TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY IN INDIA

1.1.INTRODUCTION
 Telecommunication network is the second largest in the world by number of telephone users
(both fixed and mobile phone) with 1.053 billion subscribers as on 31 August 2016. It has one of
the lowest call tariffs in the world enabled by mega telecom operators and hyper-competition
among them. India has the world's second-largest Internet user-base. As on 31 March 2016, there
were 342.65 million internet subscribers in the country.

Major sectors of the Indian telecommunication industry are telephone, internet and television
broadcast Industry in the country which is in an ongoing process of transforming into next
generation network, employs an extensive system of modern network elements such as
digital telephone exchanges, mobile switching centres, media gateways and signalling
gateways at the core, interconnected by a wide variety of transmission systems using fibre-
optics or Microwave radio relay networks. The access network, which connects the subscriber to
the core, is highly diversified with different copper-pair, optic-fibre and wireless
technologies. DTH, a relatively new broadcasting technology has attained significant popularity
in the Television segment. The introduction of private FM has given a fillip to the radio
broadcasting in India. Telecommunication in India has greatly been supported by
the INSAT system of the country, one of the largest domestic satellite systems in the world. India
possesses a diversified communications system, which links all parts of the country by
telephone, Internet, radio, television and satellite.

Indian telecom industry underwent a high pace of market liberalisation and growth since the
1990s and now has become the world's most competitive and one of the fastest growing telecom
markets. The Industry has grown over twenty times in just ten years, from under 37 million
subscribers in the year 2001 to over 846 million subscribers in the year 2011. India has
the world's second-largestmobile phone user base with over 929.37 million users as of May
2012. It has the world's second-largest Internet user-base with over 300 million as of June 2015.

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Telecommunication has supported the socioeconomic development of India and has played a
significant role to narrow down the rural-urban digital divide to some extent. It also has helped to
increase the transparency of governance with the introduction of e-governancein India.

According to London-based telecom trade body GSMA, the telecom sector accounted for 6.5%
of India's GDP in 2015, or about 9 lakh crore (US$140 billion), and supported direct
employment for 2.2 million people in the country. GSMA estimates that the Indian telecom
sector will contribute 14.5 lakh crore (US$230 billion) to the economy and support 3 million
direct jobs and 2 million indirect jobs by 2020.

5th Generation

GENERATION YEAR OF FACILITIES DATA SPEED

INCEPTION

1G 1980 VOICE ONLY (FOR N.A

CALLING PURPOSE)

2G 1991 CALLS,TEXT UP TO 250

MESSAGE,MMS,BROWSING KBPS
INTERNET

3G 2001 GPS,VIDEO 200 KBPS-3

CONFERENCING,MOBILE MBPS
TV

4G & 4G LTE 2010 IP TELEPHONY,GAMING 300 MBPS-1

(VOLTE) SERVICES,HIGH- GBPS
DEFINITION MOBILE TV &
VIDEO CONFERENCING &
3D DELEVISION

5G 2020(EXPECTED) INTERNET OF THINGS >1 GBPS

HISTORY

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Telecommunications in India began with the introduction of the telegraph. The Indian postal and
telecom sectors are one of the worlds oldest. In 1850, the first experimental electric telegraph
line was started between Calcutta and Diamond Harbour. In 1851, it was opened for the use of
the British East India Company. The Posts and Telegraphs department occupied a small corner
of the Public Works Department, at that time.

The construction of 4,000 miles (6,400 km) of telegraph lines was started in November 1853.
These connected Kolkata (then Calcutta) and Peshawar in the north; Agra, Mumbai (then
Bombay) through Sindwa Ghats, and Chennai (then Madras) in the
south; Ootacamund and Bangalore. William O'Shaughnessy, who pioneered the telegraph and
telephone in India, belonged to the Public Works Department, and worked towards the
development of telecom throughout this period. A separate department was opened in 1854 when
telegraph facilities were opened to the public.

In 1880, two telephone companies namely The Oriental Telephone Company Ltd. and The

Anglo-Indian Telephone Company Ltd. approached the Government of India to
establish telephone exchange in India. The permission was refused on the grounds that the
establishment of telephones was a Government monopoly and that the Government itself would
undertake the work. In 1881, the Government later reversed its earlier decision and a licence was
granted to the Oriental Telephone Company Limited of England for opening telephone
exchanges at Calcutta, Bombay, Madras and Ahmedabad and the first formal telephone service
was established in the country. On 28 January 1882, Major E. Baring, Member of the Governor
General of India's Council declared open the Telephone Exchanges in Calcutta, Bombay and
Madras. The exchange in Calcutta named the "Central Exchange" had a total of 93 subscribers in
its early stage. Later that year, Bombay also witnessed the opening of a telephone exchange.

1.3.FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS AND MILESTONES

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 Pre-1902 – Cable telegraph
 1902 – First wireless telegraph station established between Sagar Island and Sandhead.
 1907 – First Central Battery of telephones introduced in Kanpur.
 1913–1914 – First Automatic Exchange installed in Shimla.
 1927 – Radio-telegraph system between the UK and India, with Imperial Wireless
Chain beam stations at Khadki and Daund. Inaugurated by Lord Irwin on 23 July by
exchanging greetings with King George V.
 1933 – Radiotelephone system inaugurated between the UK and India.
 1953 – 12 channel carrier system introduced.
 1960 – First subscriber trunk dialling route commissioned between Lucknow and Kanpur.
 1975 – First PCM system commissioned between Mumbai City and Andheri telephone
exchanges.
 1976 – First digital microwave junction.
 1979 – First optical fibre system for local junction commissioned at Pune.
 1980 – First satellite earth station for domestic communications established
at Sikandarabad, U.P..
 1983 – First analogue Stored Programme Control exchange for trunk lines commissioned
at Mumbai.
 1984 – C-DOT established for indigenous development and production
of digital exchanges.
 1995 – First mobile telephone service started on non-commercial basis on 15 August
1995 in Delhi.
 1995 – Internet Introduced in India starting with Laxmi Nagar, Delhi 15 August 1995

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1.4.DEVELOPMENT OF BROADCASTING:

 Radio broadcasting was initiated in 1927 but became state responsibility only in 1930. In
1937 it was given the name All India Radio and since 1957 it has been
called Akashvani. Limited duration of television programming began in 1959, and complete
broadcasting followed in 1965. The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting owned and
maintained the audio-visual apparatus—including the television channel Doordarshan—in the
country prior to the economic reforms of 1991. In 1997, an autonomous body was established in
the name of Prasar Bharti to take care of the public service broadcasting under the Prasar Bharti
Act. All India Radio and Doordarshan, which earlier were working as media units under the
Ministry of I&B became constituents of the body.

PRE-LIBERALISATION STATISTICS:

 While all the major cities and towns in the country were linked with telephones during
the British period, the total number of telephones in 1948 numbered only around 80,000. Post
independence, growth remained slow because the telephone was seen more as a status symbol
rather than being an instrument of utility. The number of telephones grew leisurely to 980,000 in
1971, 2.15 million in 1981 and 5.07 million in 1991, the year economic reforms were initiated in
the country.

LIBERALISATION AND PRIVATISATION

Liberalisation of Indian telecommunication in industry started in 1981 when Prime

Minister Indira Gandhi signed contracts with Alcatel CIT of France to merge with the state
owned Telecom Company (ITI), in an effort to set up 5,000,000 lines per year. But soon the
policy was let down because of political opposition. Attempts to liberalise the
telecommunication industry were continued by the following government under the prime-
minister-ship of Rajiv Gandhi. He invited Sam Pitroda, a US-based Non-resident Indian NRIand
a former Rockwell International executive to set up a Centre for Development of Telematics(C-
DOT) which manufactured electronic telephone exchanges in India for the first time. Sam
Pitroda had a significant role as a consultant and adviser in the development of
telecommunication in India. In 1985, the Department of Telecom(DoT) was separated

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from Indian Post & Telecommunication Department. Dont was responsible for telecom services
in entire country until 1986 when Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) and Videsh
Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) were carved out of DoT to run the telecom services of metro
cities(Delhi and Mumbai) and international long distance operations respectively.

The demand for telephones was ever increasing and in the 1990s Indian government was under
increasing pressure to open up the telecom sector for private investment as a part
of Liberalisation-Privatisation-Globalisation policies that the government had to accept to
overcome the severe fiscal crisis and resultant balance of payments issue in 1991. Consequently,
private investment in the sector of Value Added Services (VAS) was allowed and cellular
telecom sector were opened up for competition from private investments. It was during this
period that the Narsimha Rao-led government introduced the National Telecommunications
policy (NTP) in 1994 which brought changes in the following areas: ownership, service and
regulation of telecommunications infrastructure. The policy introduced the concept
of telecommunication for all and its vision was to expand the telecommunication facilities to all
the villages in India. Liberalisation in the basic telecom sector was also envisaged in this
policy. They were also successful in establishing joint ventures between state owned telecom
companies and international players. Foreign firms were eligible to 49% of the total stake. The
multi-nationals were just involved in technology transfer, and not policy making.

During this period, the World Bank and ITU had advised the Indian Government to liberalise
long distance services to release the monopoly of the state owned DoT and VSNL and to enable
competition in the long distance carrier business which would help reduce tariff's and better the
economy of the country. The Rao run government instead liberalised the local services, taking
the opposite political parties into confidence and assuring foreign involvement in the long
distance business after 5 years. The country was divided into 20 telecommunication circles for
basic telephony and 18 circles for mobile services. These circles were divided into category A, B
and C depending on the value of the revenue in each circle. The government threw open the bids
to one private company per circle along with government owned DoT per circle. For cellular
service two service providers were allowed per circle and a 15 years licence was given to each
provider. During all these improvements, the government did face oppositions from ITI, DoT,
MTNL, VSNL and other labour unions, but they managed to keep away from all the hurdles.

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In 1997, the government set up TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) which reduced
the interference of Government in deciding tariffs and policy making. The political powers
changed in 1999 and the new government under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee was
more pro-reforms and introduced better liberalisation policies. In 2000, the Vajpayee
government constituted the Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT)
through an amendment of the TRAI Act, 1997. The primary objective of TDSAT's establishment
was to release TRAI from adjudicatory and dispute settlement functions in order to strengthen
the regulatory framework. Any dispute involving parties like licensor, licensee, service provider
and consumers are resolved by TDSAT. Moreover, any direction, order or decision of TRAI can
be challenged by appealing in TDSAT. The government corporatised the operations wing of DoT
on 1 October 2000 and named it as Department of Telecommunication Services (DTS) which
was later named as Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). The proposal of raising the stake of
foreign investors from 49% to 74% was rejected by the opposite political parties and leftist
thinkers. Domestic business groups wanted the government to privatise VSNL. Finally in April
2002, the government decided to cut its stake of 53% to 26% in VSNL and to throw it open for
sale to private enterprises. TATA finally took 25% stake in VSNL.

This was a gateway to many foreign investors to get entry into the Indian Telecom Markets.
After March 2000, the government became more liberal in making policies and issuing licences
to private operators. The government further reduced licence fees for cellular service providers
and increased the allowable stake to 74% for foreign companies. Because of all these factors, the
service fees finally reduced and the call costs were cut greatly enabling every common middle-
class family in India to afford a cell phone. Nearly 32 million handsets were sold in India. The
data reveals the real potential for growth of the Indian mobile market. Many private operators,
such as Reliance Communications, Jio, Tata Indicom, Vodafone, Loop Mobile, Airtel, Idea etc.,
successfully entered the high potential Indian telecom market.

In March 2008 the total GSM and CDMA mobile subscriber base in the country was 375 million,
which represented a nearly 50% growth when compared with previous year. As the unbranded
Chinese cell phones which do not have International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) numbers
pose a serious security risk to the country, Mobile network operatorstherefore suspended the
usage of around 30 million mobile phones (about 8% of all mobiles in the country) by 30 April.
Phones without valid IMEI cannot be connected to cellular operators. 5–6 years the average
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monthly subscribers additions were around 0.05 to 0.1 million only and the total mobile
subscribers base in December 2002 stood at 10.5 millions. However, after a number of proactive
initiatives taken by regulators and licensors, the total number of mobile subscribers has increased
rapidly to over 929 million subscribers as of May 2012.

India has opted for the use of both the GSM (global system for mobile
communications) and CDMA (code-division multiple access) technologies in the mobile sector.
In addition to landline and mobile phones, some of the companies also provide the WLL service.
The mobile tariffs in India have also become the lowest in the world. A new mobile connection
can be activated with a monthly commitment of US$0.15 only. In 2005 alone additions increased
to around 2 million per month in 2003–04 and 2004–05.

TELEPHONY

The telephony segment is dominated by private-sector and two state-run businesses. Most
companies were formed by a recent revolution and restructuring launched within a decade,
directed by Ministry of Communications and IT, Department of
Telecommunications and Minister of Finance. Since then, most companies
gained 2G, 3G and 4G licences and engaged fixed-line, mobile and internet business in India. On
landlines, intra-circle calls are considered local calls while inter-circle are considered long
distance calls. Foreign Direct Investment policy which increased the foreign ownership cap from
49% to 74%.Now it is 100%. The Government is working to integrate the whole country in one
telecom circle. For long distance calls, the area code prefixed with a zero is dialled first which is
then followed by the number (i.e., to call Delhi, 011 would be dialled first followed by the phone
number). For international calls, "00" must be dialled first followed by the country code, area
code and local phone number. The country code for India is 91. Several international fibre-optic
links include those to Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Russia, and Germany. Some major
telecom operators in India include Airtel, Vodafone, Idea, Aircel, BSNL, MTNL, Reliance
Communications, TATA Teleservices, Infotel, MTS, Uninor, TATA DoCoMo, Videocon,
Augere, Tikona Digital.

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MARKET SHARE OF MOBILE NETWORK OPERATORS AS ON 30 APRIL 2017

   Airtel: 280.64 million (23.6%)

   Vodafone: 211.93 million (17.9%)

   Idea: 196.28 million (16.5%)

   Jio: 123.36 million (10.4%)

   BSNL: 104.16 million (8.8%)

   Aircel: 90.32 million (7.6%)

   RCom: 81.34 million (6.9%)

   Telenor: 47.34 million (4.0%)

   Tata Docomo: 43.7 million (3.7%)

   MTS: 4.13 million (0.3%)

   MTNL: 3.62 million (0.3%)

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WIRED TELEPHONY MARKET SHARE AS ON 30 APRIL 2017

   BSNL: 13.5 million (55.6%)

   Airtel: 3.87 million (15.9%)

   MTNL: 3.45 million (14.2%)

   Tata Docomo: 1.83 million (7.5%)

   RCom: 1.17 million (4.8%)

   Others: 0.46 million (1.9%)

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1.2.OBJECTIVES

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES

A study of micro analysis of Indian telecommunication industry in india

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES

 To find major players of industry

 To analysis of Indian telecommunication industry
 To financial analysis in telecommunication industry

1.3.NEED OF THE STUDY

 Improved efficiencies in other productive sectors.
 Reduced transport costs.
 Reduced transaction costs.
 Improved marketing information.
 Increased efficiency of industrial production.

1.4.SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study is limited to the issue in spectrum allocation in Indian telecom industry.

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1.5.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The study undertaken there to be mainly based on the secondary data i.e. structured designed.
The study also contains secondary data i.e. data from authenticated websites and journals for the
latest updates just to gain an insight for the views of various experts.

1.6.LIMITATION OF STUDY

 Lack of system security.

 Software development tools are still evolving and changing rapidly.
 Some e-commerce software might not fit with some hardware.
 Not enough telecommunication bandwidth.
 The software development tools are still evolving and changing rapidly.

2.1.AIRTEL
Bharti Airtel Limited is an Indian global telecommunications services company based in New
Delhi, India. It operates in 18 countries across South Asia and Africa. Airtel provides GSM, 3G

12
and 4G LTE mobile services, fixed line broadband and voice services depending upon the
country of operation. Airtel is also testing VoLTE technology across five cities in India and
should roll out the technology towards the end of 2017. It is the largest mobile network operator
in India and the third largest in the world with 400 million subscribers. Airtel was named India's
second most valuable brand in the first ever Brandz ranking by Millward Brown and WPP plc.

Airtel is credited with pioneering the business strategy of outsourcing all of its business
operations except marketing, sales and finance and building the 'minutes factory' model of low
cost and high volumes. The strategy has since been adopted by several operators. Airtel's
equipment is provided and maintained by Ericsson, Huawei, and Nokia Solutions and Networks
whereas IT support is provided by IBM.The transmission towers are maintained by subsidiaries
and joint venture companies of Bharti including Bharti Infratel and Indus Towers in
India.Ericsson agreed for the first time to be paid by the minute for installation and maintenance
of their equipment rather than being paid up front, which allowed Airtel to provide low call rates
of ₹1 (1.6¢ US)/minute.

Airtel India is the largest provider of mobile telephony and second largest provider of fixed
telephony in India, and is also a provider of broadband and subscription television services. It
offers its telecom services under the airtel brand, and is headed by Sunil Bharti Mittal.

In 1999, Bharti Enterprises acquired control of JT Holdings, and extended cellular operations to
Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. In 2000, Bharti acquired control of Skycell Communications, in
Chennai. In 2001, the company acquired control of Spice Cell in Calcutta. Bharti Enterprises
went public in 2002, and the company was listed on Bombay Stock Exchange and National
Stock Exchange of India. In 2003, the cellular phone operations were re-branded under the single
Airtel brand. In 2004, Bharti acquired control of Hexacom and entered Rajasthan. In 2005,
Bharti extended its network to Andaman and Nicobar. This expansion allowed it to offer voice
services all across India.

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Airtel launched "Hello Tunes", a caller ring back tone service (CRBT), in July 2004 becoming to
the first operator in India to do so. The Airtel theme song, composed by A.R. Rahman, was the
most popular tune in that year.

In May 2008, it emerged that Airtel was exploring the possibility of buying the MTN Group, a
South Africa-based telecommunications company with coverage in 21 countries in Africa and
the Middle East. The Financial Times reported that Bharti was considering offering US$45
billion for a 100% stake in MTN, which would be the largest overseas acquisition ever by an
Indian firm. However, both sides emphasise the tentative nature of the talks, while The
Economist magazine noted, "If anything, Bharti would be marrying up," as MTN has more
subscribers, higher revenues and broader geographic coverage. However, the talks fell apart as
MTN Group tried to reverse the negotiations by making Bharti almost a subsidiary of the new
company.

In May 2009, Bharti Airtel again confirmed that it was in talks with MTN and the companies
agreed to discuss the potential transaction exclusively by 31 July 2009.

Talks eventually ended without agreement, some sources stating that this was due to opposition
from the South African government

AIRTEL INDUSTRY PROFILE

2.1.TABLE

14
TYPE PUBLC

TRADED AS BSE:532454
NSE:BHARTIARTL
BEN SENSEX CONSTITUENT

ISIN INE397D01024
INDUSTRY TELECOMMUNICATIONS
FOUNDED JULY 7,1995;22 YEARS AGO
FOUNDER SUNIL BHARATI MITTAL

HEADQUARTERS BHARTI CRESCENT,1,NELSON

MADELA
ROAD,NEW DELHI,INDIA
AREA SERVED INDIA,SRI LANKA,BANGALDESH,AND
AFRICA
KEY PEOPLE SUNIL MITTAL (CHAIRMAN)
GOPAL VITTAL (CEO)

PRODUCTS FIXED LINE TELEPHONE

MOBILE PHONE
BROADBAND
SATELLITE TELEVISION
DIGITAL TELEVISION
INTERNET TELEVISION
IPTV

REVENUE RS.955.9 BILLION (2017)

OPERATING INCOME RS.354 BILLION (2017)

PROFIT RS.42.4 BILLON (2017)

TOTAL ASSETS RS.2,327 BILLION (2017)

TOTAL EQUITY RS.743 BILLION (2017)

15
 NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES 25,400 (2016)
PARENT BHARTI ENTERPRISES (64%)
SINGTEL (36%)

SUBSIDIARIES AIRTEL INDIA

AIRTEL SRI LANKA
AIRTEL AFRICA
WYNK
ROBI
TELENOR INDIA
WEBSITE WWW.AIRTEL.COM

2.2.BSNL

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (abbreviated BSNL) is an Indian state-owned

telecommunications company headquartered in New Delhi. It was incorporated on 15 September

16
2000 and assumed the business of providing telecom services and network management from the
erstwhile Central Government Departments of Telecom Services (DTS) and Telecom Operations
(DTO) as of 1 October 2000 on a going-concern basis. It is the largest provider of fixed
telephony and broadband services with more than 60% market share, and is the fifth largest
mobile telephony provider in India. However, in recent years, the company's revenues and
market share have plummeted resulting in heavy losses as a result of intense competition in the
privatizing Indian telecommunications sector. BSNL is India's oldest communication service
provider and had a customer base of 93.29 million as of June 2015. It has footprints throughout
India, except for Mumbai and New Delhi, where telecommunicatons are managed by Mahanagar
Telephone Nigam (MTNL).

BSNL Mobile is a major provider of GSM cellular mobile services under the brand name
Cellone. BSNL provides a complete telecom services solution to enterprise customers including
MPLS, P2P and Internet leased lines. It provides fixedline services and landline using CDMA
technology and its own extensive optical fiber network. BSNL provides Internet access services
through dial-up connections as prepaid, NetOne as Postpaid and DataOne as BSNL Broadband.

BSNL offers value-added services such as Free Phone Service (FPH), India Telephone Card
(Prepaid card), Account Card Calling (ACC), Virtual Private Network (VPN), Tele-voting,
Premium Rate Service (PRM) and Universal Access Number (UAN). BSNL also offers the IPTV
which enables customers to watch television through the Internet and Voice and Video Over
Internet Protocol (VVoIP). In 2007, BSNL announced plans to provide 5 million broadband
connections and secured 80% of the INR 25 billion rural telephony project of the Government of
India. On 20 March 2009, BSNL launched blackberry services across India. BSNL paid Rs.
101.87 billion for 3G spectrum in 2010. As of 2011, BSNL offered coverage in over 800 cities
across India BSNL launched in 2012 a 3G wireless pocket-sized router called Winknet Mf50.
BSNL 3G provides HSPA+ service with a top speed of 21.1 Mbit/s downlink and 5.76 Mbit/s
uplink.

17
After providing it for 160 years, BSNL discontinued its telegraph service on 15 July 2013. It
began delivering telegrams to the public in February 1855; this service was upgraded to a web-
based messaging system in 2010 and had been offered through 182 telegraph offices across
India.

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, a Public Sector Enterprise, also provides fiber plans for the
home, which are generally known as BSNL FTTH broadband service. This is the fastest
broadband service provided by BSNL, offering speeds up to 100Mbit/s to home-based Internet
users.

According to a Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Report dated 19 February 2016, at the
end of 2015, BSNL's 14.54% share of the broadband market placed it 4th in market share. As a
wireless provider, it ranked 6th with an 8.16% share of that market.

BSNL launched linguistic email service using the DATAMAIL app in eight Indian languages.
sOn 8 June 2017 BSNL signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the Universal
Service Obligation Fund (USOF) to have 25,000 Wi-Fi hotspots in rural exchanges within the
next six months.

BSNL INDUSTRY PROFILE

18
2.2.TABLE

TYPE GOVERNMENT-OWNED

INDUSTRY TELECOMMUNICATION

FOUNDED 1 OCTOBER 2000;17 YEARS AGO

HEADQUARTERS NEW DELHI,INDIA

KEY PEOPLE ANUPAM SHRIVASTAVA

(CHAIRMAN & MD)

SERVICES FIXED LINE TELEPHONE

MOBILE PHONE
BROADBAND
INTERNET TELEVISION
IPTV

REVENUE RS.32,918.70 CRORE (2016)

OPERATING INCOME RS.-4,169.31 CRORE (2016)

NET INCOME RS.-3,879.92 CRORE (2016)

TOTAL ASSETS RS.70,746.75 CRORE (2016)

OWNER GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

MEMBERS 115.29 MILLION (JUNE 2015)

NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES 211,086 (2016)

WEBSITE WWW.BSNL.CO.IN

2.3.IDEA

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Idea Cellular (commonly referred to as simply Idea, and stylised as !dea) is an Indian mobile
network operator based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Idea is a pan-India integrated GSM operator
offering 2G, 3G and 4G mobile services. Idea is India’s List of mobile network operators of
India (largest along with merged entity Vodafone) mobile operator by subscriber base. Idea has
193.96 million subscribers as of 31 July 2017.

Idea Cellular started its journey in 1995 as Birla Communications Limited with GSM licenses in
Gujarat and Maharashtra circles.In 1996 it changed name to Birla AT&T Communications
Limited following joint venture between Grasim Industries and AT&T Corporation. In 2001 it
changed name to Birla Tata AT&T as a joint venture between Aditya Birla Group, Tata Group
and AT&T Wireless. The company named its brand Idea in 2002.

Following AT&T Wireless' merger with Cingular Wireless in 2004, Cingular decided to sell its
32.9% stake in Idea. This stake was bought by the remaining two stakeholders equally. Tata
forayed into the cellular market with its own subsidiary, Tata Indicom, a CDMA-based mobile
provider and in April 2006, Aditya Birla Group announced the acquisition of the 48.18% stake
held by Tata Group at INR 40.51 a share amounting to INR 44.06 billion with 15% of the stake
acquired by Aditya Birla Nuvo and the remaining by Birla TMT holdings Private Ltd. both AV
Birla family owned companies. Malaysia based Axiata bought a 19.96% stake in the company in
2009.

Merger with Vodafone India

On 20 March 2017, Idea and Vodafone India announced that their respective boards had
approved a merger of the two companies. The merger will not include Vodafone's 42% stake in
Indus Towers Ltd. The merger will create the largest telecom company in India by subscribers
and by revenue. Under the terms of the deal, the Vodafone will hold a 45.1% stake in the
combined entity, the Aditya Birla Group will hold 26% and the remaining shares will be held
bythe public. The merger is expected to be completed by March 2019, and the newly merged
entity will be named at a later date.

IDEA INDUSTRY PROFILE

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2.3.TABLE

TYPE PUBLIC

TRADED AS BSE:532822
NSE:IDEA

INDUSTRY TELECOMMUNICATION

FOUNDED 1995; 22 YEARS AGO

HEADQUARTERS MUMBAI,INDIA

KEY PEOPLE KUMAR MANGALAM BIRLA

PRODUCTS MOBILE TELEPHONY,WIRELESS

BROADBAND

REVENUE RS.354 BILLION (2016)

NET INCOME RS.31.92 BILLION (2015)

MEMBERS 193.96 MILLION (JULY 2017)

PARENT ADITHYA BIRLA GROUP,AXIATA

WEBSITE WWW.IDEACELLULAR.COM

2.4.RELIANCE \ JIO:

21
Reliance JioInfocomm Limited or Jio is an LTE mobile network operator in India. It is a wholly
owned subsidiary of Reliance Industries headquartered in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra that
provides wireless 4G LTE service network (without 2G/3G-based services) and is the only
'VoLTE-only' (Voice over LTE) operator in the country which lacks legacy network support of
2G and 3G, with coverage across all 22 telecom circles in India.

The services were first beta-launched to Jio's partners and employees on 27 December 2015 on
the eve of 83rd birth anniversary of late DhirubhaiAmbani, founder of Reliance Industries, and
later services were commercially launched on 5th September 2016.

HISTORY

In June 2010, Reliance Industries (RIL) bought a 96% stake in Infotel Broadband Services
Limited (IBSL) for 4,800 crore (US$750 million). Although unlisted, IBSL was the only
company that won broadband spectrum in all 22 circles in India in the 4G auction that took place
earlier that year.Later continuing as RIL's telecom subsidiary, Infotel Broadband Services
Limited was renamed as Reliance JioInfocomm Limited (RJIL) in January 2013.

In June 2015, Jio announced that it will start its operations all over the country by the end of
2015. However, four months later in October 2015, the company's spokesmen sent out a press
release stating that the launch was postponed to the first quarter of the financial year 2016–2017.

Later in July, a PIL filed in the Supreme Court by an NGO called the Centre for Public Interest
Litigation, through Prashant Bhushan, challenged the grant of pan-India licence to Jio by the
Government of India. The PIL also alleged that Jio was allowed to provide voice telephony along
with its 4G data service, by paying an additional fees of just ₹165.8 crore (US$26 million) which
was arbitrary and unreasonable, and contributed to a loss of ₹2,284.2 crore (US$360 million) to
the exchequer.

The Indian Department of Telecom (DoT), however, refuted all of CAG's claims. In its
statement, DoT explained that the rules for 3G and BWA spectrum didn't restrict BWA winners
from providing voice telephony. As a result, the PIL was revoked, and the accusations were
dismissed.

RELIANCE / JIO INDUSTRY PROFILE

22
2.4.TABLE

TYPE SUBSIDIARY OF RIL

INDUSTRY TELECOMMUNICATIONS

FOUNDED 2010; 7 YEARS AGO

FOUNDER MUKESH AMBANI

HEADQUARTERS NAVI MUMBAI

MAHARASHTRA,INDIA
KEY PEOPLE SANJAY MASHRUWALA
(MANAGING DIRECTOR)

JYOTINDRA THACKER
(HEAD OF IT)

AKASH AMBANI
(CHIEF OF STRATEGY)
PRODUCTS MOBILE TELEPHONY
WIRELESS BROADBAND
PARENT RELIANCE INDUSTRIES

SUBSIDIARIES LYF

WEBSITE WWW.JIO.COM

2.5.VODAFONE

23
Vodafone Group plc voʊdəfoʊn is a British multinational telecommunications company, with
headquarters in London. It predominantly operates services in the regions of Asia, Africa,
Europe, and Oceania. Among mobile operator groups globally, Vodafone ranked fifth by
revenue and second (behind China Mobile) in the number of connections (469.7 million) as of
2016.

Vodafone owns and operates networks in 26 countries and has partner networks in over 50
additional countries. Its Vodafone Global Enterprise division provides telecommunications and
IT services to corporate clients in 150 countries.

Vodafone has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE
100 Index. It had a market capitalisation of approximately £52.5 billion as of 10 February 2016,
the eighth-largest of any company listed on the London Stock Exchange. It has a secondary
listing on NASDAQ.

On 28 July 2000, the Company reverted to its former name, Vodafone Group plc.

On 17 December 2001, Vodafone introduced the concept of "Partner Networks", by signing

TDC Mobil of Denmark. The new concept involved the introduction of Vodafone international
services to the local market, without the need of investment by Vodafone. The concept would be
used to extend the Vodafone brand and services into markets where it does not have stakes in
local operators. Vodafone services would be marketed under the dual-brand scheme, where the
Vodafone brand is added at the end of the local brand. (i.e., TDC Mobil-Vodafone etc.)

In 2007, Vodafone entered into a title sponsorship deal with the McLaren Formula One team,
which traded as "Vodafone McLaren Mercedes" until the sponsorship ended at the end of the
2013 season.

24
On 1 December 2011, it acquired the Reading based Bluefish Communications Ltd, an ICT
consultancy company. The acquired operations formed the nucleus of a new Unified
Communications and Collaboration practice within its subsidiary Vodafone Global Enterprise,
which will focus on implementing strategies and solutions in cloud computing, and strengthen its
professional services offering.

In April 2012, Vodafone announced an agreement to acquire Cable & Wireless Worldwide
(CWW) for £1.04 billion. Vodafone was advised by UBS AG, while Barclays and Rothschild
advised Cable & Wireless. The acquisition will give Vodafone access to CWW's fibre network
for businesses, enabling it to take unified communications solutions to large enterprises in the
UK and globally; and expand its enterprise service offerings in emerging markets. On 18 June
2012, Cable & Wireless' shareholders voted in favour of the Vodafone offer, exceeding the 75%
of shares necessary for the deal to go ahead.

On 2 September 2013, Vodafone announced it would be selling its 45% stake in Verizon
Wireless to Verizon Communications for $US130 billion, in one of the biggest deals in corporate
history. With the proceeds from the deal, it announced a £19 billion Project Spring initiative to
improve network quality in Europe and emerging markets like India.

In June 2017, the company took measures to prevent its advertising from appearing within
outlets focused on creating and sharing hate speech and fake news.

25
VODAFONE PROFILE

2.5.TABLE

TYPE PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY

TRADED AS LSE:VOD
NASDAQ:VOD
NASDAQ-100 COMPONENT
FTSE 100 COMPONENT
INDUSTRY TELECOMMUNICATION
PREDECESSOR RACAL TELECOM (1982 TO 1991)
FOUNDED 1991;26 YEARS AGO
HEADQUARTERS LONDAN (HEAD OFFICE)
NEWBURY,BERKSHIRE,
ENGLAND (REGISTERD OFFICE)
AREA SERVED WORLDWIDE
KEY PEOPLE GERARD KLEISTERLEE
(CHAIRMAN)
VITTORIO COLAO (CEO)
PRODUCTS FIXED LINE TELEPHONE
MOBILE PHONE
BROADBAND
DIGITAL TELEVISION
INTERNET TELEVISION
IPVT
RENVENUE RS.47.631 BILLION (2017)
OPERATING INCOME RS.3.725 BILLION (2017)
PROFIT RS.6.297 BILLION (2017)
TOTAL ASSETS RS.154.684 BILLION (2017)
TOTAL EQUITY RS.72.200 BILLION (2017)
NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES 111,556 (2017)
DIVISIONS VODAFONE GLOBAL ENTERPRISE
SUBSIDIARIES LIST:
VODACOM GROUP
VODAFONE ALBANIA
VODAFONE AUSTRALIA
VODAFONE CZECH

26
 REPUBLIC
VODAFONE EGYPT
VODAFONE ESPANA
VODAFONE FAROE
ISLANDS
VODAFONE GERMANY
VODAFONE GHANA
VODAFONE GREECE
VODAFONE HUNGARY
VODAFONE ICELAND
VODAFONE INDIA
VODAFONE IRELAND
VODAFONE ITALY
VODAFONE MALTA
VODAFONE
NETHERLANDS
VODAFONE NEW
ZEALAND
VODAFONE PORTUGAL
VODAFONE ROMANIA
VODAFONE TURKEY
VODAFONE QATAR
VODAFONE UK
VODAFONE UKRAINE
WEBSITE VODAFONE.COM

3.0.FINANCIAL ANALYSTS OFTEN ASSESS THE FOLLOWING ELEMENTS OF A

FIRM:
1. Profitability - its ability to earn income and sustain growth in both the short- and long-term. A
company's degree of profitability is usually based on the income statement, which reports on the
company's results of operations;

27
S 2. Solvency - its ability to pay its obligation to creditors and other third parties in the long-
term;

3. Liquidity - its ability to maintain positive cash flow, while satisfying immediate obligations;
Both 2 and 3 are based on the company's balance sheet, which indicates the financial condition
of a business as of a given point in time.

4. Stability - the firm's ability to remain in business in the long run, without having to sustain
significant losses in the conduct of its business. Assessing a company's stability requires the use
of the income statement and the balance sheet, as well as other financial and non-financial
indicators.

METHOD

Financial analysts often compare financial analysis (of solvency, profitability, growth, etc.):

• Past Performance - Across historical time periods for the same firm (the last 5 years for
example),

• Future Performance - Using historical figures and certain mathematical and statistical
techniques, including present and future values, this extrapolation method is the main source of
errors in financial analysis as past statistics can be poor predictors of future prospects.

• Comparative Performance - Comparison between similar firms.

OBJECTIVE OF FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

• Provide objective, actionable analysis to support informed Recommendations and decision

making by both the WTOP and Town management.

•  Assess the cash flow implications of a range of operating scenarios.

28
•  Provide tools to support the discussion of restoring the project’s financial integrity so that
funds are available when the need for repair arises.

TABLE 3.1

LIST OF NETWORK

NO. NAME OF COMPANY

1 AIRTEL

2 BSNL

3 IDEA

4 RELAINCE / JIO

5 VODAFONE

CHART NO – 3.1

LIST OF NETWORK

29
 Sales

JIO
AIRTEL
VODAFONE
IDEA
BSNL

TABLE NO - 3.2

AIRTEL NETWORK - NET PROFITS

30
 YEARS NET PROFIT

2013 11.23%

2014 13.22%

2015 23.78%

2016 12.51%

2017 -15.93%

SOURCE: Gnu.Inflibnet.Ac.In

INTERPRETATION

The about table shows 5 years net profit for the year 2013 was 11.23% and

2014 was 13.22%,2015 was 23.78%, and 2016 was 12.51% and 2017 was

-15.93.

It concerned the 2015 higher profit of 23.78% ,at the same time 2017

was earned lower profit of -15.93%.

CHART NO - 3.2

31
 AIRTEL NETWORK - NET PROFITS

NET PROFIT
30

25 23.78

20

15 13.22 12.51
11.23
10
NET PROFIT
5

0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
-5

-10

-15
-15.93
-20

TABLE NO - 3.3

32
 BSNL NETWORK - NETPROFITS

YEARS NETPROFIT

2013 -29.47%

2014 80.06%

2015 -70.98%

2016 32.69%

2017 -51.01%

SOURCE: Gnu.Inflibnet.Ac.In

INTERPRETATION

The about table shows 5 years net profit for the year 2013 was -29.47% and

33
 2014 was 80.06%, 2015 was -70.98%, and 2016 was 32.69% and 2017 was

-51.01%.

It concerned the 2014 higher profit of 80.06% ,at the same time 2015

was earned lower profit of -70.98%.

CHART NO – 3.3

BSNL NETWORK - NETPROFITS

NET PROFIT
100%

90%

80%

70%

60%
NET PROFIT
50% 32.69

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

34
 TABLE NO – 3.4

IDEA NETWORK - NETPROFIT

YEARS NET PROFIT

2013 41.93%

2014 55.45%

2015 66.33%

2016 -75.82%

2017 -87.41%

SOURCE: Gnu.Inflibnet.Ac.In

INTERPRETATION

The about table shows 5 years net profit for the year 2013 was 41.93% and

2014 was 55.45%, 2015 was 66.33%, and 2016 was -75.82% and 2017 was

-131.41%.

35
 It concerned the 2015 higher profit of 66.33% ,at the same time 2017

was earned lower profit of -87.41%.

CHART NO – 3.4

IDEA NETWORK - NETPROFIT

NET PROFIT
80

60

40

20
NET PROFIT
0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
-20

-40

-60

-80

-100

36
 TABLE NO – 3.5

RELAINCE / JIO NETWORK - NET PROFIT

YEARS NETPROFIT

2013 30.00%

2014 16.99%

2015 -12.10%

2016 -14.10%

2017 -37.88%

SOURCE: Gnu.Inflibnet.Ac.In

INTERPRETATION

The about table shows 5 years net profit for the year 2013 was 30.00% and

2014 was 16.99%, 2015 was -12.10%, and 2016 was -14.10% and 2017 was

-37.88%.

37
 It concerned the 2013 higher profit of 30.00% ,at the same time 2017

was earned lower profit of -37.88%.

CHART NO – 3.5

RELAINCE / JIO NETWORK - NET PROFIT

NET PROFIT
40

30

20

10

NET PROFIT
0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

38
 TABLE NO – 3.6

VODAFONE NETWOK - NET PROFITS

YEARS NET PROFIT

2013 49.00%

2014 71.00%

2015 72.00%

2016 -54.00%

2017 -62.00%
SOURCE: Gnu.Inflibnet.Ac.In

INTERPRETATION

The about table shows 5 years net profit for the year 2013 was 49.00% and

2014 was 71.00%, 2015 was 72.00%, and 2016 was -54.00% and 2017 was

-62.00%.

It concerned the 2015 higher profit of 72.00% ,at the same time 2017

39
 was earned lower profit of -62.00%.

CHART NO – 3.6

VODAFONE NETWOK - NET PROFITS

NETPROFITS
100%

90%

80%

70%

60%
NETPROFITS
50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

40
OVERALL TELECOME INDUSTRY

3.7.DEPT EQUITY RATIO

Debt-to-Equity ratio is the ratio of total liabilities of a business to its shareholders' equity. It is a
leverage ratio and it measures the degree to which the assets of the business are financed by the
debts and the shareholders' equity of a business.

Analysis Lower values of debt-to-equity ratio are favorable indicating less risk. Higher debt-to-
equity ratio is unfavorable because it means that the business relies more on external lenders thus
it is at higher risk, especially at higher interest rates. A debt-to-equity ratio of 1.00 means that
half of the assets of a business are financed by debts and half by shareholders' equity. A value
higher than 1.00 means that more assets are financed by debt that those financed by money of
shareholders' and vice versa.

An increasing trend in of debt-to-equity ratio is also alarming because it means that the
percentage of assets of a business which are financed by the debts is increasing

Debt to equity ratio = Total liabilities/stockholder’s euity × 100

41
 TABLE NO – 3.7

DEPT EQUITY RATIO

YEAR RATIO

2013 0.42

2014 0.40

2015 0.47

2016 0.41

2017 0.67

SOURCE: Gnu.Inflibnet.Ac.In

INTERPRETATION

The about table shows 5 years dept equity ratio for the year 2013 was 0.42% and

2014 was 0.40%,2015 was 0.47%, and 2016 was 0.41% and 2017 was

0.67.

42
 It concerned the 2017 higher ratio of 0.67% ,at the same time 2014

was earned lower profit of 0.40%.

CHART NO – 3.7

DEPT EQUITY RATIO

RATIO
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

RATIO
0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

43
3.8.CURRENT RATIO

Current ratio, also known as liquidity ratio and working capital ratio, shows the proportion of
current assets of a business in relation to its current liabilities. Current ratio expresses the extent
to which the current liabilities of a business (i.e. liabilities due to be settled within 12 months)
are covered by its current assets (i.e. assets expected to be realized within 12 months). A current
ratio of 2 would mean that current assets are sufficient to cover for twice the amount of a
company's short term liabilities.

current asset
current ratio=
current liabilities

44
 TABLE NO - 3.8

CURRENT RATIO

YEARS RATIO

2013 1.06%

2014 1.03%
2015 1.05%
2016 1.11%
2017 0.91%
SOURCE: Gnu.Inflibnet.Ac.In

INTERPRETATION

The about table shows 5 years dept equity ratio for the year 2013 was 1.06% and

2014 was 1.03%,2015 was 1.05%, and 2016 was 1.11% and 2017 was

0.91%.

It concerned the 2016 higher ratio of 1.11% ,at the same time 2017

was earned lower profit of 0.91%.

45
 RATIO
1.2

0.8

RATIO
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

CHART NO – 3.8

CURRENT RATIO

46
3.9.TREND ANALYSIS

Business owners look for trends, or patterns, that can alert them to future performance
opportunities or problems. For example, even though this year’s total sales revenues might be the
same as last year’s, you might spot a growing trend of selling more low-margin items than the
previous year. This can result in lower profits even if you have the same revenues. Spotting this
trend early can help you take steps to address it, such as raising prices, cutting costs or spending
more marketing communications dollars promoting higher-margin items. If a particular product
has declining sales, you might change it or drop it from your line. If fewer and fewer mensss are
buying your product, you might shift your focus to marketing to women.

47
 TABLE NO – 3.9

SALES TURNOVER

YEARS TURNOVER

2013 98.84%

2014 88.86%

2015 74.87%

2016 85.25%

2017 96.89%
SOURCE: Gnu.Inflibnet.Ac.In

INTERPRETATION

The about table shows 5 years sales turnover ratio for the year 2013 was 98.84% and

2014 was 88.86%,2015 was 74.87%, and 2016 was 85.25% and 2017 was

96.89%.

48
 NET PROFIT
120

100

80

NET PROFIT
60

40

20

0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

It concerned the 2013 higher sales turnover ratio of 98.84% ,at the same time 2015

was earned lower profit of 74.87%.

CHART NO – 3.9

SALES TURNOVER

49
4.1.FINDINGS
 The about table shows 5 years net profit for the year 2013 was 11.23% and 2014
was 13.22%,2015 was 23.78%, and 2016 was 12.51% and 2017 was -15.93.

50
 It concerned the 2015 higher profit of 23.78% ,at the same time 2017 was earned
lower profit of -15.93%.

 The about table shows 5 years net profit for the year 2013 was -29.47% and 2014
was 80.06%, 2015 was -70.98%, and 2016 was 32.69% and 2017 was-51.01%.
 It concerned the 2014 higher profit of 80.06% ,at the same time 2015 was earned
lower profit of -70.98%.

 The about table shows 5 years net profit for the year 2013 was 41.93% and 2014
was 55.45%, 2015 was 66.33%, and 2016 was -75.82% and 2017 was -74.41%.
 It concerned the 2015 higher profit of 66.33% ,at the same time 2017 was earned
lower profit of -87.41%.

 The about table shows 5 years net profit for the year 2013 was 49.00% and 2014
was 71.00%, 2015 was 72.00%, and 2016 was -54.00% and 2017 was -62.00%.
 It concerned the 2015 higher profit of 72.00% ,at the same time 2017 was earned
lower profit of -62.00%.

 The about table shows 5 years net profit for the year 2013 was 30.00% and 2014
was 16.99%, 2015 was -12.10%, and 2016 was -14.10% and 2017 was -37.88%.
 It concerned the 2013 higher profit of 30.00% ,at the same time 2017 was earned
lower profit of -37.88%.

 The about table shows 5 years dept equity ratio for the year 2013 was 1.06% and
2014 was 1.03%,2015 was 1.05%, and 2016 was 1.11% and 2017 was 0.91%.

51
  It concerned the 2016 higher ratio of 1.11% ,at the same time 2017 was earned
lower profit of 0.91%.

 The about table shows 5 years dept equity ratio for the year 2013 was 0.42% and
2014 was 0.40%,2015 was 0.47%, and 2016 was 0.41% and 2017 was 0.67.
 It concerned the 2017 higher ratio of 0.67% ,at the same time 2014 was earned
lower profit of 0.40%.

 The about table shows 5 years sales turnover ratio for the year 2013 was 98.84%
and 2014 was 88.86%,2015 was 74.87%, and 2016 was 85.25% and 2017 was
96.89%.
 It concerned the 2017 higher sales turnover ratio of 74.87% ,at the same time
2013 was earned lower profit of 98.84%.

4.2.SUGGESTION

52
  Telecom service provider(TSP) approaches customers.
 Customer generates enquiry.
 Customer order a service to TSP.
 After technical evaluation,implementation of order takes place.
 Tracking system tracks the orderstatus,if the order implementation stops at any
stage,tracks and tries to fix it.
 After implementation is done,client starts using the service,the billing starts.
 Now to support the customer service, assurance team works.
 Software will have application to support each of these.
 Keep their technology up to date so that they should always offer something new
to their existing customer and also new customer.
 Should provide better customer service through better customer relation so that
old customer doesn’t left.

4.3.CONCLUSION

53
The technology improvement has helped the sector to perform better and has also expanded the
meaning of the term "telecommunication" from just audio message transformation to virtual
presence of person. the sector clearly shows a scope for future. In our opinion, instead of taking a
short-term view of paying capacity, the telecom companies should focus on a long -term game.
There is one word that telecom companies are hearing a lot these days- "Volumes". They need
volumes to sustain the network and the large employee base they have enrolled. In this regard,
companies like reliance is giving up to 30% commission on each call. If and when the carrier
access codes are introduced, there could be a tough fight among these outlets, as far as prices are
concerned. Yet, prices can go down further by almost 40% of the present structure. Part of the
same . The other part could be earning through volumes. New players like Virgin Mobile, which
already has international presence in close to 17 countries are entering India. It is doing so in
collaboration with Tata Tele services. The target market for Virgin Mobile is the youth, which in
India is around 54% of its population. Mobile number portability (MNP) is to introduced by Jan
2013. A neutral third - party operator is likely to be licensed to provide an end toned MNP
solution. MNP could well better service quality. There are challenges like porting time,
allocation of capital and operational porting costs among positive and will be set once the
committee submits its final report on the same. The telecom sector is attracting significant
domestic and global investment. The capital investment made by the telecom service industry
during 2016-2017 was around $8.5 billion, out of which $550 million was foreign direct
investment. The margins and profits of almost ail the telecom companies have been increasing
.In fact there are cases where significant portions of profit of international telecom companies
have been from their operations in India. India is well prepared for the introduction of NGN
(Next-Generation Networking). Being a late starter in the telecom scenario, India has the
advantage of using the latest technology and so it is in a better position when compared to many
other countries as far as introduction of NGN is concerned. Besides, the TRAI has identified
introduction of NGN as apriority area. As of today seem favourable toward the continued growth
of the telecom industry. The target of 500 million telephone connection by the year 2016 is very
much achievable. Ever with 300 million telephone connection, the tele-density of the country is
only about 26 percent. It has been noted that mobile telephone is growing at an annual rate of
over 90 percent. Also, on an average over eight million subscribers are being added every month.

54
5.1.BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTERNETWEBSITE

1. www.wikipedia.org/

2. http://wiki.answers.com

3. http:www.slideshare.net

4. www.wikipedia.org/inventory

5. www.pdfsearchengine.com/cashmanagement

6. www.scribd.com

BOOKS

1.introduction to operation research by hamdy A.taha

2. introduction to operation research by J.K.sharma
3.learning operation research by S.K.jaiswal

55