Despite scientific and technological advances, communication has remained impossible for persons

suffering from complete motor paralysis but intact cognitive and emotional processing, a condition that
is called completely locked-in state

-people with completly locked in state cant comunicate

Brain–computer interfaces based on neuroelectrical technology (like an electroencephalogram) have

failed at providing patients in a completely locked-in state with means to communicate

-they tried using EEG but it failed

Therefore, here we explored if a brain–computer interface based on functional near infrared

spectroscopy (fNIRS)—which measures brain hemodynamic responses associated with neuronal activity
—could overcome this barrier

-new idea: use FNIRS to communicate though thought process alone- will allow people to read other
people’s thoughts

A brain–computer interface (BCI) is a device that allows a user to communicate with externaldevices through thought processes alone

technique that measures changes in hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations within the brain by means of the
characteristic absorption spectra of Hb in the near-infrared range.

The system not only determines changes in cognitive state by tracking blood hemoglobin levels in the
brain, but also filters non-relevant artifacts, such as the probes' own motion, rendering the collected
data even more accurate

it allows functional imaging of brain activity (or activation) through monitoring of blood oxygenation and
blood volume in the pre-frontal cortex. It does this by measuring changes in the concentration of oxy-
and deoxy-haemoglobin (Hb) as well as the changes in the redox state of cytochrome-c-oxidase (Cyt-Ox)
by their different specific spectra in the near-infrared range between 700-1000 nm.

A novel signal acquisition tool for BCIs isnear-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), an optical technique to measure localized cortical
brainactivity.

Changes intissue oxygenation associated with brain activity modulate theabsorption and scattering of these near-infrared (NIR)
photonsand hence affect the detected light levels emerging from thetissue (1–2% changes in signal amplitude)

Analysis of the signals showed characteristic changes in the deoxygenated and oxygenated haemoglobin concentrationsduring
mental activation.Typically, an increase in oxy-haemoglobin (HbO) and a decrease in deoxy-haemoglobin(Hb) occur after the onset
of movement execution or imagery.From our preliminary studies HbO concentration was found toexhibit a greater, more significant
change during mental tasks
Four patients suffering from advanced amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), two of them in permanent
completely locked-in state and two entering the completely locked-in state without reliable means of
communication, learned to answer personal questions with known answers and open questions
requiring a “yes” or “no” by using frontocentral oxygenation changes measured with fNIRS

- fNIRS measures oxygenation changes – they could answer personal questions with known answers and
open questions requiring yes or no

These results are, potentially, the first step towards abolition of completely locked-in states, at least for
patients with ALS."

-Ith can help to people with locked in stetes, at least als

Scientists have invented new technology that let you read others people thoughts. They used a
technique called functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS ) that allows monitoring of brain activity
by measuring oxygen levels in the brain, which change during mental tasks. This kind of brain-computer
interface is showing promising results for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) because it
allows them to answer questions despite their inability to move. With new advances fNIRS has potential
to finally allow people with motor paralysis to fulfill their basic human need- to connect with others.

crucial information especially beginning

empathize

New advances in fNIRS will be revolutionary

therefore

allow people with motor paralysis

Therefore fNIRS

motor paralysis

motor paralysis

is showing great results for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by allowing them to
communicate despite their

because despite their motor it allows them to answer to questions

success

This kind of brain-computer interface is especially important for people who are suffering from complete
locked-in state because it will allow them to

will be especially helpful for persons who are suffering from

This kind of brain-computer interface are already been testing with people who are sufferinc

This kind of brain-computer interface will be especially helpful for persons who are suffering from
complete locked-in state, because