1chapter One

CHAPTER
ONE
Server Side Scripting Basics
Introduction to server-side scripting
2
Contents To be Covered
!  Server-side scripting languages
!  Use Basic Syntax
!  Send Data to the Web Browser
!  Write Comments
!  Data Types and Utilize Variables
!  Manipulate Strings, Date Time

ManipulationConstants,Operators,Numbers
!  Control Statements ,Arrays ,Functions,

Working with Objects
Advanced IP Compiled By: Yonas H. (MSc.) 5 April 2019
3
Web Application
! Architecture : client-server
architecture
! Client : web browser
! primary language for web browsers is
HTML (how the web page is presented )
! And including more plug-ins like
RealPlayer, Flash, and Shockwave.
! Work with XML
! Support Java script

4
Web Application
! Server :
! almost all of the work of Web
applications takes place on the
server.
!  specific application, called a Web
server, will be responsible for
communicating with the browser.(apache or
Internet information server)
!  A relational database server stores
whatever information the application
requires.
5
Web Application
! Finally, you need a language to
broker requests between the Web
server and the database server;
! it will also be used to perform
programmatic tasks on the information
that comes to and from the Web
server.
! The Web server, programming language,
and database server you use must work
well with your operating system.
6
Web Application
! Operating System
! Manage computer resources
! Server OS or OS
! Different OS (windows ,mac ,Linux etc)


7
Web Application: Architecture

Middleware
Web (PHP,ASP,JSP) Data Base
Server (MySql ,Oracle)
(Apache, IIS)
Web Browser
(internet explorer ,Netscape,Mozila etc)

8
What is PHP ?
!  PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor
!  PHP is a server side scripting language.
!  PHP is an interpreted language,i.e.there is no need

for compilation.
!  PHP is an object-oriented language.
!  PHP is an open-source scripting language.
!  PHP is simple and easy to learn language.
!  PHP supports many databases (MySQL, Informix, Oracle,

Sybase, Solid, PostgreSQL, Generic ODBC, etc.)
9
PHP Features
! Performance:
!  Script written in PHP executes much faster
then those scripts written in other
languages such as JSP & ASP.
! Open Source Software:

!  PHP source code is free available on the
web, you can developed all the version of
PHP according to your requirement without
paying any cost.

10
PHP Features
! Platform Independent:
!  PHP are available for WINDOWS, MAC, LINUX
& UNIX operating system. A PHP application
developed in one OS can be easily executed
in other OS also.
! Compatibility:
!  PHP is compatible with almost all local
servers used today like Apache, IIS etc.
! Embedded:
!  PHP code can be easily embedded within HTML
tags and script.
How to run php file on XAMPP 11
server?
XAMPP start Apache
installation and MYSQL from Install Notepad++
XAMPP
the file in XAMP installation directory or web write php program or

root directory. Default XAMP installation
directory for windows is C/xampp code on text editor.
In the xampp directory there is htdocs

directory open the directory and create
folder and give any name.
save all php file to the folder you are

creating with .php extension name.
In your browser address bar, type the address:

http:/localhost/folder_name/filename.php
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Server Side Scripting Language ?

!  A typical web server today contains four
elements in addition to the physical
hardware.
!  LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP)

WAMP (Windows, Apache, MySQL, & PHP)
!  XAMPP (Apache, MariaDB , Perl and PHP)

!  PHP
!  ASP
!  Perl

13
Basic Syntax

Tag style Starting tag Ending tag
Standard <?php ?>
Short hand <? ?>
ASP <% %>
Script <script language=“php”> </script>
php can be saved .php or embedded into html.

14
Errors
!  Notice
!  Warning
!  Error

15
Basic Syntax
!  PHP code is executed on the server, and the
plain HTML result is sent to the browser
!  create a file and write HTML tags + PHP code
and save this file with .php extension.
!  Each code line in PHP must end with a
semicolon (;)
!  <?php //your code here ?> or
<!DOCTYPE>
<html>
<body>
<?php echo "<h2>Hello World!</h2>”; ?>
</body>
</html>
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Send output to the browser?

!  echo;
!  print();

17
PHP echo /Print

! Printing string
<?php echo "Hello world"; ?>
Output: Hello world
! Printing multi line string File:
<?php echo "Hello by PHP echo
this is multi line text "; ?>
Output: Hello by PHP echo this is multi line
text

18
PHP echo
! Printing variable value:

<?php
$msg="Hello world";
echo "Message is: $msg";
?>
Output: Message is: Hello world

19
PHP Comments
!  Purpose :
!  To provide information /readable code/
!  To hide codes
There are two ways:
! single line comments
!  // (C++ style single line comment)
!  # (Unix Shell style single line
comment)
! Multiple line comments
!  enclose all lines within /* */

20
Example: PHP comments

<?php
//single line comment
echo “ hello world!”;
/* Multiple line
Comment */ Output: hello
world!
?>

21
PHP Variables and Data Types

!  A variable in PHP is a name of memory
location that holds data.
!  A variable is a temporary storage that

is used to store data temporarily.
!  In PHP, a variable is declared using $

sign followed by variable name.
!  Syntax of declaring a variable in PHP

is given below:
$variablename=value;

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!  In PHP, a variable does not need to be

declared before adding a value to it.
!  the variable is declared automatically when

you use it.
!  PHP automatically converts the variable to the

correct data type, depending on its value.
!  The PHP var_dump() function returns the data

type and value:Example
<?php
$x = 5985;
var_dump($x);
?>

23
Naming Rules for Variables

!  A variable name must start with a letter or an
underscore "_"
!  A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric

characters and underscores (a-z, A-Z, and _ )
!  A variable name should not contain spaces.
!  If a variable name is more than one word, it

should be separated with an underscore
($my_string)or with capitalization ($myString).

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Example :
<?php
$str="hello string"; OutPut:

String is : hello string
$x=100; Integer is:100
Float is: 22.5
$y=22.5;

echo ”String is: $str ";
echo ”Integer is: $x ";
echo ”Float is: $y ";
?>

25
PHP Boolean
! A Boolean represents two possible
states: TRUE or FALSE.
$x = true;
$y = false;
! Booleans are often used in
conditional testing.

26
PHP Array

!  An array stores multiple values in one
single variable.
!  In the following example $cars is an
array.
!  The position of array elements starts
from 0 not 1
Example
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
var_dump($cars);
echo $cars[0];
?>

27
PHP NULL Value

!  Null is a special data type which can have
only one value: NULL.
!  A variable of data type NULL is a variable
that has no value assigned to it.
Tip: If a variable is created without a
value, it is automatically assigned a value of
NULL.
!  Variables can also be emptied by setting the
value to NULL:
<?php
$x = "Hello world!";
$x = null;
var_dump($x);
?>
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<?php
$x = "Hello world!";
$x = null;
var_dump($x);
?>

29
PHP Object

!  An object is a data type which stores
data and information on how to process
that data.
!  In PHP, an object must be explicitly

declared.
!  First we must declare a class of object.
!  For this, we use the class keyword.
!  A class is a structure that can contain

properties and methods
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<?php
class Car {
function Car() {
$this->model = "VW";
}
}
// create an object
$h= new Car();

// show object properties
echo $h->model;
?>

31
Manipulate Strings

! A PHP string is a sequence of

characters i.e. used to store and
manipulate text.


32
Single Quoted PHP String

! enclosing text in a single quote
<?php
$str='Hello world within single quote';
echo $str;
?>

Output: Hello world within single quote


Multiple line text, special 33
characters and escape sequences in a
single quoted String
<?php
$str1='Hello text
multiple line
text within single quoted string';
$str2='Using double "quote" directly inside single quoted string';
$str3='Using escape sequences \n in single quoted string';
echo "$str1 $str2 $str3";
?>
!  Output:
Hello text multiple line text within single quoted string
Using double "quote" directly inside single quoted string
Using escape sequences \n in single quoted string

Note: In single quoted PHP strings, most 34
escape sequences and variables will not be
interpreted. But, we can use single quote
through \' and backslash through \\ inside
single quoted PHP strings
<?php
$num1=10;
$str1='trying variable $num1';
$str2='trying backslash n and backslash t inside single quoted string \n \t';
$str3='Using single quote \'my quote\' and \\backslash';
?>
Output:
trying variable $num1

trying backslash n and backslash t inside single quoted string \n \t
Using single quote 'my quote' and \backslash

35
Double Quoted PHP String

!  enclosing text within double quote also.
!  But escape sequences and variables will
be interpreted using double quote PHP
strings.
<?php

$str="Hello text within double quote
";
echo $str;
?>
!  Output: Hello text within double quote

36
Cont’d
!  You can't use double quote directly inside double
quoted string.
<?php
$str1="Using double "quote" directly inside double quoted
string";
echo $str1;
?>
!  Output: error

37
Cont’d
!  We can store multiple line text, special characters and escape
sequences in a double quoted PHP string.
<?php
$str1="Hello text
multiple line
text within double quoted string”;
$str2="Using double \"quote
\" with backslash inside double quoted string";
$str3="Using escape sequences \n in double quoted string";
?>
!  Output: Hello text multiple line text within double quoted

string Using double "quote" with backslash inside double quoted
string Using escape sequences in double quoted string

38

In double quoted strings,
variable will be interpreted
<?php
$num1=10;
echo "Number is: $num1";
?>
!  Output: Number is: 10

39
The Concatenation Operator

!  There is only one string operator in PHP.
!  The concatenation operator dot(.) is used

to put two string values together.
!  To concatenate two string variables

together, use the concatenation operator
dot(.): example:
<?php
$txt1=“I’m interested!";
$txt2=“with php!";
echo $txt1 . " " . $txt2;
?>

40
PHP String Functions

1) strtolower()
!  returns string in lowercase letter.
!  Syntax
strtolower ( string $string )
!  Example
<?php
$str=”Hello STUDENT";
$str=strtolower($str);
echo $str;
?>
!  Output: hello student

41

2) strtoupper()
!  returns string in uppercase letter.
!  Syntax
strtoupper ( string $string )
!  Example
<?php
$str="Hello STUDENT";
$str=strtoupper($str);
echo $str;
?>
!  Output: HELLO STUDENT

42

3) ucfirst()
!  returns string converting first character into
uppercase.
!  It doesn't change the case of other characters
!  Syntax
ucfirst ( string $str )
Output : Hello STUDENT
!  Example
<?php
$str=“hello STUDENT";
$str=ucfirst($str);
echo $str; ?>


43

4) lcfirst()
!  returns string converting first character into
lowercase.
!  It doesn't change the case of other
!  Syntax
lcfirst ( string $str )
Output: hello
!  Example Student
<?php
$str=“Hello Student";
$str=lcfirst ($str);
echo $str; ?>
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5) ucwords()
!  returns string converting first character of
each word into uppercase.
!  Syntax
!  string ucwords ( string $str )
!  Example
Output: Hello
<?php Student
$str=”hello student";
$str=ucwords($str);
echo $str;
?>

45

6) strrev()
!  returns reversed string.
!  Syntax
strrev ( string $string )
!  Example
Output: tneduts
<?php
olleh
$str=strrev($str);
echo $str;
?>
46

7) strlen()
!  returns length of the string.
!  Syntax :
strlen( string $string )
!  Example :
<?php Output: 13
$str=strlen($str);
echo $str;
?>

47

8. strpos() :The PHP strpos() function searches
for a specific text within a string.
!  If a match is found, the function returns the
character position of the first match.
!  If no match is found, it will return NULL.
!  The example below searches for the text "world"

in the string "Hello world!":
<?php
echo strpos("Hello world!", "world");
// outputs 6
? > The output of the code above will be: 6.
Tip: The first character position in a string is

0 (not 1).

48

9.str_replace() :The PHP str_replace() function
replaces some characters with some other
characters in a string.
!  The example below replaces the text "world"

with ”dave":
Example
<?php
echo str_replace("world", ”Dave", "Hello
world!");
?>
// outputs Hello Dave!

49
PHP Math Functions

!  sin()
!  abs() !  base_convert() !  getrandmax() !  mt_getrandmax()
!  sinh()
!  acos() !  bindec() !  hexdec() !  mt_rand()
!  sqrt()
!  acosh() !  ceil() !  hypot() !  mt_srand()
!  srand()
!  asin() !  cos() !  is_finite() !  octdec()
!  tan()
!  asinh() !  cosh() !  is_infinite() !  pi()pow()
!  tanh()
!  atan() !  decbin() !  is_nan() !  rad2deg()
!  max()
!  atan2() !  dechex() !  lcg_value() !  rand()
!  min()
!  atanh() !  decoct() !  log()log10() !  round()
!  Fmod()
!  exp() !  expm1() !  log1p() !  deg2rad()
!  floor()

50
Constants
!  PHP constants are name or identifier that can't be
changed during the execution of the script.
!  PHP constants can be defined by 2 ways:

!  Using define() function
!  Using const keyword
!  PHP constants follow the same PHP variable rules.
!  No $ sign before the constant name.
!  Conventionally, PHP constants should be defined in

uppercase letters.
!  Note: Unlike variables, constants are automatically

global across the entire script.
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Syntax
define(name, value, case-insensitive)
Parameters:
!  Name: Specifies the name of the constant
!  Value: Specifies the value of the
constant
!  Case-insensitive: Specifies whether the
constant name should be case-
insensitive. Default is false

52
Example:
! The example below creates a constant
with a case-sensitive name:

<?php
define("GREETING", "Welcome to W3Schools.com!");
echo GREETING;
?>

53
PHP constant: const keyword

! The const keyword defines constants

at compile time.
! It is a language construct not a
function.
! It is bit faster than define().
! It is always case sensitive.

54
Example

<?php
const MESSAGE="Hello const by PHP";
echo MESSAGE;
?>

55
Array
!  An array is a special type of variable that

can hold many values at once, all
accessible via a single variable name.
!  Arrays are very useful whenever you need to

work with large amounts of data — such as
records from a database — or group related
data together.

56
Types of Arrays in PHP

! There are three types of arrays that
you can create. These are:
! Indexed array
! An array with a numeric key.
! Associative array
! An array where each key has
its own specific value.
! Multidimensional array
! An array containing one or
more arrays within itself.

57
Indexed Arrays

! An indexed or numeric array stores
each array element with a numeric
index.
! Note: In an indexed or numeric
array, the indexes are automatically
assigned and start with 0, and the
values can be any data type.

58
Indexed array
<?php
// Define an indexed array
$colors = array("Red”,"Green”,"Blue");
$colors[0] = "Red";
$colors[1] = "Green";
$colors[2] = "Blue";
?>

59
Associative Arrays

!  In an associative array, the keys assigned
to values can be arbitrary and user defined
strings.
<?php
// Define an associative array

$ages = array ("Peter"=>22,"Clark"=>32,"John"=>28);
$ages["Peter"] = "22";
$ages["Clark"] = "32";
$ages["John"] = "28";
?>

60
Multidimensional Arrays

! is an array in which each element

can also be an array and each
element in the sub-array can be an
array or further contain array
within itself and so on.

61
Example:
<?php
$marks = array( "mohammad" => array ( "physics" => 35,"maths" => 30, "chemistry" => 39 ),
"abebe" => array ("physics" => 30,"maths" => 32, "chemistry" => 29 ),
"zara" => array ( "physics" => 31, "maths" => 22, "chemistry" => 39 ) );
// Accessing multi-dimensional array values
echo "Marks for mohammad in physics : " ; echo $marks['mohammad']['physics'] . " ";
echo "Marks for abebe in maths : ”;echo $marks['abebe']['maths'] . " ";
echo "Marks for zara in chemistry : " ;echo $marks['zara']['chemistry'] . " ";
?>

62
Viewing Array Structure and
Values

<?php
// Define array
$cities = array(“Addis", “DB", “Nazret");
// Display the cities array
var_dump($cities);
?>

<?php
// Define array
$cities = array(“Addis", “DB", “Nazret");
// Display the cities array
print_r($cities);
?>

63
PHP Functions For Sorting Arrays

! sort() and rsort() — For sorting
indexed arrays
! asort() and arsort() — For sorting
associative arrays by value
! ksort() and krsort() — For sorting
associative arrays by key

64
Sorting Indexed Arrays

<?php
// Define array
$colors = array("Red", "Green", "Blue”,"Yellow");
// Sorting and printing array in Ascending Order
sort($colors);
print_r($colors);
?>

65
Sorting Indexed Arrays

<?php
// Define array
$colors = array("Red", "Green", "Blue", "Yellow");
// Sorting and printing arrayin Descending Order
rsort($colors);
print_r($colors);
?>

66
Sorting Associative Arrays

<?php
// Define array
$age = array("Peter"=>20, "Harry"=>14, "John"=>45, "Clark"=>35);

// Sorting array by value and print in Ascending Order By Value
asort($age);
print_r($age);
?>

67

<?php
// Define array
$age = array("Peter"=>20, "Harry"=>14,"John"=>45, "Clark"=>35);
// Sorting array by value &print in Descending Order By Value
arsort($age);
print_r($age);
?>

68

<?php
// Define array
$age = array("Peter"=>20, "Harry"=>14, "John"=>45, "Clark"=>35);
// Sorting array by key and print in Ascending Order By Key
ksort($age);
print_r($age);
?>

69
Operators and expressions

! Operators :
! they are symbols use to manipulate
values.
! Operand :
! is a value operate by the operator/s.

70
Operators
PHP Operators can be categorized in following
forms:
!  Arithmetic Operators
!  Comparison Operators
!  Bitwise Operators
!  Logical Operators
!  String Operators
!  Assignment Operators
!  Incrementing/Decrementing Operators
!  Array Operators

71
! We can also categorize operators on

behalf of operands.
! They can be categorized in 3 forms:
! Unary Operators: works on single
operands such as ++, -- etc.
! Binary Operators: works on two
operands such as binary +, -, *, /
etc.
! Ternary Operators: works on three
operands such as "?:".
72
Arithmetic Operators :Example

<?php
$x = 10; $y = 6;
echo($x+$y)." "; //output 16
echo($x-$y)." "; //output 4
echo($x*$y)." "; //output 60
echo($x/$y)." "; //output 1.67
echo($x%$y)." "; //output 4
echo ++$x." "; // output 11
echo --$y." "; // output 5
echo $x++." "; // output 11
echo $y--." "; // output 5
?>
73
Control statements
!  Conditional statements
!  If
!  If..else
!  If..elseif..else
!  Switch
!  Loops
!  While
!  Do..while
!  For

74
Conditional Statements
!  Conditional statements are used to perform
different actions based on different conditions.
!  if statement - use this statement to execute some

code only if a specified condition is true
!  if...else statement - use this statement to execute

some code if a condition is true and another code
if the condition is false
!  if...elseif....else statement - use this statement

to select one of several blocks of code to be
executed
!  switch statement - use this statement to select one

of many blocks of code to be executed

75
The if Statement

!  Use the if statement to execute some code
only if a specified condition is true.
Syntax
!  if (condition) code to be executed if

condition is true;
!  The following example will output "Have a

nice weekend!" if the current day is Friday:
!  <?php
$d=date("D");
if ($d=="Fri") echo "Have a nice weekend!";
?>

76
if...else :Syntax

!  The if...else Statement
!  Use the if....else statement to execute some

code if a condition is true and another code
if a condition is false.
if (condition)
{
code to be executed if condition is true;
}
else
{
code to be executed if condition is false;
}

77
Example :if ..else

nice weekend!" if the current day is Friday,
otherwise it will output "Have a nice day!":
!  <?php
$d=date("D");
if ($d=="Fri")
{
echo "Hello! ";
echo "Have a nice weekend!";
echo "See you on Monday!";
}
?>


78
The if...elseif....else
Statement

!  Use the if....elseif...else statement to
select one of several blocks of code to be
executed.
!  Syntax
if (condition)
elseif (condition)
else
code to be executed if condition is
false;

79
Example: if..elseif..else
nice weekend!" if the current day is Friday,
and "Have a nice Sunday!" if the current day
is Sunday. Otherwise it will output "Have a
nice day!":
!  <?php
$d=date("D");
if ($d=="Fri")
echo "Have a nice weekend!";
elseif ($d=="Sun")
echo "Have a nice Sunday!";
else
echo "Have a nice day!";
?>


80
PHP Switch Statement

!  Use the switch statement to select one of many blocks
of code to be executed.
!  Syntax
switch (n)
{
case label1:
code to be executed if n=label1;
break;
case label2:
code to be executed if n=label2;
……………….
break;
default:
code to be executed if n is different
from both label1 and label2;
}

81
Switch Statement con’t.

!  This is how it works: First we have a single
expression n (most often a variable), that is
evaluated once.
!  The value of the expression is then compared
with the values for each case in the
structure.
!  If there is a match, the block of code
associated with that case is executed.
!  Use break to prevent the code from running
into the next case automatically.
!  The default statement is used if no match is
found.

82
Example: Switch Statement

<?php
switch ($x)
{
case 1:
echo "Number 1";
break;
case 2:
echo "Number 2";
break;
case 3:
echo "Number 3";
break;
default:
echo "No number between 1 and 3";
}
?>

83
PHP Looping - While Loops

!  Loops execute a block of code a specified number of
times, or while a specified condition is true.
!  In PHP, we have the following looping statements:
!  while - loops through a block of code while a

specified condition is true
!  do...while - loops through a block of code once,

and then repeats the loop as long as a specified
condition is true
!  for - loops through a block of code a specified

number of times
!  foreach - loops through a block of code for each

element in an array

84
The while Loop

!  The while loop executes a block of code while
a condition is true.
!  Syntax
while (condition)
{
code to be executed;
}
!  Example
!  The example below defines a loop that starts
with i=1. The loop will continue to run as
long as i is less than, or equal to 5. i will
increase by 1 each time the loop runs:

85
Example: while loop

!  <?php
$i=1;
while($i<=5)
{
echo "The number is " . $i . " ";
$i++;
}
?>
Output:
!  The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 3
The number is 4
The number is 5

86
The do...while Statement

!  The do...while statement will always execute the block of code
once, it will then check the condition, and repeat the loop
while the condition is true.
!  Syntax
do
{
}
while (condition);
!  Example
!  The example below defines a loop that starts with i=1. It will
then increment i with 1, and write some output. Then the
condition is checked, and the loop will continue to run as
long as i is less than, or equal to 5:

87
Example: do…while
!  <?php
$i=1;
do
{
$i++;
}
while ($i<=5);
?>
Output:
!  The number is 2
The number is 3
The number is 4
The number is 5
The number is 6

88
PHP Looping - For Loops

!  The for loop is used when you know in advance how
many times the script should run. Syntax :
for (init; condition; increment)
{
}
!  Parameters:
!  init: Mostly used to set a counter (but can be any code to be executed
once at the beginning of the loop)
!  condition: Evaluated for each loop iteration.If it evaluates to TRUE,
the loop continues. If it evaluates to FALSE, the loop ends.
!  increment: Mostly used to increment a counter (but can be any code to
be executed at the end of the loop)
!  Note: Each of the parameters above can be empty, or have

multiple expressions (separated by commas).

89
Example :for loop

!  The example below defines a loop that starts with
i=1. The loop will continue to run as long as i is
less than, or equal to 5. i will increase by 1 each
time the loop runs:
!  <?php
for ($i=1; $i<=5; $i++)
{
}
?>
!  Output:
The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 3
The number is 4
The number is 5

90
The foreach Loop

!  The foreach loop is used to loop through arrays.
Syntax
foreach ($array as $value)
{
}
!  For every loop iteration, the value of the current array element
is assigned to $value (and the array pointer is moved by one) -
so on the next loop iteration, you'll be looking at the next
array value.
Example
!  The following example demonstrates a loop that will print the

values of the given array:

91
Example: foreach
<?php

$data=array("abebe"=>2,"belen"=>1,”feven"=>5);
foreach($data as $name=>$id)
{
echo $data[$id];
}

?>

92
Functions
!  A function is a named block of code that is
designed to perform a specific task.
!  Once a function is defined, you can reuse

it without copying and pasting a code block
again and again.
!  A function may accept one or more

arguments, which are the values that you
pass to the function.
!  A function may return a value so that the

calling script can communicate with it.

93
Create a PHP Function

!  A function will be executed by a call to the
function.
!  Syntax
function function_Name()
{
}
!  PHP function guidelines:

!  Give the function a name that reflects what the
function does
!  The function name can start with a letter or
underscore (not a number)

94
Creating and calling functions

<?php
function function_name(parameter1,
parameter2,...){
//function body code
}
?>
function_name(parameter1, parameter2,...);

95
PHP Functions
!  The real power of PHP comes from its
functions.
!  In PHP, there are more than 700 built-in

functions.
!  when the page loads, you can put it into a

function.
!  A function will be executed by a call to

the function.
!  You may call a function from anywhere

within a page.
96
Example
A simple function that writes name when it is
called:
!  <?php
function writeName()
{
echo “mrx";
}

echo "My name is ";
writeName();
?>
!  Output:
My name is mrx

97
Function parameters

!  Information can be passed to functions
through arguments. An argument is just like a
variable.
!  Function may accept one or more parameters.

There are two ways to pass parameters to a
function: passing parameter by value and
passing parameter by reference.
!  Parameter is what's given in the function

declaration/definition.
!  Argument is what's passed when calling the

function.


98

Passing parameters by
value

Passing parameters by
reference
<?php <?php
function increase($x){ function increase(&$x){
$x = $x + 1; $x = $x + 1;
echo 'inside function x = ' . $x .' '; echo 'inside function x = ' . $x .' ';
} }
$x = 10; $x = 10;
increase($x); increase($x);
echo 'outside function x = ' . $x .' '; echo 'outside function x = ' . $x .' ';

99
Benefits of using function

!  Functions are reusable – Because a function
is designed to perform a specific independent
task so that it can be reused in other web
applications.
!  Functions help avoid duplicate code – A

function helps avoid copying and pasting code
all over places by wrapping the logic and
assigning it a name.
!  Functions make your script modular – by using

functions, a big script is divided into many
functions that are easier to build, test and
maintain.

10
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CHAPTER

! Use Basic Syntax

! Send Data to the Web Browser

! Data Types and Utilize Variables

! Manipulate Strings, Date Time

! Control Statements ,Arrays ,Functions,

Advanced IP Compiled By: Yonas H. (MSc.) 5 April 2019

Web Application: Architecture

Advanced IP Compiled By: Yonas H. (MSc.) 5 April 2019

! PHP is a server side scripting language.

! PHP is an interpreted language,i.e.there is no need

! PHP is an object-oriented language.

! PHP is an open-source scripting language.

! PHP is simple and easy to learn language.

! PHP supports many databases (MySQL, Informix, Oracle,

! Open Source Software:

Advanced IP Compiled By: Yonas H. (MSc.) 5 April 2019

the file in XAMP installation directory or web write php program or

In the xampp directory there is htdocs

save all php file to the folder you are

In your browser address bar, type the address:

Server Side Scripting Language ?

! LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP)

! XAMPP (Apache, MariaDB , Perl and PHP)

Advanced IP Compiled By: Yonas H. (MSc.) 5 April 2019

php can be saved .php or embedded into html.

Advanced IP Compiled By: Yonas H. (MSc.) 5 April 2019

Advanced IP Compiled By: Yonas H. (MSc.) 5 April 2019

Send output to the browser?

Advanced IP Compiled By: Yonas H. (MSc.) 5 April 2019

PHP echo /Print

Advanced IP Compiled By: Yonas H. (MSc.) 5 April 2019

! Printing variable value:

Advanced IP Compiled By: Yonas H. (MSc.) 5 April 2019

Advanced IP Compiled By: Yonas H. (MSc.) 5 April 2019

Example: PHP comments

Advanced IP Compiled By: Yonas H. (MSc.) 5 April 2019

PHP Variables and Data Types

! A variable is a temporary storage that

! In PHP, a variable is declared using $

! Syntax of declaring a variable in PHP

Advanced IP Compiled By: Yonas H. (MSc.) 5 April 2019

! In PHP, a variable does not need to be

! the variable is declared automatically when

! PHP automatically converts the variable to the

! The PHP var_dump() function returns the data

Advanced IP Compiled By: Yonas H. (MSc.) 5 April 2019

Naming Rules for Variables

! A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric

! A variable name should not contain spaces.

! If a variable name is more than one word, it

$str="hello string"; OutPut:

Advanced IP Compiled By: Yonas H. (MSc.) 5 April 2019

Advanced IP Compiled By: Yonas H. (MSc.) 5 April 2019

Advanced IP Compiled By: Yonas H. (MSc.) 5 April 2019

PHP NULL Value

Advanced IP Compiled By: Yonas H. (MSc.) 5 April 2019

! In PHP, an object must be explicitly

! First we must declare a class of object.

! For this, we use the class keyword.

! A class is a structure that can contain

Advanced IP Compiled By: Yonas H. (MSc.) 5 April 2019

!  Use Basic Syntax

!  Send Data to the Web Browser

!  Data Types and Utilize Variables

!  Manipulate Strings, Date Time

!  Control Statements ,Arrays ,Functions,

!  PHP is a server side scripting language.

!  PHP is an interpreted language,i.e.there is no need

!  PHP is an object-oriented language.

!  PHP is an open-source scripting language.

!  PHP is simple and easy to learn language.

!  PHP supports many databases (MySQL, Informix, Oracle,

! Open Source Software:

!  LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP)

!  XAMPP (Apache, MariaDB , Perl and PHP)

! Printing variable value:

!  A variable is a temporary storage that

!  In PHP, a variable is declared using $

!  Syntax of declaring a variable in PHP

!  In PHP, a variable does not need to be

!  the variable is declared automatically when

!  PHP automatically converts the variable to the

!  The PHP var_dump() function returns the data

!  A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric

!  A variable name should not contain spaces.

!  If a variable name is more than one word, it

!  In PHP, an object must be explicitly

!  First we must declare a class of object.

!  For this, we use the class keyword.

!  A class is a structure that can contain

! A PHP string is a sequence of

!  Output: Hello text multiple line text within double quoted

!  The concatenation operator dot(.) is used

!  To concatenate two string variables

!  Output: hello student

!  Output: HELLO STUDENT

!  returns reversed string.

!  The example below searches for the text "world"

!  The example below replaces the text "world"

!  PHP constants can be defined by 2 ways:

!  PHP constants follow the same PHP variable rules.

!  No $ sign before the constant name.

!  Conventionally, PHP constants should be defined in

!  Note: Unlike variables, constants are automatically

! The const keyword defines constants

!  An array is a special type of variable that

!  Arrays are very useful whenever you need to

! is an array in which each element