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ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2
 CONVEYING SYSTEM
A conveyor system is a
common piece of mechanical
handling equipment that moves
people or materials from one
location to another. And in most
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buildings, these systems include
passenger and freight elevators,
dumbwaiters, escalators, moving
ramps and walkways, and lifts
for people and wheelchairs.
 HISTORY
Manually operated elevators were first
used for lifting freight in warehouses and
manufacturing plants as early as the 1600s.
They began as simple rope or chain hoists
that moved an open platform. In 1852,
Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator,
which prevented the fall of the elevator cab
if the cable broke. Otis’s safety device 03
consisted of a knurled roller located below
the elevator platform and a governor device
that monitored descending speed. The

Engineering Utilities 2
safety device locked when the elevator
descended at a higher than normal speed. It
was this safety feature that made the
elevator a safe conveying system for
building occupants, which then made ELISHA OTIS
skyscrapers achievable.
ELEVATORS
It is a conveying device used to
move people or freight vertically, 04
usually between floors of a
building.
 2 BASIC TYPES
OF ELEVATORS
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HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR
TRACTION ELEVATOR
 HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR
- Use a fluid-driven hydraulic jack to lift the
elevator car.
- Unlike traction systems, hydraulic
elevators don’t use overhead hoisting
machinery.
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And compared to traction elevators,
hydraulic systems are:
• More affordable to install
• Less expensive to maintain and repair
• Better for transporting heavy loads
• Intended for low-rise applications
 HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR
The Basic Components of a
Hydraulic Elevator are the ff:
• Hydraulic Jack ( cylinder and
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plunger)
• Pump
• Control Valve
• Fluid Reservoir (tank)
 Different Types of Hydraulic Elevators
Conventional (Holed) Hydraulic Elevator
- On a conventional (holed) hydraulic elevator, an inground hydraulic jack lifts
the elevator car. A long plunger requires a deep hole below the bottom landing.
The hole is usually drilled into the ground and cased with a plastic or metal
casing before the building is erected. 08
- It is also the most balanced type of hydraulic elevator configuration because
the lifting point on the bottom of the elevator car is centered.
Telescopic Hydraulic Elevator
- A telescopic hydraulic elevator has a telescoping plunger consisting of
concentric tubes that slide within one another, allowing a shallow hole below the
lowest floor.
 Different Types of Hydraulic Elevators
Holeless Hydraulic Elevator
- Have one or two jacks situated beside the rails that lift the platform. Because
they do not require holes to be dug for the hydraulic jack(s), they are referred to as
“holeless". The dual or twin jack configuration can have two (front and rear)
entrances, while the single jack configuration can only have one (front) entrance.
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Roped Hydraulic Elevator
- Use a combination of both ropes and hydraulic power to raise and lower cars.
They typically consist of a cantilevered car that is lifted by ropes that pass over a
sheave (pulley) fastened to the top of a hydraulic plunger. And as the plunger
rises, so does the elevator car. However, single rope configuration cannot have
rear entrances.
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Conventional (Holed) Holeless Hydraulic Roped Hydraulic Telescopic Hydraulic

Hydraulic Elevator Elevator Elevator Elevator
 TRACTION ELEVATOR
- Have a drive machine with an
electric motor and pulley-like (grooved)
drive sheave that holds cables that
move the elevator car up or down.
- Uses a counterweight to offset the
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weight of the cab and occupants.
And compared to hydraulic systems,
traction elevators:
• Uses less energy
• Serve mid to high-rise buildings
• Rides are smoother
 Traction elevators are the most common type of elevator. They can be geared or
gearless and both types are driven by alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC)
electrical motors.

Geared Elevators
In geared elevators, there is a gearbox attached to the motor that drives the
wheel and moves the ropes. Geared machines can reach speeds up to 500 ft./min
These models will have a middle-of-the-road cost in terms of initial investment, 12
maintenance costs and energy consumption.

Gearless Elevators
In gearless traction elevators, the sheave is attached directly to the end of the
motor. These models have a high initial cost investment and average maintenance
costs. However, gearless traction elevators are more energy efficient than geared
traction elevators.
TYPES AND DESIGN SPEED FOR ELEVATORS

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BASIC COMPONENTS
OF AN ELEVATOR
SYSTEM

ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2

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 BASIC COMPONENTS OF
AN ELEVATOR SYSTEM
CAR
- also called a cage, is the load-carrying unit, including the frame,
enclosure, and car door.
PLATFORM
- is a flat, relatively horizontal framework to which a car is mounted and on
which passengers stand or the load is placed.
CAB
- is a decorative room in which occupants ride in a passenger elevator.
HOISTWAY
- is a shaft in which the elevator travels.
PIT
- the space at the bottom of the hoistway under the car.
PENTHOUSE
- the space b/w the top of the elevator hoistway and the underside of the
roof.
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ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2
 BASIC COMPONENTS OF
AN ELEVATOR SYSTEM
LANDING
- the portion of the floor, balcony, or platform used to receive and discharge
passenger of freight.
HOISTWAY DOORS
- Hoistway doors at the landings provide an opening in the hoistway to allow
passengers or freight to access the elevator car at a landing. These doors
remain closed when the elevator car is not present at the landing, which ensures
occupant safety and maintains the fire enclosure.
BLIND HOISTWAY
- has no hoistway door openings or landings on the lower part of a hoistway.
DRIVE UNIT
- is an assembly of an electric motor, brake, and power transmission or
hydraulic system that supplies the power for movement of a car.

ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 16
 BASIC COMPONENTS OF
AN ELEVATOR SYSTEM
BUFFER
- is an energy absorber located at the bottom of the hoistway to soften the
force with which a car runs into the pit during an emergency. Buffers can be large
springs or an oil dampener-spring combination.

CAR OPERATING STATION

- is a panel mounted in the car that contains: the car operating controls, call
register buttons, door open and close, alarm emergency stop, key switches, and
other buttons that are required for operation.

HALL STATION
- is a control panel located outside the elevator doorway in the corridor
that houses the call button.
TRAVELING CABLE
- is a set of electric conductors that provide an electrical connection between
the car and outlet in the hoistway or machine room.
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ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2
 BASIC COMPONENTS OF
AN ELEVATOR SYSTEM
ELEVATOR CONTROLLER
- is a microprocessor based system that directs starting, acceleration,
deceleration, and stopping of the elevator cab.
BRAKE
- is a spring-loaded clamping mechanism that works to prevent car
movement when it is at rest or when no power is supplied to the hoist motor.
GOVERNOR
- is a speed-monitoring device on traction elevators that triggers the safety
when the elevator moves too quickly.
DOOR INTERLOCKS
- prevent the operation of the elevator unless the hoistway door is locked in
the closed position.
- It also prevents the opening of the hoistway doors from the landing side
unless the elevator is in the landing zone and either stopped or coming to a
stop.
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ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2
 BASIC COMPONENTS OF
AN ELEVATOR SYSTEM
EMERGENCY POWER
- allows cars to return to a predetermined landing in the event of a power
failure.
- These systems typically operate on generator power.

EMERGENCY EXIT
- is a removable panel.
- Removable only from the top of the car, the emergency exit permits
passengers to be evacuated from the elevator during an emergency.

EMERGENCY STOP SWITCH

- is a hand-operated switch in the car push button station that, when
thrown to the off position, stops the elevator and prohibits its running.

ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2
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 CLASSIFICATIONS OF ELEVATORS

Passenger Elevator Freight Elevator Dumbwaiters Manlifts

It is an elevator installed in a
This are designed It is used to carry material, It is a small freight elevator
variety of structures and
used to transport lightweight
to carry people and goods, equipment, and locations to provide vertical
freight such as food, laundry,
small packages. vehicles, rather than transportation of authorized
books, records, and other
people. personnel and their tools and
small items. equipment only.
 WALKWAYS AND
RAMPS
MOVING WALKWAYS
- is a power-driven, continuous, slow-moving
conveyor belt that transports people horizontally.
They are also called moving sidewalk, moving
pavement, walkalator, and travelator.

MOVING RAMPS
- An inclined moving walkway, also called a moving
ramp or power ramp, is a moving walkway that
transports people on an incline, up to a 12° angle of
inclination.
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 2 TYPES OF WALKWAYS
TECHNOLOGIES
PALLET -TYPE WALKWAY
- is a continuous series of flat metal plates, called pallets, that
are joined together to form a walkway. Usually there is a metal
or rubber surface (extra traction).
- it is the common type of moving walkway today.

MOVING BELT WALKWAYS

- are comprised of a mesh metal or rubber belt with a rubber
walking surface that move over metal rollers. Once on the
walkway, riders can stand or walk. Some riders complain that
the rollers below the belt tend to cause a “bouncy” feel.
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CAPACITIES AND DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR 23

MOVING WALKS AND MOVING RAMPS

 USES OF WALKWAYS AND RAMPS 24

A I RPORTS
Moving walkways are commonly used in larger
airports, as passengers – often with heavy luggage
in tow – typically need to walk considerable
distances.
Moving Walkway at NAIA

MUSEUM EX HI BI TS A ND ZOO
Moving Walkways are used:
• to ensure that a museum exhibit is viewed in a certain
sequence
• to provide a particular aesthetic effect
• to make sure the crowd moves through at a reliable
pace.

Moving Walkway at San Diego Zoo

 USES OF WALKWAYS AND RAMPS 25

PUBL I C TRA NSPORT

Public transport moving walkways are useful for

remote platforms in underground subway/metro
stations, or assisting with lengthier connections
between lines.
Moving Walkway at Pacific Place Subway

SKIING
Skiing moving walkways known as Magic carpets are also
used in ski resorts. Skiers can place their skis on the
walkway which is designed to provide a strong level of grip.
Since the walkways cannot be too steep and are slow
compared to other aerial lifts, they are used especially for
beginners or to transport people over a short uphill distance,
such as to reach a restaurant or another lift's station.
Moving Walkways or Magic Carpet at a Ski Resort
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