diferent enronments? The Cfeddbors rt Heowen Com See H i Movs, OW aol lnaro vol, TH Bow Clete Mie Com Lae $-064 bert dn lig Savy Welt colar ite duriy ota deo Lis Soerg oul the JANI Maneg love (20K. wy ON 10K p' tee Hiterare 7 AS Wi I Kv 6, the film, complete Parts 1-3 thet follow. sn and Adaptation. As you watch, record the following 2. After watching enoiypeFequenclesin eck Potkst Mouse Pepuatont see : Published August 2012 Updated August 2015 EMAL teractive.org Page of 6WOVE aS ee Chi i tn Erni PART 1: REVIEWING THE PRINCIPLES OF THE HARDY-WEINGERG THEOREM. The genetic definition of “evolution” is “a change to a population's gene pool" “Gene pool" is defined as “the total number of alleles present in a population at any given point in time.” According to the Hardy-Weinberg theorem, 3 population isin equilibrium (and is therefore not evalving) when all ofthe following conditions are true: 1, The population is very large and well mixed. 2. There isno migration 3. Thereare no mutations 4, Mating is random. 5. Thereis no natural selection. To determine whether a population's gene pool is changing, we need to be able to calculate allelic frequencies. Suppese, for example, a gene has two alleles, and a. Each individual has one of three genotypes: AA, Aa, or aa Ifthe population is in equilibrium, the overall number of Aalfeles and alleles in the gene pool will remain constant, as willthe proportion of the population with each genotype. allele frequencies or genotype frequencies change overtime, then evolution is occurring, Two equations are used to calculate the frequency of alleles in a population, where p represe dominant allele and q represents the frequency of the recessive alee: ents the frequency of the 0 eta and pie 2pqtg?=1.0. “The frst equation says that if there are only wo alleles fora gene, one dominant and one recessive, then 100%5 of the alleles are either dominant (p) or recessive (@) ‘The second equation says that 100% of individuals in the population will have one of these genotypes: AA, Aa, and aa. Let's look at each genotype one by one to understand the equation: + ifprepresents the frequency of the A allele then the frequency of the genotype AA willbe p xp orp. if qrepresents the frequency ofthe aallele then the frequency of the genotype aa wll be qx 4, oF @. For heterozygotes. we must allow for either the mother orth father to contribute the dominant and recessive think of it as allowing for both genotypes Aa and aA. So, we calculate the frequency of the alleles. Youcan heterozygous genotype as 204.' imnrack pocket mice, several genes code for fr coor Each gene has several possible alles Tha’ why thereisarange of for color from very dark to light. For simplicity, we will work with wo alleles at one gene, The allele for dark-colored fur {O)isdominant tothe alee fo ight-colored fur (ln this scenario, individual rock pocket mice can have one af three genotypes and one of two phenotypes, as summarized inthe table below. Rock Pocket Mice Genotypes and Phenotypes 1 Population Genotype | Phenotype Homozygous dominant 0D Dark Heterozygous Od Dark Homozygous recessive dd Tight ‘ileleand Phenotype Frequencies in Rock Pocket Mouse Populations HHMI ;Tales tons) SUES Moma aos Ease LID ‘ sTupenT HANDOUT So, applying Hardy-Weinberg, we have the following: =the frequency of the dominant allele (0) 4q=the frequency of the recessive allele (A) Pp 2pq= the frequency of Od he frequency of DD P= the frequency of dd We can also express this as the frequency of the DD genotype + the frequency of the Dd genotype + the frequency of the dd genotyp: ‘SAMPLE PROBLEM Ina hypothetical population consisting of 100 rock pocket mice, 8 individuals have light, sandy-colored fur. Their (genotype is dd. The other 19 individuals ae dark colored and have either genotype DD or genotype Dd. Find p and @for this population and calculate the frequency of heterozygous genotypes nthe population. Itis easy to calculate a”. q=81/100= 081, 0r 81% Next, calculate q. q= vos! =09 Now, calculate p using the equation p+ 4 p+09=1 p=01 ow to calculate the frequency f heterozygous genotypes, we need to calculate 274 2pq = 2(0.11(0.9) = 210.09) 2pq= 0.18 wares soy {db i s irtnere ave 1210ck packet mice wih @icoored cua gitsaazdfrin»popuation whaishevateot 1 >.U, ph 2ye {ikon trian ea : [ah Oy FEM Lewy VaR. 4 «the equency ofpinapopulavon gaan stheeaeny of? (PEM athe Ai ‘e others have light-colored fur. fhe 360 have dark-colored fur.The others ha . envage of mice in the population are homazygous dominsn are (oy 4. 1na population of 1,000 rock pocket mice, population sat Hardy-Weinberg equliium, what Pe Jark-colored mice? o 7 ‘L 2R pias =? s P?=.04 * \gooi ixe= bia Gla ato 8 $8 = 25 eran a HHMI ceeaniat itll Ln Tile and phenoa SUPE fern Ree RY A ean PL CL FIELD DATA kilometers of the Arizona Sonoran Desert, which fed substrate color and coat-color The tesearchers PART 2: APPLYING HARDY-WEINBERG TO ROCK POCKET MOUSE Dr. Nachman and his colleagues collected rock packet mice across 35 included both dark rocky lava outcrops and light, rocky, granite areas. They records frequencies for each location. Each site was separated from any of the others by atleast eight kilometer: trapped a total of 225 mice. Their data are summarized below. 1d Data Summary Collecting Site substrate Color Number of Mice Phenotype - sapes Light = Dark bo ight 6 6 0 [2 ght 85 so |S i { Dark | 7 Te 7 [4 Dark | 5 ° s [5 [ Dark I 5 3 a2 é I Lush L7 | # 3 source of data owtstra,Mopl€. Kraven E Drumm, and Michael W. Nachman. ‘Ecological Genetics of Adaptive Serre Shencraninm in Pocket Nice-Geographic Variation in ected and Neutral Genes Evolution 5, no. 6 (2004): 1329-1344, FoF © Li t-Us Ilo peru y aS 9-0 = OL Pa Rp_ oy ~ V2 dbo ‘questions, CN a Conatate the overal frequencies of ighteh (A Rtas. gor, Oy pysty s Pad het to determine how the selection coefficient () influences the phenotype of future generations, pers for s, Record each new value and describe what happens to the frequencies of p hhow the selection coefficient and natural selection are related, Seleur OU Cowk Busemnr ig 9 AMYSunboxton OF oh Od rdVwmgr gh oO Wey arly dark-coloted substrate, dark-colored mice have a selective advantage over light-colored mice. Ben areas with, sof the dominant Mctr allele have a selective advantage over mice with two Therefore, mice with one or copies of the Me tr dallele |w the fim, Dr Sean Carroll says that with a 1% selection advantage, It takes 1,000 years for 95%6 of the mice to have the dominant phenotype, With a 10% selection advantage, It would take Just 100 years, Use the spreadsheet to verify these facts {Find out how many generations folowing the first appearance of a dark-colored mutation it would take for 95% of the mice to express the dominant dark-colored phenotype, given a 1% advantage (s= 0.01). Rock pocket mice have approximately one iter of pups. year, 0 the number of generations willbe equal to the number of years. You will ‘not be able to use the graph on the Main Page tab since It only goes up to 100 generations, So, you will need to look at column D of the worksheet called Main Worksheet, Scroll down until the value s greater than 0.95. Record your tiwould ake about | 2@___ generation. bstepeat the races fra 0badvanage(s =O. Itwould take about_1@ ___ generations ¢, What would the selection coefficient need tobe for 95% ofthe mice to have the dominant phenotype in just $0 yes Record your answer below i Thecoeffcint wouldneed tobe about 82D 2-2 2 if and Phenotype Frequenclsin Rock Packet Moute Pop of