SAMPLE LABORATORY REPORT

T.C.
PIRI REIS UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS COURSE

LABORATORY REPORT

LABORATORY 11:
The Laplace Transform

Student Number: 155103013

Name &Surname: Merve DURMUŞ
Laboratory Assignment LAB 11 – 1(a,b,c)
Laboratory Prepared 1(a)

2018
1) Subject: The Laplace Transform
HINT: Information, and explanations about the subject should be provided in this part of
the report,

In Chapter 3 (Fourier Series Representation of Periodic Signals), we have seen that the
response of a LTI system with impulse response, h(t), to a complex exponential input of the
form 𝑒 𝑗𝜔 is given by:

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐻(𝑠)𝑒 𝑠𝑡

where,
+∞
𝐻(𝑠) = ∫ ℎ(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡.
−∞

Assume that s = jω, then the integral corresponds to the Fourier transform of h(t). For general
values of the complex variable s, it is referred to as the Laplace Transform of the impulse
response h(t).

2) Theory:
HINT: Theory related to the subject in the laboratory should be given in this section. The
formulas and equations should be clearly shown.

The Laplace Transform of a general signal x(t) is defined as:

+∞
𝑋(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞

A. The Region of Convergence :

The range of values of the complex variable s for which the Laplace transform
converges is called the region of convergence (ROC). To illustrate the Laplace transform
and the associated ROC let us consider some examples.
Example 1: Consider the signal 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡), α is real.
The Laplace transform of x(t) is:
+∞
𝑋(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞
+∞
−𝑎𝑡
𝑋(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞
+∞
𝑋(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
+∞
1 ∞
𝑋(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑒 −(𝑠+𝑎)𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = − | 𝑒 −(𝑠+𝑎)𝑡
0 𝑠+𝑎 0
1
𝑋(𝑠) = , 𝑅𝑒{𝑠} > −𝑎
𝑠+𝑎

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 because lim 𝑒 −(𝑠+𝑎)𝑡 = 0 only if 𝑅𝑒{𝑠 + 𝑎} > 0 or 𝑅𝑒{𝑠} > −𝑎.
𝑡→∞

Thus the ROC for this example is specified as 𝑅𝑒{𝑠} > −𝑎 and is displayed in the
complex plane as Figure 1.

Figure 1. The ROC for Example 1

B. Poles and Zeros of X(s):

Usually X(s) will be a rational function in s, that is,
𝑎0 𝑠 𝑚 + 𝑎1 𝑠 𝑚−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑚 𝑎0 (𝑠 − 𝑧1 ) … (𝑠 − 𝑧𝑚 ) 𝑁(𝑠)
𝑋(𝑠) = = =
𝑏0 𝑠 𝑛 + 𝑏1 𝑠 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑏𝑛 𝑏0 (𝑠 − 𝑝1 ) … (𝑠 − 𝑝𝑛 ) 𝐷(𝑠)
The coefficients 𝑎𝑘 and 𝑏𝑘 are real constants and m, n are positive integers. The X(s) is
called a proper rational function if 𝑛 > 𝑚 and an improper rational function if 𝑚 > 𝑛.
The roots of the numerator polynomial N(s), 𝑧𝑘 are called the zeros of X(s) because
𝑋(𝑠) = 0 for those values of s. Similarly, the roots of denominator polynomial D(s), 𝑝𝑘
are called the poles of X(s) because X(s) is infinite for those values of s.
Traditionally an ‘ x ’ is used to indicate each pole location and an ‘ o ‘ is used to indicate
each zero in s plane representation.

3) Experimental Results
HINT: In the experimental results section, the code used in the laboratory work must be
given. Detailed comments for the code should be provided in lines of the MATLAB program.
The constants and variable names in the code to be explained. Nota that these explanations
make the code readable, so it is to your benefit to provide fully detailed code comments.

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 a) Code for the LAB-11, Problem 1-a :
B=[2 4]; % The coefficients of Numerator polynomial N(s) of X(s).
A=[1 4 3]; % The coefficients of denominator polynomial D(s) of X(s).
z=roots(B); % Zeros of X(s).
p=roots(A); % Poles of X(S).
plot (real(z), imag(z), 'o') ; % Representation of zeros in s-plane.
xlabel('Real part of s'); % Assigning a name to the x axis.
ylabel('Imagınary part of s'); % Assigning a name to the y axis.
hold on
plot(real(p), imag(p), 'x') ; % Representation of poles in s-plane.
grid
axis([-4 4 -4 4]); % Determination of axis limits.

a) Results for the LAB-11, Problem 1-a:

2𝑠 + 4
𝑋(𝑠) =
𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 3
Firstly, A and B vectors were formed with the coefficients of N (s) and D (s) polynomials for the
X (s) given above. From these vectors, the poles and zeros of X (s) were found with the roots
function of MATLAB. Poles and zeros are shown in s-plane and ROC was found as 𝑅𝑒{𝑠} >
−1 .

4) Conclusion
In this laboratory, we have learned how to perform the Laplace transformation of signals in
MATLAB. In general, the polynomials N(s) and D(s) are defined by creating coefficients vectors
in MATLAB, the poles and the zeros of the signal are determined by using roots function of

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MATLAB and shown in the s-plane using plot function in MATLAB. The ROC determination was
carried out by making use of poles and zeros locations in the s-plane.