ELEVATOR

What is Elevator?
Elevators are devices that move people or goods vertically, typically
between the floors of a building. There are two main types of elevator
technologies: hydraulic and traction. Hydraulic elevators use fluid-driven
jacks, while traction elevators use ropes and pulleys. They are
commonly used in multi-story buildings.
Types Of Elevators

Hydraulic Elevators
● Conventional (holed) Hydraulic Elevator
● Holeless Hydraulic Elevator

Traction Elevators
WHAT IS HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR?

A hydraulic elevator uses a fluid-driven hydraulic

jack to lift and lower an elevator car. The system
includes a jack, pump, control valve, and fluid
reservoir. Pressurizing the fluid lifts the car, and
releasing the pressure lowers it. They are
commonly used in low-rise buildings.
 Conventional (holed)
Hydraulic Elevator
A conventional hydraulic elevator
requires a deep hole below its shaft. The
hole must be as deep as the desired
vertical movement of the car. It is
commonly used in low-rise buildings.
Holeless Hydraulic
Elevator
Holeless hydraulic elevators do not
require a deep hole for their jacks, which
are situated beside the rails that lift the
platform. They can have one or two
entrances and use a combination of ropes
and hydraulic power to lift the car. Roped
hydraulic elevators use ropes over a
pulley at the top of a plunger to lift the
car and cannot have rear entrances.
A traction elevator is a type of elevator that uses a
system of ropes and pulleys to lift and lower the
elevator car. The ropes are attached to the top of the
elevator car and run over a pulley at the top of the shaft.
The other end of the ropes is attached to a
counterweight, which helps balance the weight of the
elevator car and its occupants. As the motor turns the
pulley, it pulls the ropes, lifting the elevator car upward.
Traction elevators are commonly used in high-rise
buildings because they can travel at higher speeds and
handle heavier loads than hydraulic elevators.

Traction Elevators
 TRACTION MACHINE
A traction machine is a type of electric
machine used in elevators. It uses friction
to move the elevator car with a cable. It
can be either geared or gearless and
driven by AC or DC electric motors.
Geared traction machines use a reduction
unit, while gearless machines are direct-
drive. They are commonly used for
speeds up to 500 ft/min and can reach
higher speeds in some cases.
MACHINE ROOM-LESS
A machine room-less (MRL) elevator is a
type of elevator that uses a gearless
traction machine within the hoistway,
which makes it smaller and more energy-
efficient. The MRL design eliminates the
need for a machine room, saving floor
space. This type of elevator was
developed in the 1990s and has become
popular due to its space-saving and
energy-efficient design.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF ELEVATOR
SYSTEM
● Drive unit
● Car operating station
● Modern elevator controller
● Emergency Power
An elevator consists of a car mounted on a
platform connected to an elevator drive. The car
moves vertically in a hoist way, which includes a
pit or penthouse at the bottom or top. The car
stops at landings, which are portions of floors
used to receive and discharge passengers or
cargo. Building codes often require access doors
every three floors for rescue purposes. The hoist
way may have no doors or landings on the lower
part, called a blind hoist way.
 DRIVE UNIT
A drive unit is an assembly of an electric
motor, brake, and power transmission
system that powers an elevator car. The
car moves on steel guide rails in the
hoistway, and a buffer at the bottom of
the hoistway absorbs the force of the car
in an emergency. Buffers can be large
springs or an oil-spring combination.
CAR OPERATION
STATION
A car operating station is a panel in the
elevator car with controls and buttons for
operating the elevator. The hall station is
a control panel outside the elevator door
with a call button. A hall lantern is a
signal light that indicates the direction of
an approaching car. A traveling cable is a
set of electric conductors that provides an
electrical connection between the car and
the hoistway or machine room.
 MODERN ELEVATOR
CONTROLLER
The modern elevator controller is a
microprocessor-based system that directs
the movement of the elevator car. It can
control multiple elevators and is designed
to minimize wait times. Some modern
elevators have traffic pattern recognition
capabilities.
EMERGENCY POWER
All elevators have emergency power
operation and an emergency exit. They
are required to have a connection to an
emergency service, automatic recall in a
fire emergency, and special access for
firefighters. Elevators can be placed in
fire/emergency service mode for use by
firefighters or emergency personnel.
Classifications of Elevators
● Passenger Elevators
● Freight Elevators
● Dumbwaiters
● Manlifts
 Passenger Elevators

Passenger elevators are designed to carry

people and small packages. They typically
have capacities ranging from 1500 to 5000
pounds, and are operated by passengers.
They can also be used to move freight
 Freight Elevators
Freight elevators are used to carry materials, goods,
equipment, and vehicles. They are often used by
passengers as well, and must adhere to safety
regulations. Freight elevators can typically carry
heavier loads than passenger elevators, and may
have manually operated doors and sturdy interiors to
prevent damage during loading and unloading.
Freight elevators that do not allow passengers must
display a written notice in the elevator car.
 Dumbwaiters

A dumbwaiter is a small freight elevator

used to transport lightweight items. It is not
designed to carry passengers and is usually
powered by a small electric motor or hand-
operated. Dumbwaiters have a limited
capacity of around 750 lb.
 Manlifts

A manlift is an elevator designed to

transport personnel and their tools and
equipment. These elevators are commonly
found in structures such as grain elevators,
radio antennas, underground facilities, and
power plants. Manlifts are typically
available in capacities of 300-1000 lb.
What is Elevator Design Criteria?

 New buildings often require passenger elevators due to accessibility

regulations
 Building codes typically require compliance with ASME standards
for installation, maintenance, and inspection
 Elevator technology depends on building type and height
 Traction elevators are more efficient and faster than hydraulic
elevators but are more expensive to install
What is Elevator Design Criteria?

 Hydraulic elevators are common in low and medium-rise buildings,

while traction elevators are used in high-rise buildings
 In large buildings with more than 20 floors, elevators may be
separated into local and express service
 The size of the hoistway is determined by the elevator car and door
size, as well as other equipment
 Sufficient space should be provided around cars and counterweights
to minimize noise