THE CHAIN RULE dy _ dy du It y= here w= then SY SS y=g(u) where w= f(2) then SE — SE This rule is extremely important and allows us to differentiate complicated functions much faster. For example, for any function (2) If nlf(w)l""* x fw) [F@)]" then o Ero CESatrs Find it: (a? — 2n)* y y= (2? = 22)" where — 20 3 * y=du? where u=1—2e Now tenia as lo {chain rule} Now # =m “ {chain rule} ju (2x — 2) i wae: aa eee =4x (-}u7?) x (-2) ‘The brackets around 2 z 2a — 2 are essential. =4(1- 22)? EXERCISE 17B.2 Write in the form aw’, clearly stating what w is: ee Differentiate y = (2x +3)? by: g the rule with w expanding y = (2r +3)? then differentiating term-by-term. function for y=VEae y= Va444 RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION (Chapter 17) 4 Find the gradient of the tangent to: a y=Vvi-@ at r= te cys UG srarins 4 e y= at ee t US Tye 1 Check your answers using technology. % 5 The gradient function of f(x) = (2x —b)* is f(x) = 24x? — 242 + 6. Find the constants a and b. © Suppose y= —2—= where « and b are constants. When = 3, y=1 and 4 Find a and b. 7 Suppose f(x) 3(ax *) 3 Given that f($)=3 and f’(3) = 30, find a and 6. 8 If y=a? then e=y). = me wy a Find St and $, and hence show that SH x 5 & Explain why 2 2 = 1 whenever these derivatives exist for any general function y = f(2). ie ay THE PRODUCT RULE We have seen the addition rule which allows us to differentiate term-by-term: If f(v) = u(x) + v(x) then f’(x) = w(x) +v'(2). If we now consider the ease f(x) = u(x) v(2), we might wonder if /"(x) = u'(x) v(x). In other words, does the derivative of a product of two functions equal the product of their derivatives? INVESTIGATION 3 Suppose u(r) and v(r) are two functions of x, and that f(x) = u(x) v(z) is the product of these functions. In this Investigation we attempt to find a rule for determining f"(z). What to do: 1 Suppose u(x) =x and v(x) =2, so f(x) a Find f'(x) by direct differentiation, & Find w(x) and v(x). © Does f’(2) =w'(a) v(x)? 2 Suppose u(x) =x and v(x) = Vz, so f(z)=2yz=27. a Find f'(c) by direct differentiation b Find w(x) and v'(c). © Does f’(2) = u'(a) v(x)? 3 Copy and complete the following table, finding f"(.r) by direct differentiation:a(e+1) (@- 12-27) z-1 THE PRODUCT RULE It f(w) = ule) v(@) then f'(w) = u'(w) (a) + u(x) v'(e). Altematively, if y = wv where w and v are functions of x, then dy di di 2 =u'v fue’ = Foetus fea Find & if, nae y= va(2r +1)* y=0"(x? — 20) y= Vi(2r+1)* isthe productof u=2? and v= (2 +1) 3 and v! = (+1)? x2 =6(2x +1)? Now a Sulv-+uv' — {product rule} {chain rule} = b27F (20-4198 +27 x (22 +1)? = $272 (20+ 1)8 + 623(20-+ 1? y= 2(2? — 22)* is the product of u=a? and (a? — 2x)* ze and v! = A(x? — 2r)8(2x — 2) {chain rule} Hy tw Now B= a'v+w! {product rule} = 2x(2? — 2n)* +0? x A(x? — 2)8(20 — 2) = 2x(x? — 22)* + 4x?(a? — 22)8(2x — 2) EXERCISE 17¢ ‘Use the product rule to differentiate: F(v) = 2(@—1) J (x) = (w+ 3)(x—1)446 _ RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION (Chapter 17) 2 Find a using the product rule: a y=2"(2r—-1) & y=42(2r+1)* cy=r fsa d y= yal 3)? © y= 5a*(3n? — 1)? f y= Vale-2)* 3. Find the gradient of the tangent to: a y=a*(1-2z)? at r=-1 b y=Valc?-2+1)? at r=4 © y=ayl—ar at r=-4 d y=rV5—a? at r=1. 4 Consider y= V2(3—2)?. dy _ (8~2)(3—52) @ Show that f= =O? © Find the a-coordinates of all points on y = \/2(3— x)? where the tangent is horizontal. © State the domain of {4, Discuss how it differs from the domain ofthe original function 5 Suppose y= 242(a +4). For what values of xr does a 10? 6 Suppose y = (« +3)(« —2)?. For what values of « does a =-71 7 Find the value of xr for which the tangent to f(r) =aryT—a has gradient: a0 ba. 8 Find the values of @ such that f(x Vi Fa and f'(-2) CU tw avon an 21 ao roe = division of one expression by another. Expressions like are called quotients because they represent the Quotient funetions have the form Q(x) Notice that u(r) = ow (x) = Q(x) v(2) + Q(@) v'() {product rule} w(x) — Q(x) v(x) = Q(z) o(a) © Q(x) v(x) = Mw) = ue)v! te) ‘v(z) _ ul@)e(z) — ula) ola) when this exists.THE QUOTIENT RULE u(x) ul (a) v(x) — u(x) v(x) >) [v@)?? a Alternatively, if y= — where u and v are functions of x, then » If Q(z) = then Q/(x) = dude dy _we-w' ae” "ae de a Sa Des Use the quotient rule to find 2 if: y ro is a quotient with = w= 1 w=3 and v! = 2r wy Now 2% = {quotient rule} 3G? $1) = (1+32)20 Salceeea (ct ane If you only need the gradient of 3x? +3 — 20 — 62? ee =Semr will not need to simplify 2. 2a — 32? In such cases, substitute the athe value for x into the derivative function immediately. o> EE a quotient with and 0 20)? and vo! =2(1—2r)x (2) {chain rule} (1 — 20) {quotient rule}448 RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION (Chapter 17) EXERCISE 17D dy 1. Use the quotient rule to find if 1430 2-2 3. Find the gradient of the tangent to: 4 Suppose f(x) Check your answer by writing f(z) Qe 5 Consider the graph of alongside. the graph of y= TT 8 a Find a Hence show that the illustrated tangents are parallel. © For what values of xis 2; i zero ii undefined? 2 2 246 dy _ 22 420-12 7 a Wy = Tp show that = © For what values of «is 2; | zero Ii undefined? te aaeagtt 8 a if y=2=8*)) chow thar MY = 2 4e— 7 a 43 4 4 For what values of x is zero ii undefined?