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On The Nature of Subtypes
On The Nature of Subtypes
The enneagram is an ancient but newly-revealed system that types and three subtype arenas, there’s a total of 27 possible
can be used for looking at many aspects of life. It’s currently subtypes.
well-known as a personality assessment tool. It depicts nine In this article, I explore the nature of the enneagram
points on a circle, each of which represents a different per- subtypes. Some of the ideas that I propose are controver-
sonality type with a distinctive core motivation (see Figure sial, because they’re based on propositions that diverge from
1). People new to the system often wonder how there can the received wisdom of the field. But I hope to make a con-
be only nine core personality types when there are so many vincing case for the approach I’m taking, because I think it
different kinds of people. The reason is that there are many has certain advantages over the paradigm currently in use.
ways we can use to further define Please note that, while my
the nine types in order to account main focus in this article is on the
Type 9
for the great diversity of tempera- subtypes, I also devote quite a bit of
ment. We can, for example, see Type 8 Type 1 time to discussing both the ennea-
which of the two points on either gram types and energy cen-
ters. I tried an approach that was
side (the wings) is most dominant.
more limited in scope, but soon re-
We can also look at the relationship Type 7 Type 2
alized that I needed to talk about all
of each enneagram point with each
three topics in order to present a co-
of its two connecting points.
herent picture of my ideas. The rea-
But I find that the most pow-
sons for this should become clear as
erful way to account for diversity Type 6 Type 3 we proceed.
within each type is to look at how The article is divided into three
each type operates within three parts: Background, Part I, and
arenas in life, which we may call Type 5 Type 4 Part II. The Background section in-
subtype arenas. What’s of particu- troduces the topic and provides the
lar interest is which of these arenas is Figure 1. The Enneagram.
context for further discussion. Part I
most dominant—that is, which one focuses on current assumptions about the types, the ennea-
most attracts our attention. When we know both our en- gram energy centers, and the subtypes. Part II proposes an
neagram type and our dominant arena, we can determine alternative view and some ideas for working with the en-
our enneagram subtype. Because there are nine enneagram neagram based on that view.
Background
I became interested in the enneagram as a means of looking particular set of moral, psychological, or spiritual standards.
at individual differences in motivation. As a cognitive psy- As a result, the MBTI system can be used in a wide range of
chologist, I’d long been interested in looking at how variables contexts.
like sex, age, and cultural differences affect our psychology. When I first heard about the enneagram, it took me a
I was also interested in the effects of our basic disposition while to see why I should study it. One reason is that the
or character, so I studied the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator enneagram only delineated nine personality types, while the
(MBTI) to gain insight into that dimension of the psyche. MBTI delineated 16, so the enneagram seemed to offer a less
Based on a Jungian approach to typology, the MBTI detailed breakdown. Another reason is that the enneagram
generates 16 personality profiles. One thing that I like about seemed less objective than the MBTI. Unlike the MBTI
the MBTI is that these profiles are pretty value-neutral. This profiles, most of the enneagram profiles seemed mildly to
means that the MBTI profiles simply distinguish individu- moderately negative in focus.
als on the basis of temperament. They aren’t designed to Although the negative focus initially put my off, I even-
evaluate the character of the individual by reference to any tually learned enough about the enneagram to appreciate its
Before leaping into new territory, I have to spend a little are two of his enneagrams are now the best known: (a) the
time talking about how we came to inherit the current vision enneagram of the emotional passions and (b) the enneagram
of the enneagram, particularly how it came to have such a of the cognitive fixations.
negative focus. So this section is about what I’m calling One reason for the focus on these two particular ennea-
the received wisdom in the field. I’ll talk about the received grams may be that they are the ones of most interest to one of
wisdom regarding the nature of the enneagram itself, the Ichazo’s most influential students, Dr. Claudio Naranjo.
types, the energy centers, and the subtypes. In the 1970s, Naranjo was a student of Oscar Ichazo.
However, within a decade, he became an influential teacher
of the enneagram in his own right. Many of the people who
The Received Wisdom about became later become prominent in the enneagram commu-
nity started out as Naranjo’s students.
the Enneagram & the Types
Naranjo also wrote several books on the enneagram. All
If you ask someone to describe the enneagram, you’ll get of them focus primarily on the deficiency motivations (core
different answers depending on who you ask. neuroses) associated with each enneagram type. Figure 3
Basically, there are two major views of the enneagram. summarizes the categories he developed for characterizing
In one view, it’s a map of a life process. In the other, it’s a the different types of psychological imbalance that can be
map of the human psyche.2 mapped to each enneagram type.
Gurdjieff taught his students a process-oriented version Naranjo goes into great depth in Character and Neuro-
of the enneagram, and it’s this enneagram that Fourth Way sis and his other books to describe the personality disorders
(Gurdjieff) students consider the “real” enneagram. Arica associated with each point. But he provides little or no de-
founder Oscar Ichazo later adapted Gurdjieff’s process-ori- scription of the balanced personality.
ented enneagram to look at differences in human tempera- I didn’t understand why until it dawned on me that, un-
ment or personality. Nowadays, it’s Ichazo’s version of the like James Hollis, Naranjo does not seem to believe that it’s
enneagram that’s the most well-known. actually possible for the personality self to become balanced.
Actually, Ichazo didn’t just teach one enneagram, but This is evident from many passages in his books.3
many. Which enneagram he taught depended one what as- His philosophical perspective (which seem akin to that
pect of human nature he wanted to emphasize. But there of both Gurdjieff and Ichazo) is that personality is inherently
Higher Higher
Figure 4. Gurdjieff’s Three Energy Centers emotional mental
(at Three Levels and Two Polarities). center center
Figure 5. Gurdjieff’s Three Centers Figure 6. Gurdjieff’s Two-tiered Version of the Three Centers.
(Showing the Three Sub-centers of the Physical Center).
used the colors in Figure 4 to depict these six qualities of result of inner work.
each center. There are several other potential variations on this
Another way was to characterize the physical center as theme. This is because Gurdjieff was a moving target; he
having three centers of its own: an instinctive or instinctual like to take his students by surprise, so he presented his
center (in lavender), a sexual center (in orange), and a mov- teachings in different ways at different times. However,
ing center (in yellow). See Figure 5. the scheme shown in Figure 6 is the one on which most
A third way was to characterize the centers as higher modern enneagram theorists base their ideas, as we’ll see
and lower manifestations of the energy in question. In this below.9
case, the physical center is said to have only a “lower” form
while the emotional and mental centers are said to have The Energy Centers of the Personality Enneagram.
both a higher and lower form (see Figure 6). The lower There’s no indication that Gurdjieff ever taught anything
centers are those that we use to function in everyday life. akin to the personality enneagram developed by Oscar
The higher centers are those that only become active as the Ichazo. Gurdjieff’s enneagram was strictly process-oriented.
So Gurdjieff never created an illustration like Figure 7.
However, fifty years later, when Oscar Ichazo and his
9
successors began using Gurdjieff’s process-oriented ennea-
8 1 gram as a tool for looking at personality types, they com-
bined Gurdjieff’s theory of the centers with the personality
Body enneagram to develop a theory of personality that’s inti-
Center mately intertwined with Gurdjieff’s theory on the centers.10
7 2
Out of this perspective has come the idea that there are
Heart nine personality types, each of which “belongs” to a certain
Head
Center center. What this means is that each center is dominant for
Center
three of the nine enneagram types.
6 3
The three points that make up each center are called
a triad:
5 4
• Points 8 9 1: The Body Center Triad. The energy
of these points is natural, unassuming, and unself-
Figure 7. The Three Enneagram Energy Centers. conscious. People whose home base is at Points 8, 9,
Figure 8. The Three Energy Centers at Each Enneagram Point. Figure 9. The Two-tiered Model of the Enneagram Energy Centers.
or 1 have the potential to be particularly attuned to aspects to two of the centers: the mental center and the
the wisdom of the body (to be aware of their “gut in- emotional center.11
stincts”) and to the natural rhythms of life. When Oscar Ichazo and his successors developed the
personality enneagram, they favored this version of Gur-
• Points 2 3 4: The Heart Center Triad. The energy
of these points is feminine, emotional, and interper- djieff’s teachings as the cornerstone of their work. They
sonal. People whose home base is at Point 2, 3, or devised ways to characterize the properties of each point
4 have the potential to be particularly attuned to the by reference to five energy centers: the mental or head
emotional states of others and the feeling dimension center (higher and lower), the emotional or heart center
of life. (higher and lower), and the physical or body center.12
For the head (mental) center at each point, the lower
• Points 5 6 7: The Head Center Triad. The energy aspect was termed a cognitive fixation and the higher as-
of these points is masculine, linear, and detached. pect, a Holy Idea. For the heart (emotional) center at
People whose home base is at Point 5, 6, or 7 have each point, the lower aspect was termed a passion and
the potential to be particularly aware of ideas and the
the higher aspect, a virtue.13 The body (physical) center
mental dimension of life.
at each point was conceived to have only one level of
At the same time that each point belongs to a given cen- functioning, which is equivalent to the lower aspect of
ter, each of these centers is paradoxically said to be within the other two centers.
each of us (as shown in Figure 8). However, the center However, the body center was conceived to have
that’s home to our enneagram type tends to exert more in- three sub-centers, and it’s these sub-centers that de-
fluence than the other two centers. So if my type is Two, scribe the three areas of life in which the body center
Three, or Four, for example, although I’m subject to the can be involved. The first area is self-care and personal
influence of all three centers, the heart center is likely to comfort. The second area is sexuality, transformation
be more influential than the other two centers. and intimacy. The third area is social participation and
political organization.
How Gurdjieff’s Centers Show Up at Each Ennea- For a given individual, one of these arenas of ac-
gram Point. As I mentioned above, Gurdjieff sometimes tivity is assumed to be more compelling than the other
emphasized the difference between ordinary percep- two. This dominant arena is what determines a person’s
tion and subtle (expanded) perception by talking about subtype. I discuss these in more detail below, but for
the energy centers as having higher and lower aspects. now it’s sufficient to note that the three colored circles in
However, as shown in Figure 6, he only attributed higher the Figure 9 are the subtype arenas and that these circles
roughly correspond to the three colored circles in the • Self-preservation subtype: here the focus is said to be
earlier Figures (5 and 6) that describe Gurdjieff’s physi- on satisfactory self-survival.
cal center. (I say “roughly,” because although only Gur-
• Sexuality or intimate subtype: here the focus is said to
djieff’s sexual center clearly matches the sexual subtype be on gaining satisfaction through intimate relationships.
and Gurdjieff’s instinctive center is a pretty good match
for the subtype that focuses on self-care, it’s harder to • Social subtype: here the focus is said to be on gaining
see the exact relationship between Gurdjieff’s moving satisfaction via group participation.
center and the social subtype, although it could be ar- I was also taught that enneagram subtypes, like enneagram
gued that the moving center is about moving outward types, are stable throughout life. And I was taught that the
into the social world.) enneagram subtypes describe a set of behaviors that reflects the
passions associated with each person’s enneagram type.
According to Helen Palmer, “the subtype focus of at-
The Received Wisdom about
tention is revealed by a behavior that is motivated by in-
the Enneagram & the Types
stinct dominated by the passion of type.”14 Sandra Maitri
For each enneagram type, I was taught that the three sub- echoes Palmer’s statements, saying that “the passion of our
types each represent a preoccupation of one of three areas ennea-type comes out most strongly in [the]…arena of life
of life: [that is our subtype],” attributing this definition to Clau-
dio Naranjo.15
SP=appetite
SX=union The subtype is determined by combining the enneagram
SOC=participation
type with the subtype arena. For each of the nine types, there
SP=satisfaction SP=anxiety
9 are three subtype arenas, so there are 27 subtypes in all. Fig-
SX=possession/ SX=heat/jealousy
surrender SOC=inadaptibility
SOC=friendship 8 1 ure 10 shows one common way of labelling the subtypes; the
same labels are shown from a point-oriented perspective in
Figure 11.16
SP=”me first”
SP=family 2 SX=aggression/ Both type and subtype are often said to be personality
7
SX=suggestibility
SOC=sacrifice
seduction structures that develop as a response to trauma during early
SOC=ambition
childhood. This view is, for example, reflected in Don Riso
& Russ Hudson’s assertion that “the Instinctual Variants [aka
SP=warmth 6 3 SP=security
SX=strength/beauty SX=masculinity/ instinctual subtypes] indicate which of our three basic in-
feminiity
S0C=duty
SOC=prestige stincts have been most distorted in childhood.”17
5 4 Thus, the enneagram subtypes are considered to be ma-
SP=refuge SP=dauntlessness
SX=confidence SX=competition/hate jor elements in the ego defense system described by the per-
SOC=totems SOC=shame sonality enneagram. So when we study both type and sub-
Figure 11. Traditional Subtype Descriptions by Enneagram Point. type, what we’re learning about are the workings of this ego
Figure 12. The Enneagram Energy Centers from Two Perspectives. The figure on the LEFT represents the traditional view of the enneagram energy
centers (and corresponds exactly to Figure 9). The figure on the RIGHT represents a non-traditional view of the enneagram energy centers that focuses
entirely on ordinary consciousness and makes provision for the existence of non-distorted modes of thinking, feeling, and behaving at this level of aware-
ness.
that Gurdjieff formally acknowledged that ordinary percep- Focusing on ordinary activities is especially relevant
tion doesn’t necessarily imply distorted or imbalanced per- for our study of subtypes, because the subtype reflects the
ception. way that type energy comes into play in a given arena of
If we want to create a model to show what this would daily life. If we assume that life is intelligent, then there
look like, we could divide each of the lower centers into has to be some reason that life exists on this physical level
higher and lower levels and designate these levels as a way of reality. This is the place where we live. Both the body
to distinguish attuned from unattuned activity (whether and the personality self are the vehicles we need to func-
physical, emotional, or mental). tion here. If we think of them as sinful, embarrassing, or
Figure 12 shows us such a model. In this figure, the pathological, we negate the value of our ordinary lives and
states of exalted consciousness are grayed out, because cut ourselves off from our own inner wisdom. We split the
they’re not our main focus. The three circles that remain psyche in two, and then seek to eradicate the lower half (on
represent states of ordinary consciousness. Each circle is di- the grounds that it’s inferior).
vided in two. The bottom half of the circle represents func- The word inferior usually has a derogatory meaning.
tioning which is less balanced and the top half represents However, in his theory of personality types, Carl Jung uses
functioning which is more balanced. So on the bottom half, this word in quite a different sense. When he speaks of the
we see unattuned action, reactive emotions (passions), and inferior function of the personality, he’s not making a nega-
rigid thinking (fixations). On the top half, we see attuned tive evaluation, he’s just referring to the least developed of
action, responsive emotions, and flexible thinking. the four functions that make up the personality self. Accord-
In this figure, the term subtype behaviors no longer ap- ing to Jung, it’s this fourth inferior function that holds all
pears in the physical center. This is because I conceive of the unlovable “shadow” material that’s been rejected by the
subtype behaviors as behavioral profiles that can be either rest of the psyche as undesirable. It’s also the function that
attuned or unattuned in nature. So they can belong to either most needs our love and support. By valuing what it has to
half of the circle. This is symbolized by the presence of teach us, we transform its prima materia into real gold.
three colored arenas in both halves of the whole. This is yet another reason for getting rid of the dividing
A model like this has a number of advantages. First, it line between the higher and lower parts of the ordinary cen-
doesn’t assume that ordinary consciousness equals distorted ters. For if we choose to separate the centers into two parts,
consciousness. Second, it shows us ways that higher con- the bottom half is likely to contain the shadow material that
sciousness can be manifest right here in ordinary life, in our we need for transformation.
acts, emotions, and thoughts. Third, it restores the physical Figure 13 shows the model I like the most. It consists
center to a place of honor. The physical center is the center of three yin-yang circles that correspond to the three cen-
that directs things on the physical level of reality, so by hon- ters. Each contains the three subtype arena circles, as well,
oring the physical center, we honor the things that happen in because I have a hard time seeing the subtypes as the func-
our daily lives. tion of a single center. Subtype behaviors may be physi-
al
also spirit.”25 it’s not unidimensional. It’s multidi-
Men
ion
I’m not claiming that this yin-yang mensional. It arises at a level that is
ta
ot
model is better or more accurate than Em beyond the personality level. That’s
l
any other, only that it’s useful for look- why we can’t describe each type with a
ing at the enneagram from a systems single word or phrase. We can experi-
Figure 13.
perspective. I find it useful for three Holistic Model of the Energy Centers. ence the energy of each type (for ex-
reasons. First, it shows the polarity of ample, by watching or participating in a
energies that exist within each center in a way that makes type panel),27 but whenever we try to pin a label on the type,
no positive or negative value judgments about either polar- we’re like the blind men trying to identify the elephant by
ity. Second, it shows the three centers as working together pointing to one of its parts. Whatever label we choose will
to form an integrated whole. Third, it shows the colored be insufficient. It will not fully encompass the energy of
circles that represent each subtype behavior as existing in all the type.
three of the energy centers, not just the physical center. That’s what lead me to start looking at each type or
The model in the previous figure (Figure 12) is also point as a family of related energies that cluster around a
useful, but it’s still dualistic. It still divides the centers into motivational core. I’m interested in the core, but I’m also
hierarchical compartments and places a higher value on one interested in all the different forms that this core energy can
level than the other. take in daily life.
Models that are dualistic make sense to us, because I sensed that the only way I could get in touch with
we’re used to them But as the authors of Seven Lesson of my innate wholeness is by seeing the diverse ways that this
Chaos have observed, “our fixation on dualities causes us to wholeness can find expression in ordinary life. Most of the
obscure what is really going on.”26 time, my actual experience is that of diversity. But if I can
“What is really going on” is much more dynamic than see the relationship between the diversity and some larger
our fixed categories can account for. That’s why it’s not principle, I no longer lose myself in the diversity. I no lon-
particularly useful to categorize traits as good or bad with- ger feel separated from life or from other people.
out regard to context. It was this desire to experience wholeness that lead me
In systems theory, context is key. The focus is on the to study the enneagram subtypes. I saw in the subtypes a
dynamic relationship between an individual and their envi-
useful matrix for looking at how type shows up both in real
ronment. Keeping the focus on interaction helps us to culti-
life (in the roles we play in our families, with our friends,
vate the kind of “in the moment” awareness that we need to at work, and in public) and in the world of our imagination
act appropriately, according to our individual nature. (as archetypal figures, dramatic personas, and the stories
we tell ourselves about our lives). Looking at these inner
personae and each of their stories became a way for me to
The Enneagram Subtypes see how they’re all expressions of the same core motiva-
tion.28
The material in the preceding sections is designed to pro- But I’m getting ahead of myself here. Before we can
vide a framework for the main topic of discussion: the en- really talk about the subtypes, we need to define our terms
neagram subtypes. The subtypes are typically presented and look at our operating assumptions.
as prototypical patterns of behavior that arise in response I want to start by distinguishing three concepts: sub-
to the needs of the personality. But from the beginning, types, subtype arenas, and subtype behaviors. These all
I never saw them that way. Instead, I saw both the types sound like the same thing, but they’re not. The subtype
and subtypes as archetypes. Although archetypes possess arenas are the three domains in which we act:
Nurturer: (“me first”/privilege): Want to take care of everyone The Lover (seduction or aggression): Highly focused on others Ambassador (ambition): Self-esteem is earned by getting
but thus feel entitled to be noticed, to get special treatment or & tend to produce a reaction, pos. or neg. Determined to win over social approval in the group, being recognized as special, being
PT privileges. Get hurt, and possibly resentful, if they don’t get it. the person “targeted” by whatever means. Can be aggressive, but indispensable to the right people. Public image is what counts,
2 Focus on home & hearth, food for others, nursing & nurturing. often want the chase more than catch; can fear real intimacy. Can but often content to be the power behind the scenes. Welcome
Ashamed to directly ask for help because this puts them in a also shape shift, losing themselves in the other. With growth, may compliments; find it very hard to tolerate feeling they are being
“one-down” position.. Ethnic mother archetype. try to hold back, thus alternating between approaching & retreating. taken for granted.
PT
Company Man (security): Happiness comes from financial
success & material security.. Identify with company (or family for
Movie Star (masculinity/femininity): Focus on success via
personal (sexual) attractiveness, charisma, radiance, cheerfulness.
Politician (prestige): High-profile public image & social status
brings recognition & the sense of “being somebody.” Like to play
Are the subtypes instinctual in nature? The subtypes are
usually formally referred to either as instinctual subtypes or
Can “perform” for many or for just one partner. Seek approval a public role, take the lead in social groups, look the part they’re
3 moms). Job security & earning power = security. Relationships
in 121 relationships but afraid of rejection when someone “sees playing. Want to be the leader, not help the leader (unlike 2s). Dis-
often take a back seat. Super-moms, workaholics.
through the act”; can easily lose themselves in their image. like being upstaged; are secretly hurt by it but don’t let on.
PT
5
Castle Defender (home): Focus is on a safe physical space
(symbolic of inner safety), a home, hideout, retreat. Can wander
& travel, but the focus is on safety, via walls or anonymity. Tend
Secret Agent (confidentiality): Security in relationship gained by
exchanged confidential secrets. May seem mysterious or compel-
ling; can draw special others into their inner sanctum. There may
Professor (totems/cultural symbols): Focus of understanding
& interpretation of sacred symbols, systems, philosophy, religion,
science, mathematics. Magic of the written word means lots of
regard the subtypes as instinctual in nature.
But are the subtype behaviors truly instinctual? What
to be fairly ascetic except with things they especially value (high be a big rift between sexual self & outer self. May be true monas- files & books. Avarice is for whatever kinds of learning & presenta-
tech stuff, books, etc.) tics if focus is spiritual. Tend to compartmentalize relationships. tions that bring social standing & the respect of others.
Adventurer (suggestibility): Charming, risk taking, adventurous. Utopian Visionary (sacrifice): “Feast of life” here is of ideas &
Gourmand / Family Visionary (family): Family life is ideal-
Experience overdone due to extreme expansiveness & mental social visions.; they are resolute idealists who will place limits on
ized to create an environment that is stimulating, enthusiastic,
Survivalist (satisfactory survival): Satisfying needs of self & Monarch (dominance/submission): Focus is on desire to pen- Group Leader (friendship): Can be both social & anti-social.
family is paramount. Very focused on physical preparedness. etrate & dominate, but also possibly surrender, to partner—if trust Friendship & social justice are key, but can be excessive; then
PT
could just refer to refer to anything associated with the physi-
May to go to any length to ensure physical survival & material is present. Possessor can be unintentionally possessed if attention personal needs get ignored. Seen as more moderate than other
8 well-being—storing food, supplies, securing the perimeter, etc. is too dominated by the need for control. Can be most attuned 8s because of an interest in social acceptance. Can overextend
Very territorial about their home & possessions. Can easily to life force, to energy in all living creatures. Magnetic hypnotists themselves in social activities, partying, etc. Not tolerant of
overdo it. (Gurdjieff). betrayers.
The enneagram is often presented as a system for charac- ideas on the enneagram subtypes without explaining why I
terizing personality types. Each personality type is said saw the subtypes in a different light. In order to discuss the
to reflect a core motivation whose purpose is to protect subtypes, I’ve had to create a context for the discussion.
and defend the personality self. So each personality type The perspective I’ve tried to describe is transpersonal
represents a particular type of psychological imbalance. in nature. From this perspective, the types are seen as dif-
Similarly, the subtypes are thought to reflect three ways in ferentiated centers of purposeful intelligence and subtypes
which the instinctual center can become unbalanced. Both as more differentiated versions of the types. The subtype
personality type and subtype are usually thought to have arenas are the place where we learn and grow, and also
developed as the result of early childhood traumas. where we fulfill our dharma in life.
This dualistic model focuses primarily on the nega- So we’re here for ourselves and own development, but
tive aspects of human personality and stresses the need we’re also here to serve as expressions of something larger
for transformation (of vices into virtues and fixations into than ourselves. We’re always playing a dual role. And
Holy Ideas). It seems to idealize personality transcendence we’re always in a reciprocal relationship with the energies
without really addressing the question of how to live within of life. The energy flows to us and through us, giving us
limitation.32 the impetus to act; we respond by embodying that energy as
When I first encountered the enneagram, this personal- fully as we dare. The result is a dance—a dance full of dra-
ity model was the only one that seemed influential. I loved ma, mystery, and humor. The object isn’t to achieve some
the enneagram, but felt trapped within the walls of its nega- artificial ideal of perfection, but to be alive in the moment.
tive paradigm. The idea of type always seemed to be pre- The enneagram is part of this dance. It gives us not
sented as something that limits and distorts, as opposed to only insight, but energy and inspiration. It has the power to
something that energizes and liberates. change us in ways we can only begin to imagine.
I felt that there must be a different way to work with the I’ve been exploring ways to work with the enneagram
enneagram, but I couldn’t quite envision what it would be. that help us become receptive to its energy. This way of
Since then, I’ve been trying to cobble together the elements working is actually more like playing than working—it’s
of an alternative perspective. Many of those elements are like learning how to surf a wave or make a funny picture
presented here. with finger paints. Bringing a kind of lightness and joy to
I had to describe the perspective in some detail, because the process is what opens things up. And that’s when the
I found it wasn’t possible to give a coherent account of my energy really begins to flow.
These subtype tables represent several different approaches I’ve taken in thinking about the subtypes over the last
several years. Rather than just give the last and most current version of this table, I’ve chosen to include all three
versions.
When I first studied the subtypes, I started by compiling as many different descriptions as possible from existing
books and articles. That’s what’s presented in the first table (Table A-1). Because I saw this as the negative pole of
subtype behaviors, I attempted to devise a table that would reflect a positive pole (Table A-2). The idea was that trans-
forming the negative subtype behaviors listed in A-1 would result in the transfigured behaviors described in A-2.
I still like these transformed descriptions, because I think they give us a vision of ourselves that can be inspiring.
The only problem is that, over time, I came to dislike the idea of dividing up subtypes behaviors into two categories
(untransformed vs transformed). The very idea of such a dualistic model sort of bothered me. So I came up with a
third table (Table A-3) which is an attempt at devising a set of descriptors that focus on the kinds of challenges we
encounter in everyday life, but which reflect an appreciation for the value of each subtype in teaching us specific kinds
of life lessons.
The last two tables contain other observations about the subtypes. Table A-4 is a list of archetypes, life paths,
and social roles. It’s a funny combination of the lofty and the mundane, the ideal and real. I originally tried to list
only archetypes that were truly universal, but soon found that some of the most memorable and interesting parts that
people play are outgrowths of our particular day and age. Leaving them out made the list a lot less juicy, so I ended
up included any descriptors that enriched my understanding of the subtype.
Table A-5 is a list of words that I associate with each of the subtypes (A-5). It’s the product of my playing with
gerunds (-ing words) by subtype. They give a slightly different view of each subtype (not as a profile or an archetype,
but as a kind of activity within a given sphere).
Movie Star (masculinity/femininity): Focus on success via Politician (prestige): High-profile public image & social
Company Man (security): Happiness comes from
personal (sexual) attractiveness, charisma, radiance, cheerful- status brings recognition & the sense of “being some-
financial success & material security. Identify with
PT ness. Can “perform” for many or for just one partner. Seek body.” Like to play a public role, take the lead in social
company (or family for moms). Job security & earn-
3 approval in 121 relationships but afraid of rejection when groups, look the part they’re playing. Want to be the lead-
ing power = security. Relationships often take a
someone “sees through the act”; can easily lose themselves er, not help the leader (unlike 2s). Dislike being upstaged;
back seat. Super-moms, workaholics.
in their image. are secretly hurt by it but don’t let on.
Creative Individualist (dauntless /reckless): Dramatic Person (competitive): Charismatic, high strung Critical Commentator (shame/honor): Social ac-
Survival is viewed as more symbolic than literal. & competitive, but also sensitive & permeable. Can fight for ceptance or recognition brings honor & meaning; not
What’s key is surviving & transmuting the pain of what they want but also long for approval; need good bound- belonging brings shame. The tension between needing
“something missing” into creative expression, often aries to avoid getting hurt, reactive or overwhelmed. Often to be socially correct & personally authentic > an aura
PT
via self-abandonment. Are tenacious & self-con- elicit love/hate reactions. Cultivating generosity toward self of reserve. Need to “speak their truth”—are often the
4 tained but not materialistic. Emotional sensitivity & others helps lessen the need to compete or upstage. Tend emotional truth-tellers in a group. But critical like 1s; must
hidden behind a practical manner. Accent on toward theatricality; many actors & fashion models are this learn not to pressure themselves too much to be authentic
creativity in home & garden. Don Quixote, artisans, type. Relationships generate high expectations; disappoint- & also not to be too critical or demand too much emotional
poets. ment often follows. intensity.
Castle Defender (home): Focus is on a safe Secret Agent (confidentiality): Security in relationship Professor (totems/cultural symbols): Focus of under-
physical space (symbolic of inner safety), a home, gained by exchanged confidential secrets. May seem mysteri- standing & interpretation of sacred symbols, systems,
PT hideout, retreat. Can wander & travel, but the ous or compelling; can draw special others into their inner philosophy, religion, science, mathematics. Magic of
5 focus is on safety, via walls or anonymity. Tend to sanctum. There may be a big rift between sexual self & outer the written word means lots of files & books. Avarice is
be fairly ascetic except with things they especially self. May be true monastics if focus is spiritual. Tend to com- for whatever kinds of learning & presentations that bring
value (high tech stuff, books, etc.) partmentalize relationships. social standing & the respect of others.
Family loyalist (warmth): Creating a warm, wel- Warrior (strength/beauty): 6 tries to live up to ideal of Social Guardian (duty): Fear dispelled & security en-
coming home life is the focus; They show love to strength or beauty; CF is always strength-focused. Danger- hanced by knowing & following group rules, upholding
PT secure love—seek affection (or rejection—CF) from ous impulsivity or risk taking possible; also ideological rigidity, social authority, dutiful commitment to cherished groups
6 others in order to feel safe. Belonging & maintain- avoidance of feelings/doubt/worry. Beauty: Idealization and & causes. Can have trouble realizing others may have
ing closeness are critical; warmth is used to ensure projection of beauty is used to overcome fear; partner ideal- different rules; also can feel burdened, unappreciated, etc.
continued bonding. ized via positive mental projections. CF—can rebel against the same.
Gourmand / Family Visionary (family): Family life Adventurer (suggestibility): Charming, risk taking, adventur- Utopian Visionary (sacrifice): “Feast of life” here is of
is idealized to create an environment that is stimu- ous. Experience overdone due to extreme expansiveness & ideas & social visions; they are resolute idealists who will
lating, enthusiastic, pleasurable, body-oriented mental fascination/ imagination. Suggestibility comes from place limits on themselves for the cause; this is a sacrifice
PT (gourmet or health food focused), or visionary (e.g., tendency to merge with others’ plans, ideas, fantasies; can for freedom-loving 7s. But the plans & visions can be
7 utopian, as in a commune or extended family). Like get carried away by fantasies of love or unwittingly inflict hurt compelling, grandiose, addictive (gluttonous); grounding
the “good life”, to stay busy with fun home activities, as “dance away lovers”, but find commitment difficult. Love of is needed. Extremism & entitlement are possible. More
not to slow down or get bogged down with routine intense experiences can mean addiction. Flower children, roll detached, rational, impersonal than other 7s; “I network,
chores. & rollers. therefore, I am.”
Survivalist (satisfactory survival): Satisfying Monarch (dominance/submission): Focus is on desire to Group Leader (friendship): Can be both social & anti-
needs of self & family is paramount. Very focused
penetrate & dominate, but also potentially to surrender to the social. Friendship & social justice are key, but can be
on physical preparedness. May to go to any length
PT partner—IF trust is present. Possessor can be unintentionally excessive; then personal needs get ignored. Seen as
to ensure physical survival & material well-being—
8 storing food, supplies, securing the perimeter, etc.
possessed if attention is too dominated by the need for control. more moderate than other 8s because of an interest in
Can be most attuned to life force, to energy in all living crea- social acceptance. Can overextend themselves in social
Very territorial about their home & possessions.
Can easily overdo it. tures. Great personal magnetism; can be hypnotic. activities, partying, etc. Not tolerant of betrayers.
The Collector (appetite): Very common type Seeker (union): Desire for union makes them open but vul- Community Benefactor (participation): Energized by
everywhere around the world because the focus is nerable. Weak personal boundaries can mean promiscuity, the opportunity to belong, participate, be included but like
on seeking fulfillment of basic needs: for food, stuff, dispersion, indiscriminate “urge to merge”, vulnerability to sug- to stay out of the limelight, not to commit 100% (“to partici-
retention for survival. Appetite is key here, not only gestion from unsavory types. Easily overwhelmed or carried pate or not to participate—that is the question”). Willing to
PT away; establishing a professional identity helps structure their
for food, but for all kinds of material comforts & pos- work for group harmony but tend to lose themselves in the
9 life. Can dominate or be dominated by partners (more often energy of the group, to merge with it, instead of doing per-
sessions, especially small personal items. There
the latter); tend to accede to the other’s wishes. Can be like a sonal inner work. Formal groups are preferred, because
tends to be lots of stuff everywhere, as things are
“blank screen” in 121, but can also bring a quality of uncondi- known rules can be followed to overcome the insecurity of
collected for potential use. This type can be orga-
tional love & sacredness. feeling they don’t belong.
nized or disorganized.
Sources: Labels from Peter O’Hanrahan, parenthesized descriptors from Oscar Ichazo, information from the work of Helen Palmer, Tom Condon, Katherine Chernick & David Fauvre, Don Riso & Russ Hudson, and Sandra Mai
Table A-2. TRANSFORMED SUBTYPE PROFILES
Contented Homebuilder: There is inner peace, Dispassionate Refiner: Personal intensity plus serenity Serene Advocate: Inner calm relaxes “one right way”
not anxiety. This brings the ability to work with joy & = a highly refined character. Passionate concern about thinking & promotes good will, tolerance, & fairness.
PT calmness. The focus is on the task not perfectionistic an intimate other is so refined that it becomes like an elixir Decision making is impartial & dispassionate. Formal
laboring. Details are worked out with care; there’s a exquisitely suited to other’s needs. Fear of rejection & jeal- rules are superseded by flexible guidelines. Social cor-
1 natural pride in a job well-done & the ability to bal- ousy are neutralized; imperfections are made perfect by rectness is relaxed; the focus is on patient promotion of
ance work with play—also a tolerance for error. Busi- love. Fears can be admitted & discussed; there is no need high-minded ideals. The ability to see more than one
ness dealings are conducted with honor & fairness. to sermonize or convert. point of view enriches advocacy efforts.
Unassuming Nurturer: Genuine joy comes from Attentive Lover: Inner attentiveness brings the ability to Community Server: The simple joy of working with
truly selfless giving, which is perceived as a privilege. share the true self with the partner. This is real intimacy others in service brings contentment. The focus is
PT Self-nurturing comes from self-love. The focus is (& friendship) without strings attached; it’s a big relief. No on consensus building, networking, creating bonds of
on home & hearth, food for others, & other personal need for game playing to get love, but just love for its own trust, & including everyone as part of the group. Com-
2 forms of nurturance. There’s no shame in asking for sake. The fear of rejection is not present, so no manipula- pliments are appreciated but not required; most of the
help when it’s needed, because of the understanding tion is necessary. Naturalness & the heartfelt desire to reward is the intrinsic joy of working with others on a
that we are all interdependent. share oneself with another fosters true intimacy. common goal.
High-energy Multi-tasker: Security in self-identity Attractive Aspirant: Charisma infused with hope be- Cooperative Leader: The relentless drive to compete
makes it possible to focus on the pleasure of doing, comes true radiance. This is highly attractive because of for leadership becomes an intrinsically-rewarding effort
PT not just the need for material security. There is an its purity, beauty & power. Performance becomes giving; to create a better community. Emphasis is on leading
ability not only to work, but just to be—to slow down, the focus is personal & specific. Other people feel ap- in whatever way is needed, playing roles to suit the
3 be alone, cultivate relationships, enjoy hobbies. Ma- preciated for who they are as individuals, not just for the task & needs of others. Leadership is natural & enjoy-
terial goods & pleasures are seen not to guarantee approval they can provide. Intimate relationships are a able, but there is no need to identify with the leadership
security but a natural part of an abundant life. source of joy and inspiration . role in order to feel real.
Intuitive Dramatizer: Intuitive imagination wells up in a Gentle Truth-Teller: Inner calm & grateful acceptance
Imaginative Originator: Inner vision can be trans-
natural yet dramatic fashion, to express personal ideals. of life as it is makes it possible for speak one’s truth
lated into creative work in the home & garden. Color,
This expression is intensely personal but happens in an wo/offending others; there is no conflict between
PT light, fabric, clothing, etc., can express an inner
impersonal (unselfconscious) way. Balance in the midst shame & honor. It’s possible to convey felt truths to
aesthetic born out of a genuine love of beauty. Aban-
4 of intensity or chaos makes possible the use of drama to others in a way that is refined by discipline & tempered
donment is to one’s vision or passion. The dauntless
illustrate possibilities for creative unfoldment. Personal by love. This approach is honorable & also increases
tendency is mostly reflected in a clear & steady bold-
intensity is balanced by an impersonal core at the center the likelihood of one’s ideas being accepted, although
ness of personal expression.
of the self. this is not the goal.
Calm Introspector: The reflexive need to protec- Transpersonal Guide: Leadership is expressed
Focused Confidant: A quiet and focused receptivity to the
tively withdraw is replaced by an inner calm that is transpersonally, by enabling others to experience the
other creates an intimacy that is subtle, delicate, & verbally
always present, regardless of surroundings. Home world in a way that takes them beyond the sensate
PT unexpressed. There is a mysterious, satisfying quality to
is within, & so the need for retreat is merely a prefer- limitations of the personal self. The focus is on uni-
the relationships that is deeply refreshing & yet very solid,
5 ence, not a compulsion. Solitude is joyful but does versal ideas, principles, patterns, symbols, archetypes
steady, stabilizing. The tendency to compartmentalize re-
not become social isolation. Books, high-tech stuff, & images. They ability to see & communicate these
laxes, so there is no rigid separation between public & pri-
etc., are valued for their ability to satisfy intellectual patterns is honored by others, because it’s seen as an
vate selves or the need to mask intimate feelings in public.
curiosity & further personal understanding. embodiment of the shared wisdom of the collective.
Family Supporter: A warm, welcoming home life is Faithful Companion: The love & faith felt for the com- Social Conservationist: A natural bent to conserve all
valued not for the security it provides, but for its own panion is reflected by the care given to them, & a sincere that is good about the past & intuitive understanding of
PT sake—for the opportunity it provides for personal appreciation for what is given in return. There is an exqui- what’s worth preserving creates a true conservationist
self-expression, nurturing loved ones, & sharing the site attunement to the other. Faith strengthens the heart, who can preserve & “re-cycle” still-useful traditions &
6 bounties of life with those one loves. Warmth & gen- bringing courage & dissolving doubt, worry, ideological see how the lessons of the past can help stabilize the
erosity to others flows out of genuine love & faith, not rigidity, false projections; this allows the arising of true future. This thoughtful, reasoned support for commu-
the need to protect through friendship. clarity of mind. nity activities brings support & goodwill.
Home Designer: An imaginative vision of home & Joyful Intimate: A soaring imagination & desire for in- Social Change Artist: Idealism is grounded, focused,
life brings pleasure & satisfaction without the need to tense “highs” are grounded in a genuine appreciation for practical; this is social change with a light touch, an
PT go to extremes to impose them on others. An appre- the ethical dimensions of intimate relationships. Attention attunement to the moment, a sense of humor, commit-
ciation for the “good life” doesn’t turn into profligacy shifts from the self-centered need for intense experiences ment minus the sense of martyrdom or self-sacrifice.
7 or compulsion. There‘s an ability to slow down, stay to the honoring of the personal desires & needs of the Change is accomplished deftly—with lightness, artistry,
with one thing at a time & to enjoy what is happening other. Joy comes from shared experiences and the deep- perhaps a bit of trickery. Goals are realistic & commu-
in the present moment. ening of intimacy. nication replaces the tendency toward extremism.
Chivalrous Protector: The focus on personal owner-
Pacific Provider: Inner strength & fortitude are Personal Exemplar: Leadership is shown by personal
ship & control in relationships shifts to a heartfelt desire
expressed via the providing of tangible care & protec- example, not coercion; whatever the setting, there’s a
PT to unselfishly protect, uphold, & serve the beloved one,
tion to others. There is a warm- hearted, generous personal, “hands on” & often inspirational quality that
to enable the beloved to freely grow & flower in their own
8 & expansive spirit of goodwill, but also restraint & attracts personal loyalty & participation. It’s a leader-
right, rather than to possess them as objects or limit their
respect for others’ boundaries, rather than the estab- ship that arises naturally in response to the needs of
freedom to movement. This is the expression of the ar-
lishment & justification of one’s own agenda. the situation, not the personal needs of the leader.
chetype of courtly love.
Pioneer: Disciplined, organized & sober. Have a Evangelist: Personal intensity plus strict self control = Social Arbiter: Upright, dedicated, serious, & steady.
sense that life needs civilizing. Thus, they work hard heat. This heat is often channeled into “safe” passions Motivated to devise standards & systems by which
to impose order, especially on the physical environ- (eg, religion = zeal). Passionately attached to partners to judge behavior—laws, justice systems, rules of
PT ment. Want to make things concrete & definite. Can but very sensitive to rejection; can create jealousy. etiquette, etc. Motivated by fairness & high-minded
1 have a difficultly dealing with ambiguity, gray areas, Outbursts possible when pressure builds. Perfect rela- ideals, but tend to see their own way as the only correct
etc. Also find it hard to let go and be really carefree tionship is imagined; anger erupts when the real thing one. This makes it hard to feel that they really belong
unless they can clearly justify it (eg, to restore physi- doesn’t quite match the image. Challenge is to bring light in social situations or to just relax & have fun. May find
cal or mental health). & laughter into intimate relationships. an outlet for creative tension in dramatic pursuits.
Nurturer: Personally caregivers; want to take care of Lover: Attention goes to the loved one and on how to Host or Hostess: Enjoyment comes from social
everyone but can thus feel justified in wanting spe- win them over; whatever the cost. Can shape shift to networking, the support of others’ agendas, smoothing
PT cial treatment (not because they need it, but because please the lover but sometimes go overboard and lose over difficult situations, being genuinely helpful to the
they deserve it). Focus is on home & hearth, making themselves in the process. Partners who don’t recipro- people they support. Prefer behind-the-scenes en-
2 food for others, & other personal kinds of assistance. cate tend to make them feel unappreciated. They need deavors, but are secretly hurt if they feel they’re taken
Need to learn to give without strings & to accept help to be aware of the roles they play and how to drop them for granted; work best when they can use their talents
gracefully. to find real intimacy. & receive sufficient recognition for doing so.
Aspirant : The focus is on achievement in the area of Politician: Find satisfaction in high-profile public
Horatio Alger: Material security & success bring
personal (sexual) attractiveness, charisma, radiance, recognition & social achievement. Like to play a very
personal satisfaction. Tend to identify with those they
PT cheerfulness. Can project an image for many or for just public role, take the lead in social groups, look the part
work for (or family for caregivers). Without something
one partner. Seeks validation in 121 relationships but they’re playing. Want to be the leader, not help the
3 concrete to work toward, it’s hard to feel ok. Relation-
sensitive to what might happen if someone “sees through leader (unlike 2s). Know how to pull a diverse group
ships often take a back seat to achievement. These
the act”; they can easily mistake their image for who they together. Sensitive to being upstaged, but they’re good
are the “Type A’s—super-moms or workaholics.
really are. at covering this over.
Artisan: Earthy, sensuous, & deeply emotional. Dramatist: Charismatic, high strung, competitive, fierce *Critic: Social acceptance & recognition bring honor
Aware of aesthetics, light & shadow, colors, shapes, & demanding, but also sensitive & permeable; secretly & meaning; not belonging brings shame. But there’s
PT patterns, aesthetics. Create living spaces that sym- long for approval. Need good boundaries to avoid tension between group norms & valued personal ide-
bolize who they are. Tenacious & self-contained but becoming hurt, reactive or overwhelmed. Tend to elicit als; despite social reserve, they tend to feel they must
4 not very materialistic. Much more sensitive than they love/hate reactions. Cultivating generosity toward the “speak their truth”—are often the emotional truth-tellers
look. Accent on originality at home, in the garden & in self & others helps transcend the need to compete or in a group. But must learn not to get too focused on
the way they dress. upstage. authenticity or demand too much too soon.
Philosopher: Very sensitive to outside stimuli, so Professor: Curious, exploratory, investigative, depth-
Confidant: Intimate relationships offer a way to break
they rely on privacy to create a bounded space within oriented. Focus is on understanding & interpretation of
out of social isolation while preserving a bounded space
PT which they can digest what they perceive. This sacred symbols, systems of all kinds, philosophy, reli-
that protects them from overstimulation. May seem se-
space can be physical (a home, study or library) gion, science, mathematics. Magic of the written word
5 cretive or mysterious; can draw trusted others into their
or personal (a reserved manner or anonymity in a means lots of files & books. Knowledge brings respect
inner sanctum. Grateful to companions who allow them
group). Can relax when with intimates who respect of others & a sense of ease & security. May need to let
their space. May be true monastics if focus is spiritual.
their boundaries. go of the need to be recognized as the definitive expert.
Warrior Prince or Princess: Focus on living up to ideal Social Guardian: Duty & commitment is to the group,
Family Loyalist: Tend toward shyness & modesty,
or strength or beauty; CF 6 is by definition strength-fo- especially groups that affirm their values. They tend
warmth & sensitivity. Want to create an inviting,
PT cused. Determined to be strong, no matter what, so tend to feel lost in unstructured situations, preferring to par-
secure home life & to welcome others in a way that
to take risks to test their courage. If beauty is idealized, ticipate in groups with well-established norms & clear
6 encourages reciprocation. A sense of belonging &
then they can project an aura of lushness & warmth expectations. They respect traditional values & social
closeness are valued; expressive warmth ensures
that’s very inviting. Very protective of intimate others & norms. Often willing to take on the “grunt work” with
continued bonding with those they value.
those they see as vulnerable. little expectation of recognition or reward.
Will ‘O the Wisp: Charming, risk taking, devil may care. Utopian: “Feast of life” here is of ideas & social vi-
Enthusiast: Everyday life is seen as an experiential
Experience-seeking may be overdone due to extreme sions.. These are the resolute idealists who will place
feast. Accent is one creating a personal space that is
expansiveness & tendency to be fascinated by everyone limits on their freedom in service to a cause; this is a
PT stimulating, pleasurable, body-oriented (gourmet or
& everything encountered. Dispersion of attention can sacrifice for freedom-loving 7s. Their plans & visions
health food-focused) or visionary (e.g., utopian, as in
7 mean suggestibility & lack of groundedness. Can unwit- can be compelling, but only bear fruit if they can slow
a commune or extended family). Like the “good life”,
tingly inflict hurt as “dance away lovers” until they come down, get grounded, and patiently follow-through.
to stay busy with fun home activities, not slow down
to terms with their “butterfly” tendencies & discover the Democratic extremism & entitlement are possible. Tend
or get stuck too long on repetitive tasks.
joy of real communion. to be more detached & idea-oriented than other 7s.
Survivor: There is a very concrete & tangible under- Chieftain: Social 8s have a very personal, hands-on,
Knight: Extremely intense, magnetic & energetic. The
standing of what it takes to physically survive on the tribal style of leadership that can be either social or
desire to penetrate & dominate comes naturally, but
PT earth. Gain satisfaction by providing for their own anti-social. It involves a personal investment that often
they’re also sensitive to chivalric ideals and can learn to
needs & those of their family. Tend to see others inspires others to follow. These 8s as more moderate
8 sublimate the desire to dominate into a desire to serve.
close to them as extensions of themselves, so their than others because of an interest in social accep-
They search for a cause worthy of their service and a
task is to allow others the same space they value for tance. Can overextend themselves in social activities,
mate worthy of their absolute devotion.
themselves. partying, etc. Not very tolerant of group betrayers.
Mystic: Desire for union predominates, whether with Participator: Energized by the opportunity to belong,
Collector: This is the archetype of the “common
God, a partner, or nature. Can mean dispersion, weak participate, be included but like to stay out of the lime-
man” because the focus is on satisfying one’s basic
personal boundaries, dissolution of self will. Establishing light, but not necessarily to commit 100%. Love to lose
PT needs & finding comfort in familiar pleasures & rou-
a concrete professional identity helps provide structure themselves in the energy of the group, not realizing
tines. Collecting material stuff brings a sense of se-
9 & a sense of identity. Can be like a “blank screen” in the loss of selfhood that may result. They often prefer
curity and obviates the need to make decisions about
relationships, allowing the partner to make most key formal groups, because known rules & routines create
what to toss. Tend to merge with (and get distracted
decisions, but can also bring to a relationships a quality a scenario where it’s possible to let go of personal
by) their physical surroundings, especially at home.
of unconditional love & sacredness. boundaries and melt into the larger group.
Table A-4. SUBTYPE ARCHETYPES, LIFE PATHS & SOCIAL ROLES
Determined Achiever, Success-oriented Careerist, Early Adapter, Effective Presenter, Team Leader, Of-
Public Personality, Aspiring Star, Shining Star, Popu-
Adaptable Go-Getter, Company Man/Woman, “Do fice Seeker, Opinion Leader, Politician, Head of the
lar Hero, Attention-getter, Sex Goddess, Glamour
PT everything” Mom, CFO, Pragmatic Entrepreneur,
Queen, Fashion Plate, Model, Manicured Profes-
Class, Valedictorian, First Among Equals, Credentialed
3 Hardworking Apprentice, Ambitious Journeyman, Mr. Consultant , Lobbyist, Prestige Elite Member, Public
sional, Airbrushed Perfection, Media Sensation, Mas-
“All work-no play”, Hard-driving Executive, “Type A” Opinion Expert, Public Relations Genius, Spin Doctor,
culine Ideal, Feminine Ideal, Venus, Adonis
Personality, Comeback Kid, Big Fish in a Small Pond Glosser-over, Master Deal-maker
Bohemian, Artisan, Craftsman, Imaginative Creator, Dramatist, Artist, Poet, Actor, Passionate Soulmate, Witty Pundit, Social Critic, Insightful Commentator,
Teller of Life Stories, Originator of New Forms, Gypsy, Unfulfilled Lover, Vengeful Lover, Romantic Rival, Public Artist, Public Designer, Architect, Artistic Director,
PT Wordsmith, Content Editor, Weaver, Independent Jealous Competitor, Intense Seeker, Passionate Em- Refined Elitist, Social Muck-raker, Alienated Idealist,
4 Learner, Interested Teacher, Individualist, Persevering bracer, Pained Isolate, Misunderstood Artist, Damsel Ambivalent Truth-teller, Rebel Without A Cause, Justify-
Seeker, Wounded Healer, Explorer of the Psyche, in Distress, Drama Queen/King, Abandoned Child, ing Complainer, Unpopular Confronter, Uncompromis-
Spiritual Gambler, Edge-Walker, Velveteen Rabbit Frustrated Seeker ing Activist, Ugly Duckling
Private Genius, Solitary Philosopher, Puzzle Solver, Spy, Sleuth, Alchemist, Scientist, Mad Scientist, Group Observer, Recognized Expert, Honored
Pattern Observer, Mental Tinkerer, Theoretical In- Investigator, Private Detective, Undercover Opera- Teacher, Tenured Professor, Knowledge Repository,
PT ventor, Blueprint Creator, Amateur Scholar, Serious tive, Behind-the-scenes Internet Wizard, Chat Room Dispassionate Facilitator, Impersonal Guide, Bodhisat-
5 Hobbyist, Stuff Collector, Space Protector, Reflective Enthusiast, Chess Player, Private Tutor, Secret Pho- tva, Occasional Iconoclast, Etymologist, Myth Collector,
Thinker, Detail Analyzer, Professional Student, Trea- tographer, Exchanger of Confidences, Weirdo Voyeur, Anthropologist, Arcane Expert, Wise Man or Woman,
sure Finder, Hermit, Nerd, Recluse Secret Society Member, Wizard of Oz Tribal Healer, Shaman, Witch Doctor
Shy Loyalist, Gentle Friend, Family Preserver, Quiet Fiery Rebel, Feisty Friend, Debater, Underdog Fight-
Preservationist, Conserver of the Social Order, Histo-
Doer, Faithful Companion, Self-conscious Friend, er, Scrapper, Runt of the Litter, Fierce Warrior, Tender
rian, Loyalist, Archivist, Recorder, Community Builder/
Concerned Parent, Loyal Employee, Persistent Defender, Defender of the Faith, Battlefield Medic,
PT Supporter, Frequent Worrier, Nervous Nelly, Warm Cowardly Lion, Beauty Queen, Miss America, Boy or
Volunteer, Committee Worker, Prosecutor, Community
6 Protector, Police Officer, Firefighter, Upholder of Law
Welcomer, Gracious Host or Hostess, Dedicated Girl Next Door, Prince Valiant, Braveheart, Dauntless
& Order, Reluctant Whistle-blower, True Believer, Vigi-
Homemaker, Brave Little Mouse, Little Engine That Explorer, Sensitive Creator, Aesthetic Appreciator,
lante, Unyielding Conformist
Could, Obstacle Surmounter Idealistic Lover, Shy Sensualist
Bon Vivant, Salon Designer, Renaissance Man or Artless Charmer, Dance-away Lover, Shameless Social Idealist, Political Visionary, High-Flying Utopian,
Woman, Family Visionary, Magical Child, Fun Parent, Hedonist, Space Cadet, Comic, Mimic, Hippie, Manic Optimistic Futurist, Social Planner, Social Architect,
Pastry Chef, “Good Life” Aficionado, Communard, Escapist, Rake, Alcoholic, Addict, Dreamer, Artist, Armchair Revolutionary, Intellectual Anarchist, Winged
PT Family Entertainer, Visionary Entrepreneur, Interior Trickster, Vagabond, Aimless Wanderer, Juggler, Fool, Messenger, Angelic Herald, Swift Courier, Idea Net-
7 Designer, Home Improver, Versatile Generalist, Idea Jack of All Trades, Panhandler, Self Actualizer, Gam- worker, Aquarian Thinker, Innovative Communicator,
Glutton, Self-improvement Junkie, Intellectual Spin- bler, Snake Charmer, Clothes Designer, Raconteur, Human Potential Activist, Trendsetter, Jet-setter, One
ner, Self-fascinated Narcissist Troubadour, Angelic Innocent of the Beautiful People
Father Figure, Protector, Guardian, Powerful Pres- God or Goddess, God’s Instrument, Guru, Rescuer, Patriarch, King, Queen, Emperor, Empress, Court-hold-
ence, Heavyweight, Strong Silent Type, Weightlifter, Champion, Gunslinger, Knight Errant, Charismatic er, Ruler, Autocrat, CEO, Boss, Born Leader, Leader of
PT Sampson, Hercules, Atlas, Mountain Man, Mountain Hero, Honor-Bound Avenger, Personal Intimidator, the Pack, Mafia Don, Military Commander, Chieftain,
8 Mama, Force of Nature, Wilderness Survivor, Pre- Pirate King, Martial Artist, Avenging Angel, Angel of Benevolent Dictator, Tactician, Strategist, Commander
pared Survivalist, Mother Bear, Grounded Weightlifter, Death, Shiva/Kali, Destroyer, Tyrant, Hunter or Hunt- in Chief, Tough-love Parent, Dominant Friend, Ones of
Pillar of Strength, Unsung Hero, Little Orphan Annie ress, Midas the Boys, A Real Pal
Practical Person, Patient Endurer, Steady Worker, Intimate Companion, Personal Valet, Devoted
Group Participant, Community Member, Natural Media-
Sensible Thinker, Nature Lover, Unassuming Doer, Servant or Retainer, Empathic Listener, Receptive
tor, Harmonizer, Blender, Go-Between, Peacemaker,
PT Putterer, Appreciator of Detail, Enjoyer of Routines, Friend, Gentle Helper, Natural Mystic, Lost Soul,
Consensus Builder, Family Counselor, Unassuming
9 Person of the Land, Peasant, Serf, Slave, Nomad, Fantasy Spinner, Enjoyer of Pleasure, Devotee,
Facilitator, Unintentional Networker, Faithful Steward,
Herdsman, Crop Picker, Tribe Member, Cowhand, Tabula Rasa, Nature Worshipper, Meditator, Animal
Activity Coordinator, Coach, Referee
Gardener, Manual Laborer Lover, Surrendered Lover, Lover of Love
Table A-5. ENERGETIC QUALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH EACH SUBTYPE
Privacy: desisting, detaching, retiring, minimiz- Research: surveying, analyzing, dissecting, un-
Secrets: observing, seeing, watching, spying, sleuth- covering, investigating, interpreting, translating,
ing, withdrawing, separating, anchoring, keeping
ing, surveilling, perceiving, secreting away, mystifying, explaining, explicating, separating, systematizing,
private, holding back, mentalizing, pondering,
PT curiosity creating, confiding, retreating & appearing, synthesizing
reflecting, understanding
5 penetrating
Examples: thinkers, philosophers, inventors, Examples: researchers, teachers, scientists, pro-
Examples: spies, secret operatives, undercover cops, fessors, knowledgeable guides, shamans
tinkerers, puzzlers, boundary makers, boundary
detectives, sleuths, confidential lovers, private partners
keepers, unconventional workers
The Good Life: eating, drinking, enjoying, shop- Freedom: playing, dancing, jumping, leaping, flying, surf- Vision: liberalizing, realizing, envisioning, projecting,
ping, celebrating, entertaining, improvising, mix- ing, whizzing, creating, spiraling, free-falling, zooming, imagining, patterning, speculating, reworking, net-
PT ing, combining, melding, alchemizing, stimulating, whirring, whirling, twirling, whistling, wandering, juggling working, synthesizing, tossing around, broadening,
7 expanding leaping over, annihilating
Examples: artless charmers, frequent wanderers,
Examples: chefs, gourmands, wine tasters, kite natural jugglers, flower children, potential hedonists, Examples: utopians, social visionaries, inventors,
flyers, bike riders, enthusiastic workers interesting partners, dance-away lovers, lively friends armchair revolutionaries, jetsetters, architects
There are four figures in this appendix. The first three are the mini-collages I created for
each subtype to use as handouts for a subtype workshop. The fourth figure is one I call
“Wings Around the Enneagram.” It represents an effort to depict the enneagram subtypes
along a continuum going around the outside of the enneagram circle. The title comes from
the idea that the wings represents the transitions between each enneagram point and the
neighboring points.
8 1
Zesty Pragmatist
Enthusiastic Lover Good Samaritan
Strategic Planner Giving Lover
Body Public Servant
Good Life Aficionado
Joyful Lover Natural Nurturer
Social Visionary Eager Lover
7 2 Friendly Hostess
Receptive Enthusiast
Best Friend
Playful Lover Color Key: Seductive Lover
Community Entertainer Self-preservation subtype
Energetic Networker
Sexual subtype
Social subtype
6 3 Focused Achiever
Family Preserver
Tender Lover Model Lover
Community Upholder Political Aspirant
5 4
Detached Puzzler
Artistic Achiever
Undemonstrative Lover Self-conscious Lover
Trend Analyzer Distinctive Aristocrat
Reclusive Thinker Non-Conforming Artisan
Private Lover Self-dramatizing Lover
Figure B-4. Public Observer Social Critic
Crusty Eccentric Dauntless Creator
Wings Around Quirky Lover Moody Lover
the Enneagram. Iconoclastic Commentator Ruthless Truthteller