Lund University

MMTN20 - Material and Process Selection

Exercise 1

Aamer Siddiqui
Contents
Exercise 1.0...................................................................................................................................................3
Exercise 1.1...................................................................................................................................................3
Exercise 1.2...................................................................................................................................................4
Exercise 1.3...................................................................................................................................................5
Exercise 1.4...................................................................................................................................................6
Exercise 1.5...................................................................................................................................................7
Exercise 1.6...................................................................................................................................................8
Exercise 1.7.................................................................................................................................................10
Exercise 1.8.................................................................................................................................................11
Exercise 1.9.................................................................................................................................................13
References...................................................................................................................................................15

List of Figures
Figure 1. Thermal Conductivity vs Specific Stiffness ( Blue – Epoxy & Green- Epoxy) ............................3
Figure 2. Specific Strength Vs Density ( Purple- Titanium & Teal - High Strength Steel ).........................3
Figure 3. Youngs Modulus VS Yield Strength .............................................................................................4
Figure 4. Fracture Toughness VS Youngs Modulus ( Blue- Thermoplastics & Yellow- Alumina)............. 5
Figure 5. Toughness vs Youngs Modulus..................................................................................................... 5
Figure 6. Toughness VS Fracture Toughness ( Box )...................................................................................6
Figure 7. Toughness VS Fracture Toughness ( Limit)..................................................................................6
Figure 8. Toughness VS Fracture Toughness ( Index & Display Lines) ......................................................7
Figure 9. Fracture Toughness VS Density.................................................................................................... 7
Figure 10. Hardness VS Price ( With Hardness and Toughness Limits) ......................................................8
Figure 11. Hardness VS Density...................................................................................................................9
Figure 12. Hardness VS Price.......................................................................................................................9
Figure 13. Minimum Service Temperature vs Maximum Service Temperature ........................................10
Figure 14. Thermal Expansion Coefficient vs Thermal Conductivity........................................................12
Figure 15.. Thermal Expansion Coefficient vs Thermal Conductivity.......................................................12
Figure 16. Youngs Modulus VS Density (Log)..........................................................................................14
Figure 17. V Plot ( Linear)..........................................................................................................................14
Exercise 1.0

Figure 1. Thermal Conductivity vs Specific Stiffness ( Blue – Epoxy & Green- Epoxy)

The materials that are close to in terms of specific stiffness and thermal conductivity are Epoxy resin and
Cherry wood. The other material could be Keruing and Dalbergia Latifolia similar to Bisphenol Molding
compound.

Exercise 1.1

Figure 2. Specific Strength Vs Density ( Purple- Titanium & Teal - High Strength Steel )

It is evident from the above plot that Titanium alloys generally have higher specific strength than the best
high strength steel which is 22MnB5.
Exercise 1.2

Figure 3. Youngs Modulus VS Yield Strength

The Youngs modulus and yield strength were restricted with the box selection tool for (E>250 GPa and
σy >2800 MPa) and the values of E & σy were entered to obtain the selection,
The materials that were obtained were certain carbon based composites like carbon fibers, diamonds and
ceramics in the form of Tungsten carbides and certain heavy metals like osmium and pure tungsten.
Exercise 1.3

Figure 4. Fracture Toughness VS Youngs Modulus ( Blue- Thermoplastics & Yellow- Alumina)

Alumina has higher Fracture toughness than most of the Thermoplastics, except for PET, tpPVC, PLA &
Acetal, and the lower limits of PEEK & Nylons.

Figure 5. Toughness vs Youngs Modulus

Alumina has an over all lower toughness than most of the Thermoplastics except for Glass isomer. The
highest toughness is that of PVC which is much higher than Alumina (82.5%)
Exercise 1.4

i. Using the Box selection and specifying the limits of the box (130 kJ/m3 < toughness < 260
kJ/m3 & 70 MPa.m1/2 < fracture toughness < 90 MPa.m1/2) in the properties of the
selection. The following materials are obtained – AISI302, SN91, Epoxy/S Glass fiber.

Figure 6. Toughness VS Fracture Toughness ( Box )

ii. Using the Limits option and specifying the Minimum and Maximum limits of the desired
properties.

Figure 7. Toughness VS Fracture Toughness ( Limit)

 iii. Using the Limits lines, and specifying the correct Slopes ( 0 ), orientation ( Horizontal or
Vertical), and the Indices ( maximizing & Minimizing ) , and the Coordinates ( X or Y),
restricts the choices in a rectangular box, this provides – AISI302, SN91, Epoxy/S Glass fiber
are within the desired ranges.

Figure 8. Toughness VS Fracture Toughness ( Index & Display Lines)

Exercise 1.5

Figure 9. Fracture Toughness VS Density

 Using the advanced setting in the stage menu to input the desired relation between Kis and Elastics
limit and restricting the materials to metals & alloys.
The three alloys are Indalloy 290, In52 & INCOLOLY. This excludes the pure metals that have high
M values such as Platinum and Gold.

Exercise 1.6
1. Discount store scissors prioritizes Price over quality. Therefore, Cheap materials with
Adequate hardness would be the major selection criteria.
• The minimum hardness was chosen to be 600HV, using display lines [1].
• The Scissors also needs to be tough in order to maintain shape and not be brittle,
therefore for paper the Toughness of 3.9 G was chosen as a lower limit [2].
Therefore, the optimal material to use is Low alloy Steel. Which has a higher hardness than low carbon
steel (131 HV), and therefore will be able to cut through a paper clip.

Figure 10. Hardness VS Price ( With Hardness and Toughness Limits)

2. For the Military bases, the priority would be lightweight, robustness ( ability to cut various
materials aka multifunctional) and long product lifetime.
a. Minimum Hardness of 360HV [1].
b. Toughness Limit of 3.9G [2].
c. Minimum Service Temperature of -30 Degree Celsius [3].
Therefore, the optimum material to use is SiC Fibers, Titanium Alloys, Nextel 720. All of these materials
will be able to cut through a paper clip due to higher hardness.
Figure 11. Hardness VS Density

3. For a standard scissors, the scissors should have required hardness, toughness and should be
durable which would give it a longer life and should overall be affordable.
a. Hardness of 360HV [1].
b. Toughness of 3.9G [2].
c. Excellent & Acceptable durability in Water and Water ( Salt).

Figure 12. Hardness VS Price

Therefore, the optimum material would be Stainless steel, AISI 302,440A,431. And this would be suitable
for use in the kitchen too because of its durability against water & salt water and can cut through paper
clips due to higher hardness.

Exercise 1.7
• The maximum service temperature is the uppermost range of temperature which is
usable in a way such that it does not considerably alter the properties of the material.
Which can degrade through oxidation, chemical change or excessive creep.

• The minimum service temperature is the lower range of temperature where the
material continuously functions without degradation in its properties like brittleness,
change in electrical properties etc.

• It is the lower limit of the CUT or Maximum service temperature range. Where if the
temperature would be lower than the minimum, it would degrade the properties of the
material.
• From the software’s point of view, the minimum of the Maximum Service
Temperature serves as the lower limit for the maximum temperature service range.
And enables the materials that have the usage temperature range starting at or
greater than this lower limit temperature value.

• It is the upper limit of the CUT or Maximum service temperature. Where if the
temperature would be higher it would degrade the material through either oxidation,
creep it chemical change.
• From the software’s point of view, the having maximum of the maximum service
temperature serves as the upper limit for the maximum service temperature range
and enables the materials that have the maximum service range smaller than the
upper limit.

• It is the upper limit of the Minimum service temperature, where if it were to be

higher than the given value, the material would experience a change in values.
• From the software’s point of view . The maximum of the minimum service
temperature serves as the lower limit of temperature value because of the negative
temperature range. Which enables the materials that have the range that is larger than
or equal to the lower temperature limit.

• It is the Lower limit of the Minimum service temperature, where if I were to be lower
than the given material, , the material would experience a change in values, such as
increase in brittleness for steel
• From the software’s point of view .The minimum of the minimum service
temperature serves as the upper limit of temperature value because of the negative
temperature range. Which enables the materials that have the range that is lower than
or equal to this upper temperature limit.
Figure 13. Minimum Service Temperature vs Maximum Service Temperature
It can be observed that glass and lead alloys have a larger range of maximum service temperature, which
also shares the same minimum service temp. with ceramics and Tungsten alloys. Although the ceramics (
SiC, WC) and Tungsten alloys posses a very limited range for both minimum and maximum service temp
and therefore have a lower TOTAL service temperature.
On the other hand, Plywood, Neoprene and Si,Q has a much higher minimum service temperatures, with
Plywood having the larger range than the two other materials. Although steel lies in a region that has a
very robust Total Service temperature, as the it possesses large minimum service range and an high
maximum service temperature, witch and adequate range compared to other alloys such as Lead or
Tungsten.

Exercise 1.8
For selecting the material for SEM Sample holder on a heating stage, the following properties are
required. High Youngs Modulus to hold the sample in place
• Thermal Stability
a. Low Thermal Conductivity – the heat is not directly transferred from the
holder to the specimen
b. Low Thermal Expansion – Can lead to the failure of the holder at higher
temperatures there thermal expansion needs to be low

c. Working Temperatures at 450 Degree Celsius – The minimum serviceable

temperature is 450 Degrees.
d. Non-Flammable – should not ignite with the minimal oxygen present in the
chamber
e. Non- Oxidizing at high temperatures – should not oxidize and decompose at
high temperatures ( 500 Degree Celsius)
• Mechanical Strength
i. Stiffness- Should be stiff enough to hold samples ( Min 80 GPa)
• Electrical & Magnetic Property
i. Low electrical conductivity – should possess high electrical resistivity to
avoid transfer of electrons from the beam to the holder instead of the
specimen ( 1e20)
ii. Non – Magnetic – should be nonmagnetic, to avoid interference from the
electron beam and therefore influence the charged electrons
Figure 14. Thermal Expansion Coefficient vs Thermal Conductivity

The graph is plotted with the thermal expansion coefficient vs the thermal conductivity, and the limits for
serviceable temperature, young’s modulus, Electrical resistivity, Non magnetic, non-flammable, and non-
oxidizing are set. The available materials obtained with the above criteria are mostly ceramics and glass,
which constitute Soda-Zirconia Glass, Alumina Silicates, Glass ceramics .

Figure 15.. Thermal Expansion Coefficient vs Thermal Conductivity

Setting the Maximum Minimum Serviceable temperature at -150 by keeping the other properties as it is,
provides a very similar result, therefore the same materials can be used for the cooling stage holder as
well.

Exercise 1.9
𝐸 0.5 𝐸
𝑉=( ) 𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝑉) = 0.5 ∙ 𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( ) 2 ∙ 𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝑉) = 𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝐸) − 𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝜌)
𝜌 𝜌

𝑳𝒐𝒈(𝑬) = 𝟐 ∙ 𝑳𝒐𝒈(𝑽) + 𝑳𝒐𝒈(𝝆)

Therefore for V=100m/s

𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝐸) = 2 ∙ 𝐿𝑜𝑔(100) + 𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝜌)
𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝐸) = 4 + 𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝜌)
Taking arbirattry points for the line Log(E)=10 provides, and the slope of the graph is 1.

𝐿𝑜𝑔 (𝜌) = 6

Therefore E=1e10 and (𝜌) = 1𝑒6

Therefore for V=1000m/s

𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝐸) = 2 ∙ 𝐿𝑜𝑔(100) + 𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝜌)
𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝐸) = 6 + 𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝜌)
Taking arbitrary points for the line Log(E)=0 provides, and the slope of the graph is 1.

𝐿𝑜𝑔 (𝜌) = 4
Therefore E=1e10 and (𝜌) = 1𝑒4
 Therefore, for the line, the following line intersections can be plotted

V Log E Log ρ E ρ
100 10 6 1e10 1e6
1000 10 4 1e10 1e4

Figure 16. Youngs Modulus VS Density (Log)

For materials lying o v=100m/s are glass, Polyurethane foam etc, and for the materials for v=1000m/s
are thallium, pvc, poleuthrine foam.
Therefore, the materials lying between V=100-1000m/s are TPU, PE-LD, PVDC.
References
[1]Leweringhaus, D., 2020. Minimum Requirements For The Solingen Qualification. [online] Bergische IHK.
Available at: <https://www.bergische.ihk.de/recht-und-steuern/schutz-solingen/minimum-requirements-for-the-
solingen-qualification.> [Accessed 20 November 2020].

[2] Mahvash, M., Voo, L. M., Kim, D., Jeung, K., Wainer, J., & Okamura, A. M. (2008). Modeling the forces of
cutting with scissors. IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering, 55(3), 848–856.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2007.908069

[3] En.climate-data.org. 2020. North Pole Climate: Average Temperature, Weather By Month, North Pole Weather
Averages - Climate-Data.Org. [online] Available at: <https://en.climate-data.org/north-america/united-states-of-
america/alaska/north-pole-15898/> [Accessed 20 November 2020].