Apps to help the disabled find jobs easier

Issue
Based on Labour Force Participation rate, there are not more than 80% of registered PWDs (Person with
Disabilities) within the working-age of 15-64 years. ​(HRDF, Human Capital Report, Issue: Feb 2019/1).
They are more likely to be unemployed due to physical limitation. This is due to the biased perception by
some employers and the facilities as well as a platform to ease them from finding a job opportunity.
Besides, some of them are likely to lose motivation on their lives quality and lack of knowledge in what
they can do or how they van improve their life quality by. ​(HRDF, Human Capital Report, Issue: Feb
2019/1) T​ he initiative of inclusiveness or anti-discrimination for disabled people is intended to promote
the inclusion of people with disabilities in employment by increasing access to the workplace.

Goal
To help the disabled gets a job more conveniently as well as to improve the quality of life of disabled
workers. Meanwhile, to gain awareness on these group of people and promotes equal job opportunity in
Malaysia.

Research Question
How can the disabled in Malaysia find jobs easily to improve the quality of life
____________________________________________________________________________

Things to Research (VOL.1)

Disabled person research
- Disabled types
- Malaysia’s disabled population
- Malaysia’s disabled situation (good or bad)
- Malaysia’s disabled employments status
- Reason Malaysia’s disabled people are unemployed (perspective from disabled people)
- Malaysia’s OKU association
- What is the issue faced by the disabled people on daily life
- How much average salary for an individual disabled person in Malaysia
- Does it important for them to have job to maintain their life and daily expenses
- A platform will does the effect that convenient them to find job easier
- Case study/ Similar platform

Employers research
- Which companies provide jobs for disabled
- The facilities usually provided by the companies
- Platform that provides similar services
- Is there many inequalities among the job chances for the disabled person
- Are the companies know about what the disabled goes through?
- Reason Malaysia’s disabled people are unemployed (perspective from employers)
- Types of jobs available (full time, part time, freelance by projects)
Problem-solving of this issue (Things need to concern)
- how to ease them in finding jobs suitable for them
- how to ensure the safety of them (from being treated badly)
- Where can they report if they are being treated unfairly or met an unhappy situation
- what facilities can be provided
- how to help them improve their life quality
- how to encourage them (by giving talk? Seminar? Training? )
- How to keep them updated on their situation (a place they can note down their diaries?)*optional
- how to reach the company if they were being hired
- how to ease them on the documents needed for job applications
- what media used is better operating for them (apps or website)
- accessibility of app

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Research Answer (VOL.1)

1. Disabled types 1​​ (Robichaud, 2011)
a) Hearing disabilities
​ i) ​The degree of hearing loss can range from mild to profound​2
- Mild Hearing Loss
A person with a mild hearing loss may hear some speech sounds but soft sounds are hard
to hear.
- Moderate Hearing Loss
A person with a moderate hearing loss may hear almost no speech when another person is
talking at a normal level.
- Severe Hearing Loss
A person with severe hearing loss will hear no speech when a person is talking at a
normal level and only some loud sounds.
- Profound Hearing Loss
A person with a profound hearing loss will not hear any speech and only very loud
sounds.

ii) Types of hearing loss​2

- Unilateral or Bilateral
Hearing loss is in one ear (unilateral) or both ears (bilateral).
- Pre-lingual or Post-lingual
Hearing loss happened before a person learned to talk (pre-lingual) or after a person
learned to talk (post-lingual)
- Symmetrical or Asymmetrical
Hearing loss is the same in both ears (symmetrical) or is different in each ear
(asymmetrical).
- Progressive or Sudden
Hearing loss worsens over time (progressive) or happens quickly (sudden).
 - Fluctuating or Stable
Hearing loss gets either better or worse over time (fluctuating) or stays the same over
time (stable).
- Congenital or Acquired/Delayed Onset
Hearing loss is present at birth (congenital) or appears sometime later in life (acquired or
delayed onset).

(CDC, 2020)

b) Visual disabilities
i) ​The degree of distance vision impairment can range from mild to blindness​3
- Mild​ – presenting visual acuity worse than 6/12
- Moderate​ – presenting visual acuity worse than 6/18
- Severe​ – presenting visual acuity worse than 6/60
- Blindness​ – presenting visual acuity worse than 3/60

ii) Near vision impairment can range from mild to blindness​3

- Presenting near visual acuity worse than N6 or M.08 with existing correction

iii) Cause of visual disabilities​3

- uncorrected refractive errors
- Cataract
- age-related macular degeneration
- Glaucoma
- diabetic retinopathy
- corneal opacity
- trachoma

(Rupert R A Bourne, 2017)

c) Verbal disabilities
i) Types of verbal disabilities​4
- Shuttering 口吃
*Repetitions occur when people involuntarily repeat sounds, vowels, or words.
*Blocks happen when people know what they want to say but have difficulty making the
necessary speech sounds. Blocks may cause someone to feel as though their words are
stuck.
*Prolongations refer to the stretching or drawing out of particular sounds or words.

- Apraxia 失用症
Apraxia of speech, or verbal apraxia, refers specifically to the impairment of motor skills
that affect an individual’s ability to form the sounds of speech correctly, even when they
know which words they want to say.
 - Dysarthria 构音障碍
*slurred speech
*mumbling
*speaking too slowly or too quickly
*soft or quiet speech
*difficulty moving the mouth or tongue

(Jamie Eske, 2019)

d) Physical disabilities
Disability in mobility can be either an in-born or acquired with age problem. It could also be the
effect of a disease. People who have a broken bone also fall into this category of disability.
i) Types of verbal disabilities​5
- Upper limb(s) disability
- Lower limb(s) disability
- Manual dexterity
- Disability in co-ordination with different organs of the body

(Diasbled world, 2019)

e) Mental disabilities
i) Types of mental disabilities​6
- Depression 抑郁症
Depression is characterized by sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or
low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, tiredness, and poor concentration. People with
depression may also have multiple physical complaints with no apparent physical cause.

- Bipolar disorder 躁郁症

consists of both manic and depressive episodes separated by periods of normal mood.
Manic episodes involve elevated or irritable mood, over-activity, rapid speech, inflated
self-esteem and a decreased need for sleep.

- Schizophrenia and other psychoses 精神分裂症和其他精神病

Psychoses, including schizophrenia, are characterized by distortions in thinking,
perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behaviour. Common psychotic
experiences include hallucinations (hearing, seeing or feeling things that are not there)
and delusions (fixed false beliefs or suspicions that are firmly held even when there is
evidence to the contrary). The disorder can make it difficult for people affected to work
or study normally.
 - Dementia 痴呆症
expected from normal ageing. It affects memory, thinking, orientation, comprehension,
calculation, learning capacity, language, and judgement. The impairment in cognitive
function is commonly accompanied, and occasionally preceded, by deterioration in
emotional control, social behaviour, or motivation. Dementia is caused by a variety of
diseases and injuries that affect the brain, such as Alzheimer's disease or stroke.

- Developmental disorders 发育障碍 , including autism 自闭症

Developmental disorder is an umbrella term covering intellectual disability and pervasive
developmental disorders including autism. Developmental disorders usually have a
childhood onset but tend to persist into adulthood, causing impairment or delay in
functions related to the central nervous system maturation. They generally follow a
steady course rather than the periods of remissions and relapses that characterize many
mental disorders.

Symptoms of pervasive developmental disorders, such as autism, include impaired social

behaviour, communication and language, and a narrow range of interests and activities
that are both unique to the individual and are carried out repetitively.

Family involvement in care of people with developmental disorders is very important.

Knowing what causes affected people both distress and well-being is an important
element of care, as is finding out what environments are most conducive to better
learning.

(World Health Organization, 2019)

f) Learning disabilities
A ​learning disability​ is a disorder that inhibits the ability to process and retain information.
Because there are numerous mental processes that affect learning, learning disabilities can vary
dramatically.
i) Types of learning disabilities 7​
- Dyslexia 阅读障碍
- ADHD 多动症
- Dyscalculia 肌萎缩症
- Dysgraphia 字音障碍
- Processing Deficits 处理赤字

(Masters in special education, 2021)

2. Malaysia’s disabled population
According to the Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal, The cumulative registered Person
with disabilities is up to​ 453,258 people when it is in 2017, and by​ 2019 it increased to 548,195
people. The population of disabled person is getting higher while the quality of living of disabled
people are not improving yet they hard to get jobs due to lack of education, discrimination among
employers and many more. ​(Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal, 2021)8​

However, Bathmavati Krishnan noted only half a million Malaysians have registered as an OKU
(disabled persons) under the welfare department but estimated the actual figure to be around 4.5
million. ​(Kwan, 2020)​9

Despite that, there are also an estimated 80,000 cases of accidental injuries in the workplace reported
each year in Malaysia, and 3000 of the injured experienced permanent disability. ​(T ​ a, Tiun & Khoo,
Suet, 2013)​16​ ​In which it means that the number of disabled people (PWDs) are increasing and yet
most of them are being fired or opted out of working due to internal factors such as lack of self-
confidence ​(Rozana Sani, 2020)​17​ ​and many more although they need not have done so had they been
oered appropriate tasks and supporting facilities. This affects them to be jobless and started the
challenges in their life ---- how to maintain their quality of life without any income?

3. Malaysia’s disabled situation (good or bad)

According to the Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal, in Malaysia, the cumulative newly
registered disabled person are increasing year by year. ​(Department of Statistics Malaysia Official
Portal, 2021)8​

Among these people, there are so many of them in a poorer family with low quality of living which the
numbers of Registered Poor Households are also getting higher. As a result, 95% of Malaysian with
​ .
disabilities are still unemployed in Malaysia ​(Ministry of Human Resources, 2010. )10​
4. Malaysia’s disabled employment status
Recent statistics show that migrant workers now constitute about 15 percent of the Malaysian
workforce, while a staggering 95% of Malaysian with disabilities are still unemployed in Malaysia
​ .
(Ministry of Human Resources, 2010. )10​

It is found that nearly 40% of PWDs in Malaysia are discriminated against by their employers. ​(Khoo,
Tiun and Lee, 2013)12​​ 。 ​In other words, employees are hard to discuss their problems with employers
because employers frequently neglect their request and problems. Nearly 48% of Malaysians are less
likely to communicate with PWDs, especially people with mental illness. It is because they will
unintentionally express negative feelings about mental illness. 48% of Malaysians are unwilling to
communicate with PWDs because they are unknowledgeable in helping PWDs during emergency.
(Omran, Schwarz-Herion and Viehbacher, 2011)​13​.

But, Malaysians gradually demonstrate positive attitudes toward PWDs in recent years. It is found that
employers are more likely to employ PWDs because PWDs are hardworking, responsible and honest.
Despite that, there are still ​many of the disabled people that are unemployed due to other factors.
(Yusof, Ali and Salleh, 2015)​11

Malaysian government (through Persons with Disabilities Act 2008) announced a policy that requires
public and private sectors to allocate 1% of the job opportunities available in their organizations to the
persons with disabilities ​(Lee, Abdullah and Mey, 2011; ​Hazlin Falina, et al., 2015)​14,15​. Unfortunately,
despite of this measure (and many more), the unemployment rate among persons with disabilities in
Malaysia is still high.
5. Reason Malaysia’s disabled people are unemployed
Perspective from Disabled people
- inadequate or no access to basic and advanced vocational training facilities
- Absence of a centralized agency to provide employment counseling services as well as
conducting placement activities for PWD
- Lack of community and family support for PWD seeking employment opportunities
- PWD lack employment opportunities
- Continued public prejudices and misconceptions about employing PWD
- Discriminatory attitudes of employers
- Lack of information, disability awareness and adequate support and incentives for employers
- lack of self-confidence, low self-esteem and inability to work. External factors include support
and facilities for PWDs to commute to the workplace and at the workplace itself.

(Beautiful gate foundation for the disabled, 2020)​17​,(Rozana Sani, 2020)18

​

Perspective from employers (why they are reluctant to hire the disabled people)
- concerned about cost directly associated with hiring disabled people such as financial,
productivity, and skills (or up-skilling) costs. They worry that a new employee will require
physical workplace alterations
- lack awareness as to how to deal with workers with disabilities and their accommodations needs
- fear of being stuck with a worker who cannot be disciplined or fired because of the possibility of
a lawsuit.
- difficulty assessing an applicant’s ability to perform job tasks, concerns that the person with the
disability won’t perform as well as non-disabled workers
- lack of job applicants with disabilities ​(Stephen, Lita & Erica, 2011).

​ , (Stephen, Lita & Erica, 2011)​20 ​,​(C. H. Ang, 2017)​21

(Solovieva, et.al, 2010)19​

6. Malaysia’s OKU association

- Damai Disabled Person Association Malaysia
- Malaysia Parents with Disabilities Association
- Malaysian Association of Speech-Language and Hearing (MASH)
- OKU Jobs Portal
- Malaysian Care – Service Directory for People with Disabilities
- Society of the Disabled Persons Penang
- United Voice: Self-Advocacy Society of Persons with Learning Disabilities Selangor and Kuala
Lumpur
- Oku Malaysia
- Persatuan Kebajikan OKU Hati Berganda Selangor
- Malaysian CARE BM
7. What is the issue faced by the disabled people on daily life
​
Accessibility​ ​(Masango, 2018)29
- Access to information
- Access to transport
- Access to buildings
- Access to Health care

Myths​ ​(Masango, 2018)​29

- Stereotypes on the disabled people
- misinformation and misunderstandings about what it’s like to live with a disability
- How to overcome
*Encouraging participation of people with disabilities in community activities by using accessible
meetings and event sites.
*Understanding children’s curiosity about disabilities and people who have them.
*Advocating a barrier-free environment
*Speaking up when negative words or phrases are used about disability.
*Accepting people with disabilities as individuals capable of the same needs and feelings as
yourself, and hiring qualified disabled persons whenever possible.

- Eg of myths : All people using wheelchairs are chronically ill or sickly. Wheelchair use is
confining; people who use wheelchairs are “wheelchair bound”. All people with hearing
disability can read lips. People who are blind acquire sixth sense. People who are disabled are
more comfortable with their own kind. Non-disabled people are obligated to take care of people
with disabilities. Curious children should never ask people about their disabilities.

Acceptance​ ​(Masango, 2018)29 ​

Why all disabled people should accept ​the inclusion of concerns and experiences within the design,
planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes on all political,
social and economic spheres so that persons with disabilities benefit equally.
- To recognise the equal rights of persons with disabilities in order for persons with disabilities to
reach their full potential;
- To eradicate unfair discrimination against persons with disabilities;
- To ensure integrated, barrier-free and comprehensive service delivery to achieve equitable service
delivery for persons with disabilities;
- To ensure universal access for persons with disabilities that supports the mainstreaming of this
group into society;
- To give particular emphasis to the most vulnerable groups within the disability sector i.e.
children, youth, women and persons in rural areas with disabilities;
- To involve persons with disabilities and relevant civil society organisations in the development
and implementation of policies and programmes thus ensuring community participation;
- To ensure inter-sectoral collaboration between the different tiers of government;
- To commit to a developmental approach towards the management of disability issues that
empowers persons with disabilities and does not perpetuate dependency;
- To recognise the diversity of persons with disabilities and to address their unique needs.
8. How much average salary for an individual disabled person in Malaysia
It depends on individuals, but on average most of the disabled people (PWDs) are in a poor quality of
life which we can see from the numbers of Registered Poor Households of PWDs are also getting
higher. According to the The Department of Social Welfare of Malaysia under the Ministry of Women,
Family and Community Development of Malaysia, the Disabled Allowance Worker gives an
allowance of RM350 per month to PWDs worker whose income is less than RM1200. The Launching
Grant program provides financial assistance for PWDs to participate in small business and
entrepreneurship with seed money of RM2700. The department also assists PWDs with financial aid to
purchase supportive equipment like wheelchair, artificial leg, blind stick and others. Apart from this,
aid is also given to PWDs who are unemployed with an allowance of RM200 per month. PWDs with
visual impairment are given full sponsor to purchase white cane and braille machine ​(Department of
​ .
Social Welfare Malaysia, Official Website, 2016)22​

- Income < Rm1200​ - gets Rm350 allowance

- Unemployed PWDs​ - gets Rm200 aid allowance
- Assistance for PWDs participate in small business​ - gets Rm2700 allowance

9. Does it important for them to have job to maintain their life and daily expenses
- Yes
- Some of them are without families, hence it is important for them to have an income for covering
some daily expenses although there is a small amount of allowance given to them from the
government.
- People with disabilities are like other employees; they want to do a good job, appreciate
constructive supervision, enjoy new challenges and want to get ahead.
- Persons with disability view employment as a means of expressing their worth in a society which
places barriers in their path both for education as well as for employment opportunities
- Work is perceived as meaningful and important in their lives.
- Studies show that work is viewed as a source of identity, feelings of normality, financial support,
and socialization by persons across different types of disability.
- Employment status is also related to health and quality of life among PWDs.
- Employment, even at low levels, was associated with better health and health behaviors as well as
lower costs.

(Saunders SL, Nedelec B., 2014)​26​, (Hall JP, Kurth NK, Hunt SL, 2013)27​
​ , (Disabled Person, 2021)28
​
10. A platform will does the effect that convenient them to find job easier
Stated from the ​Memorandum On Employment for PWDs, there are ​lack of community, family,
platform support for PWD seeking employment opportunities. Besides, there is also absence of a
centralized agency to provide employment counseling services as well as conducting placement
​
activities for PWD. ​(Beautiful gate foundation for the disabled, 2020)17

Therefore, it is important to have a platform that could convenient them in seeking job opportunities
in order to improve their quality of living.

11. Which companies provide jobs for disabled in Malaysia

Retails
Both local and international retail chains in Malaysia have hired workers with disabilities, including
supervisor-level positions. These chains include:
- AEON Group
- Giant
- Parkson
- Mydin
- Econsave & many more
& many more

F&B
- Sushi King
- McDonald’s
- Harold’s Bread
- KFC (Sentul Raya, KL, Tanjung Aru, Sabah, and Saujana, Sarawak)
- Starbucks (Bangsar Village)
- Autism Café Project​ (iM4u Central, Puchong)
- Dialogue in the Dark​ (DiD)
- Tender Hearts Cafe (Subang Jaya)
- Bake With Dignity (Bandar Sunway)
& many more

Hospitality
Jobs in the hospitality industry can be challenging even for the abled, but those who enjoy connecting
people and helping others will find their calling in various spots across the country. These hotels are
known to hire staff with disabilities:
- Royale Chulan Bukit Bintang (formerly The Royale Bintang)
- Klana Resort Seremban
- Hotel Mutiara Johor Bahru
- Traders Hotel
& many more
Technology and others
- Uniqlo
- IBM
- Allianz
- Digi
- Shell
- Mdec eRezeki
- SWM Environment
- Favelle Favco Cranes
- MasAero
- Dialogue in the Dark (DiD)
- Grab
& many more
12. The Importance of Offering Equal Opportunities to Disabled Employees
Every individual has their own qualities and can bring different things to a company, so it’s important
to have an element of diversity among staffs. This can be in terms of personality, skills and allowing
equal opportunities to everyone who applies

The benefits to hire someone who are PWDs

- Provides social opportunities and an income for people with disabilities
- Diversity in the workplace can help to create better solutions to business challenges
- People with disabilities are reliable employees and have an overall higher job retention rate.
- Findings in UK have observed increased employee satisfaction and better productivity among
staff
- Employers are eligible for double tax deductions by Inland Revenue Board Of Malaysia (LHDN)
- Employers are entitled for a tax rebate on the costs of modifying facilities for the disabled
- Employers are eligible for training grants incentives under OKU Talent Enhancement Programme
(OTEP) by HRDF

​ , (Deering, 2020)​24​, (HRDF Human Capital Report, 2019)​25

(Murillo, 2016)23​

13. Case study (Similar platform)

- Disability Job Exchange​: Best Overall
- RecruitDisability​: Runner-Up, Best Overall
- USA Jobs​: Best for Federal Government Jobs
- DisabledPerson​: Most Accurate Listings
- AbilityLinks​: Best for Advanced Searches
- NTI @Home​: Best for Remote Jobs
- https://specialjobs.com.my/
- https://www.monster.com.my/search/part-time-oku-jobs?searchId=05155d17-54f1-4bad-964c-5e
9b64b644c1
- https://parttimepost.com/group/2-person-with-disability/

____________________________________________________________________________________

Things to concern on the project (problem solving & brainstorming)

1. how to ease them in finding jobs suitable for them
- Accessibility of the app
- Create a “mascot” as a guidance in the app
- Transparency of companies that provides jobs to protect the disabled people’s rights
- A feature in the app that can help them report the unfair/ discrimination being faced
2. Technical preoblem (What media is better for their usability)
- Website
- Website-app
- app

3. how to help them improve their quality of living

- Job opportunities to let them have income
- Transparency of companies that provides jobs to protect the disabled people’s rights
- Seminar, talks, training provided for them to have knowledge on working place as well as
maintain health behaviours or in mentally (exp. ​feelings of normality, financial support, and
socialization & more)
- Updated news of the disabled people’s rights
- Forum/ community for them able to encourage each other using their personal experience by
socializing
- Seminar, talks, news, events, projects provided for the employers to gain the awareness of the
disabled people as well as to break the misunderstanding of the disabled people
- A feature in the app that can help them report the unfair/ discrimination being faced

4. How to keep them updated on their situation (a place they can note down their diaries?)*optional

____________________________________________________________________________________

Summary
1. Issue
Disabled people (PWDs) in Malaysia lack a convenient platform that provides job opportunities as
well as other one-stop services meanwhile achieving the accessibility / usability requirements for the
disabled people.

2. Functionality (what can be included in the app prototype)

- Accessibility & usability (special features for different types of disabilities, icons etc.)
- Mascot character (as a guidance in the application)
- Jobs available
- Companies (employers)
- Forums (for socializing)
- Events (seminar, talks, news, projects etc)
- Report station (for reporting unfair situations)
//To be confirmed
3. Objectives
To help the disabled get a job more conveniently as well as to improve the quality of life of disabled
workers. Meanwhile, to gain awareness of these groups of people and promote equal job opportunity
in Malaysia.

4. Research question
How can an app help the disabled people to find a job easily to improve their quality of living in
Malaysia?

5. Target audience
Primary target audience : Disabled people (PWDs)
Secondary target audience : Employers
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