Planning

§ A logical process of decision making to

determine which of the identified health
concerns requires more immediate
consideration
§ What actions may be undertaken to
achieve goals and objectives
§ Involves priority setting, formulating
goals and objectives and deciding
community interventions
Priority Setting
WHO Criteria
1. Significance of the problem
2. Community awareness
3. Ability to reduce risk
4. Cost of reducing risk
5. Ability to identify the target
population
6. Availability of resources
Priority setting contd..

• The group make a list of the

identified community health
problems or conditions
• Each of the identified problems is
treated separately according to a set
of criteria agreed upon by the group
and as suggested by WHO
Formulating Goals and
Objectives
Goals
§ Desired outcomes at the end of
interventions
Objectives
§ The short-term changes in the community
that are observed as the health team and
the community work together towards the
attainment of goals
§ Specific,measurable,attainable,relevant,
and time bounded (SMART)
Deciding on Community
Interventions
• What may work for one community
may not be effective in another
because of inherent differences
• Group analyzes the reason for
people’s health behavior and direct
strategies to respond to the
underlying causes
Example:
Reason for preference of home delivery
over facility-based delivery should be
identified
§ If majority will choose home delivery
because of cost or lack of access,
strategy then focus on improving
facility based services
§ If reason is socio cultural planning
team may concentrate on providing
skills dev of traditional birth attendant
Home Delivery
Birthing Facility
 Implementing Community
Health Interventions
Action Phase
• Most exciting
• Deal with the recognized priority health
concern
• Enhance the community’s capability in
dealing with common health
conditions/problems
• Requires common understanding of goals
and objectives and planned interventions
among members of implementing group
• Nurse’s role
To facilitate the process rather than
directly implement the planned
interventions
COMMUNITY
ORGANIZING (CO)
• A process, consists of steps or
activities that instill and reinforce the
people’s self confidence on their
own collective strength and
capabilities (Manalili,1990)
• A process of educating and
mobilizing members of the
community to enable them to
resolve community problems
Community org. ..contd.

• Teaching the community to apply

the nursing process on its own,
utilizing resources that are available
thereby allowing the community to
be an active participant in the
process of development rather than
being a passive recipient of care
services.
• A social development approach that aims
to transform the individualistic, powerless
and voiceless poor into
– Dynamic
– Participatory
– Politically responsive communities
• Characteristics:
– Transformative
– Collective
Goals of CO

1. People empowerment
2. Development of self reliant
community
3. Improved quality of life
(UST,NSTP,20120
Goals of CO

• Building social structures –

institutionalizing of power
• Building alliances/networking – voice
for strong advocacy of issues
• Social transformation
Core Principles in
Community Organizing
1. Community organizing is people
centered
§ People are the means and ends of
development and community
empowerment is the process and
the outcome (Felix,1998)
§ It is people centered (Brown,1985)
2. Community organizing is
participative
§ The participation of the community
in the entire process (assessment,
planning, implementation and
evaluation) should be ensured
§ Community is considered as the
prime mover and determinant rather
than beneficiaries and recipients of
development
3. Community organizing is
democratic
§ It is the process that allow the
majority of the people to recognize
and critically analyze their difficulties
and articulate aspirations.
§ CO should empower the
disadvantaged population
4. Community organizing is
developmental
§ CO should be directed toward
changing current undesirable
conditions
§ Organizer desires changes of the
betterment of the community and
believes that the community shares
this aspirations and that this
changes can be achieved
5. Community organizing is process
oriented
§ The community organizing goals of
empowerment and development are
achieved through a process of
change
§ Organizers need to diligently and
patiently follow the community
organizing process to achieve its
goals
PHASES OF COMMUNITY
ORGANIZING
• Pre –entry
1. Involves preparation on the part of
organizer and choosing a community
for partnership
a. knowing the goals of the CO
activity or eperience
b. delineate criteria or guidelines for
site selection
c. Making a list of sources of
• Proper selection is crucial.
• Identification of possible barriers,
threats,strengths and opportunities
at this stage is an important
determinant of the overall outcome
of CO.
Means to identify
communities
1. initial data gathered through an
initial survey
2. Review of records of a health facility
3. A review of the barangay/municipal
profile
4. Referrals from other communities or
institutions or through a series of
meetings
5. Consultation from LGU or private
Entry phase
§ Formalizes the start of the
Organizing process
§ Organizer gets to know the
community and likewise.
§ Make courtesy call to local formal
leaders
§ A visit to informal leader recognized .
Community Integration

• Integration with the people

-Termed as pakikipamuhay
– Establishing rapport with the
community by
• Living with them
• Undergo the same experience as they do
• Sharing with their aspirations and hardship
Integration styles

• CO objectives: To get to know the

people’s
– Culture
– History
– Economy
– Leaders
– Lifestyle of the people
Manalili, (1990) describes the
following styles of integration
1. “Now you see,now You don’t”
style
a. Organizer visits the community
as per the
schedule but is not able to
transcend the
“guest” status.
b. Organizer cannot breakdown
2. “Boarder” style
§ Organizer rent a room or house in
the village
§ Does not share the life of the
community
§ Organizer is regarded as a guest
3. “Elitist” style
§ Organizer lives with the barangay
chairman or some other prominent
Activities in Integration
• Start where the people are
• Do house to house visit
• Seek out and converse with many
people
• Lend a hand in household chores
• Participate in social activities
• Participate in direct livelihood
production
• In short “IMMERSION”
People centered approach in
Integration
1. Pagbabahay-bahay
Occasional home visits is an effective
way of developing a close relationship
2. Huntahan
Informal conversation
3.Participation in the production
process
Organizer participates in in livelihood
activities
4. Participation in social activities
Help the organizer and people know
Social Analysis

Process of gathering, collating and

analyzing data to
§ gain extensive understanding of
community conditions,
§ help in the identification of problems
and
§ determine the root cause of
problems.
A process of systematically learning and
analyzing the various structures and
forces in the community on
• Socio-political
• Economic
• Cultural
• Spiritual
• Environment
• Gender dimension
as well as the problems and issues that needs
immediate or long term solutions
Social analysis is also referred as :
§ social investigation,
§ community study,
§ community analysis,
§ community needs assessment,
§ Community Dx.
Identifying potential
leaders
• Characteristics of potential leader
1. They represent the target group
2. They possess or display leadership
qualities
3. They have the trust and confidence of
the community
4. They express belief in the need to
change the current undesirable
situation
5. They are willing to invest time
 Core Group Formation
• Forming a single core group is
suggested but as the community
gets better, the 1st group may decide
have a separate group

• The process of bringing together the

most advanced indigenous leaders
among the leaders identified during
the preliminary social investigation
stages
• CO objectives: To ensure the
Community Organization
• Conducts assembly with the goals of
arriving at a common understanding
of community concerns and
formulating a plan of action

• If community decide to formalize the

organization it must have the ff:
characteristics:
• An organizational name and
structure
• A set bof officers recognized by the
Action /Mobilization
Phase
• Refers to implementation of the
community’s planned programs and
projects

• Is the actual community action

undertaken to address and resolve
the identified community issues and
concerns
Evaluation

• Systematic,critical analysis of the

current state of the organization or
projects compared to desired or
planned goals or objectives

• It is the process of drawing out lessons

from the activity
• The people should sit down and review
what happened, whether good or bad
• Ask: Did we prepare well?
• Did we go to the right person?
• Did we overestimate our strengths?
• What did we learn? etc
Exit and expansion phase
• When indicators of success are met,
e.g. high levels of socio-political
awareness, sustained participation,
active leaders, clear plans and goals
set by the community
INDICATIONS OF READINESS FOR
EXIT
1. Attainmet of the set goals of the
community organizing efforts
2. Demonstration of the capacity of the
people’s organization to lead the
community in dealing with common
 The people are the real heroes,
while we ourselves are often childish and ignorant,
and without this understanding
it is impossible to acquire even the most
rudimentary knowledge.

Mao Zedong
"Preface and Postscript
to Rural Surveys"
A people united
will never be defeated!
Community Organizing
Participatory Action
Research
COPAR
ØA community development approach
that allows the community
(participatory) to :
§ systematically analyze the situation
(research),
§ plan a solution and
§ implements project/programs
(action)
• Proper Excreta Disposal
• Food Safety Sanitation
• Vermin and Vector Control
• Built Environment
Monitoring and Evaluating
Community Health
Programs Implemented
Evaluation approaches maybe
directed toward:
§ Structure
§ Process
§ Outcome
Structure Evaluation
Involves looking into the manpower
and physical resources of the agency
responsible for community health
Process evaluation
Examining the manner by which
assessment,diagnosis,planning,imple
mentation and evaluation were
undertaken
Outcome evaluation
Determining the degree of attainment
of goals and objectives
Types of Evaluation

Formative evaluation
• Judgement made about
effectiveness of nursing
interventions as they are
implemented (Maurer and
Smith,2009)
• This is ongoing and continuing while
family nursing care is implemented
and family nurse interactions are
taking place
Summative Evaluation
§ Determining the end results of family
nursing care and usually involves
measuring outcomes or the degree
to which goals have been achieved
(Maurer and Smith,2009)
 Family Health Records

§ All records, which relate which relate to

members of the family should be placed in
a single family folder.
§ Gives the picture of the total services and
§ helps to give effective, economic service
to the family as a whole.
§ Separate record forms maybe
needed for different types of service
such as TB, maternity, etc.
§ All such individual records which
relate to members of one family
should be placed in one single folder.
Community Profile
§ A summary of baseline conditions
and trends in a community and
study area.
§ It establishes the context for
assessing potential impacts and for
project decision-making.
§ Developing a community profile
involves identifying community
issues and attitudes, locating
notable features in the study area,
and assessing social and economic
Information can be collected both from
primary sources
• such as interviews or field surveys,
secondary sources
• such as comprehensive plans or
newspaper articles.