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MedicineNet
SYMPTOM CHECKER

home/chronic pain health center/chronic pain a-z list/nonsteroidal antiinflammatory

drugs article

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

What are NSAIDs and how do they work?
What NSAIDs are approved in the United States?
What are the side effects of NSAIDs?
For what conditions are NSAIDs used?
Are there any differences between NSAIDs?
With which drugs do NSAIDs interact?
Privacy & Trust Info

Surprising Reasons You're in Pain Slideshow

Take the Pain Quiz
Joint-Friendly Exercises to Reduce RA Pain Slideshow
What are NSAIDs and how do they work?
What NSAIDs are approved in the United States?
What are the side effects of NSAIDs?
For what conditions are NSAIDs used?
Are there any differences between NSAIDs?
With which drugs do NSAIDs interact?

What are NSAIDs and how do they work?

Prostaglandins are a family of chemicals that are produced by the cells of the body
and have several important functions. They promote inflammation that is necessary
for healing, but also results in pain, and fever; support the blood clotting
function of platelets; and protect the lining of the stomach from the damaging
effects of acid.

Prostaglandins are produced within the body's cells by the enzyme cyclooxygenase
(COX). There are two COX enzymes, COX-1 and COX-2. Both enzymes produce
prostaglandins that promote inflammation, pain, and fever. However, only COX-1
produces prostaglandins that support platelets and protect the stomach.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) block the COX enzymes and reduce
prostaglandins throughout the body. As a consequence, ongoing inflammation, pain,
and fever are reduced. Since the prostaglandins that protect the stomach and
support platelets and blood clotting also are reduced, NSAIDs can cause ulcers in
the stomach and promote bleeding.

What NSAIDs are approved in the United States?

The following list is an example of NSAIDs available:

aspirin
celecoxib (Celebrex)
diclofenac (Cambia, Cataflam, Voltaren-XR, Zipsor, Zorvolex)
diflunisal (Dolobid - discontinued brand)
etodolac (Lodine - discontinued brand)
ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil)
indomethacin (Indocin)
ketoprofen (Active-Ketoprofen [Orudis - discontinued brand])
ketorolac (Toradol - discontinued brand)
nabumetone (Relafen - discontinued brand)
naproxen (Aleve, Anaprox, Naprelan, Naprosyn)
oxaprozin (Daypro)
piroxicam (Feldene)
salsalate (Disalsate [Amigesic - discontinued brand])
sulindac (Clinoril - discontinued brand)
tolmetin (Tolectin - discontinued brand)

SLIDESHOW
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Exercises Slideshow: Joint-Friendly Fitness Routines
See Slideshow

What are the side effects of NSAIDs?

NSAIDs are associated with several side effects. The frequency of side effects
varies among NSAIDs.

Common side effects are

nausea,
vomiting,
diarrhea,
constipation,
decreased appetite,
rash,
dizziness,
headache, and
drowsiness.
Other important side effects are:

kidney failure (primarily with chronic use),

liver failure,
ulcers, and
prolonged bleeding after injury or surgery.
NSAIDs can cause fluid retention which can lead to edema, which is most commonly
manifested by swelling of the ankles.

WARNING: Some individuals are allergic to NSAIDs and may develop shortness of
breath when an NSAID is taken. People with asthma are at a higher risk for
experiencing serious allergic reaction to NSAIDs. Individuals with a serious
allergy to one NSAID are likely to experience a similar reaction to a different
NSAID.

Use of aspirin in children and teenagers with chickenpox or influenza has been
associated with the development of Reye's syndrome, a serious and sometimes fatal
liver disease. Therefore, aspirin and non-aspirin salicylates (for example,
salsalate [Amigesic]) should not be used in children and teenagers with suspected
or confirmed chickenpox or influenza.

NSAIDs increase the risk of potentially fatal, stomach and intestinal adverse
reactions (for example, bleeding, ulcers, and perforation of the stomach or
intestines). These events can occur at any time during treatment and without
warning symptoms. Elderly patients are at greater risk for these adverse events.
NSAIDs (except low dose aspirin) may increase the risk of potentially fatal heart
attacks, stroke, and related conditions. This risk may increase with duration of
use and in patients who have underlying risk factors for heart and blood vessel
disease. Therefore, NSAIDs should not be used for the treatment of pain resulting
from coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.

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For what conditions are NSAIDs used?

NSAIDs are used primarily to treat inflammation, mild to moderate pain, and fever.

Specific uses include the treatment of:

headaches,
arthritis,
ankylosing spondylitis,
sports injuries, and
menstrual cramps.
Ketorolac (Toradol) is only used for short-term treatment of moderately severe
acute pain that otherwise would be treated with narcotics.

Aspirin (also an NSAID) is used to inhibit the clotting of blood and prevent
strokes and heart attacks in individuals at high risk for strokes and heart
attacks.

NSAIDs also are included in many cold and allergy preparations.

Celecoxib (Celebrex) is used for treating familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) to

prevent the formation and growth of colon polyps.

QUESTION
Medically speaking, the term "myalgia" refers to what type of pain?
See Answer

Are there any differences between NSAIDs?

NSAIDs vary in their potency, duration of action, how they are eliminated from the
body, how strongly they inhibit COX-1 versus COX-2 and their tendency to cause
ulcers and promote bleeding. The more an NSAID blocks COX-1, the greater is its
tendency to cause ulcers and promote bleeding. One NSAID, celecoxib (Celebrex),
blocks COX-2 but has little effect on COX-1, and is therefore further classified as
a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Selective COX-2 inhibitors cause less bleeding and
fewer ulcers than other NSAIDs.

Aspirin is a unique NSAID, not only because of its many uses, but because it is the
only NSAID that inhibits the clotting of blood for a prolonged period of time (4 to
7 days). This prolonged effect of aspirin makes it an ideal drug for preventing
blood clots that cause heart attacks and strokes.

Most NSAIDs inhibit the clotting of blood for only a few hours. Ketorolac (Toradol)
is a very potent NSAID and is used for moderately severe acute pain that usually
requires narcotics. Ketorolac causes ulcers more frequently than other NSAID.
Therefore, it is not used for more than five days. Although NSAIDs have a similar
mechanism of action, individuals who do not respond to one NSAID may respond to
another.

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time.

With which drugs do NSAIDs interact?

NSAIDs reduce blood flow to the kidneys and therefore reduce the action of
diuretics ("water pills") and decrease the elimination of lithium (Eskalith,
Lithobid) and methotrexate (Rheumatrex, Trexall). As a result, the blood levels of
these drugs may increase as may their side effects.

NSAIDs also decrease the ability of the blood to clot and therefore increase
bleeding. When used with other drugs that also increase bleeding (for example,
warfarin [Coumadin]), there is an increased likelihood of serious bleeding or
complications of bleeding. Therefore, individuals who are taking drugs that reduce
the ability of blood to clot should avoid prolonged use of NSAIDs.

NSAIDs also may increase blood pressure in patients with hypertension (high blood
pressure) and therefore antagonize the action of drugs that are used to treat
hypertension.

NSAIDs increase the negative effect of cyclosporine on kidney function.

Persons who have more than three alcoholic beverages per day may be at increased
risk of developing stomach ulcers when taking NSAIDs.

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Summary
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a class of drugs are used to treat
inflammation, mild to moderate pain, and fever. Examples of the most common NSAIDs
include: aspirin salsalate (Amigesic), diflunisal (Dolobid), ibuprofen (Motrin),
ketoprofen (Orudis), nabumetone (Relafen), piroxicam (Feldene), naproxen (Aleve,
Naprosyn,) diclofenac (Voltaren), indomethacin (Indocin), sulindac (Clinoril),
tolmetin (Tolectin), etodolac (Lodine), ketorolac (Toradol), oxaprozin (Daypro),
celecoxib (Celebrex).

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What is ankylosing spondylitis? Take this quiz to learn the causes, symptoms, and
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Related Disease Conditions

Common Medical Abbreviations List
Common Medical Abbreviations List
Doctors, pharmacists, and other health-care professionals use abbreviations,
acronyms, and other terminology for instructions and information in regard to a
patient's health condition, prescription drugs they are to take, or medical
procedures that have been ordered. There is no approved this list of common medical
abbreviations, acronyms, and terminology used by doctors and other health- care
professionals. You can use this list of medical abbreviations and acronyms written
by our doctors the next time you can't understand what is on your prescription
package, blood test results, or medical procedure orders. Examples include: ANED:
Alive no evidence of disease. The patient arrived in the ER alive with no evidence
of disease. ARF: Acute renal (kidney) failure cap: Capsule. CPAP: Continuous
positive airway pressure. A treatment for sleep apnea. DJD: Degenerative joint
disease. Another term for osteoarthritis. DM: Diabetes mellitus. Type 1 and type 2
diabetes HA: Headache IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease. A name for two disorders of
the gastrointestinal (BI) tract, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis JT: Joint
N/V: Nausea or vomiting. p.o.: By mouth. From the Latin terminology per os. q.i.d.:
Four times daily. As in taking a medicine four times daily. RA: Rheumatoid
arthritis SOB: Shortness of breath. T: Temperature. Temperature is recorded as part
of the physical examination. It is one of the "vital signs."

Headache
Headache
Headaches can be divided into two categories: primary headaches and secondary
headaches. Migraine headaches, tension headaches, and cluster headaches are
considered primary headaches. Secondary headaches are caused by disease. Headache
symptoms vary with the headache type. Over-the-counter pain relievers provide
short-term relief for most headaches.

Endometriosis
Endometriosis
Endometriosis implants are most commonly found on the ovaries, the Fallopian tubes,
outer surfaces of the uterus or intestines, and on the surface lining of the pelvic
cavity. They also can be found in the vagina, cervix, and bladder. Endometriosis
may not produce any symptoms, but when it does the most common symptom is pelvic
pain that worsens just prior to menstruation and improves at the end of the
menstrual period. Other symptoms of endometriosis include pain during sex, pain
with pelvic examinations, cramping or pain during bowel movements or urination, and
infertility. Treatment of endometriosis can be with medication or surgery.
Gastritis Symptoms, Causes, Diet, Home Remedies, Treatment, and Cure
Gastritis Symptoms, Causes, Diet, Home Remedies, Treatment, and Cure
Gastritis (acute and chronic) is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach Some
people have no gastritis symptoms, but when they do occur they may include
bloating, belching, loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting. H. pylori infection and
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the two main causes of gastritis.
Alcohol, caffeine, and high-fat foods also can cause gastritis. Fried, fatty, and
spicy foods, and alcohol aggravate gastritis symptoms. Other stomach lining
irritants that aggravate symptoms include cigarette smoking, acidic juices,
caffeine, tomato products, peppers, and chili powder. Foods that sooth gastritis
symptoms, and that help reduce and stop H. pylori infection growth in the stomach
include apples, onions, garlic, teas, green leafy vegetables, coconut water, and
wheat bran. Gastritis is diagnosed with endoscopy, blood tests, or stool tests.
Some people get relief from gastritis symptoms with prescription and non-
prescription antacids, histamine blockers like famotidine (Pepcid AC) or ranitidine
(Zantac 75), or proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) like omeprazole (Prilosec) and
esomeprazole (Nexium). These drugs will not cure gastritis. Complications of
gastritis include gastric cancers, MALT lymphoma, renal problems, and death.

Sore Throat Home Remedies

Sore Throat Home Remedies
Natural and home remedies for sore throat symptoms and pain relief include
essential oils, licorice gargles, slippery elm leaves, raw garlic, Throat Coat tea,
sage, and acupuncture. Typical symptoms of a sore throat include throat pain,
coughing, sneezing, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. Sore throats are caused by
viral (common cold, flu, mumps), bacterial (tonsillitis, some STDs), toxins,
allergens, trauma or injury, or "mechanical causes" (breathing through the mouth).

Knee Injury
Knee Injury
Knee injuries, especially meniscus tears, are common in contact sports. Symptoms
and signs of a torn meniscus include knee pain, swelling, a popping sound, and
difficulty bending the leg. Treatment may involve resting, icing, compressing, and
elevating the knee, in addition to wearing a knee brace, taking anti-inflammatory
medications, and stretching the knee.

Indigestion (Dyspepsia, Upset Stomach Pain)

Indigestion (Dyspepsia, Upset Stomach Pain)
Indigestion (dyspepsia) can be caused by diseases or conditions that involve the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and also by some diseases and conditions that do not
involve the GI tract. Indigestion can be a chronic condition in which the symptoms
fluctuate in frequency and intensity. Signs and symptoms that accompany indigestion
include pain in the chest, upper abdominal pain, belching, nausea, bloating,
abdominal distention, feeling full after eating only a small portion of food, and
rarely, vomiting.

Stroke
Stroke
A stroke is an interruption of the blood supply to part of the brain caused by
either a blood clot (ischemic) or bleeding (hemorrhagic). Symptoms of a stroke may
include: weakness, numbness, double vision or vision loss, confusion, vertigo,
difficulty speaking or understanding speech. A physical exam, imaging tests,
neurological exam, and blood tests may be used to diagnose a stroke. Treatment may
include administration of clot-busting drugs, supportive care, and in some
instances, neurosurgery. The risk of stroke can be reduced by controlling high
blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and stopping smoking.

Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI)

Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI)
An upper respiratory infection is a contagious infection of the structures of the
upper respiratory tract, which includes the sinuses, nasal passages, pharynx, and
larynx. Common causes of an upper respiratory infection include bacteria and
viruses such as rhinoviruses, group A streptococci, influenza, respiratory
syncytial, whooping cough, diphtheria, and Epstein-Barr. Examples of symptoms of
upper respiratory infection include sneezing, sore throat, cough, fever, and nasal
congestion. Treatment of upper respiratory infections are based upon the cause.
Generally, viral infections are treated symptomatically with over-the-counter (OTC)
medication and home remedies.

Hives (Urticaria)
Hives (Urticaria)
Hives, also called urticaria, is a raised, itchy area of skin that is usually a
sign of an allergic reaction. The allergy may be to food or medications, but
usually the cause of the allergy (the allergen) is unknown.

Toothache
Toothache
A toothache is pain on or around a tooth. It may have a variety of causes,
including a cavity, abscess, or even sinusitis. Toothache symptoms include pain,
headache, earache, bad taste in the mouth, and gum swelling. Dental X-rays and
other tests performed by a dentist are used to diagnose the cause of a toothache.
Toothache treatment depends on the underlying cause. Taking proper care of the
teeth and gums can help prevent toothache.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation
of the joints, the tissue around the joints, as well as other organs in the body.
Because it can affect multiple other organs of the body, rheumatoid arthritis is
referred to as a systemic illness and is sometimes called rheumatoid disease. The
16 characteristic early RA signs and symptoms include the following. Anemia Both
sides of the body affected (symmetric) Depression Fatigue Fever Joint deformity
Joint pain Joint redness Joint stiffness Joint swelling Joint tenderness Joint
warmth Limping Loss of joint function Loss of joint range of motion Many joints
affected (polyarthritis)

Menstruation (Menstrual Cycle)

Menstruation (Menstrual Cycle)
Menstruation (menstrual cycle) is also referred to as a "period." When a woman
menstruates, the lining of the uterus is shed. This shedding of the uterine linking
is the menstrual blood flow. The average menstrual cycle is 28 days. There can be
problems with a woman's period, including heavy bleeding, pain, or skipped periods.
Causes of these problems may be amenorrhea (lack of a period), menstrual cramps
(dysmenorrhea), or abnormal vaginal or uterine bleeding. There are a variety of
situations in which a girl or woman should see a doctor about her menstrual cycle.

Fever in Adults and Children

Fever in Adults and Children
Although a fever technically is any body temperature above the normal of 98.6 F (37
C), in practice, a person is usually not considered to have a significant fever
until the temperature is above 100.4 F (38 C). Fever is part of the body's own
disease-fighting arsenal; rising body temperatures apparently are capable of
killing off many disease-producing organisms.

Piriformis Syndrome
Piriformis Syndrome
Piriformis syndrome may develop if the piriformis muscle spasms and compresses the
sciatic nerve. This causes buttock pain that radiates down the back of the leg
along the sciatic nerve. Symptoms include numbness, a pins-and-needles tingling
sensation, and low back pain. Treatment of piriformis syndrome depends upon the
syndrome's phase: acute, recovery, or maintenance.

Foot Pain
Foot Pain
Foot pain may be caused by injuries (sprains, strains, bruises, and fractures),
diseases (diabetes, Hansen disease, and gout), viruses, fungi, and bacteria
(plantar warts and athlete's foot), or even ingrown toenails. Pain and tenderness
may be accompanied by joint looseness, swelling, weakness, discoloration, and loss
of function. Minor foot pain can usually be treated with rest, ice, compression,
and elevation and OTC medications such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen. Severe pain
should be treated by a medical professional.

Internal Bleeding
Internal Bleeding
Internal bleeding occurs when an artery or vein is damaged and blood to escapes the
circulatory system and collects inside the body. Internal bleeding can be caused by
a variety of situations such as blunt trauma, deceleration trauma, medications,
fractures, and spontaneous bleeding. Treatment of internal bleeding depends on the
cause of the bleeding.

30 Sunburn Natural and Home Remedies for Severe Sunburns

30 Sunburn Natural and Home Remedies for Severe Sunburns
There are many natural and home remedies that are thought to relieve the symptoms
ofa sunburn. Check out our top 30 tips to cool that sunburn, for example drink lots
of water, juice, or sports drinks; apply a cool compress containing Burow's
solution; coconut oil can be used as a moisturizer after sunburn pain has stopped;
apply topical over-the-counter (OTC) 1% hydrocortisone cream; and take OTC pain
relievers like NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) such as ibuprofen
(Advil, Motrin) or naproxen (Aleve).

Bone Cancer
Bone Cancer
Bone cancer is a rare type of cancer that occurs in cells that make up the bones.
Primary bone cancer that arises in bone cells is different than metastatic bone
cancer, which is cancer that arises in another part of the body and then spreads to
the bones. Hereditary and environmental factors likely contribute to the risk of
bone cancer. Signs and symptoms of bone cancer may include pain, the presence of a
mass or lump, and bone fractures. There are different types of bone cancer
(osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, pleomorphic sarcoma, fibrosarcoma).
Treatment for bone cancer may include surgical removal of the tumor, chemotherapy,
radiation, and/or a stem cell transplant. The prognosis for bone cancer depends on
the type of cancer and the extent of spread.

Knee Pain
Knee Pain
Acute injuries, medical conditions, and chronic use conditions are causes of knee
pain. Symptoms and signs that accompany knee pain include redness, swelling,
difficulty walking, and locking of the knee. To diagnose knee pain, a physician
will perform a physical exam and also may order X-rays, arthrocentesis, blood
tests, or a CT scan or MRI. Treatment of knee pain depends upon the cause of the
pain.

Fibrocystic Breast Disease

Fibrocystic Breast Disease
Fibrocystic breast condition (sometimes called fibrocystic breast disease) is
characterized by lumpiness and usually pain, tenderness, and discomfort in one or
both breasts. The condition is very common and benign (not malignant). Fibrocystic
breast condition is the most common cause of "lumpy breasts" in women. A common
symptom of fibrocystic breast condition is breast pain or discomfort. Some women
with fibrocystic breasts have mile breast tenderness or pain. Other women with the
condition may have very painful and tender breasts with lumpy areas that can be
felt. Fibrocystic breast condition is most common in women after age 30, which
continues through perimenopause and menopause. Women with the condition often have
fewer problems after menopause (postmenopause).Fibrocystic breast condition that
involves hyperplasia is associated with a slightly increased risk of developing
breast cancer. Atypical hyperplasia is associated with a moderately increased risk
of developing breast cancer compared to women with fibrocystic without fibrocystic
changes. Natural and home remedies to help relieve breast pain include NSAIDs like
aspiring, Aleve, and Advil. Prescription medication also may help relieve symptoms
of fibrocystic breasts.

Dry Socket
Dry Socket
A dry socket is a potential complication that can occur when a blood clot in the
gums becomes dislodged after a tooth extraction. Dry socket signs and symptoms
include pain, mouth odor, and unpleasant taste in the mouth. A dentist may treat a
dry socket with analgesic dressing. Over-the-counter pain medications can also
relieve symptoms. A dry socket usually heals within 7 days. Avoiding smoking,
drinking with a straw, and vigorous rinsing and spitting may help prevent the
formation of dry socket.

Arthritis (Joint Inflammation)

Arthritis (Joint Inflammation)
Arthritis is inflammation of one or more joints. When joints are inflamed they can
develop stiffness, warmth, swelling, redness and pain. There are over 100 types of
arthritis, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis,
psoriatic arthritis, lupus, gout, and pseudogout.

Lupus (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus or SLE)

Lupus (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus or SLE)
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a condition characterized by chronic inflammation
of body tissues caused by autoimmune disease. Lupus can cause disease of the skin,
heart, lungs, kidneys, joints, and nervous system. When only the skin is involved,
the condition is called discoid lupus. When internal organs are involved, the
condition is called systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Ankle Pain (Tendinitis)

Ankle Pain (Tendinitis)
Ankle pain is commonly due to a sprain or tendinitis. The severity of ankle sprains
ranges from mild (which can resolve within 24 hours) to severe (which can require
surgical repair). Tendinitis of the ankle can be caused by trauma or inflammation.

Hamstring Injury
Hamstring Injury
Hamstring injuries may range from minor strains to major ruptures. A hamstring
injury causes spasm, tightness, and tenderness. More severe injuries may cause
swelling and bruising. While most hamstring injuries heal without surgery, a
complete rupture would require surgery.

Sore Throat
Sore Throat
Sore throat (throat pain) usually is described as pain or discomfort in the throat
area. A sore throat may be caused by bacterial infections, viral infections,
toxins, irritants, trauma, or injury to the throat area. Common symptoms of a sore
throat include a fever, cough, runny nose, hoarseness, earaches, sneezing, and body
aches. Home remedies for a sore throat include warm soothing liquids and throat
lozenges. OTC remedies for a sore throat include OTC pain relievers such as
ibuprofen or acetaminophen. Antibiotics may be necessary for some cases of sore
throat.

Migraine Headache
Migraine Headache
Migraine headache is a type of headache associated with a sensitivity to light,
smells, or sounds, eye pain, severe pounding on one side of the head, and sometimes
nausea and vomiting. The exact cause of migraine headaches is not known. Triggers
for migraine headaches include certain foods, stress, hormonal changes, strong
stimuli (loud noises), and oversleeping. Treatment guidelines for migraines include
medicine, pain management, diet changes, avoiding foods that trigger migraines,
staying hydrated, getting adequate sleep, and exercising regularly. Prevention of
migraine triggers include getting regular exercise, drinking water daily, reducing
stress, and avoiding trigger foods.

Mastoiditis
Mastoiditis
Mastoiditis in children and adults is inflammation and/or infection of the mastoid
bone, which is located behind the ear. The most common cause of mastoiditis is an
inner ear infection or otitis media. Acute mastoiditis lasts for a short period,
while chronic mastoiditis can last for months to years. Symptoms of acute
mastoiditis in children and adults include, pain and swelling behind the ear, pus
draining from the ear, and a low-grade fever. Complications of mastoiditis include
meningitis, abscess, dizziness, and conductive hearing loss. Mastoiditis requires
antibiotic treatment so it cannot be treated at home with natural products or home
remedies; however, home remedies may help reduce symptoms of pain, inflammation,
and fever. Some individuals will need surgery to cure their infection.

Shoulder Bursitis
Shoulder Bursitis
Shoulder bursitis is inflammation of the shoulder bursa. Bursitis may be caused by
injury, infection, or a rheumatic condition. Symptoms include pain, swelling,
tenderness, and pain with movement of the shoulder joint. Treatment may involve ice
compresses, rest, and anti-inflammatory medications and depends on whether there is
an infection.

Swollen Ankles and Swollen Feet

Swollen Ankles and Swollen Feet
Swollen ankles and swollen feet is a symptom of an underlying disease or condition
such as edema, medications, pregnancy, injuries, diseases, infections, lymphedema,
or blood clots.

Ankylosing Spondylitis
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of arthritis that causes chronic inflammation of
the spine. The tendency to develop ankylosing spondylitis is genetically inherited.
Treatment incorporates medications, physical therapy, and exercise.

Hyperkalemia (High Blood Potassium)

Hyperkalemia (High Blood Potassium)
Hyperkalemia is an abnormally high level of potassium in the blood. Hyperkalemia
symptoms include nausea, fatigue, tingling sensations, or muscle weakness.
Hyperkalemia may also cause no symptoms. Hyperkalemia treatment may include a low-
potassium diet, medications, and intravenous glucose and insulin. Causes of
hyperkalemia include kidney dysfunction, certain medications, adrenal gland
diseases, and potassium shifts.

Knee Bursitis
Knee Bursitis
Bursitis of the knee results when any of the three fluid-filled sacs (bursae)
become inflamed due to injury or strain. Symptoms include pain, swelling, warmth,
tenderness, and redness. Treatment of knee bursitis depends on whether infection is
involved. If the knee bursa is not infected, knee bursitis may be treated with ice
compresses, rest, and anti-inflammatory and pain medications.

Neck Pain (Cervical Pain)

Neck Pain (Cervical Pain)
Neck pain (cervical pain) may be caused by any number of disorders and diseases.
Tenderness is another symptom of neck pain. Though treatment for neck pain really
depends upon the cause, treatment typically may involve heat/ice application,
traction, physical therapy, cortisone injection, topical anesthetic creams, and
muscle relaxants.

Dry Mouth (Xerostomia)

Dry Mouth (Xerostomia)
Dry mouth is a common side effect of many prescription and non-prescription drugs
and certain medical conditions. Symptoms of dry mouth include a sticky, dry feeling
in the mouth, frequent thirst, sores in the mouth; sores or split skin at the
corners of the mouth, cracked lips, a dry feeling in the throat, a burning or
tingling sensation in the mouth, and a dry, red, raw tongue.

Bursitis
Bursitis
A bursa is a fluid-filled sac found in the joints that cushions them. Bursitis is
an inflammation of the bursae, most commonly caused by repetitive motion. Bursitis
can be caused by a bacterial infection and should be treated with antibiotics.
Doctors also recommend icing and resting the joint.

Bruises
Bruises
A bruise, or contusion, is caused when blood vessels are damaged or broken as the
result of a blow to the skin. The raised area of a bump or bruise results from
blood leaking from these injured blood vessels into the tissues as well as from the
body's response to the injury. Treatments include applying an ice pack and pressure
to the area by hand.

Dengue Fever
Dengue Fever
Dengue fever is contracted from the bite of a striped Aedes aegypti mosquito.
Symptoms and signs of dengue include headache, fever, exhaustion, severe joint and
muscle pain, rash, and swollen glands. Since dengue is caused by a virus, there is
no specific medicine to treat it. Treatment instead focuses on relieving the
symptoms.

Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction)

Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction)
A heart attack happens when a blood clot completely obstructs a coronary artery
supplying blood to the heart muscle. A heart attack can cause chest pain, heart
failure, and electrical instability of the heart.

Pericarditis (Symptoms, ECG, Types, Causes, Treatment)

Pericarditis (Symptoms, ECG, Types, Causes, Treatment)
Pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardial sac that surrounds the heart.
The causes of pericarditis include injury from heart attack, heart surgery, trauma,
viral or fungal infection, HIV, tumors, mixed connective tissue disease, metabolic
disease, medication reactions, or unknown reasons. Treatment for pericarditis is
generally medication, however, sometimes surgery is necessary.
Occipital Neuralgia (Headache)
Occipital Neuralgia (Headache)
Occipital neuralgia is a type of headache that involves inflammation or irritation
of occipital nerves. Signs and symptoms include a stabbing and throbbing head pain,
and an aching pain in the upper back of the head and neck. Potential causes include
infection, irritation, or trauma of the occipital nerves. This type of headache is
diagnosed by physical examination findings and imaging tests. Treatment involves a
multidisciplinary approach that includes massage, rest, physical therapy, heat,
muscle relaxants, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Invasive procedures and even surgery
may be considered if first-line treatments fail to bring relief from the chronic
pain of this type of headache.

Sprains and Strains

Sprains and Strains
An injury to a ligament is called a sprain, and an injury to muscle or tendon is
called a strain. Sprains and strains may be caused by repetitive movements or a
single stressful incident. Symptoms and signs include pain and swelling. Though
treatment depends upon the extent and location of the injury, rest, ice,
compression, and elevation are key elements of treatment.

Orthostatic Hypotension
Orthostatic Hypotension
Orthostatic hypotension symptoms include: LightheadednessWeaknessBlurred vision
Syncope or passing out Causes of orthostatic hypotension include: Dehydration,
Anemia, Medication Blood loss Low blood pressure Heat related illnesses Parkinson's
disease Diabetes Treatment of orthostatic hypotension depends on the underlying
cause.

Elbow Pain
Elbow Pain
Elbow pain is most often the result of tendinitis, which can affect the inner or
outer elbow. Treatment includes ice, rest, and medication for inflammation.
Inflammation, redness, warmth, swelling, tenderness, and decreased range of motion
are other symptoms associated with elbow pain. Treatment for elbow pain depends
upon the nature of the patient's underlying disease or condition.

Barrett's Esophagus
Barrett's Esophagus
Barrett's esophagus occurs as a complication of chronic gastroesophageal reflux
disease (GERD), primarily in white males. GERD refers to the reflux of acidic fluid
from the stomach into the esophagus (the swallowing tube), and is classically
associated with heartburn. Learn the symptoms, causes, and treatments for Barrett's
esophagus.

Eye Allergy
Eye Allergy
Eye allergy (or allergic eye disease) are typically associated with hay fever and
atopic dermatitis. Medications and cosmetics may cause eye allergies. Allergic eye
conditions include allergic conjunctivitis, conjunctivitis with atopic dermatitis,
vernal keratoconjunctivitis, and giant papillary conjunctivitis. Dry eye, tear-duct
obstruction, and conjunctivitis due to infection are frequently confused with eye
allergies. Eye allergies may be treated with topical antihistamines, decongestants,
topical mast-cell stabilizers, topical anti-inflammatory drugs, systemic
medications, and allergy shots.

Pain Management
Pain Management
Pain management and treatment can be simple or complex, according to its cause.
There are two basic types of pain, nociceptive pain and neuropathic pain. Some
causes of neuropathic pain include: complex regional pain syndrome, interstitial
cystitis, and irritable bowel syndrome. There are a variety of methods to treat
chronic pain, which are dependant on the type of pain experienced.

Tension Headache (Symptoms, Relief, Causes, Treatment)

Tension Headache (Symptoms, Relief, Causes, Treatment)
A tension headache s one of the most common types of headaches, and the exact cause
is not known. Factors that may contribute to tension or stress headaches are lack
of sleep, increased stress (referred to as a stress headache), skipping meals,
dehydration, medical diseases or conditions, anxiety, or changes at home, work, or
school. Treatment of tension headaches include prescription and OTC medications,
stress management, and treating any underlying illness or condition.

Scleritis
Scleritis
Scleritis is inflammation of the white part of the eye. It may be caused by a
serious underlying condition, such as an autoimmune disease. Symptoms include
redness, pain, tearing, sensitivity to light, and decreased visual acuity.
Treatment may include eyedrops as well as treatment for any underlying disease
process. Scleritis cannot be prevented.

Psoriatic Arthritis
Psoriatic Arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis is a disease that causes skin and joint inflammation. Symptoms
and signs include painful, stiff, and swollen joints, tendinitis, and organ
inflammation. Treatment involves anti-inflammatory medications and exercise.

Prostatitis vs. BPH (Enlarged Prostate): What Is the Difference?

Prostatitis vs. BPH (Enlarged Prostate): What Is the Difference?
Prostatitis and BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia, enlarged prostate gland) are
both conditions of the prostate gland. There are four types of prostatitis that can
be caused by infections (usually bacterial) or other health conditions or problems,
acute bacterial prostatitis (type I), chronic bacterial prostatitis (type II),
chronic prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome (type III), and asymptomatic
inflammatory prostatitis (type IV). BPH is inflammation of the prostate gland, and
most men have the condition by age 50. Doctor's don't know what causes this
inflammation, but they theorize that it may be related to hormones. Both of these
conditions can cause similar symptoms like low back pain, pain during urination, or
difficulty or the inability to urinate. However, prostatitis has many more symptoms
and signs than BPH, and they based on the type of prostatitis. Examples include low
back pain and/or abdominal pain, painful urination, fever, chills, feeling tired,
recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), painful urination intermittently,
intermittent obstruction urinary tract symptoms (frequent, painful, or incomplete
urination), pelvic pain and/or discomfort, pain with ejaculation, and erectile
dysfunction (ED). If you think you have either of these conditions contact your
doctor or other health care professional. Bacterial prostatitis can be cured with
antibiotics; however, there is no cure for BPH.

Migraines and Seizures (Symptoms, Auras, Medication)

Migraines and Seizures (Symptoms, Auras, Medication)
Migraines are a type of headache and seizures are the main symptom of epilepsy.
Migraine headaches and seizures are two different neurological problems that have
similar signs, symptoms, and auras, for example, sensitivity to light (photophobia)
and sound, irritability, nausea, and vomiting. Symptoms unique to migraine and
migraine auras are water retention, problems sleeping, appetite changes, and
talkativeness. Symptoms unique to seizure and seizures auras are depression, a
feeling of heaviness, a feeling that a seizure is approaching, and depression. Many
of the symptoms of migraine and seizures are the same, however, seizures do not
cause migraines; however, people who have seizures are twice as likely to have
migraines and vice-versa. People who have migraines are twice as likely to have
seizures, and people with seizures are twice as likely to have migraines; however,
one condition does not cause the other.

Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a disorder of the muscles and joints that causes
pain and stiffness in the arms, neck, shoulders, and buttocks. Treatment for
polymyalgia rheumatica aims to reduce inflammation with aspirin, ibuprofen, and low
doses of cortisone medications.

Still's Disease
Still's Disease
Still's disease (systemic-onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis) is a disorder
characterized by inflammation with high fever spikes, fatigue, salmon-colored rash,
and/or arthritis. Though there have been several theories regarding the cause(s) of
Still's disease, the cause is not yet known. Many symptoms of Still's disease are
often treatable with anti-inflammatory drugs.

Hyperthermia (Heat-Related Illness)

Hyperthermia (Heat-Related Illness)
Heat-related illness include heat rash, cramps, exhaustion, stroke, and sunburn.
Treatment of heat related illnesses depend on the condition, but symptoms may
include headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, fainting, seizures, and coma. Heat
stroke is a medical emergency, and may result in death if not treated promptly.
Heat exhaustion may lead to heat stroke if not treated properly.

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Ulcers

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Ulcers
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are prescribed medications for the
treatment of inflammatory conditions. Examples of NSAIDs include aspirin,
ibuprofen, naproxen, and more. One common side effect of NSAIDs is peptic ulcer
(ulcers of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum). Side effects, drug interactions,
warnings and precautions, and patient safety information should be reviewed prior
to taking NSAIDs.

Cluster Headaches
Cluster Headaches
Cluster headaches are a type of headache that recurs over a period. Episodes can
last one to three times a day during this time, which may last from 2 weeks to 3
months. The three main types of treatments for cluster headaches are, 1) Abortive
medications that work to stop the process in the brain that causes migraines and
stops the symptoms too. 2) Preventive prescription medications, or 3) surgery which
involves blocking the trigeminal nerve.

Muscle Pain (Myofascial Pain Syndrome)

Muscle Pain (Myofascial Pain Syndrome)
Muscle pain (myofascial pain syndrome) is muscle pain in the body's soft tissues
due to injury or strain. Symptoms include muscle pain with tender points and
fatigue. Treatment usually involves physical therapy, massage therapy, or trigger
point injection.

Menstrual Cramps and PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome) Treatment

Menstrual Cramps and PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome) Treatment
Menstrual cramps and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms include abdominal
cramping, bloating, a feeling of fullness, abdominal pain, mood swings, anxiety and
more. Treatment for menstrual cramps and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms
include regular sleep, exercise, smoking cessation, diet changes, and OTC or
prescription medication depending on the severity of the condition.

What Is Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EOE)?

What Is Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EOE)?
Eosinophilic esophagitis is an inflammation of the esophagus. Eosinophilic
esophagitis has many causes including acid reflux, heartburn, viruses, medications
that become stuck in the esophagus, allergy, asthma, hay fever, allergic rhinitis,
and atopic dermatitis. Eosinophilic esophagitis symptoms include difficulty
swallowing food, abdominal pain, chest pain, and heartburn.

Degenerative Disc Disease and Sciatica

Degenerative Disc Disease and Sciatica
Degenerative disc disease makes the disc more susceptible to herniation (rupture)
which can lead to localized or radiating pain. The pain from degenerative disc or
joint disease of the spine is usually treated conservatively with intermittent
heat, rest, rehabilitative exercises and medications to relieve pain, muscle spasm
and inflammation.

What Is the Life Expectancy of Someone with Crohn's Disease?

What Is the Life Expectancy of Someone with Crohn's Disease?
Crohn’s disease is a chronic condition that causes inflammation in the gut
(digestive tract).Crohn’s disease belongs to a group of conditions known as
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). With appropriate management, patients with
Crohn’s disease may expect a normal life expectancy and a good quality of life.

Heat Exhaustion (First Aid Tips)

Heat Exhaustion (First Aid Tips)
Heat exhaustion is a milder form of heat-related illness that can develop after
several days of exposure to high temperatures and inadequate or unbalanced
replacement fluids. Warning signs of heat exhaustion include heavy sweating,
paleness, muscle cramps, tiredness, weakness, dizziness, headache, nausea or
vomiting, and fainting. A person suffering from heat exhaustion should stop the
activity are doing, move to a cooler environment, and rehydrate with liquids, for
example, water or sports drinks. Complications of heat exhaustion are dehydration,
muscle weakness, nausea, and vomiting. Heat exhaustion can progress to heat stroke
(a medical emergency) if not treated.

Pseudogout
Pseudogout
Pseudogout, a form of arthritis, results when deposits of crystals collect in and
around the joints. Symptoms of pseudogout include pain, stiffness, warmth, and
joint swelling of the knees, ankles, hips, shoulders, and/or wrists. Treatment for
pseudogout aims to decrease inflammation through the use of nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs, ice, and rest.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Multiple sclerosis (MS) symptoms vary from person to person, and can last for days
to months without periods of remission. Symptoms of MS include sexual problems and
problems with the bowel, bladder, eyes, muscles, speech, swallowing, brain, and
nervous system. The early symptoms and signs of multiple sclerosis usually start
between age 20 and 40. MS in children, teens, and those over age 40 is rare.
Treatment options for multiple sclerosis vary depending on the type and severity of
symptoms. Medications may be prescribed to manage MS symptoms.

Microscopic Colitis (Lymphocytic Colitis and Collagenous Colitis)

Microscopic Colitis (Lymphocytic Colitis and Collagenous Colitis)
Microscopic colitis (lymphocytic colitis and collagenous colitis) is a disease of
inflammation of the colon. Microscopic colitis is only visible when the colon's
lining is examined under a microscope. The cause of microscopic colitis is not
known. Symptoms of microscopic colitis are chronic watery diarrhea and abdominal
pain or cramps.

Reactive Arthritis
Reactive Arthritis
Reactive arthritis is a chronic, systemic rheumatic disease characterized by three
conditions, including conjunctivitis, joint inflammation, and genital, urinary, or
gastrointestinal system inflammation. Inflammation leads to pain, swelling, warmth,
redness, and stiffness of the affected joints. Non-joint areas may experience
irritation and pain. Treatment for reactive arthritis depends on which area of the
body is affected. Joint inflammation is treated with anti-inflammatory medications.

Cold, Flu, Allergy Treatments

Cold, Flu, Allergy Treatments
Before treating a cold, the flu, or allergies with over-the-counter (OTC)
medications, it's important to know what's causing the symptoms, which symptoms one
wishes to relieve, and the active ingredients in the OTC product. Taking products
that only contain the medications needed for relieving your symptoms prevents
ingestion of unnecessary medications and reduces the chances of side effects.

Relapsing Polychondritis
Relapsing Polychondritis
Relapsing polychondritis is an uncommon, chronic disorder of the cartilage that is
characterized by recurrent episodes of inflammation of the cartilage of various
tissues of the body. Tissues containing cartilage that can become inflamed include
the ears, nose, joints, spine, and windpipe (trachea). Tissues that have a
biochemical makeup similar to that of cartilage such as the eyes, heart, and blood
vessels, can also be affected. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs)
is used as treatment for mild cases of the disease. Steroid-related medications
also are usually required.

Migraine vs. Headache: Differences and Similarities

Migraine vs. Headache: Differences and Similarities
Headaches are the most common reason why a person goes to the doctor or other
healthcare professional for treatment. There are different types of headaches, for
example, migraine, tension, and cluster headaches. The most common type of headache
is tension headache. Migraine is much less common. There are few similarities
between migraine and other headaches, for example, the severity of the pain can be
the same, mild, moderate, or severe; and they can occur on one side or both sides
of the head. However, there are many differences between migraine and other types
of headaches. Migraine headaches also have different names, for example, migraine
with aura and menstrual migraine. Symptoms of migraine that usually aren't
experienced by a person with another type of headache include nausea, vomiting,
worsens with mild exercise, debilitating pain, eye pain, throbbing head pain.
Migraine trigger include light, mild exercise, strong smells, certain foods like
red wine, aged cheese, smoked meats, artificial sweeteners, chocolate, alcohol, and
dairy products, menstrual period, stress, oversleeping, and changes in barometric
pressure. Untreated migraine attacks usually last from 4 to 72 hours, but may last
for weeks. Most headaches resolve within 24-48 hours. Doctors don't know exactly
what causes migraine headaches; however, other headaches like tension headaches
have more specific triggers and causes. Additional tests usually are required to
diagnose migraine from other types of headaches, diseases, or other medical
problems. Most headaches can be treated and cured with home remedies like essential
oils, massage, and over-the-counter pain medication like acetaminophen (Tylenol)
and NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) like naproxen (Aleve, Anaprox,
Naprosyn) or ibuprofen (Advil, Midol, Motrin). Most headaches resolve with OTC and
home remedy treatment, while your doctor may need to prescribe medication to treat
your migraines. If you have the "worst headache of your life," seek medical care
immediately.

Miscarriage
Miscarriage
Miscarriage is the medical term for the spontaneous loss of pregnancy from
conception to 20 weeks gestation. Risk factors for a woman having a miscarriage
include cigarette smoking, older maternal age, radiation exposure, previous
miscarriage, maternal weight, illicit drug use, use of NSAIDs, and trauma or
anatomical abnormalities to the uterus. There are five classified types of
miscarriage: 1) threatened abortion; 2) incomplete abortion; 3) complete abortion;
4) missed abortion; and (5 septic abortion. While there are no specific treatments
to stop a miscarriage, a woman's doctor may advise avoiding certain activities, bed
rest, etc. If a woman believes she has had a miscarriage, she needs to seek prompt
medical attention.

Flatfoot (Pes Planus)

Flatfoot (Pes Planus)
Flatfoot is a disorder in which the foot's entire sole is touching the ground while
standing. Symptoms and signs of flatfoot include heel, ankle, knee, hip, and lower
back pain and shin splints. Treatment depends upon the type of flatfoot, the
symptoms, and the stage of the disorder.

Paget's Disease
Paget's Disease
Paget's disease, also called Paget's disease of bone, is a chronic bone disorder
due to irregular breakdown and formation of bone tissue. Paget's disease symptoms
include bone pain, headaches and hearing loss, pressure on nerves, increased head
size, hip pain, and damage to cartilage of joints.

Laryngitis Home Remedies

Laryngitis Home Remedies
Laryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx. Inflammation of the larynx is most
often caused by viral infections, and have symptoms such as sore throat, cough,
problems swallowing, and fever. The voice changes produced by laryngitis may last
after the fever and other symptoms of the acute infection has gone away. The best
natural home remedy to relieve pain and other symptoms caused by laryngitis include
resting your voice and breathing humidified air often. Turning on hot water in the
bathroom and then sitting in the steam can soothe and relive laryngitis symptoms.
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen (Advil,
Aleve) can relieve pain and inflammation caused by laryngitis. Don't give children
aspirin to infants, toddlers, children and teens because of the risk of developing
Reye's syndrome, which can be fatal. Home remedies like resting your voice and
sitting in humidified air can cure laryngitis. Medications like anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen (Advil, Aleve) and acetaminophen (Tylenol) can
relieve and soothe pain and symptoms caused by laryngitis.

Menstrual Cramps
Menstrual Cramps
Menstrual cramps (pain in the belly and pelvic area) are experienced by women as a
result of menses. Menstrual cramps are not the same as premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
Menstrual cramps are common, and may be accompanied by headache, nausea, vomiting,
constipation, or diarrhea. Severity of menstrual cramp pain varies from woman to
woman. Treatment includes OTC or prescription pain relief medication.

Sunburn (Sun Poisoning)

Sunburn (Sun Poisoning)
Sunburn is caused by overexposure to UV radiation from the sun. UV rays can also
damage the eyes. Repeated overexposure to UV rays also increases the risk for
scarring, freckles, wrinkles, and dry skin. Symptoms of sunburn include painful,
red, tender, and hot skin.The skin may blister, swell, and peel. Sun poisoning
(severe sunburn) include nausea, fever, chills, rapid pulse, dizziness and more.
Home remedies can help relieve sunburn pain, blisters, and peeling. Severe sunburns
may need medical treatment. Sun protection and sunscreen for an person's skin type
is recommended to decrease the chance of a severe sunburn and sun poisoning.

Migraine and Stroke

Migraine and Stroke
Migraine headache is a type of headache in which the exact cause is not known;
however, they may be inherited, and certain foods and environmental factors can
trigger and may contribute them. A stroke (brain attack) happens when a blood
vessel in the brain leaks, bursts, or becomes blocked, which can be caused by many
other health problems. Both migraines and strokes can can cause severe head pain
(migraine pain usually is only on one side of the head). Migraine aura symptoms may
mimic or feel like a stroke or mini-stroke (transient ischemic attack, TIA) because
they have similar symptoms and signs like severe headache, numbness in the legs,
feet, arms, hands, or face, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Other migraine aura
symptoms include vision problems like flashing lights or blind spots in one eye.
The main difference between migraine headache and stroke symptoms and signs is that
a migraine headaches usually come on gradually while a stroke symptoms come on
suddenly and unexpectedly.

Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis

Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH or Forestier's disease) is a form of
degenerative arthritis. It is characterized by calcification along the sides of the
vertebrae of the spine. Symptoms include stiffness and pain in the upper and lower
back. Anti-inflammatory medications are used to treat DISH.

SAPHO Syndrome
SAPHO Syndrome
SAPHO syndrome is a chronic disorder that involves the skin, bone, and joints.
SAPHO syndrome is an eponym for the combination of synovitis, acne, pustulosis,
hyperostosis, and osteitis. SAPHO syndrome is related to arthritic conditions such
as ankylosing spondylitis and reactive arthritis. Treatment is directed toward the
individual symptoms that are present, and includes medications such as nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and cortisone medications.

Heart Attack Treatment

Heart Attack Treatment
A heart attack involves damage or death of part of the heart muscle due to a blood
clot. The aim of heart attack treatment is to prevent or stop this damage to the
heart muscle. Heart attack treatments included medications, procedures, and
surgeries to protect the heart muscle against injury.

Chronic Pain
Chronic Pain
Chronic pain is pain (an unpleasant sense
progresses over a long period of time. In
suddenly in response to a specific injury
persists over time and is often resistant
of discomfort) that persists or
contrast to acute pain that arises
and is usually treatable, chronic pain
to medical treatments.

Osteoarthritis vs. Osteoporosis Differences and Similarities

Osteoarthritis vs. Osteoporosis Differences and Similarities
Arthritis is defined as painful inflammation and joint stiffness. Osteoarthritis is
a type of arthritis and the most common cause of chronic joint pain, affecting over
25 million Americans. Osteoarthritis is a type of arthritis that involves the
entire joint. Osteoporosis is not a type of arthritis. It is a disease that mainly
is caused by a loss of bone tissue that is not limited to the joint areas. It is
possible for one person to have both osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. The
differences in the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis and osteoporosis include;
pain, stiffness, and joint swelling, joint deformity, crackle sounds when the joint
is moving, and walking with a limp. Osteoporosis is called the "silent disease"
because it can progress for years without signs and symptoms before it is
diagnosed, severe back pain, bone fractures, height loss, and difficulty or
inability to walk. The differences in the causes of osteoarthritis and osteoporosis
are that osteoarthritis usually is caused by wear and tear on the joints.
Osteoporosis usually is caused by one or more underlying problems, for example,
calcium and vitamin D deficiencies. Treatment for osteoarthritis and osteoporosis
are not the same. There is no cure for osteoarthritis or osteoporosis.

Is There a Cure for Cirrhosis of the Liver?

Is There a Cure for Cirrhosis of the Liver?
Liver cirrhosis results from disease- or chemical-induced injury to the liver over
a sustained period. The injury kills liver cells, and your body attempts to rebuild
the damage. In the process, the existing cells are inflamed and scar tissue
results, compromising the structure of the liver and hampering its function.

Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Osgood-Schlatter disease, a painful inflammation just below the knee but above the
shin, typically affects adolescent boys. Symptoms include localized pain,
inflammation, swelling, and calcification. Osgood-Schlatter disease typically goes
away over time, however, symptoms can be helped with anti-inflammatory and pain-
relieving medications, ice, and rest.

What Happens When You Get Shingles When Pregnant?

What Happens When You Get Shingles When Pregnant?
Becoming infected with chickenpox during pregnancy could cause birth defects in
your unborn child. Likewise, shingles could also cause problems for your unborn
child. If you are pregnant and haven't had chickenpox, avoid exposure to infected
people. Zostavax, the shingles vaccine, can reduce the incidence of shingles by
half. Women should wait at least three months after receiving the vaccine before
trying to get pregnant.

Shin Splints
Shin Splints
Shin splints result from inflammation from injury to the tendon and adjacent
tissues in the front of the outer leg. Shin splints commonly occur in runners or
aggressive walkers, causing pain and discomfort. An increase in workout intensity,
weak ankles and pronation may be to blame for shin splints. Stretching,
strengthening, and icing the affected area are effective treatments for shin
splints. Rest and anti-inflammatory medications are also advised.

Eosinophilic Fasciitis (Shulman's Syndrome)

Eosinophilic Fasciitis (Shulman's Syndrome)
Eosinophilic fasciitis is a skin disease that causes thickening and inflammation of
the skin and fascia. Symptoms include redness, warmth, and hardening of the skin,
as well as occasional tissue and joint pain. Treatment for eosinophilic fasciitis
aims to eliminate inflammation through the use of aspirin, NSAIDs, and cortisone.
Aggressive forms of eosinophilic fasciitis may require the use of immune-
suppression medications.

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA)

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA)
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) annually affects one child in every thousand.
There are six types of JRA. Treatment of juvenile arthritis depends upon the type
the child has and should focus on treating the symptoms that manifest.
First Aid
First Aid
First aid is providing medical assistance to someone a sick or injured person. The
type of first aid depends on their condition. Preparedness is key to first aid,
like having basic medical emergency kits in your home, car, boat, or RV. Many minor
injuries may require first aid, including cuts, puncture wounds, sprains, strains,
and nosebleeds. Examples of more critical first aid emergencies include heart
attacks, strokes, seizures, and heatstroke.

Pain Management: Musculoskeletal Pain

Pain Management: Musculoskeletal Pain
Natural menopause is the permanent ending of menstruation that is not brought on by
any type of medical treatment. For women undergoing natural menopause, the process
is described in three stages: perimenopause, menopause, and postmenopause. However,
not all women undergo natural menopause. Some women experience induced menopause as
a result of surgery or medical treatments, such as chemotherapy and pelvic
radiation therapy.

Impingement Syndrome
Impingement Syndrome
Impingement syndrome is a condition that affects the shoulder. Symptoms include
pain with overhead use of the arm, difficulty reaching up behind the back, and weak
shoulder muscles. Treatment involves taking NSAIDs for approximately eight weeks,
daily stretching in a warm shower, and avoiding repetitive activities with the
injured arm.

Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis)

Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis)
Tennis elbow is also known as lateral epicondylitis. Symptoms of tennis elbow
include tenderness and dull pain of the outer elbow. Resting, applying cold packs,
and taking anti-inflammatory medications are usually effective treatments for
tennis elbow.

What Triggers Ankylosing Spondylitis?

What Triggers Ankylosing Spondylitis?
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), also called Bechterew disease, is a chronic
inflammatory disease. Ankylosing spondylitis affects the joints of the body,
especially the small joints of the spine and the pelvic (hip) bone. It can also
affect multiple organ systems in rare conditions. Prolonged inflammation of the
joints eventually leads to the fusion of the joints leading to deformities.

Non-Radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA)

Non-Radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA)
Non-radiographic spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA) is an inflammatory arthritis that
mainly affects the joints of the spine. Morning stiffness and back pain are the
usual symptoms of nr-axSpA. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, exercise, and
biologics are treatments for nr-axSpA.

Pain Management: Neuropathic Pain

Pain Management: Neuropathic Pain
Neuropathic pain is chronic pain resulting from injury to the nervous system. The
injury can be to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) or the
peripheral nervous system (nerves outside the brain and spinal cord).

Headaches in Children
Headaches in Children
Kids get headaches and migraines too. Many adults with headaches started having
them as kids, in fact, 20% of adult headache sufferers say their headaches started
before age 10, and 50% report their headaches started before age 20.

Treatment & Diagnosis

Procedures & Tests Symptoms & Signs FAQs & Doctor's Views
Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy Surgical Instructions
Hysteroscopy Surgery
Urea Breath Test
What Is a Lumbar Discography Procedure?
Buttock Pain
Leg Pain
Finger Pain
Sore Tongue
Joint Pain
Muscle Pain (Myalgia)
Hand Pain
Neck Pain (Cervicalgia)
Lower Back Pain
Joint Redness
Stiff Neck
Joint Stiffness
Swollen Joints
Toothache
Dry Socket
PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome)
Shoulder Pain
Joint Warmth
Wrist Pain
Knee Pain
Abscessed Tooth
Chronic Sore Throat
Pleurisy (Pleuritis)
Osteoarthritis
Ankylosing Spondylitis (Bechterew's Disease)
Laryngitis
Common Cold
Enthesitis
Achilles Tendon Rupture
Torn ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear)
Arthritis
Prostatitis
Frozen Shoulder
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)
Pericoronitis
Gum Disease
Doctor: Checklist to Take To Your Doctor's Appointment
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Baker's Cyst
Arachnoiditis
Menorrhagia
Paget's Disease of Bone
West Nile Virus
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)
Optic Neuritis
Sacroiliac (SI) Joint Dysfunction
Degenerative Disc Disease
Non-Radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA)
Headaches FAQs
Back Pain FAQs
Pain FAQs
Ankylosing Spondylitis FAQs
Drugs: The Most Common Medication Errors
Medication Disposal
Dangers of Mixing Medications
Drugs: Buying Prescription Drugs Online Safely
Celebrex - New Arthritis Drug
Pain Management Over-The-Counter
How To Reduce Your Medication Costs
Pharmacy Visit, How To Get The Most Out of Your Visit
Indications for Drugs: Approved vs. Non-approved
Pain (Acute and Chronic)
Cox-2 Inhibitors Dilemma: What Patients Should Do
The Cox-2 Inhibitors Controversy: Q&A with Dr. Shiel
Do NSAIDs Interact With Coumadin?
Generic Drugs, Are They as Good as Brand-Names?
Medications & Supplements
Medications FDA Drug Labels on RxList.com
Oxycodone vs. Tramadol for Pain
aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, Bayer, Ecotrin, and others)
ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, Nuprin)
Aspirin vs. Plavix (clopidogrel)
Cox-2 Inhibitors
celecoxib (Celebrex)
Ibuprofen vs. Meloxicam (Mobic) for Pain
naproxen (Aleve, Anaprox, Naprelan, Naprosyn)
Drugs: Questions to Ask Your Doctor or Pharmacist about Your Drugs
indomethacin, Indocin, Indocin-SR (Discontinued Brand in U.S.)
ketorolac (Toradol)
Drug Interactions
Aspirin vs. NSAIDs (Side Effect and Use Differences)
erenumab (Aimovig)
Ibuprofen and Plavix (Side Effects and Interactions)
diclofenac, Voltaren, Cataflam, Voltaren-XR, Cambia
Tramadol (Ultram) Side Effects
piroxicam, Feldene
phenylbutazone (Butazolidine)
Ketorolac vs. hydrocodone
etodolac, Lodine (Discontinued)
nabumetone
flurbiprofen (Ansaid)
OTC Pain Relievers and Fever Reducers
sulindac (Clinoril)
Aspirin Therapy (Guidelines for Heart Attack and Stroke Prevention)
oxaprozin (Daypro)
Ketorolac vs. ketoprofen
ketoprofen
fenoprofen (Nalfon)
salsalate, Amigesic, Salflex, Argesic-SA, Marthritic, Salsitab, Artha-G
diflunisal (Dolobid)
meclofenamate (Meclomen)
tolmetin (Tolectin [Discontinued Brand])
choline magnesium salicylate, Trilisate
valdecoxib, Bextra
Zyloprim
Altoprev
Uloric
Prevention & Wellness
Health News Health Features
Anti-Inflammatory Drug May Shorten Recovery Time for COVID-19 Patients Taking
Remdesivir
When Meds Are Free, Patients Take Them More Often
Everyday Medications That Can Ruin Your Sex Life
More Infant Ibuprofen Recalled Due to Higher Concentrations
As Medical Marketing Soars, Is Regulation Needed?
Even Older Drugs Are Getting Steep Price Hikes, Study Finds
Common Painkillers Tied to Kidney Risks for Children: Study
Health Tip: Should You Take NSAIDs?
Painkillers Before Exercise May Be Bad for the Gut
NFL Docs Urge More Caution With Key Pain Med
Can Aspirin, Other NSAIDs Lower Skin Cancer Risk?
Swine Flu: Taking Care of a Sick Person in Your Home
Drug Name Confusion: Preventing Medication Errors
Cox-2 Inhibitors: FDA Announces Series of Changes to the Class of Marketed Non-
Steroidal
FDA Makes Statement on Naproxen (Aleve)
Vioxx: FDA Statement on Recent Allegations
Painkiller Vioxx Pulled From Market Alert
Pain Relievers Use Caution
Prescriptions - Talk About Them
Health Solutions From Our Sponsors
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FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.

Medically Reviewed on 2/27/2019

References
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