Architectural Acoustics Noise, and INCE - Acoustics of Green Buildings

MONDAY MORNING, 19 APRIL 2010 ESSEX A/B/C, 8:00 A.M.
TO 12:00 NOON
1a MON. AM
Session 1aAAa
Architectural Acoustics Noise, and INCE: Acoustics of Green Buildings
Brandon D. Tinianov, Cochair

Serious Materials, 1250 Elko Dr., Sunnyvale, CA 94089-2213
David M. Sykes, Cochair

Remington Partners, Inc., 23 Buckingham St., Cambridge, MA 02138
Ralph T. Muehleisen, Cochair

Illinois Inst. of Technology, Civil and Architectural Engineering, 3201 S. Dearborn, Chicago, IL 60616
Chair’s Introduction—8:00
Invited Papers
8:05
1aAAa1. US Green Building Council’s role as a change agent in the North American construction market. Brandon D. Tinianov
共Serious Mater., 1250 Elko Dr., Sunnyvale, CA 94089, btinianov@seriousmaterials.com兲
After observing market reaction to the U.S. Green Building Councils 共USGBC兲 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
共LEED兲, one could conclude that it may be the most powerful voluntary market transformation tool encountered in the modern building
industry. The LEED voluntary system is not only entering a very diverse array of markets but stimulating changes in product design,
professional practices, and educational curricula. It is also prompting debate in various circles another healthy sign of market
transformation. This presentation will provide an overview of who USGBC represents, how they view green buildings, and the specifics
of how this market transformation takes place.
8:20
1aAAa2. A review of the new Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design v3 green building rating system. Ralph T.
Muehleisen 共Civil, Arch. and Env. Eng., Ill. Inst. of Tech., Chicago, IL 60616, muehleisen@iit.edu兲
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design 共LEED兲 has become the de facto standard green building rating system in the US.
On April 27, 2009 the US Green Building Council launched LEED v3 which is a major change to the previous version, becoming more
flexible and prioritizing energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions. In particular, the prerequisites and credits amongst the various
“flavors” of LEED have been harmonized for increased consistency, credit weights have been adjusted to better reflect impact on human
and environmental health concerns, and credit weightings now reflect regional environmental issues. Acoustical consultants and engi-
neers need to be aware of and understand these changes because they need to work with architects and other engineers who are de-
signing buildings to meet the new LEED requirements. In this presentation, LEED v3 and the current implementation, LEED 2009, are
reviewed.
8:35
1aAAa3. Architectural acoustics: Emerging opportunities require new materials and solutions. David M. Sykes 共Remington Part-
ners LLC, 23 Buckingham St., Cambridge, MA 02138, dsykes@healthcareacoustics.org兲, William Cavanaugh 共Cavanaugh Tocci Assoc.,
Sudbury, MA 01776兲, Mandy Kachur 共Acoust. by Design, Ann Arbor, MI兲, Erica Ryherd 共Georgia Inst. of Technol., Atlanta, GA兲, and
Alexis Kurtz 共Arup Acoust., New York, NY兲
The landscape is changing. New 2010 code-level acoustical guidelines for healthcare facilities and new 2009 LEED environmental
quality criteria for acoustics in green buildings 共LEED兲 create demand for acoustical solutions that stretch the boundaries of current
practice. In many cases, these needs cannot be met by traditional methods, materials, technologies, or best practices in design &
construction. Unfortunately, technical development has been constrained for 3 decades by absence of government support for R&D and
by litigation against many manufacturers of acoustical materials. As a result, serious re-thinking is needed by materials manufacturers,
technology developers, solutions providers, research scientists, and consultants. This paper gives an overview of these emerging needs
and outlines new ways of thinking about architectural acoustics. Topics include 共1兲 new requirements 共renewable sources, VOCs, re-
cyclability, lightweight construction, infection control/cleanability, and daylight transmission兲; 共2兲 materials 共re-purposed, adapted, and
new兲; 共3兲 construction method & procedures 共pre-fabricated solutions, & new sources thereof, and the changing role of value
engineering兲; 共4兲 measurement & monitoring method & equipment 共MEMS, wireless sensors, smart-phone applications, and cloud
computing兲; and 共5兲 code & rating systems 共including post-construction performance inspection & certification procedures and the need
for periodic monitoring & re-certification兲.
1721 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 127, No. 3, Pt. 2, March 2010 159th ASA Meeting/NOISE-CON 2010 1721
Downloaded 27 Sep 2013 to 173.167.200.42. Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://asadl.org/terms
8:50
1aAAa4. Unintended consequences: Acoustical outcomes in LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certified
offices. Kevin Powell 共Office of Appl. Sci., GSA Public Bldgs. Service, 555 Battery St., Rm. 518, San Francisco, CA 94111, kevin
.powell@gsa.gov兲
Recent research conducted by the US General Services Administration and the Center for the Built Environment at UC Berkeley
disclosed an anomaly about “green building” interiors that is an unintended consequence of the current LEED rating system. The
anomaly is this: occupants of offices that have been upgraded to achieve LEED certification express high levels of satisfaction with the
“indoor environmental quality” of almost all attributes of these spaces; but there is one exception where occupant scores are lower than
before. Their increased dissatisfaction has to do with acoustics and privacy. What is it about LEED-rated offices that cause increased
dissatisfaction? Why are occupants uncomfortable with the “acoustical comfort” of the new LEED-certified offices? Is it because there
are more reflective, hard surfaces—such as exposed ceilings—causing noise to reverberate? Or because HVAC systems have become
quieter? Or because partition heights have been lowered to allow better airflow and more natural light, resulting in less privacy? Since
increased occupant dissatisfaction may result in reduced productivity or increased absenteeism, the GSA’s Office of Research has been
examining this issue and report on its findings and conclusions.
9:05
1aAAa5. Understanding and specifying green noise control materials. Brandon D. Tinianov 共Serious Mater., 1250 Elko Dr., Sunny-
vale, CA 94089, BTinianov@seriousmaterials.com兲
Specification of green acoustical materials is difficult to implement from the acoustical expert’s perspective. A contributing factor is
the accepted definition of “green” that is poorly understood by the acoustical community. The widely accepted interpretation of the term
does not refer exclusively to building materials that have a high recycled material content or are made without the use of toxic chemicals
but extends to the entire project. Overall building design implications extend beyond material content to water consumption, energy use,
and to the health and wellness of the occupants. These larger considerations are reflected in the most prevalent green rating system, the
LEED rating system as established by the United States Green Building Council 共USGBC兲. Within the framework of a larger, holistic
building system, acoustical material can be considered green on three levels: 共a兲 its contribution to the health and comfort of the build-
ing occupants, 共b兲 environmentally preferable nature of its components or manufacturing process, and 共c兲 its secondary performance
features that have a positive impact on other building systems. Acoustical experts must therefore review the “green-ness” of sound
control materials in this same framework. A review of such an approach and a review of existing green acoustical products will be
presented.
9:20
1aAAa6. Acoustics and the leadership in energy and environmental design rating systems. Benjamin Markham 共Acentech Inc., 33
Moulton St., Cambridge, MA 02138兲
The leadership in energy and environmental design 共LEED兲 rating systems address acoustics explicitly in but a few of their many
credits. More profound are the implications of LEED-driven design on a building acoustics, typically in pursuit of LEED credits where
no explicit reference to acoustics, noise, or acoustical design exists. Using project case studies as a guide, this presentation will outline
some of the conflicts as well as synergies between “best practice” acoustical design and design decisions made on the basis of achieving
certain LEED credits. A range of example credits will be presented along with the ramifications of such credits on building acoustics,
including the effects of sustainable site credits on environmental noise isolation, energy and atmosphere credits on background noise
levels, materials and resources credits on acoustical material specification, and indoor environmental quality credits on sound isolation
and other acoustical design elements.
9:35
1aAAa7. Acoustics and the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification—Why education and
healthcare came first. Kurt Rockstroh 共Steffian Bradley Architects, 100 Summer St., Boston, MA 02110-2106, kurtr@steffian.com兲,
David Sykes 共Remington Partners, Cambridge, MA 02138兲, William Cavanaugh, and Gregory Tocci 共Cavanaugh Tocci Assoc., Sudbury,
MA兲
Three decades of Washington neglecting the noise problem in America resulted in general ignorance of and data about human health
impacts. This is true with politicians, agency heads, foundations, doctors, educators, architects and builders—whether they “advocate
green policies” or not. So when LEED redefined the term “environmental quality” to include acoustics, they focused on “populations at
risk”—children 共schools兲, and sick people 共healthcare facilities where scientific research on human subjects is routine兲. Meanwhile,
healthcare professionals became attuned to noise and privacy from HIPAA and the patient-centered-care movement. In 2005, the Facility
Guidelines Institute, which each re-issues the 60-year-old Guidelines for Design and Construction of Healthcare Facilities every 4 years
resolved to address this problem. We commissioned TC-AA.NS.SC to develop comprehensive acoustical guidelines which were com-
pleted in 2006 and launched this January. Once drafted, the acoustical guidelines were quickly piloted for LEED by Green Guide for
Healthcare, and then the LEED Environmental Quality Technical Advisory Group adopted them as the Reference Standard for LEED
HC. From HC it will find broader acceptance in other LEED programs. This process ensures that acoustics re-enters public policy
supported by independent, transdisciplinary research on human health impacts and by multiple rounds of peer review in healthcare.
9:50
1aAAa8. Acoustical materials for a green world: The sustainable design transformation of the architectural acoustics industry.
1a MON. AM
Mandy Kachur 共Acoust. by Design, Inc., 303 Detroit St., Ste. 304, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, mandy@acousticsbydesign.com兲, Daniel
Bruck, and Jeanette Hesedahl 共BRC Acoust. & Technol. Consulting, Seattle, WA 98134兲
The focus on sustainable and healthy building materials has intensified over the last few years. This is true particularly in healthcare,
educational, and environmentally friendly or “green,” facilities, where an increasing awareness of acoustics has resulted in a higher
demand for innovative products. As the healthcare industry pushes for greater patient comfort, increased speech privacy, and green
design, new acoustical products must satisfy multiple requirements. In educational facilities, the U.S. Green Building Council’s Lead-
ership in Energy and Environmental Design 共LEED兲 for Schools rating system promotes the use of green products, which extends to
acoustical materials. Additionally, some educational facility owners are hesitant to allow traditional types of sound absorbers such as
fiberglass duct liner for fear of health issues. Consequently, acoustical materials manufacturers have responded with new and repurposed
materials to suit these needs. Because many of these materials have been recently introduced, a significant amount of project time can
be expended on research to select an appropriate material to suit the new requirements. In an attempt to streamline the selection process,
this overview will identify a number of these new and repurposed materials and provide feedback on their use from architects, engi-
neers, and owners.
10:05—10:15 Break
10:15
1aAAa9. Aerogels: A “Green” thermo-acoustic insulation material with nanoscale properties. James Satterwhite 共Cabot Corp., 157
Concord Rd., Billerica, MA 01821, james_satterwhite@cabot-corp.com兲
Aerogels are a well-known class of thermal insulation derived from nanoscience that has “green” benefits including translucence,
thinness, hydrophobicity, light weight, and flexibility. Recently, the acoustical properties of aerogels have been characterized. Aerogels
are currently available in building materials like skylights and exterior glazing, fabrics-based roofing membranes, and flexible blankets
for insulating underwater pipelines and building walls. In 2008–2009, laboratory testing and field research began on the acoustical
properties of thin profile 共2–8-mm兲 architectural “tensile membrane” fabrics incorporating silica aerogel granules. Data from a tension
structure in Canada—where aerogel-enhanced fabric was used to block aircraft noise—exhibited excellent acoustic absorption and
acoustic impedance matching properties compared to insulators of comparable thickness. The material increased transmission loss of
exterior to interior noise and also reduced indoor reverberation. In the same period, US field tests demonstrated an aerogel blanket
material as a surface treatment in open offices to reduce broadband reverberation, resulting in increased speech intelligibility and pri-
vacy and enhanced acoustical comfort. These acoustical attributes combined with aerogels’ thermal value, thin form factor, translucence,
hydrophobicity, light weight, and absence of VOCs had led to growing interest in green building applications ranging from aircraft
interiors to hospitals.
10:30
1aAAa10. Materials science: A “Green” acoustical wall treatment for controlling room reverberation in healthcare. Francis
Babineau 共Johns Manville, 10100 West Ute Ave., Littleton, CO 80127, francis.babineau@jm.com兲
In healthcare, green criteria must be coupled with a higher standard of stringent infection control requirements. This study was
conducted to explore an alternate method for reducing room reverberation in a healthcare setting. Reverberation time 共RT兲 plays an
important role in noise levels and speech privacy which are key factors in healthcare. However, RT is difficult to control in healthcare
facilities due to strict durability and infection control requirements. In this study of a private patient room in a hospital, instead of
improving the ceiling to reduce reverberation, the walls were treated with a new, thin, acoustically absorptive, but paintable, wall
material. The wall treatment was a new-to-market acoustical finish with absorption coefficients ranging from 0.05–0.6. To achieve
reverberation control, several walls of the room were covered with the treatment. Reverberation times were measured before and after
installation, and results were consistent with predicted values. Despite being a small study, results suggest that a thin, paintable, acous-
tical wall treatment that meets criteria for infection control and durability can be an effective method for controlling reverberation in
healthcare facilities, thereby creating a more comfortable environment for patients and staff while giving architects increased design
flexibility.
10:45
1aAAa11. Going green may require new professional relationships and different solution providers. Bennett Brooks 共27 Hartford
Turnpike, Vernon, CT 06066, bbrooks@brooks-acoustics.com兲 and Jason Perrone 共BKM Technol. Group, East Hartford, CT 06108兲
Change is always welcome but often confusing. One way climate change impacts the acoustics profession is through the sudden,
government-driven rush to make buildings green by conforming to Energy Star and the U.S. Green Building Council’s LEED rating
system 共acoustics have only recently become part of the “environmental quality” vocabulary of these systems兲. Two more ways change
impacts acousticians are first the emergence of technologically advanced materials and devices 共often from companies you do not
know兲, and second, the emergence of new “solution-providers” with prior contractual relationships with your clients. The presenters
represent three entities that have been cooperating to address green-related acoustical issues for large corporate clients in the Northeast
USA. The projects described in this presentation have been instructive for all three parties: new materials have been put to use in
unexpected ways, independent testing validated the efficacy of novel solutions, and client relationships were managed by a corporation
previously unrecognized by most acoustical engineers but that has spent a decade establishing a level of skill in acoustics appreciated
by government agencies and leading corporations that have streamlined supply chains and therefore seek to use a limited number of
existing supplier relationships to implement change.
Contributed Papers
11:00 11:15
1aAAa12. Electro-acoustic architecture: Is it Green? Roger W. Schwenke 1aAAa13. Green classroom acoustics: Sound or noise? Glenn E. Sweitzer
共Meyer Sound Labs., 2832 San Pablo Ave, Berkeley, CA 94702, 共Sweitzer LLP, 4504 N. Hereford Dr., Muncie, IN 47304, glenn.sweitzer
rogers@meyersound.com兲 and Jason R. Duty 共Charles M. Salter Assoc., @gmail.com兲
Inc., San Francisco, CA 94104兲
Architectural acoustics is underrepresented in current green building rat-
Electro-acoustic architecture systems offer a means of changing the ing systems. While acoustics factors are embodied in green building issues,
acoustic properties of a room electronically. They are an alternative to physi- their scoring potentials remain untapped. An alternative, individual user-
cally variable acoustics, where acoustic properties are changed by retract- oriented basis is tested for scoring architectural acoustics factors. Key archi-
able curtains and doors opening to reverberant chambers, etc. This paper tectural acoustics factors embodied in the currently prevailing LEED Green
will address the question of whether electro-acoustic systems are a Green Building Rating System are identified. Selected acoustics factors, and rel-
alternative to physically variable acoustics. In order to have a reverberation evant criteria, are studied in the context of four similar school classrooms in
time appropriate for symphonic music, a room must have a large cubic vol- one K-5 school. To assess the relative values of these factors, four K-5
ume and hard heavy surfaces. In contrast, in a room with an electro-acoustic teachers are surveyed and then interviewed regarding sound and noise con-
system, the physical reverberation time is desired to be low even at low trol strategies used in their respective classrooms by academic subject, vi-
frequencies. Therefore, the cubic volume can be low and surfaces can be sual and aural media, and teacher-student and student-student configurations
made of a lightweight material over an airspace. This affects the amount of . Reported outcomes are compared with measured sound transmission index
energy needed to deliver materials, construct the building, and operate 共STI兲 values for selected activity configurations in each classroom. Results
HVAC and lighting systems. A lower volume building means less pollution suggest that passive sound and noise control in individual classrooms can be
and waste during construction, and allows for more open space around the used to improve STI by academic subject, presentation media, and teacher
building, and/or higher development density. Electro-acoustic systems can and student configurations. Accordingly, scoring for an individual classroom
easily be designed as a renovation, thus recycling existing buildings. Case will vary by the passive as well as active noise control means used. Ex-
studies will be reviewed demonstrating these issues. amples are discussed.
11:30—12:00 Panel Discussion
MONDAY MORNING, 19 APRIL 2010 GRAND BALLROOM III/IV, 11:00 A.M. TO 12:00 NOON
Session 1aAAb
Architectural Acoustics: The Technical Committee on Architectural Acoustics Vern O. Knudsen

Distinguished Lecture
William J. Cavanaugh, Cochair

Cavanaugh Tocci Assoc., Inc., 327F Boston Post Rd., Sudbury, MA 01776
David Lubman, Cochair

DL Acoustics, 14301 Middletown Ln., Westminster, CA 92683-4514
Invited Paper
11:05
1aAAb1. Communication behavior of pupils and teachers in highly absorbent classrooms: A pleading for room acoustic comfort
in schools. Markus Oberdoerster 共Saint-Gobain Ecophon GmbH, Taschenmacher Str. 8, 23566 Lbeck, Germany, markus.oberdoerster
@ecophon.de兲 and Gerhart Tiesler 共Univ. of Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany兲
This lecture refers to an interdisciplinary research project conducted 2001–2005 by acousticians, pedagogues, and occupational sci-
entists at the Bremen University. It investigates the kind of work and communication behavior in elementary school classrooms and the
influence that is given by the acoustic environment. Using a database of 175 examined lessons an analysis is made of how different
kinds of work 共frontal lessons vs differentiated lessons兲 have an effect on the sound level in the classroom. Parameters are discussed,
which can describe classroom acoustics appropriately. Also discussed are how altered room characteristics 共e.g., increased absorption,
shortened reverberation time, and improved speech intelligibility兲 affect the sound level in the context of each kind of work. A me-
thodical examination of the database allows an assessment of mean values but also of the detailed teaching phases, as characterized by
certain pedagogical factors. The results provide the basis for discussion of stress and work demands of teachers.
MONDAY MORNING, 19 APRIL 2010 WATERVIEW B/C, 8:20 TO 11:45 A.M.
1a MON. AM
Session 1aAB
Animal Bioacoustics: Effects of Anthropogenic Noise on Aquatic Animals I: Acoustic Envrionment and
Behavioral Responses
Carl R. Schilt, Chair

Bigleaf Science Services, P.O. Box 225, North Bonneville, WA 98639
Contributed Papers
8:20 low the sea surface. We approximate a three-dimensional sound field by
1aAB1. An acoustic modeling graphical-user-interface tool for the computing the sound propagation from each source along a prescribed num-
marine conservationist. Laurel Henderson, Michael Porter, and Christian ber of two-dimensional vertical radial slices of a range-dependent environ-
de Moustier 共Heat, Light, and Sound Res., 3366 N. Torrey Pines Court, La ment, which includes bathymetry, seafloor geoacoustic properties, water col-
Jolla, CA 92037, laurel@hlsresearch.com兲 umn sound speed profiles, and sea surface roughness. Propagation results
from all sources are incoherently summed to form the overall sound expo-
We develop an interactive tool to estimate the total level of anthropo- sure map. By varying the density of ships in a given area we can simulate
genic and natural noise received by marine animals. This tool will help the the effects of shipping lanes and assess how the characteristics of the un-
marine conservationist assess potential noise-exposure risks. It uses physics- derlying seafloor alter the results.
based underwater-acoustic models from the Acoustics Toolbox 共http://oalib
.hlsresearch.com/兲. Input choices include ocean area, seasonal sound speed
profiles, and wind speed from NOAA and OAML databases. Sound sources 8:50
can be chosen individually from a panel or by the dozens from a table with 1aAB3. Investigations of marine mammal exposure to sound scattered
built-in representative values of various noise sources, including ships of from the sea surface. Ahmad Abawi, Michael Porter 共Heat, Light, and
various sizes, marine construction, navy sonars, and explosives. The user Sound Res., Inc., La Jolla, CA 92037兲, and Martin Siderius 共Portland State
can either study the effects of the built-in noise sources or alter the table Univ., Portland, OR 97201兲
with actual noise-sources at known locations. Databases of marine mammal Scattering of sound from the rough sea surface results in variations in
densities can be overlain, or the received acoustic level at chosen points on sound intensity. If the surface height variations are smooth, as they are dur-
the map can be saved. We will review the background of the acoustic mod- ing a swell, the surface can act as a concave mirror and amplify the sound
els used in the GUI and give a short demonstration of the capabilities of this intensity at its focal region. We have shown both analytically and using nu-
tool. merical modeling that the intensity at the focal region is a function of
frequency: for a singly curved surface, the intensity at the focus varies lin-
8:35 early with frequency and for a doubly curved surface, this dependence is
1aAB2. Modeling marine mammal sound exposure levels due to ship quadratic. Scattering of sound waves from a rough surface can also result in
traffic noise. Christian de Moustier, Michael B. Porter, and Laurel a reduction in intensity through dispersion. In this paper, we investigate the
Henderson 共HLS Res., Inc., 3366 North Torrey Pines Court, Ste. 310, La possible effects of exposure to sound scattered from the sea surface on ma-
Jolla, CA 92037兲 rine mammals by computing the scintillation index as a function of range
and depth for a variety of ocean environments, including those with surface
Noise due to ship traffic is a pervasive component of the global and local ducts. We compute the scintillation index using a Monte Carlo technique,
ocean noise from 10 to 500 Hz, but little is known of its effects on marine where for each surface height realization, we compute the scattered field in
mammals because such effects depend on the sound exposure levels at a the waveguide exactly using the virtual source technique. We compute the
given location. The approach presented here consists of modeling the sound Green’s functions needed in the virtual source technique using the Scooter
field due to various spatial distributions of noise sources located 5–10 m be- propagation model.
Invited Papers
9:05
1aAB4. Odontocete hearing: Effects of noise and measurement during echolocation. Paul E. Nachtigall 共Marine Mammal Res.
Program, Hawaii Inst. of Marine Biology, P.O. Box 1106, Kailua, HI兲 and Alexander Ya. Supin 共Inst. of Ecology and Evolution, Russian
Acad. of Sci., Leninsky Prospekt, Moscow, Russia兲
Noise that interferes with active echolocation can come from either outside sources or be self-generated. Our work on temporary
threshold shifts has shown that either lower levels of anthropogenic noise presented for long time periods or intense sonar pings for
short time periods can produce temporary reduction in sensitivity and temporary threshold shifts. Intense anthropogenic sounds intended
to disrupt echolocation can also reduce echolocation performance. Our measurements of hearing during echolocation have shown that
self-generated intense outgoing signals are managed by the whale’s auditory system by 共1兲 the use of forward masking as an automatic
gain control system, 共2兲 anatomical 共or neurological兲 damping of outgoing signals, and 共3兲 active manipulation of sensitivity levels of
over all hearing. These processes of hearing allow the whale to adjust its hearing during echolocation to maximize the hearing of echoes.
Measurements of hearing while a false killer whale actively echolocated, by measuring auditory evoked potentials, showed that the
whale heard returns from a small cylinder better than it heard its own outgoing 180-dB clicks that produced the echo returns from the
cylinder. Interactions between outside anthropogenic noise and the hearing of self-generated intense sounds during echolocation remain
largely unexplored.
9:25
1aAB5. Observing the behavioral response of herring exposed to mid-frequency sonar signals. Nils Olav Handegard, Lise
Doksaeter, Olav Rune Godoe 共Inst. of Marine Res., NO-5817 Bergen, Norway, nilsolav@imr.no兲, and Petter H. Kvadsheim 共Maritime
Systems Div., Norwegian Defence Res. Establishment, NO-3191 Horten, Norway兲
There is general concern on how mid-frequency military sonars might affect aquatic animals. Approaches used to investigate pos-
sible effects on Norwegian spring spawning herring 共Clupea harengus兲 are presented. Experiments were performed in a sheltered fjord
area, in the open ocean, and in a net pen. In the fjord area, the behavior of the exposed herring was monitored using an upward-looking
bottom-moored echo sounder. For the open ocean experiment, schools of exposed herring were tracked using omnidirectional sonar. In
the controlled net-pen experiments, the herring were towed into a fjord basin. The net-pen was equipped with a horizontal pointing and
an upward-looking split-beam echo sounder to monitor the behavior, a hydrophone to measure the exposure levels, and a video camera
to verify the observed behavior. In all experiments the herring was exposed to relevant naval sonar signals using operational sources
mounted on a research vessel or operated from a frigate. For the net-pen experiments, the herring were also exposed to other audible
sound sources to investigate the robustness of the methodology to detect reaction patterns. The pros and cons of the different observa-
tional approaches are discussed. 关Work supported by the Research Council of Norway Grant No. 184705.兴
Contributed Paper
9:45 source signatures and sound exposure levels. Of the 53% of turtles that were
1aAB6. Loggerhead turtles dive in response to airgun sound exposure. successfully visually tracked until they had passed more than 100 m behind
Stacy L. DeRuiter 共Acoust. and Seismic Service, Ifremer, BP 70, 29280 the seismic vessel, 51% dived at or before their closest point of approach to
Plouzané, France兲 and Kamel Larbi Doukara 共Univ. of Oran Es-Senia, BP the airgun array. Among animals that dived, approximately 20% did so im-
1524, El M’Naouer 31000, Oran, Algeria兲 mediately following an airgun shot, often showing a startle response that
Visual observations of the behavior of over 150 loggerhead turtles was clearly distinguishable from the predominant basking behavior. Turtle
共Caretta caretta兲 were collected over a period of 2 weeks during a seismic dive probability as a function of distance from the airgun array and sound
survey in the Mediterranean Sea off Algeria in September and October 2009. exposure level will be considered in detail. The observed diving behavior
All turtles were observed during active operation of an airgun array that had may be interpreted as an avoidance response and may have negative conse-
a peak source level of 252 dB re 1 µPa. Recordings from three hull-mounted quences for turtles if it interferes with thermoregulation 共basking兲 or results
hydrophones allowed concurrent estimation of near-surface airgun array in inhabitual energy expenditures.
10:00—10:25 Break
Invited Paper
10:25
1aAB7. Changes in vocal behavior of individual North Atlantic right whales in increased noise. Susan E. Parks 共Appl. Res. Lab.,
The Penn State Univ., P.O. Box 30, State College, PA 16804, sep20@psu.edu兲, Mark Johnson 共Woods Hole Oceanograph. Inst., Woods
Hole, MA 02543兲, Douglas Nowacek 共Duke Univ., Beaufort, NC 28516兲, and Peter Tyack 共Woods Hole Oceanograph. Inst., Woods
Hole, MA 02543兲
This study investigates the impacts of anthropogenic noise exposure on the vocal behavior of individual North Atlantic right whales,
a baleen whale species found in the urban coastal waters off the east coast of the United States and Canada. A non-invasive acoustic
recording tag, the Dtag, was used to record the noise levels received by individual whales and the vocalizations they produced in the
Bay of Fundy, Canada. These data were used to assess the variability in the received levels 共and therefore source level兲, duration, and
frequency content of calls produced by the tagged whale in varying ambient noise conditions. A single stereotyped call type, the ‘up-
call,’ was selected for these measurements. Individual whales producing multiple calls showed increases in received call amplitude and
minimum frequency in increasing low-frequency noise conditions. This is one of the first studies to document call intensity changes in
baleen whales in response to short-term changes in anthropogenic noise in their environment. This evidence for individual call modi-
fication in response to changes in background noise has implications for both descriptive studies of vocal behavior and design for
passive acoustic monitoring systems for marine species.
Contributed Papers
10:45 the Strait of Gibraltar and during seismic airgun events. Statistically signifi-
1aAB8. Acoustic compensation to shipping and airgun noise by cant differences were detected between noise contexts. In general, acoustic
Mediterranean fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus). Manuel Castellote parameter values decreased with increased noise levels. In high-noise con-
共Natl. Marine Mammal Lab., Alaska Fisheries Sci. Ctr./NOAA, 7600 Sand ditions, 20-Hz pulse duration shortened, bandwidth decreased, and center
Point Way, N.E. F/AKC3, Seattle, WA 98115, mcastellote@hotmail.com兲, and peak frequencies decreased. Similar results were obtained in the pres-
Cristopher W. Clark 共Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14850兲, and Marc O. Lam- ence of airgun events, and bearings to singing whales indicated that whales
mers 共The Hawaii Inst. of Marine Biology, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744兲 moved away from the airgun source and out of our detection area for a time
period that extended well beyond the duration of the airgun activity. This
Seafloor recorders were deployed in the western Mediterranean Sea and study provides evidence that fin whales modify their acoustic behavior to
adjacent Atlantic waters during 2006–2009 to monitor noise levels and fin compensate for increased ambient noise and shows that under some condi-
whale presence. Acoustic parameters of 20-Hz pulses 共pulse duration, band- tions they will leave an area for an extended period. Sensitization and ha-
width and intervals, and center and peak frequencies兲 were compared for bituation processes may play a role in these behaviors and are discussed in
areas with different shipping noise levels, different shipping intensities in the context of these results.
11:00 Anchorage Marine Terminal Redevelopment Project, currently underway in
1aAB9. Anthropogenic noise and sound production by beluga whales Upper Cook Inlet, involves several types of water construction activities, in-
(Delphinapterus leucas) in Cook Inlet, Alaska during early August 2007. cluding pile driving. However, the effect of pile driving noise on beluga
1a MON. AM
Cara F. Hotchkin 共Ecology IGDP 165 Appl. Res. Lab, The Pennsylvania whales is unknown. A passive acoustic array of sonobuoys was deployed
State Univ., University Park, PA 16802, cfh121@psu.edu.兲, Susan E. Parks during 20 days in August and September 2009 to acoustically detect the
共The Penn State Univ., State College, PA 16804兲, and Barbara A. Mahoney presence of beluga whales in the vicinity of in-water pile driving at the Port
共Natl. Marine Fisheries Service, Anchorage, AK 99513兲 project site. Beluga whale echolocation clicks were detected on days when
the whales were also visually sighted by the on-site visual observers.
The beluga whale population in Cook Inlet, Ak, has a limited range cen- Whistles and burst pulses were not commonly detected from beluga whales
tered near the Port of Anchorage and was declared endangered in 2008. One
in this area.
potential threat to the belugas recovery is anthropogenic noise, which may
disrupt communication and normal behaviors. This project used a boat-
based single hydrophone system to evaluate noise levels at several locations 11:30
in Cook Inlet on 6 days from 2–14 August, 2007. Belugas were encountered 1aAB11. Hearing ability of the lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus).
twice, at the Port of Anchorage and near the Little Susitna River. Recorded Susan M. Hastings, Meghan R. Kelly, Lisa L. Wu 共Thomas Jefferson High
vocalizations were analyzed to develop a provisional description of the School for Sci. and Technol., 6560 Braddock Rd., Alexandria, VA 22312兲,
whales’ repertoire. Call frequencies ranged from 381 Hz to 24 kHz 共the limit and Mardi C. Hastings 共6422 Crosswoods Dr., Falls Church, VA 22044,
of the recording system兲, with most energy at frequencies above 2 kHz. mchastings@verizon.net兲
Most vocalizations were similar to call types of other beluga populations.
Broadband and 1/3-octave band levels were evaluated for noise from tidal The lined seahorse 共Hippocampus erectus兲, a member of the family Syn-
flow and ships at the Port of Anchorage. Vessel noise levels were highest gnathidae 共pipefishes and seahorses兲, occurs in coastal waters of the western
below 0.5 kHz, but frequencies ranged to greater than 8 kHz 共distance to Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea. This harmless species is listed
source ⬍ 200 m兲. Based on the overlap in frequency between beluga vocal- as “vulnerable” on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature
izations and ship noise, anthropogenic sound may mask beluga communi- 共IUCN兲 List of Threatened Species, meaning that it has a high risk of ex-
cation near vessels in Cook Inlet. tinction in the medium-term future primarily due to declines in population
from targeted catch, bycatch, and degradation of habitat. However, because
little is known about hearing in Syngnathids, it is difficult to assess potential
11:15
effects of anthropogenic sound on these animals. In this study auditory
1aAB10. Cook Inlet beluga whale echolocations at the Port of
evoked potentials 共AEPs兲 were measured in four H. erectus specimens to
Anchorage expansion. Ana Širović and Lindsey S. Kendall 共Alaska Pacific
determine hearing thresholds and bandwidth. Thresholds were determined
Univ., 4101 Univ. Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508兲
using the staircase method with exposures to tone bursts between 50 Hz and
Ocean noise levels increase as a result of human activities. As a result, 21.6 kHz. At low frequencies H. erectus had AEP thresholds similar to other
the effects of anthropogenic noise on marine mammals are a growing bony fishes; however, at frequencies above 2 kHz its auditory sensitivity
concern. A genetically distinct population of beluga whales in Cook Inlet was similar to that of clupeiform species which detect ultrasound 关Mann et
was listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act in 2008. NOAA al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 共2001兲兴. The results of this study provide hearing
has identified many potential threats to the Cook Inlet beluga whale popu- data that can be used to understand potential effects of human-generated
lation, including coastal development and anthropogenic noise. The Port of noise on Hippocampus erectus and other seahorse species.
MONDAY MORNING, 19 APRIL 2010 HARBORSIDE A, 9:00 TO 11:40 A.M.
Session 1aAO
Acoustical Oceanography Animal Bioacoustics, and Underwater Acoustics:

Acoustics in Polar Environments I
Jennifer L. Miksis-Olds, Cochair

Pennsylvania State Univ., Applied Research Lab., P.O. Box 30, State College, PA 16804
David K. Mellinger, Cochair

Oregon State Univ., 2030 S.E. Marine Science Dr., Newport, OR 97365
Ann E. Bowles, Cochair

Hubbs Sea World Research Inst., 2595 Ingraham St., San Diego, CA 92109
Invited Papers
9:05
1aAO1. The accessible Arctic Ocean. John W. Farrell, III 共US Arctic Res. Commission, 4350 N. Fairfax Dr., Ste. 510, Arlington, VA
22203, jfarrell@arctic.gov兲
Scientific evidence indicates that global climate changes, and the most rapid changes are in the Arctic. Northern temperatures have
increased twice as fast as elsewhere, the areal extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice have decreased dramatically, sea level rises as
oceans warm and as glaciers and icesheets melt, and the ocean becomes more acidic as it absorbs atmospheric carbon dioxide. Changes
in climate, as well as advances in technology, and the demand for resources have resulted in a newly accessible Arctic Ocean that invites
to commercial fishing, shipping, tourism, mineral, and energy extraction interests and catches the attention of the US Coast Guard and
the US Navy, among others. Many activities associated with these interests have implications for sound in the sea, and this presentation
will present some of these at an overarching level. The United States has barely begun the baseline oceanographic research necessary
to support national and international goals for ecosystem-based management and marine spatial planning in the Arctic Ocean. The US
Arctic Research Commission, an independent federal agency, that advises Congress and the Executive Branch calls for Arctic Ocean
research that would help policy makers address these issues.
9:25
1aAO2. The Arctic underwater acoustic environment. Christine Erbe 共JASCO Appl. Sci., Brisbane Technol. Park, 1 Clunies Ross Ct,
Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia, christine@jasco.com兲
This talk gives an overview of the underwater acoustic environment in the Arctic. Sources of sound will be reviewed, including
natural ambient noise 共physical ⫹ biological兲 and man-made noise. Sound propagation characteristics will be discussed and examples
from field studies will be presented. Features unique to the Arctic will be highlighted. Potential impacts of underwater noise on marine
mammals will be summarized. Wild guesses will be made in an attempt to estimate how things might change in the future, particularly
relating to climate change.
9:45
1aAO3. Soundscapes under sea ice: Can we listen for open water? Jeffrey Nystuen 共Appl. Phys. Lab., Univ. of Washington, Seattle,
WA 98105 and HCMR, Attica, Greece, nystuen@apl.washington.edu兲 and Jennifer Miksis-Olds 共Penn State Univ., State College, PA
16804兲
Different geophysical conditions at the ocean surface generate distinctive sound spectra underwater, thereby allowing the physical
environment to be monitored using passive acoustics. In the central Bering Sea, a passive aquatic listener 共PAL兲 was deployed on the
NOAA M5 mooring through the 2008 and 2009 winter seasons, allowing the ambient sound under sea ice to be recorded. Distinctive
features of sea ice soundscapes include loud sound levels during periods of ice formation and very quiet high-frequency levels during
periods of solid ice coverage. These soundscapes do have distinctive spectra features that distinguish them from other geophysical
conditions, including wind-generated spectra, drizzle, and rainfall onto open water. This indicates that it is possible to listen for ice-free
surface conditions. In turn, this will allow sub-surface ocean instrumentation on drifters, profilers, or moorings to detect open water and
surface during relatively safe ice-free surface conditions 共by listening兲, thus minimizing damage risk and allowing data transfer by
satellite data links, an important advance for engineering oceanographic studies in ice covered seas. 关Work sponsored by ONR Marine
Mammals.兴
10:05—10:30 Break
1a MON. AM
10:30
1aAO4. Acoustic monitoring of a melting Arctic Ocean. Peter N. Mikhalevsky 共Acoust. and Marine Systems Operation, SAIC, 4001
N. Fairfax St., Arlington, VA 22203, mikhalevskyp@saic.com兲
The waters of the Arctic Ocean have been warming since the early 1990s. Average maximum temperatures have risen by more than
1 °C. In the last 20 years submarine measurements of sea ice draft have shown a 40% reduction in average sea ice thickness while
satellite remote sensing has shown a 14% reduction in sea-ice extent over the same period decreasing at a rate of 3%–5% per decade
with thicker multi-year ice at 7%–10% per decade. Forecasts indicate that if these trends continue the Arctic Ocean could be ice-free in
the summer before the end of this century. Significant effort is needed to expand our observational capabilities in the Arctic Ocean to
support better modeling, forecasting, and improve our understanding of this critical ocean and the linkages to global climate. One
technique acoustic thermometry has been shown to be a very effective for monitoring average heat content and average temperature in
the Arctic Ocean and, in particular, in the Arctic Intermediate Water layer. Two experiments conducted in 1994 and 1999 measured the
warming and demonstrated the feasibility of long term observations. Plans are in process to incorporate acoustic thermometry and
tomography in in-situ Arctic Ocean observatories.
10:50
1aAO5. Improved assessment of Arctic and Antarctic zooplankton: From acoustic scattering models to a better understanding
of polar ecosystems. Joseph D. Warren, Joy N. Smith 共School of Marine and Atmospheric Sci., Stony Brook Univ., 239 Montauk Hwy.,
Southampton, NY 11968, joe.warren@stonybrook.edu兲, Patrick H. Ressler 共Alaska Fisheries Sci. Ctr., NOAA, Seattle, WA 98115兲, and
David A. Demer 共Southwest Fisheries Sci. Ctr., NOAA, La Jolla, CA 92037兲
Polar regions contain some of the most productive 共and in some cases unspoiled兲 ecosystems on the planet. Zooplankton, particu-
larly krill, are the preferred prey for numerous fish, bird, and mammal species including animals that are endangered, commercially
fished, or ecologically important. Acoustic echosounders provide an excellent method for assessing the abundance and distribution of
zooplankton over large areas 共⬎ 100 s km2兲 through ship-based surveys and with high-temporal and spatial resolution. However, in
order to accurately convert acoustic backscatter into a biologically meaningful measure 共e.g., animal abundance, biomass, and calories兲,
validated scattering models with well-understood input parameters are needed. This talk will present data from both Antarctic and Arctic
共Bering Sea兲 zooplankton with regard to improvement of scattering models and the range and variability of model inputs for krill and
other zooplankton, implications of these changes on acoustic estimates of zooplankton biomass or other metrics, and how these data
may be used in ecosystem studies, particularly the relationships between zooplankton and their higher-trophic level predators.
Contributed Papers
11:10 avoidance reaction. 关Work partly supported by Norwegian Research Council
1aAO6. Quantifying fish behavior with high-frequency scientific echo Grant No. 184705 and ONR Award No. N000140910482.兴
sounder and parametric sonar. Olav Rune Godø, Rolf J. Korneliussen
共Inst. of Marine Res., P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway兲,
and Kenneth G. Foote 共Woods Hole Oceanograph. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 11:25
02543兲 1aAO7. Target strength spectrum of Atlantic herring over a
low-kilohertz frequency band. Kenneth G. Foote 共Woods Hole
Schools of Norwegian spring-spawning herring 共Clupea harengus兲 were Oceanograph. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543兲, Olav Rune Godø, Rolf J.
Korneliussen, and Eirik Tenningen 共Inst. of Marine Res., Nordnes, N-5817
observed in their wintering area off the northwest coast of Norway in No-
Bergen, Norway兲
vember 2009 with the Simrad EK60 scientific echo sounder operating at 18,
38, 70, 120, and 200 kHz and Kongsberg TOPAS parametric sub-bottom Atlantic herring 共Clupea harengus兲 in the stock of Norwegian spring-
profiling sonar, with nominal difference-frequency bandwidth 0.5–6 kHz. spawning herring were observed in their wintering area off the northwest
The beamwidths are 7 deg except at 18 kHz, where it is 11 deg. The TOPAS coast of Norway in November 2009. The volume backscattering coefficient
difference-frequency beamwidth decreases with both range and frequency, sV was measured with the Simrad EK60/38-kHz scientific echo sounder,
yielding numerical values of fish density ␳ through the fundamental equa-
but lies within the range 3–5 deg at the depths of the detected schools, typi-
tion of echo integration sV ⫽ ␳␴, where ␳ is the mean backscattering cross
cally 50–300 m. The registered depths of the upper surfaces of the detected
section of the ensonified fish. Derived values of ␳ were used to convert mea-
schools have been compared, indicating that the apparent depth often, but surements of sV made with the Kongsberg TOPAS PS18 parametric sub-
not always, is inversely related to beamwidth. The phenomenon seems to be bottom profiling sonar to infer ␴, thence its logarithmic measure target
related to the pattern of backscattering with respect to frequency within the strength, over the approximate difference-frequency band 1.5–6 kHz. 关Work
same school, which appears to have two distinct modes. The results are supported by ONR Award No. N000140910482 and Norwegian Research
analyzed and discussed relative to the phenomenon of gas release and Council Grant No. 184705.兴
MONDAY MORNING, 19 APRIL 2010 KENT A/B, 7:55 TO 11:30 A.M.
Session 1aBB
Biomedical Ultrasound/Bioresponse to Vibration: Diagnostic Applications of Ultrasound
Parag V. Chitnis, Cochair

Riverside Research Inst., 156 William St., New York, NY 10038-2609
Matthew W. Urban, Cochair

Mayo Clinic College Medicine, Dept. of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, 200 First St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905
Contributed Papers
8:00 Shear waves in a soft solid can be focalized using time-reversal 共TR兲
1aBB1. Visualization of atherosclerotic plaque mechanical properties methods. The shear velocity, directly related to the elasticity of the medium,
using model based intravascular ultrasound elastography. Michael S. can be evaluated from the TR field. This study proposes to perform quanti-
Richards, Shayin Jing, and Marvin M. Doyley 共Dept. Elect. and Comp. tative imaging of the mechanical properties inside a soft solid. Shear waves
Eng., Univ. of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627兲 are created by finger impacts all over the surface of the solid. One compo-
nent of the vectorial field inside the solid is measured by ultrasonic tech-
Cardiovascular disease related deaths occur primarily from fatty plaques
niques developed in elastography. Inspired from Green’s function retrieval
inside an artery that rupture and cause clots that disrupt blood flow. The
methods, the TR field is computed from cross-correlation of this random-
study of arterial plaque mechanics is essential to the monitoring of athero-
like displacement signal. One point is chosen as a virtual source where the
sclerosis and the detection of vulnerable plaques or the likelihood of their
spatio-temporal refocusing is observed. Thus the method allows focalization
rupture. The aim of this work is to measure and image the mechanical be-
of shear wave everywhere inside the solid without any source embedded in
havior of plaques using a clinically available intravascular ultrasound sys-
the solid. The local shear velocity is then deduced from the TR field. Finally,
tem 共IVUS兲. To test the methods, radial displacements were measured from
a two dimensional velocity map of a bi-layer medium is performed.
simulated images and phantom data within two dimensional IVUS rf images
using standard elastography techniques. Simulations and phantom experi- 8:45
ments were designed to mimic arterial geometries and deformations, which 1aBB4. Clutter and sources of image degradation in fundamental and
include plaque regions of varying stiffnesses. In addition, an optimization harmonic ultrasound imaging. Gianmarco Pinton 共Institut Langevin, Lab-
inversion algorithm was used to infer the elastic modulus of the underlying oratoire Ondes et Acoustique, ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris 75005,
material. This algorithm utilizes a finite element based model and assumes France, gianmarco.pinton@gmail.com兲 and Jeremy Dahl 共Duke Univ.,
that the deformation is quasi-static, plane strain and that the material is in- Durham, NC兲
compressible and linear elastic. The full spatially reconstructed modulus im-
ages, with no geometric constraints, are presented and compared to radial Although harmonic imaging is used extensively, the mechanisms for im-
strain images. The phantom results are compared to the known modulus age quality improvement are still poorly understood. Complex simulations
contrasts, and the simulated images are compared to contrasts and or experiments that incorporate the effects of tissue heterogeneities and mul-
distributions. tiple scattering are required to describe image quality metrics such as clutter
noise and less sensitivity to phase aberration. A finite difference simulation
of ultrasonic propagation in a medium with heterogeneities in nonlinearity,
8:15 attenuation, density, and speed of sound is presented. We investigate scat-
1aBB2. In-vivo time reversal blastography: A passive correlation tering from sub-wavelength targets and from macroscopic tissue structure.
tomography of complex shear wave field within in soft tissues. Stefan The simulated acoustic response from a single sub-wavelength scatterer is
Catheline, Thomas Gallot, Philippe Roux, Javier Brum, and Carlos Negreira compared to analytical results for different scatterer sizes. This numerical
共Laboratoire de Gophysique Interne et Tectonophysique 共LGIT兲, CNRS & implementation is then used to model tissue in the human body based on the
Universit de Grenoble, France, stefan.catheline@obs.ujf-grenoble.fr兲 visible human project and insonication from a from a 2.1-MHz diagnostic
transducer. There is a close agreement between the analytical Rayleigh dis-
Heartbeats, breathing, and muscle activity: the human body presents tribution, where the scattered intensity is proportional to f4, and simulation.
natural sources of vibration creating a complex shear wave field. Such a The primary source of image degradation in the fundamental PSF comes
noise is demonstrated in this work to be useful for quantitative elasticity from reverberation in the near-field abdominal structures. Phase aberration is
imaging. Indeed, the shear wave noise inside soft tissues is measured by ul- the largest source of clutter in the harmonic PSF. Clutter in the PSFs occurs
trasonic techniques developed in elastography. The particle motions esti- primarily from low-level contributions distributed over a large area.
mated along lines or planes inside the medium can be used as artificial stars
for time reversal experiments. In another language, Green’s functions can be 9:00
recovered from noise correlations which results in a totally passive imaging 1aBB5. Feasibility study of superharmonic imaging using chirps. Paul L.
technique. The use of shear wavelength or phase speed to reconstruct an M. J. van Neer, Mike G. Danilouchkine, Guillaume M. Matte 共Dept. of Bio-
elasticity mapping will be discussed. medical Eng., Erasmus Medical Ctr., Rm. Ee 23.32, Dr. Molewaterplein 50,
3015 GR Rotterdam, The Netherlands, p.vanneer@erasmusmc.nl兲, Martin
D. Verweij 共Delft Univ. of Technol., Mekelweg 4, 2628 CD Delft, The
8:30
Netherlands兲, and Nico de Jong 共Erasmus Medical Ctr., 3015 GR Rotter-
1aBB3. Time reversal elastography: A correlation tomography of
dam, The Netherlands兲
complex shear wave field in soft solids. Thomas Gallot, Stefan Catheline,
Philippe Roux, Javier Brum, and Carlos Negreira 共Laboratoire de Gophy- Superharmonic imaging 共SHI兲 targets a combination of the third to fifth
sique Interne et Tectonophysique 共LGIT兲, CNRS & Universit de Grenoble, harmonics. It was proven to have certain advantages in comparison with the
France, thomas.gallot@obs.ujf-grenoble.fr兲 established imaging standards in medical ultrasound. SHI enhances the spa-
tial resolution and improves the quality of echographic images, mainly by The objective of this study is to develop an algorithm that uses back-
eliminating reverberation artifacts at the chest wall. However, SHI suffers scattered data to estimate the total attenuation of ultrasound along the propa-
from ripple artifacts, originating from the spectral gaps in between harmon- gation path. The sample and a reference phantom are scanned using the
1a MON. AM
ics, and degrading the temporal resolution. To solve this a chirp-based SHI same transducer and same power settings. The power spectrum of the gated
protocol was employed and its characteristics investigated, i.e., point spread window in the ROI of the sample is divided by the power spectrum of the
function 共PSF兲. The protocol was implemented for an interleaved phased ar- reference phantom. The resulting ratio is then multiplied by four Gaussian
ray probe 共44⫹44 elements tuned at 1.0⫹3.7 MHz兲, connected to a fully filters at four different center frequencies to obtain four new spectra. The
programmable ultrasound system. A linear chirp 共center frequency 1 MHz; center frequency of each new spectrum is equal to the center frequency of
bandwidth 40%兲 was used for excitation. To obtain the PSF, the rf traces the Gaussian filter shifted by a term that is proportional to the total
were recorded at focus along the lateral axis and convolved with the decod- attenuation. The total attenuation is calculated by monitoring the shift in the
ing signal. This was computed using KZK simulations. A PSF comparison center frequencies of the new spectra with respect to the center frequencies
between a superharmonic chirp and the third harmonic of a 2.5-cycle Gauss- of the Gaussian filters. The algorithm is tested using rf data generated by
ian apodized sinus burst at 1 MHz showed a decrease in axial pulse length computer simulations. The sample and the reference had attenuation coeffi-
of 46% at ⫺6 dB and 32% at the ⫺20 dB level in favor of SHI. Chirp based cients 0.7 and 0.5 dB/cm MHz, respectively. The error in the attenuation
SHI is virtually free of ripple artifacts and therefore feasible. estimate is less than 5% for an ROI that is five pulse lengths long and con-
9:15 tains 50 independent beam lines. 关Work supported by NIH Grant
1aBB6. Kramers–Kronig relationships applied to shear wave CA111289.兴
propagation in soft tissues. Matthew W. Urban, Shigao Chen, Carolina
Amador, and James F. Greenleaf 共Dept. of Physio. and Biomedical Eng., 10:00—10:30 Break
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905,
urban.matthew@mayo.edu兲
10:30
Multiple methods have been proposed to characterize the viscoelastic 1aBB9. Effective scatterer size estimation based on mathematical form
material properties of soft tissues to differentiate normal from pathological factors in a rat fibroadenoma model. Lauren A. Wirtzfeld 共Bioacoustics
tissue. Shearwave dispersion ultrasound vibrometry is a method that uses the Res. Lab., Elec. and Comput. Eng., Univ. of Illinois, 405 N. Mathews, Ur-
dispersion of the shear wave velocity to characterize tissue shear elasticity bana, IL, 61801, lwirtz@uiuc.edu兲, Zachary T. Hafez, Ellora Sen-Gupta,
and viscosity. It has recently been shown 关M. W. Urban and J. F. Greenleaf, Andrew P. Battles, Rita J. Miller, Sandhya Sawarte, Michael L. Oelze 共Univ.
Phys. Med. Biol. 54, 5919–5933 共2009兲兴 that the Kramers–Kronig relation- of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801兲, Timothy J. Hall 共Univ. of Wisconsin, Madi-
ships can be applied to shear wave measurements in ex vivo skeletal muscle son, WI, 53705兲, and William D. O’Brien, Jr. 共Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL,
over a frequency bandwidth of 100–600 Hz. We will describe this process 61801兲
where shear wave attenuation is modeled using a power law, and the shear
wave velocity dispersion is predicted by applying the Kramers–Kronig Quantitative ultrasound imaging is a model-based approach aimed at le-
relationships. In this study, we apply this method to shear wave propagation sion detection and classification. In this study, the backscattered rf from rat
measurements made in different soft tissues such as ex vivo porcine skeletal fibroadenomas was fitted to two mathematical models to yield effective scat-
muscle and kidney and in vivo porcine liver. The shear wave velocity pre- terer diameter 共ESD兲. The goal was to aid in understanding potential sources
dictions using the Kramers–Kronig relationships agree with the velocity of scattering in live rat tumors. Data were acquired using three single-
measurements. The mean square error for these tissues ranged from element transducers with center frequencies of 3.5, 7.5, and 13 MHz. Ref-
0.0024–0.0625 m2/s2. The Kramers–Kronig relationships can be used in erence scans were acquired from a Plexiglas plate. Two different theoretical
shear wave propagation measurements in different types of soft tissues. models of scattering were fitted to the data; a fluid filled sphere model,
关This work was supported in part by NIH Grants Nos. EB002167 and which does not support shear waves, and the spherical Gaussian model for
DK082408.兴 the scatterer. Twenty histologically confirmed fibroadenomas were analyzed.
9:30 The ESD values obtained spanned the range of typical acini sizes observed
1aBB7. Visualizing the functional properties of life-threatening in the histology of the fibroadenomas, from approximately 50 µm with the
atherosclerotic plaques using targeted ultrasound contrast agent and 13-MHz transducer up to 200–300 µm with the 3.5-MHz transducer. The
intravascular ultrasound. M. M. Doyley, H. Shekhar 共Dept. of Elec. and estimates from the Gaussian model were consistently higher than for the
Comput. Eng., Hopeman Eng. Bldg., Univ. of Rochester, Rochester, NY, fluid filled sphere. The estimates of ESD decreased with increasing fre-
doyley@ece.rochester.ed兲, J. S. Allen 共Univ. of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, quency, and microstructures corresponding to these different scales were ob-
HJ兲, and J. Rychak 共Targeson, Inc., La Jolla, CA 92037兲 served in histology. 关Work supported by NIH Grant R01CA111289.兴
Acute coronary syndromes may occur when life-threatening atheroscle-

rotic plaques rupture in the later stages of advance cardiovascular disease. 10:45
Coronary angiography is currently the gold standard for assessing the sever- 1aBB10. Inter-comparison of ultrasonic backscatter coefficient
ity of coronary disease; however, its efficacy is questionable. We have de- measurements of live rat fibroadenomas across multiple imaging
veloped a prototype intravascular ultrasound 共IVUS兲 system to assess the platforms. Lauren A. Wirtzfeld 共Bioacoustics Res. Lab., Elec. and Comput.
functional properties 共i.e., inflammation or angiogenesis or both兲 of athero- Eng., Univ. of Illinois, 405 N. Mathews, Urbana, IL 61801,
sclerotic plaques and the arterial wall. In this paper, we report on the results lwirtz@uiuc.edu兲, Goutam Ghoshal, Zachary T. Hafez 共Univ. of Illinois, Ur-
of flow studies that were conducted to assess the nonlinear acoustic behavior bana, IL 61801兲, Kibo Nam 共Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705兲,
of a novel perflourocarbon ultrasound contrast agent, Targestar, at high- Yassin Labyed 共Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011兲, Janelle A. Anderson,
transmit frequencies 共30 and 40 MHz兲. Pulsatile flow studies were con- M-Teresa Herd 共Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705兲, Rita J. Miller,
ducted with vessel phantoms. The subharmonic response of the targeted and Sandhya Sawarte 共Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801兲, James A. Zagzebski
non-targeted agents by applying an eight-order band-pass filter to the digi- 共Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705兲, Timothy A. Bigelow 共Iowa State
tized radio-frequency echo frames. We compared the fundamental and sub- Univ., Ames, IA 50011兲, Timothy J. Hall 共Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
harmonic signals in absolute and relative terms using paired t-tests. SHI 53705兲, Michael L. Oelze, and William D. O’Brien, Jr. 共Univ. of Illinois,
IVUS improves the visualization of the plaque relative to the main vessel, Urbana, IL 61801兲
and the subharmonic behavior of the bubbles compared favorable to our the-
The backscatter coefficient 共BSC兲 as a function of frequency is a system
oretical expectations.
and operator independent parameter. It is the basis for some quantitative ul-
trasound 共QUS兲 based on spectral analysis being translated into clinical use.
9:45 This study aims to extend previous work in well-characterized physical
1aBB8. Estimating ultrasound attenuation along the propagation path phantoms to live animals where tissue properties are unknown. Six Sprague
using a reference phantom. Yassin Labyed and Timothy Bigelow 共Dept. of Dawley rats with spontaneous mammary tumors 共five fibroadenomas and
ECpE, Iowa State Univ., 2215 Coover Hall, Ames, IO 50011兲 one carcinoma兲 were imaged with three clinical systems 共Zonare Z.one, Ul-
trasonix RP, and Siemens S2000兲 and one single element laboratory system. mission in the human lung and chest. Expected attenuation over the scapulae
Data were acquired from approximately the same region of the tumor with and below the diaphragm was observed. There were other significant varia-
each scanner using independent setups. Scans of a reference phantom and tions as a function of location and frequency; measurement results are
Plexiglas plate were acquired for the clinical and laboratory systems, discussed. 关Work supported by NIH Grant # EB008373.兴
respectively. The data were analyzed using methods developed by the re-
spective research group. BSC versus frequency plots show agreement in
11:15
magnitude and trend among the different systems. The BSC estimates over- 1aBB12. Simulations for investigating contrast mechanism of biological
lap each other, showing no more variability between systems than between cells with high-frequency scanning acoustic microscopy. Yada
consecutive imaging planes demonstrating agreement across multiple plat-
Juntarapaso 共Graduate Program in Acoust., The Penn State Univ., Univ.
forms and varied processing techniques between laboratories. Results sup- Park, PA 16802兲 and Richard L. Tutwiler 共The Penn State Univ., State Col-
port the potential to base diagnoses on QUS parameters. 关Work was sup-
lege, PA 16804-0030兲
ported by NIH Grant R01CA111289.兴
Scanning acoustic microscopy 共SAM兲 is one of the most powerful tech-
niques for nondestructive evaluation and it is a promising tool to character-
11:00
1aBB11. Array measurement and imaging of sound transmission ize the elastic properties of biological tissues/cells. Exploring a single cell is
through the lungs. Zoujun Dai, Ying Peng, and Thomas J. Royston 共Univ. important since there is a connection between single cell biomechanics and
human cancer. SAM provides advantages for investigating cells in the fact
of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, daizoujun@gmail.com兲
that it is non-invasive, provides elastic properties information in sub-cellular
Non-contacting scanning laser Doppler vibrometry 共SLDV兲 was used to details, and no chemical stain on the cells. The first goal of this research is
measure torso surface motion at an array of points caused by sound intro- to develop a program for simulating the images and contrast mechanism ob-
duced into the lungs in human subjects. The SLDV serves as a gold standard tained by high-frequency SAM. We focus on the mechanical and acoustical
as it does not have the complexity of surface contact dynamics. Additionally, properties of HeLa cells, which can be analyzed from the V(z) response.
a sensor array integrated into a compliant mesh fabric chair was constructed Two new algorithms for simulating V(z) responses involve calculation of re-
and tested as a less expensive and faster means of acquiring similar acoustic flectance function for coupling medium/cell/substrate system, and are con-
array data. Silicone gel-coupled, piezoelectric contact sensors for the detec- structed based on ray theory and wave theory 共angular spectrum兲. The sec-
tion of subsurface acoustic sources at the skin surface were used in the array. ond goal is to design/optimize transducer arrays for SAM. One-dimensional
Array measurements were processed to determine the response at each mea- and two-dimensional 共2-D兲 linear array and phased arrays are simulated us-
surement point as a function of frequency up to 1.6 kHz. Acoustic images ing FIELD II program to analyze image resolution and volumetric imaging
were generated indicating the amplitude level at each point relative to the capabilities. The new 2-D array design will enhance the performance of
amplitude measured at the suprasternal notch, which served as the reference SAM by electronically scanning and by providing a four-dimensional image
input. The acoustic measurements illustrated the complexity of sound trans- of the cells development phase.
MONDAY MORNING, 19 APRIL 2010 KOZMOS, 9:30 A.M. TO 12:15 P.M.
Session 1aMU
Musical Acoustics: String Instruments
Paul A. Wheeler, Chair

Utah State Univ., Electrical and Computer Engineering, 1595 N. 1600 E., Logan, UT 84341
Invited Papers
9:30
1aMU1. Traditional string instruments of the world. Paul A. Wheeler 共ECE Dept., Utah State Univ., 4120 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT
84322-4120, paul.wheeler@usu.edu兲
The string instruments best known to musicians, educated in western music, are the orchestral strings 共violin, viola, cello, and
double bass兲 with the addition of the guitar and harp. This represents a very small sample of string instruments used throughout the
world. This paper is intended to introduce the variety of string instruments used in traditional music of world cultures. The instruments
include the following: 共1兲 musical bows—the berimbau of Brazil; 共2兲 African and European lyres—the krar of Ethiopia and crwth of
Wales; 共3兲 harps—the ennanga of Uganda, saung gauk of Burma, and the Paraguyan harp; 共4兲 plucked lutes—the charango of the Andes
of Arabia, the balalaika of Russia, sitar of India, and the pipa of China; 共5兲 fiddles 共bowed lutes兲—the hurdy-gurdy and nyckelharpa of
Europe, the imzad of North Africa, the sarangi of India, and the morin khuur of Mongolia; 共6兲 plucked zithers - the valiha of Mada-
gascar, kantele of Finland, dan bau of Vietnam, and the zheng of China; and 共7兲 dulcimers 共hammered zithers兲—the cimbalom of Hun-
gary, santoor of Iran, and the yangqin of China.
10:00
1aMU2. Contemporary approaches to modeling violin tone, dynamics, and response. F. J. Denaro 共Dept. of Biology, Morgan State
Univ., 1700 East Cold Spring Ln, Baltimore, MD 21251兲
Long-time-average spectral graphs of violin tone reveal some important characteristics of excellent instruments. Included are good
dynamic range and frequency response. Significantly there is a marked response in the 194–649 Hz range 共high sonority兲, a lower
response for 649–1296 Hz 共nasal兲, good response for 1830–4342 Hz 共brilliance兲, and low response in the 4340–6300 Hz 共harsh兲关H.
Dunnwald, Catgut. Acoust. Soc. J. 1, 1–5 共1991兲兴. In this talk a working protocol on how to modify the frequency response in each of
these areas is explained. Important insights obtained from the burnish/hydrate 共B/H兲 method will be used to illustrate how this can be
done in a systematic fashion. The B/H method produces reversible stiffness changes in the plate area of choice. As a result it is possible
1a MON. AM
to evaluate the change in tone and response by listening or by acoustical measurements. If the change is a desired one, it can be made
permanent by removing the wood. While the frequency ranges noted above display a degree of interdependence, addressing them in-
dependently has led to a general pattern on where the needed plate and corpus modifications should be placed for an excellent violin.
10:30—10:45 Break
Contributed Papers
10:45 While this configuration provides multiple degrees of freedom, it is subop-
1aMU3. High-speed imaging techniques for harpsichord plucking timal for many musical interactions. For instance, typically the workspace of
action. Marshall J. Brown 共Dept. of Phys., Univ. of New Orleans, New Or- the arm is restricted, which can detract from the musician’s enjoyment of the
leans, LA 70148, mjbrown3@uno.edu兲, C.-Y. Jack Perng 共Stanford Univ., experience. The workspace restriction can be resolved by freeing the tool
Stanford, CA兲, Thomas D. Rossing 共Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA兲, and Juli- from the end of the haptic device and having the musician hold the tool,
ette W. Ioup 共Univ. of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA兲 which may be a plectrum, bow, or drumstick, in his or her hand. Further
benefits can be reaped if multiple points of haptic interaction are available,
Harpsichords contain vibrating strings whose motion has been studied
enabling the musician to manipulate the points and move freely in between
extensively. The harpsichord sound is produced by a plectrum plucking the them. A dual voice coil woofer provides a convenient collocated sensor
string, a behavior not well modeled at present. A high-speed video camera is
/motor for constructing a single degree-of-freedom point of haptic
used to image sequentially the plucking action of a harpsichord plectrum of interaction. We present an example instrument in which a musician employs
modern plastic. This action is quite complicated and highly impulsive, too
a conventional plectrum to interact with a virtual digital waveguide string.
fast for the human eye to register. The tongue holding the plectrum moves
backward in the escapement as well as when the plectrum slips by the string
as the jack returns to its rest position. The plectrum may contact the string
more than once during these events. The high-speed camera is a Casio Ex- 11:30
ilim Pro EX-F1, capable of 1200 frames/s. To study the plectrum action, 1aMU6. Acoustic changes produced by hydration and burnishing of
monochords and harpsichords were used. One of the major difficulties with violin plates. F. J. Denaro 共Dept. of Biology, Morgan State Univ., 1700 East
high-speed camera images provides sufficient light while maintaining Cold Spring Ln, Baltimore, MD 21251兲 and M. R. Serbyn 共Morgan State
CMOS saturation and keeping image coherence maximized for the fast shut- Univ., Baltimore, MD 21251兲
ter action. Various solutions to this problem were tested, including using di-
rect sunlight. Further problems encountered 共such as CMOS color response兲 To achieve the proper balance of tone and loudness throughout the fre-
will be described and their solutions discussed. Images show the plucking, quency range of a fine violin, various methods of plate tuning have been
the escapement, the plectrum motion, and the string excitation in detail dur- proposed. Unfortunately, their effectiveness can be judged only a posteriori,
ing the plucking action. for even if a violin plate response is well characterized, where to work the
wood is poorly known. What is needed is a process that does not remove
wood until the desired acoustical characteristics are produced regardless of
11:00 the method used. The technique proposed by us consists of systematic hy-
1aMU4. Toward the modeling of harpsichord plucking. Chao-Yu J. Perng drations and/or compressional burnishing of focal areas of the violin plates
共Dept. of Phys., Stanford Univ., 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, or corpus. Hydration is acoustically equivalent to a decrease in stiffness,
perng@stanford.edu兲, Thomas D. Rossing 共Stanford Univ., CA 94305兲, while burnishing increases stiffness. Both are reversible without marked
Marshall J. Brown, and Juliette W. Ioup 共Univ. of New Orleans, New Or- changes to the wood. In order to establish how these treatments affect the
leans, LA 70148兲 material constants of the plates, strips of maple and pine were tested in both
The harpsichord’s plucking action is much less studied than the piano’s treated and untreated states and the changes noted. Results suggest tempo-
hammer striking action. A theoretical model was first proposed 关D. H. rary changes to plate stiffness. The magnitude of these changes is sufficient
Griffel, J. Sound Vib. 175, 289–297 共1994兲兴 treating the plectrum as a rigid to affect acoustic signatures and holographic patterns and hence can be
body or two rigid bodies connected with a torsional spring. This was later detected. The accumulative effects of such changes to violin tone are noted
investigated experimentally 关N. Giordano and J. P. Winans II, J. Sound Vib. in our companion paper.
224, 455–473 共1999兲兴 using a capacitive sensor, resulting in a more refined
model based on simple one-dimensional beam dynamics. In our work, we
employ various string position sensors, and a more detailed plucked string 11:45
trajectory is captured and analyzed. Also aided by high-speed camera im- 1aMU7. Systematic optimization of violin tone by an acoustically
ages, studies on the detailed plectrum’s shape of deflection are done. By a reversible approach: The burnish/hydration technique. F. J. Denaro
more rigorous treatment of elastic beam theory and looking into interactions 共Dept. of Biology, Morgan State Univ., 1700 East Cold Spring Ln, Balti-
of the plectrum and string after the initial release, we present a revised more, MD 21251兲 and M. R. Serbyn 共Morgan State Univ., Baltimore, MD
model on the plucking mechanism of the harpsichord string that contributes 21251兲
to its characteristic tone quality.
The companion paper supports the hypothesis that focal alterations to
the stiffness of the wood can be produced by compressional burnishing or
11:15
hydration of discreet areas of the plates or corpus. The effects of both bur-
1aMU5. Haptic interaction for music with unrestricted freedom of the
nishing and hydration are reversible. Therefore, one has real-time-feedback
musician’s motion: Promoting augmented interaction with physical
for modeling optimal violin tone. As a result only those acoustic changes
tools. Edgar Berdahl, Gunter Niemeyer, and Julius O. Smith, III 共Dept. of
which are desired are made permanent by removal of wood. To develop
Music, CCRMA, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA 94305, eberdahl@ccrma
proof of concept we applied this approach to both top and back plates and to
.stanford.edu兲
violins in the white. The experiments consisted of evaluation of tap tone fre-
A haptic musical instrument is an electromechanical musical instrument quencies and evaluating violins played in the white. Standard recording- and
that provides a musician not only with audio feedback but also with force signal-analysis equipment was used. The conclusions drawn from measure-
feedback. Many commercial force feedback devices consist of a tool, such ments correlated well with those from listening, that is, incremental changes
as a thimble or pen, attached to the end of a robotic arm. The musician can in the tone produced by this technique can guide the carving of the plates.
grab onto the tool and use it to manipulate a virtual musical instrument. An important strength of the technique is that it can be applied with other
methods of plate tuning, namely, tap-tone methods, holographic techniques, culated, respectively. The coefficient can be obtained by using the mean
computer analysis, etc. The approach should provide a valuable adjunct in squared error between magnitude response of the filter and the gains of each
making instruments of the violin family. harmonic. In this case, unlike steel stringed instruments, the accuracy of fil-
ter coefficient estimation for the silk stringed instruments depends entirely
12:00 upon choosing the specific region of the recorded sound. In this paper, 84
1aMU8. Estimation of loop filter coefficient for the silk stringed different notes of the silk stringed instrument called Gayageum, Korean tra-
instruments. Sangjin Cho and Uipil Chong 共School of Elec. Eng., Univ. of ditional plucked-string instrument, were recorded, and estimation of filter
Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea, sjcho75@ulsan.ac.kr兲 coefficient was performed for the following regions: entire, decay, sustain,
It is very important to represent an exact attenuation of a sound in a and RT1 共reverberation time兲 region. The estimation results were good in
physical modeling of the plucked string instruments. Vlimki et al. proposed order of decay, RT1, sustain, and entire region. Especially, the performance
a simple one-pole low-pass filter called loop filter to depict the attenuation for the decay region was very good. 关This work was supported by the Korea
of the sound in the extended KS algorithm. In order to estimate the filter Science and Engineering Foundation 共KOSEF兲 grant funded by the Korea
coefficient, attenuations and gains of each harmonic are measured and cal- government 共MEST兲共No. R01-2008-000-20493-0兲.兴
MONDAY MORNING, 19 APRIL 2010 GRAND BALLROOM V, 8:00 TO 9:00 A.M.
Session 1aNCa
NOISE-CON: Plenary
Patricia Davies, Chair

Purdue Univ., School Mechanical Engineering, 140 Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907-2031
Invited Paper
8:05
1aNCa1. Sonic boom: From bang to puff. Kenneth J. Plotkin 共Wyle Labs., 241 18th St. S., Ste. 701, Arlington, VA 22202, kenneth
.plotkin@wyle.com兲
For almost 40 years commercial supersonic flight over land has been prohibited because of the negative impact of sonic booms.
During that time, technology advances have raised the possibility of a muted sonic boom—a sonic “puff”—that could be acceptable
over populated areas. This paper reviews the physics of sonic boom generation and propagation, and why booms from conventional
aircraft are usually N-waves with unacceptably large shock waves. The low-boom shaping technology that can minimize shocks, thus
reducing sonic boom loudness to acceptable levels, is presented. The success of the DARPA/NASA Shaped Sonic Boom Demonstrator
in validating shaping theory is discussed. Concepts for attaining practical aircraft configurations, versus ideal optimal shapes, are
described.
8:45—8:50 Questions
8:50—9:00 Announcements
MONDAY MORNING, 19 APRIL 2010 GRAND BALLROOM I/II, 9:15 A.M. TO 12:00 NOON
1a MON. AM
Session 1aNCb
NOISE-CON: Materials for Noise Control—Manufacturer Presentations
Stephen I. Roth, Chair

Roth Acoustical Associates, 2352 Norton Rd., Pittsburgh, PA 15241
Contributed Papers
9:15 This paper will discuss the types of hand applied and spray applied
1aNCb1. Effect of intrinsic parameters on sound absorption and sound absorbing acoustical plasters manufactured by Pyrok Inc. Pyrok
transmission loss: A parametric study. Paresh Shravage, Sachin Jain, and Acoustement products are spray applied acoustical plasters which are for-
Nagesh Karanth 共Automotive Res. Assoc. of India, Noise Vib. and Harsh- mulated with gypsum plaster or Portland cement. The Portland cement
ness Lab, Automotive Res. Assoc. of India 共ARAI兲, S. No 102, Vetal Tekadi, Acoustement 40 can be used for exterior as well as interior applications.
Off Paud Rd., Kothrud, Pune 411038, India pareshshravage@gmail.com兲 Acoustment Plaster 20 and Acoustment Plaster 40 are gypsum based and are
for interior applications only. The Pyrok StarSilent System has a smooth
Sound absorbing materials are indispensable nowadays for noise control hand trowel applied finish that looks like monolithic drywall as well as a
treatments in transport industry. The acoustical behavior of these acoustic superfine sprayed finish. This paper will also discuss ASTM C423 testing
materials is governed by five physical 共e.g., porosity, flow resistivity, tortu- and how it relates to spray and hand applied acoustical plasters. Although all
osity, viscous characteristic length, and thermal characteristic length兲 as well spray applied and hand applied sound absorbing products are tested to
as three mechanical parameters 共e.g., Young’s modulus, Poisson ratio, and ASTM C423, there are differences and inconsistancies when evaluating and
loss factor兲. The characterization of these porous materials is very crucial as comparing their sound absorption data.
it plays an important role in design and development stage itself for predict-
ing acoustic behavior of multilayer porous materials for higher sound ab-
sorption and transmission loss. This prediction depends on measurement ac- 10:00
curacy of macroscopic physical parameters which are very difficult to 1aNCb4. Numerical study of noise transmission through functionally
measure except porosity and flow resistivity, which is the only standardized graded panels. Changzheng Huang and Steve Nutt 共Dept. of Chemical Eng.
test until today; also availability of such rigs is also a problem for manufac- and Mater. Sci., Univ. of Southern California, 3651 Watt Way, VHE 602 Los
tures as they are available only at specialized test laboratories. This Angeles, CA 90089-0241, changzh@usc.edu兲
paper presents effect of all of these parameters on sound absorption coeffi-
cient and transmission loss of the porous materials using Functionally graded panels are panels made of either functionally graded
Johnson—Champoux—Allard and Biot model for poroelastic materials. It materials 共FGMs兲 or functionally graded structures. FGM panels are tradi-
also discusses results of simulation with effect of each parameter on acoustic tionally used as thermal insulation barriers and they find applications in
behavior of the sound absorbing materials. space and launch vehicles. Functionally graded structures include foams
with continuous variations in pore size from one side to the other side. Such
foams are incorporated as the core layer in sandwich panels. The latter is
9:30 often used as partition walls in the building and transportation industries. In
1aNCb2. A comparison of analytical and optimization inverse this study, we are concerned with the noise transmission characteristics of
techniques for characterizing intrinsic parameters of porous materials. functionally graded panels. We developed an analytical model to derive the
Paresh Shravage, Sachin Jain, and Nagesh Karanth 共Noise Vib. and Harsh- transfer matrix for the functionally graded medium. Using this model, we
ness Lab, The Automotive Res. Assoc. of India 共ARAI兲, Survey No. 102, were able to make numerical predictions for sound transmission through
Vetal Hill, Off Paud Rd., Kothrud, Pune 411 038, India, pareshshravage functionally graded panels. The gradation parameter provides an additional
@gmail.com兲 degree of freedom in controlling the noise transmission characteristics. This
is helpful in maximizing the noise reduction in panel design. Furthermore,
In recent years, sound absorbing materials are finding many applications our transfer matrix model applies to conventional discretely layered panels
in transport industry. In automobiles, they are used as noise control treat- as well. In fact, the latter is just a special case in our modeling formulation.
ments in engine compartment as well as in passenger cabin. To understand Numerical examples and results are presented and discussed.
and simulate acoustic behavior of these noise control treatments, intrinsic
physical parameters are required. The acoustical behavior of poroelastic ma-
terial is governed by five macroscopic intrinsic parameters, e.g., porosity, 10:15—10:30 Break
flow resistivity, tortuosity, and characteristics lengths as well as three me-
chanical parameters. Out of these five physical parameters, porosity and 10:30
flow resistivity can be measured directly by available standardized methods. 1aNCb5. Achieving minimum impact insulation class 50 rating using
But measurement of physical parameters such as tortuosity, viscous, and resilient clip technology in lightweight construction. Wilson Byrick
thermal characteristic lengths is very difficult and no accepted procedure is 共Pliteq Inc., 1370 Don Mills Rd., Unit 300 Toronto, ON M3B 3N7, Canada,
available for their measurement. As an alternative, analytical inverse ap- wbyrick@pliteq.com兲
proach 共mid-frequency兲 and optimization technique Genetic algorithm are
well known in the literature. This paper compares the results from both tech- Resilient clip technology is an alternative to resilient channel for sup-
niques for intrinsic parameters. It also presents the effect of inverted param- porting gypsum wallboard in fire rated wall and floor-ceiling assemblies.
eters on sound absorption and transmission loss of the porous materials us- Lightweight wood frame construction presents challenges in meeting build-
ing Johnson–Champoux–Allard model. ing code requirements for impact insulation class 共IIC兲 and sound transmis-
sion class 共STC兲 ratings in floor-ceiling assemblies. Through laboratory test-
ing we were able to compare different floor-ceiling assemblies commonly
9:45 used in multi-family construction. Two different structures were tested, an
1aNCb3. Hand troweled and spray applied sound absorbing acoustical 18 in. open web truss, 24 in. o.c., and a 12 in. engineered joist 共TJI兲 24 in.
plasters. Howard Podolsky and Andrew Sarcinella 共Pyrok Inc., 121 Sunset o.c. Various finish floor coverings were used including ceramic tile, vinyl,
Rd., Mamaroneck, New York 10543, howard@pyrok.com兲 and engineered wood. Structures achieved minimum IIC and STC 50 with
and without 3/4 in. Gypsum concrete. Resilient rubber underlayment of center that can be readily deployed worldwide. The performance criteria re-
varying thickness can further improve the IIC and STC ratings of the as- quiring a minimum field STC-35 utilizing a modular, scalable mechanical
sembly as can adding a second layer of gypsum wallboard. design capable of repeated assembly without the use of tools, a maximum
component weight of 2.65 lb/ft2 a 2 in. maximum wall thickness, and the
incorporation of active and passive ventilation required the development of
10:45
a robust, multi-layered composite panel and joining system as well as ancil-
1aNCb6. Quieting small centrifugal fans: A material manufacturer’s
lary components. Using a combination of non-metallic limp mass and rigid
view. Steven M. Brown and Dan LaForgia 共The Soundcoat Co. Inc., 1 Burt
metallic barriers separated by decouplers of varying properties in an alumi-
Dr., Deer Park, NY 11729, sbrown@soundcoat.com兲
num shell brake-formed to distort natural resonance, we were able to
Noise control treatments have been developed for small centrifugal fans achieve significant transmission loss 共up to 45 dB兲 in the speech range of
in fan trays. The fan trays are employed in cooling mobile electronics frequencies equaling the performance of commercially available products of
equipment. Similar treatments can be employed in stationary equipment nearly twice the weight and bulk. Interior room acoustical characteristics
racks used in the information technology and telecom industries. The noise were optimized by using modular demountable sound absorptive units.
control treatments incorporate especially sculpted sound absorbing material.
This paper discusses the considerations used in developing the treatments, 11:30
the resulting sculpted design of the treatments, and the acoustical material 1aNCb9. Modular room design. Craig D’Anna 共Industrial Acoust. Co.,
used in producing the treatments. The achieved noise reductions are 1160 Commerce Ave., Bronx, NY 10462, cdanna@industrialacoustics.com兲
presented. Comments are made on the resultant improvements in airflow and
accompanying cooling capacity. Modular acoustical panels have been used to construct noise control en-
closures at least since the early 1950s. This paper presents examples of the
early days of modular acoustical enclosures and illustrates the current state
11:00
of the art where pre-engineered acoustical panels are used to construct
1aNCb7. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning flexible duct
acoustical environments for Music Practice, Broadcast Facilities, Recording
acoustical solutions. Neil Silverman 共Flexmaster USA, Inc., 4545 Pine
Rooms, and Sensitive Compartmented Information Facilities in a shorter pe-
Timbers # 324, Houston, TX 77041, neil@flexmasterusa.com兲
riod of time and at a lower cost than traditional drywall construction. Nu-
Flexmaster USA has been manufacturing the highest quality flexible merous examples are presented illustrating how, through the use of pre-
duct available for commercial applications for over 30 years and has a wide engineered acoustical panel systems, manufacturers are able to guarantee the
array of selections. There are three very distinct choices, type 6, type 8, and acoustical characteristics of a space while maintaining the ability to expand,
our Medical Grade Triple Lock Acoustical that have been tested by Ener- demount, and relocate the rooms at a later point in time. The benefits of a
gistics Laboratory, which is a research and test facility dedicated to the no-hassle installation and acoustic guarantee, as well as multiple options for
HVAC industry. The testing for Flexmaster USA’s type 6, SPUN BOND Ny- fit and finish that will equal the best craftsman’s fine handiwork, are
lon, type 8, chlorinated polyethylene 共CPE兲 fabric, and model MGA TLM presented.
共aluminum corrugated flexible duct兲 has shown significant reduction in
sound. In other words, they absorb unwanted sound, including the most im- 11:45
portant mid-range frequencies. Our products listed here will significantly re- 1aNCb10. Pearl Palms concert theater. Steven Udolph 共Tectum Inc., P.O.
duce unwanted noise in all of your rooms. These products allows Box 3002, Newark, OH 43058, sudolph@tectum.com兲 and Tera Aurther
sound—not air flow—to permeate through the liner and become absorbed 共Badertscher Communls兲
inside the insulation. Each 6 in. test specimen was tested both straight and
with a 90 deg bend for velocities of 0 FPM, 500 FPM, and 1000 FPM and The Pearl Theater was designed and built to meet the demands of both
compared to hard metal duct at the same velocities. Diameters of 6 in. thru the sophisticated local market and the demanding high-end tourist market in
16 in. were provided by Flexmaster USA directly to Energistics Laboratory Las Vegas, NV. These markets will quickly dismiss any venue that does not
for the testing that was concluded in July of 2006. Unique to others in the deliver a superior performance, as will the performers that a venue like this
industry, Flexmaster USA manufactures flexible duct without the use of must attract in the highly competitive environment, that is, Las Vegas. The
glues or adhesives. The mechanical-locked inner core maintains its shape Pearl delivers for the audience, the performers, and the owners. Studio X at
the Palms is the largest and best-equipped recording facility ever built in Las
Vegas. The Pearl Concert Theater is hard wired to the studio to allow artists
11:15
to conveniently and cost effectively create albums of their live performances
1aNCb8. Low-mass–high-transmission loss portable speech isolation
in the theater. For the owners to realize a return on their investment in these
room for very important person protection. Mark Rubino 共Industrial
facilities, the acoustics in the 3294 sq.ft theater had to be impeccable. But
Noise Control, Inc., 401 Airport Rd. North Aurora, IL 60542, MRubino
the need for a sophisticated sound environment was just the beginning. The
@industrialnoisecontrol.com兲
aesthetics of the 2400-seat theater were also a major priority. To address
This case study examines the design, construction, and testing of a light- both concerns, Dean Roofing & Insulation installed 25000 sq. ft of Tectum
weight, easily transportable speech isolation room capable of providing sub- 1 in. panels in all of the traffic ways and throughout the theater. The Tectum
stantial anti-eavesdropping countermeasures for use by high-level govern- panels and the seats are the only sound absorbing materials used in this
ment and intelligence agencies as a secure meeting and communications project.
MONDAY MORNING, 19 APRIL 2010 GRAND BALLROOM III/IV, 9:15 TO 10:45 A.M.
1a MON. AM
Session 1aNCc
NOISE-CON, Noise, and Signal Processing in Acoustics: Active Noise Control
Marty Johnson, Chair

Virginia Tech, 143 Durham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061
Contributed Papers
9:15 and control speakers. The tonal noise content of the blade passage frequency
1aNCc1. A novel delayless frequency-domain filtered-x least mean and the first harmonic was controlled at the error sensors for each fan. The
squares algorithm for active noise control. Jie Duan and Teik Lim 共Univ. tonal noise content was also reduced in the far field and the beat frequency
of Cincinnati, 730 Riddle Rd., Apt. 205N, Cincinnati, OH 45220, duan- reduced.
jieee02@gmail.com兲
The delayless frequency-domain implementation of least mean squares 10:00
共LMS兲 algorithm is attractive because it can eliminate undesired block delay 1aNCc4. A physically motivated room reverberation enhancement
in the signal path while still remain the advantages of the frequency-domain system that is stable in any (passive) room. Edgar Berdahl, Gunter
LMS algorithm. However, the conventional delayless frequency-domain Niemeyer, and Julius O. Smith III 共Dept. of Music, CCRMA, Stanford
LMS experiences difficulties in slow convergence when it is applied to har- Univ., Stanford, CA 94305, eberdahl@ccrma.stanford.edu兲
monic signal control at some frequencies. In this study, an overlap-save
implementation of the delayless frequency-domain LMS algorithm is pro- Prior active room reverberation enhancement systems have typically em-
posed to overcome the convergence problem mentioned above. Simulations ployed microphones, artificial reverberator filters, and loudspeakers to
show that the proposed implementation has better performance than the change the reverberant properties of a room. However, acoustic feedback
original one either in the pure tone application or in the vehicle powertrain from the loudspeakers to the microphones has had the potential to drive such
noise application. systems unstable. In contrast, techniques from feedback control can be used
to design a stable room reverberation enhancement system from the ground
up. A feedback controller implements a passive connection between virtual
9:30 acoustic spaces, which are realized using digital waveguide networks, and
1aNCc2. Active noise control of magnetic resonance imaging scanner special transducers, which operate concurrently as microphones and
using inverse modeling technique. Mingfeng Li, Brent Rudd, and loudspeakers. Because the feedback controller models a passive system, it is
Jing-Huei Lee 共Mech. Eng., Univ. of Cincinnati, 584-D Rhodes Hall, P.O. theoretically stable for arbitrarily large loop gains in any 共passive兲 acoustic
Box 210072, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0072, limf@ucmail.uc.edu兲 environment. As a consequence, the system does not suffer from “ringing
In active noise control applications, internal model control 共IMC兲 is a tones” at high-loop gains in the same way as prior systems have suffered.
strategy to convert from feedback to feedforward control. In this configura- Furthermore, the system does not need to be re-calibrated if the properties of
tion, the optimal solution of the controller will be the inverse model of the the room change or even if moved to a whole new room. Finally, this
secondary path. However, the inverse model of the secondary path may not method for designing room reverberation enhancement systems may gener-
always exist. In fact, for the non-minimal phase system, the inverse model is ally result in more realistic reverberant sound because it implements the
unstable. In this case, the non-causal or delayed version of the inverse model acoustical features of a system that could exist naturally in the physical
will be employed. In general, this approach is not suitable for active noise world.
control if the objective is to treat broadband noise. However, for harmonic
signal control, this is not an issue. Magnetic resonance imaging 共MRI兲, a
10:15
procedure for medical diagnosis and biomedical research, generates unde-
1aNCc5. An electroacoustic sound transmission system that is stable in
sirable levels of acoustic noise emission. The noise is normally dominated
any (passive) acoustic environment. Edgar Berdahl 共Berdahl Innovations,
by clusters of harmonics throughout the audio spectrum. Due to its tonal
103 Cortland Ave., San Francisco, CA 94110兲, Dan Harris 共Sennheiser Res.
nature, MRI noise control is a candidate for IMC. In this paper, an active
Lab., 3239 El Camino Real, Palo Alto, CA 94306兲, Gunter Niemeyer, and
noise control scheme using the inverse modeling technique is proposed and
Julius Smith, III 共Dept. of Music, CCRMA, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA
studied for pre-recorded MRI noises obtained during operation of a 4T
94305兲
whole-body MRI scanner. The recorded MRI noise is played back through a
stereo system in a sound quality room and controlled using a headset Active electroacoustic systems are commonly employed to transmit
equipped with the proposed active controller. The results demonstrate almost sound from one location to another. For example, consider the following
20 dB reduction can be achieved. configuration: a person talks into a microphone, which produces an electri-
cally amplified signal for driving a loudspeaker, and the loudspeaker induces
an output acoustic signal allowing someone else at a more distant location to
9:45
hear the person talking. Unfortunately, such system designs typically do not
1aNCc3. Active noise control of multiple cooling fans. Ryan Rust,
consider acoustic feedback, which can destabilize the system and result in
Jonathan Blotter, Scott Sommerfeldt, and Kent Gee 共Brigham Young Univ.,
“howling.” In contrast, a feedback control system can transmit sound from
435 Crabtree Bldg., Provo, UT 84602, ryrust@gmail.com兲
one location to another using collocated microphone/loudspeaker transduc-
Fans are used to dissipate heat from electronic devices to keep the com- ers without the risk of howling. We design feedback controllers that model
ponents working properly but create noise as a byproduct. Multiple fans are positive real 共i.e., passive兲 systems, such as a spring and a gyrator. The
often needed in computer servers and other types of electronic equipment to spring controller essentially binds the diaphragms of the two transducers
adequately cool them. The fan array increases the cooling rate but also in- together. We relate the spring controller to the string connecting two tin cans
creases the noise produced. In addition to the added noise, differences be- together in the classical tin can telephone. Measurements are performed on
tween fans due to manufacturing cause the fans to rotate at different speeds, a real feedback control system with two transducers. Because the feedback
creating an annoying beat frequency. Feed forward active noise control was controller models a passive system, it is stable in any 共passive兲 acoustic
studied for an exhaust mounted two fan array using near field error sensors environment. 关Sennheiser Electronic Corporation helped support this work.兴
10:30 types of new interfaces is a three-dimensional 共3-D兲 audio interface that pre-
1aNCc6. Three-dimensional audio interface: A user’s survey. Kim sents warning signals and tactical messages at spatial locations associated
Abouchacra, Solara Sinno 共Dept. of Otolaryngol.-Head and Neck Surgery, with the content of the emitted signals or messages. However, not all the
AUBMC, American Univ. of Beirut, 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon, information can be displayed through a 3-D interface with needed resolution
ks05@aub.edu.lb兲, and Tomasz Letowski 共U.S. Army Res. Lab., Aberdeen and sound quality and either too little or too much information can be
Proving Ground, MD兲 equally detrimental to the user. This paper is the summary of data obtained
Increasing complexity of military vehicles, high noise levels, and the through a user’s survey administered to 105 tankers regarding expected
command and control demands of modern warfare put high physical and functionality of 3-D interfaces in armored vehicles. The results of the survey
mental load on crews operating the vehicles. The need for indirect driving strongly support the value of the 3-D audio interface for most of the vehi-
and simultaneous control of various robotic systems demands multisensory cle’s systems and for most operational conditions. The general results and
interfaces between the crew and the operated systems. One of the promising the specific details of the survey will be discussed.
MONDAY MORNING, 19 APRIL 2010 GRAND BALLROOM VII/VIII, 9:15 A.M. TO 12:00 NOON
Session 1aNCd
NOISE-CON, Noise, and Architectural Acoustics: Building Design and Construction for Effective Acoustic
Performance
Kenric Van Wyk, Chair

Acoustics By Design, 123 East Fulton, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
Contributed Papers
9:15 9:45
1aNCd1. Acoustical considerations in future building design processes. 1aNCd3. Acoustics of technology enabled collaborative learning
Tyrone Hunter 共Balance Acoust., 7710 Hazard Ctr., Dr. E-102, San Diego, environments. Gregory A. Coudriet and Jeffery E. Babich 共The Sextant
CA 92108, huntert3@asme.org兲 Group, Inc., 730 River Ave., Ste. 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, gcoudriet
@thesextantgroup.com兲
“Sustainability” is the major buzzword in the building design and con-
Collaborative classrooms and workstations are increasingly common in
struction arena today. The context often talks about products that will result
higher education buildings. These spaces present unique acoustical chal-
in a smaller initial and ongoing carbon footprint. This paper will look at the lenges that force designers to rethink traditional concepts and solutions. In
idea of sustainability as a process, covering the end-to-end design and con- student-centered classrooms, the lecturer is removed as the visual and acous-
struction process as well as the process of generating and managing building tical center of attention. Instead, students are seated in groups around tech-
data during its life cycle. The advent of lean construction and building in- nology enabled workstations, often facing away from the lecturer and other
formation modeling is an opportunity to make acoustics more inherent to the students. Acoustical conditions must support small-group interaction, class-
conceptual design and prevent it from being a casualty of the “value room discussion, and learning via multimedia content. Outside the class-
engineering”. Significant questions do arise, however, with regard to the room, collaborative workstations vary greatly, but typically facilitate small-
acoustical information needed for such processes. These questions include, group interaction around a multimedia display and/or work surface. To
but are not limited to, what information is needed, who will need it, and how promote impromptu use by students, these spaces are often open to highly
will it be exchanged. The answers to these questions differ when considering public areas of learning commons, classroom buildings, and digital libraries.
Traditional noise control solutions fail to isolate these spaces without com-
the above-mentioned processes and efforts to be holistically efficient and
promising their spontaneous feel and function. Despite obvious acoustical
sustainable. The answers to these questions will be integrated into how
challenges, both space types will continue to proliferate and new acoustical
building design is taught with regard to acoustics other specialties. solutions must be developed.
10:00
1aNCd4. Small deviations and big failures in vibration and noise
isolation. Byron Davis and Ahmad Bayat 共Vibro-Acoust. Consultants, 490
9:30 Post St., Ste 1427, San Francisco, CA 94102, byron@va-consult.com兲
1aNCd2. Classroom noise at the Applied Research Laboratory, Penn
The difference between design intent and actual implementation is fre-
State. Marshall Long 共Marshall Long Acoust., 13636 Riverside Dr., Sher- quently a problem in real constructions. For vibration and noise isolation
man Oaks, CA 91423, mlacoustics@sbcglobal.net兲 hardware, seemingly innocuous deviations can result in major deficiencies
in performance. From hardware selection to installation and adjustment, vi-
Session 3.8: Building Design and Construction for Effective Acoustic
bration isolation systems present significant challenges. In this paper, we of-
Performance Classroom Noise at ARL Penn State by Marshall Long The
fer insight into a broad spectrum of problematic rotating mechanical
Applied Research Laboratory at Penn State is a well known center of acous-
systems. Numerous categories of vibration-isolation failure are identified,
tics education in the United States. When Marshall Long Acoustics was se- and detailed photographs highlight subtle errors in isolator selection, instal-
lected to be the acoustical engineer on the new ARL building, we were par- lation, and adjustment that can lead to poor vibration and noise performance.
ticularly careful to check every noise source. When we went out on the final Before-and-after vibration data are presented to illustrate the effect of poorly
inspection, the question arose, “Why is the background noise level NC 42 in isolated rotating machinery. A spectacular example of comprehensive
a classroom when it should be under 30?” The answer was not so elemen- facility-wide failures is given, with ground vibration data from a brownfield
tary my dear Watson. site adjacent to an outdated textile plant.
10:15 11:15
1aNCd5. Retrofit structural insulated panels increase sound 1aNCd8. Case study: Computer modeling of exterior mechanical noise
transmission loss of existing single family houses impacted by highway from an existing building to develop mitigation for code compliance.
1a MON. AM
noise. Scott Harvey, PE 共Phoenix Noise & Vib., LLC, 5216 Chairmans Ct., Roman Wowk and Chris Papadimos 共818 Fifth Ave., Ste. 207, San Rafael,
Ste. 107, Frederick, MD 21703-2881, sharvey@phoenixnv.com兲 CA 94901, roman@papadimosgroup.com兲
Owners of newly constructed houses complained of interior noise from a This paper presents a case study of how computer modeling was used to
nearby interstate highway. The houses were constructed using structural in- develop exterior noise treatments for an existing building. Sound pressure
sulated panels 共SIPs兲 as opposed to conventional 2x4 wood studs. The SIPs measurements were used to first establish existing ambient noise levels and
are composed of 3.5 in. of expanded polystyrene insulation sandwiched be- characterize building noise sources. Following that, a computer model of the
tween two layers of oriented strand board 共OSB兲 and exhibit higher thermal building and surrounding area was constructed using commercially available
efficiency than conventional construction. Sound transmission loss testing of environmental noise modeling software. Noise sources were modeled using
the standard SIPs, however, reveals relatively low acoustical performance sound power spectra from equipment manufacturers or approximated from
especially in the 630 Hz range. This characteristic acted as a band pass filter measured sound pressure levels. The predicted ambient noise levels com-
allowing only a portion of the broadband traffic noise to enter the house. The pared favorably to the measured data, thus validating the accuracy of the
observed traffic noise inside the house had a clear tonal quality adding to the model. Once this baseline condition was established, a new building pro-
annoyance of the traffic noise impact. After consideration of several reme- posed between the existing building and the residences was added in the
dial options the builder decided to retrofit the exterior of the impacted model to predict how it would function as a barrier to reduced noise at the
houses using a combination of standard resilient channel, insulation, and ad- residences. To develop additional noise treatments necessary for code com-
ditional OSB. Some window replacements were also required. These treat- pliance, the model was then used to determine the contribution of each piece
ments resulted in reduced interior noise levels especially in the 630 Hz of equipment at key receiver locations. Specific equipment could be targeted
range. when considering noise treatments and noise exposure maps could quickly
be produced for a combination of scenarios to aid in finding the most cost-
10:30—10:45 Break effective solution.
11:30
10:45 1aNCd9. A simple estimation of z vibration for a Hopsca above depot by
1aNCd6. The influence of openings in a partition on its of tonal sound analog measurement and analysis in a metro station. Jiping Zhang
transmission loss and some applications. Giora Rosenhouse 共Environ. Impact Assessment Ctr., Zhejiang Res. and Design Inst. of
共Technion-Israel Inst. of Technol., Prof. Giora Rosenhouse 89 Hagalil Str., Environ. Protection, 109 Tian Mu Shan Rd., Hangzhou 310007, China,
Haifa 32684 Israel, fwamtech@bezeqint.net兲 jpzhang@mail.hz.zj.cn兲, Jianxiong Weng, Lei Wang, and Yexiang Jiang
共Hangzhou Metro Group Ltd., Hangzhou 310000, China兲
Kirchhoff’s integral developed for optics 关Born and Wolf 1970兴 and its
approximations by Fraunhofer and Fresnel constitute a useful tool in acous- The word Hopsca means Hotel ⫹ Office ⫹ Park ⫹ Shopping mall ⫹
tics, in general, as well as in building acoustics. They help in estimation of Convention ⫹ Apartment and was originated from La Defense in Paris of
the changes in the sound level at the control point due to arbitrarily shaped France in 1986. Metro depot is generally a parking and maintenance base
solid barriers and openings in such barriers or partitions. While noise analy- and covers a large area and available land resources. It is a feasible approach
sis justifies energetic approach, tonal sound is sensitive to frequency, phase, to achieve comprehensive land utilization to develop top head estates above
and interference effects. This dependence yields the mapping of positive and the depot by building residential, business, commercial, and recreational and
negative Fresnel zones over the barrier or the aperture. Those zones depend sports urban functions. Such cases are well done, for example, in Hong
also on the location of the source and the control point. Since sound waves Kong but generally few. The Metro in Hangzhou City of China is develop-
under regular conditions are linear and we assume locally reacting surfaces, ing such a Hopsca. Because the trains will run and receive maintenance in
then a small barrier or an aperture, which is located over a single Fresnel the depot, the vibration and noise must be designed not transmitted to the
zone, causes a stronger acoustic effect at the control point than exactly the top head estates. It will be very valuable to study the transmission and con-
same elements if they cover parts of Fresnel zones of different signs. This trol of the vibration. This paper managed to estimate the complex vibration
situation allows, according to the need, acoustic design for minimization or by simple analog measurement and analysis on a typical aboveground metro
maximization of the effect of apertures and barriers on the sound level at the station with top head urban functions in Shanghai City of China.
control point. Applications involve arbitrarily shaped sound barriers, arbi-
trarily shaped openings in partitions and barriers, acoustic tiles, and trans- 11:45
mission loss of non-uniform partition. 1aNCd10. Acoustics of energy efficient elevator systems. Darshit Joshi
共Polysonics Corp., 405 Belle Air Ln., Warrenton, VA 20186, darshitj
@polysonics.com兲
11:00
1aNCd7. Sound isolation provided by shading screens applied in Traditional systems for vertical transportation require both machinery
facades. Jorge Matos and Antonio Carvalho 共Lab. of Acoust., College of and space to operate. New, high performance, elevators eliminate these re-
Eng., Univ. of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal, carvalho@fe.up.pt兲 quirements, and in doing so significantly decrease the noise and vibration
impacts associated with the traditional system architecture. Furthermore,
In most European countries, legislation exists about airborne sound in- machine roomless elevator systems offer superior electrical efficiency, a re-
sulation in dwellings, including facades. Mainly in southern European coun- duction in shaft wall requirements, centralized structural loading, and elimi-
tries, the glazed windows of building facades normally have shading sys- nate the need for pits, sumps, and the possibility for water contamination
tems to minimize the excessive heating of interior rooms due to the solar from spilled hydraulic oil. Also, interior environmental considerations are
rays’ incidence and to provide for darkening of the room. The effect regard- impacted by a number of innovations that result in a reduction in hydraulic
ing sound isolation of those shading systems is usually not analyzed in the pump, pump room and plumbing noise, motor and cab vibrations, and other
buildings’ acoustic project. This study presents laboratory measured values significant improvements. Finally, the cost associated with ongoing mainte-
of weighted sound isolation index 共Rw兲 provided by several shading system nance and support such as lubrication of steel ropes is greatly reduced
types 共outside and interior screens of different materials兲 and presents a through the use of systems and technologies specifically engineered to re-
simple model to predict their sound isolation index. duce the need for many routine services that conventional systems require.
MONDAY MORNING, 19 APRIL 2010 DOVER, 9:15 TO 10:15 A.M.
Session 1aNCe
NOISE-CON, Noise, and Psychological and Physiological Acoustics: Sound Quality
Wade R. Bray, Chair

HEAD acoustics, Inc., 6964 Kensington Rd., Brighton, MI 48116-8334
Contributed Papers
9:15 9:45
1aNCe1. An examination of the combined effects of loudness, tonalness, 1aNCe3. The need for a “green” sound of e-cars—The challenge of
and roughness on annoyance ratings of aircraft noise. Shashikant More passung. Brigitte Schulte-Fortkamp 共Inst. of Fluid Mech. and Eng. Acoust.,
and Patricia Davies 共School of Mech. Eng., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Technische Universität Berlin, Einsteinufer 25, D-10587, Berlin, Germany,
IN 47907, shashi@purdue.edu兲 brigitte.schulte-fortkamp@tu-berlin.de兲
This study is part of a broader investigation into how noise characteris- The climate change is forcing to develop E-cars and also rethink how an
tics other than loudness affect people’s responses to aircraft noise. In previ- E-car should sound. There is little agreement over what the sound should be.
ous studies, some evidence of increase in annoyance ratings with increased Some car manufactures seem to think about to make the cars more loud. But
tonalness and roughness was found when loudness was kept constant and the question is how should a sound “sound” to provide the message about
only tonalness or roughness was increased. The objective of this study was this ecological car? For sure there is a lack of collaboration to be filled
amongst engineering and further future orientated science. Moreover, there
to investigate the combined effects of loudness, tonalness, and roughness on
is a clear need to get to know how the future client will accept such the new
annoyance ratings of aircraft noise. A simulation program was used to gen-
cars and how an appropriate sound will support this acceptation. Whenever
erate two sets of stimuli based on flyover after take-off events of an Airbus-
the acoustical design of vehicles is under scrutiny, the crucial question about
310, a Boeing-757, and an MD-80 aircraft. For nine stimuli in Set A based
the appropriate method of evaluation arises. Many studies show that not
on an Airbus-310 recording, both tonalness and roughness varied while
only acoustic but also non-acoustic parameters have a major influence.
loudness kept constant. The 12 stimuli in Set B are based on recordings of Methods that give the opportunity to test the quality of the given ambience
all three aircrafts. In this test loudness, tonalness, and roughness were all and to register the effects and evaluations in their functional interdepen-
varied. Subjects rated these sounds on an annoyance scale. Most of the sub- dence as well as the influence of personal and contextual factors are needed
jects found to be very sensitive to tonalness when both tonalness and rough- to solve the upcoming problems to design the sounds of E-cars ecologically
ness varied and loudness was kept constant. Loudness was found to be the appropriate. This concept will be introduced.
major contributor to annoyance when loudness, tonalness, and roughness
varied simultaneously but tonalness and roughness also influenced the an- 10:00
noyance ratings. 1aNCe4. Prediction of subjective annoyance for transient sounds using a
loudness-based impulsiveness measure. Andrew Willemsen, Mohan Rao
共Dept. of Mech. Eng.-Eng. Mech., Michigan Technolog. Univ., 1400
Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI 49931, amwillem@mtu.edu兲, and Jasper
Wong 共Xerox Corp.兲
9:30 This paper presents a study on the characterization of the sound quality
1aNCe2. Determining sound quality judgments for metric development. of transient sounds via fundamental psychoacoustic measures. Specifically,
André Fiebig and Klaus Genuit 共HEAD Acoust. GmbH, Ebertstr. 30a, 52134 the overall subjective perception of annoyance for transient sounds was
Herzogenrath, Germany, andre.fiebig@head-acoustics.de兲 studied. Through magnitude estimation and paired comparison jury evalua-
The sound quality of various technical products has become important tion experiments, the subjective annoyance magnitudes of 15 transient
sounds were determined. For each sound, several objective psychoacoustic
for manufacturers. It is interpreted as among the most relevant factors re-
measures were calculated, and using simple linear regression models, the re-
garding perceived product quality and is important in gaining market
lationships between these objective measures and the subjective annoyance
advantage. Usually, the purpose of sound quality studies is to derive a rela-
magnitudes were investigated. Examined psychoacoustic measures included
tionship between the subjective attributes and physical properties of sound.
loudness, sharpness, roughness, fluctuation strength, tonality, and a new
But how can valuable and meaningful subjective data be obtained? Identi-
loudness-based measure of impulsiveness. The new impulsiveness measure
fying the most important psycho-physical quantities reflecting human re- is based on the summation of the magnitudes of impulse-induced peaks in
sponses to specific evaluation criteria depends on the applied method and the loudness time history for a sound 共calculated according to DIN 45631
the test design. Weighting factors for individual parameters in a combined /A1兲. The models were analyzed using several statistical measures of model
metric depend strongly on the sounds used, the test environment, and the significance and fit. It was found that for the transient sounds studied, sig-
evaluation task. This paper will contrast the strengths and weaknesses of dif- nificant relationships existed between subjective annoyance and each of the
ferent methods, and discuss their level of inaccuracy in the intended following psychoacoustic measures: loudness, sharpness, roughness, and
application. The possibility of combining methods could be a step forward loudness-based impulsiveness. These four measures were then combined
to achieve more grounded results and to enhance the explanatory power of into a single model for predicting subjective annoyance using multiple linear
developed metrics. Results of a few case studies will be presented, and op- regression analysis. It was found that this model was highly correlated to the
tions for combining different methods will be discussed. subjective annoyance of transient sounds.
MONDAY MORNING, 19 APRIL 2010 DOVER, 10:30 A.M. TO 12:00 NOON
1a MON. AM
Session 1aNCf
NOISE-CON, Noise, and Structural Acoustics and Vibration: Vibration Damping for Noise Control
Marshall W. Downing, Chair

Lord Corp., 2000 W. Grandview, Erie, PA 16514-0038
Contributed Papers
10:30 Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit 共BART兲 system for operations on resilient
1aNCf1. Effect of damping on noise and vibration response of tubes. direct fixation fasteners. These results are compared with test results ob-
Avinash Patil 共Material Sci. Corp., 6855 Commerce Blvd., Canton, MI tained under TCRP Project C3 at the Portland Tri-Met light rail system for
48187, avinash.patil@matsci.com兲 both rail and wheel vibration absorbers. The reduction in pinned-pinned
mode rail vibration by application of rail vibration absorbers on ballast-and-
Noise and vibration response of cylindrical tubes is critical in many ap- tie track at Tri-Met is discussed.
plications such as automotive intake and exhaust manifolds, appliance tubes,
and fluid flow pipes. One of the approaches of controlling noise and vibra-
tion response is to introduce damping in the tube. An investigation of tubes 11:15
with dimensions similar to that of intake manifold tube of a large truck is 1aNCf4. The effects of structural damping on the radiated noise of
presented in this paper. Two tubes were investigated, viz., monolithic steel circular saw blades during operation. Alan Hufnagel 共Material Sci. Corp.,
tube and laminated steel tube. Dispersion relation for the tube was analyzed. 6855 Commerce Blvd., Canton, MI 48187, alan.hufnagel@matsci.com兲
Effects of structural waves propagating in axial and circumferential direc- Noise from circular saw blades is a common industrial noise problem. A
tions were studied for their coupling with acoustic space. Effects of ring fre- circular saw blade using constrained layer damping technology can signifi-
quency of the cylinder and critical frequency of the material were analyzed. cantly reduce the noise emitted during the cutting process. The noise reduc-
An experimental investigation was conducted for the tubes. Experimental tion benefit of a constrained layer blade will be demonstrated. The influence
results are explained with the help of theoretical analysis of the tube. of constrained layer damper design parameters on the blade noise reduction
will be presented.
10:45
1aNCf2. A comparison of displacement and velocity proportional 11:30
dampers for use in aircraft. Mike Hudik and Mark Downing 共Lord Corp., 1aNCf5. Design and characterization of a tuned vibration absorber for
2000 W Grandview Blvd., Erie, PA 16509, mike.hudik@lord.com兲 exhaust components. Keith Ptak 共Lord Corp., 2000 W Grandview Blvd.,
Erie, PA 16509, keith_ptak@lord.com兲
Surface effect dampers have been used in aircraft to aid in the attenua-
tion of shimmy conditions on the nose landing gear. Shimmy conditions can Truck exhaust components must withstand vibration inputs from the die-
lead to increased cockpit noise, increased component wear on the nose land- sel engine as well as from road inputs. Cumulative damage from the signifi-
ing gear, and a decrease in aircraft control during operation. Hydraulic fluid cant mileage these vehicles are exposed to can be severe; however, custom-
filled dampers have traditionally been used to attenuate shimmy. They are, ers have an expectation that the components will last the life of the vehicle.
however, susceptible to leaking. This in turn relates to a decrease in perfor- Tuned vibration absorbers 共TVAs兲 are an effective way to mitigate vibra-
mance and ultimately an increase in maintenance cost. Surface effect damp- tions resulting from excitation of resonances due to random vibration
ers use metal sliding over a rubber piston to create a combination of vis- exposure. A pipe section was tested to verify its expected mode shapes to aid
coelastic and Coulomb damping. This construction is immune to leaking and in proper TVA placement. Subsequent tests were performed not only with
offers unique performance in comparison to hydraulic. This paper provides TVAs but also with an equivalent mass in order to determine the true im-
an overview of the difference between surface effect and hydraulic dampers provement due to the TVA effect. This paper covers a case study demon-
for shimmy attenuation. Points to be touched on will include damper prin- strating the use of a TVA to achieve a 60% reduction in vibration.
ciples, equations of motion, the theoretical hysteresis curve, volumetric ef-
ficiency, and observations related to product life. Part test data will be com-
11:45
pared to theory. Furthermore, this paper will discuss the process of
1aNCf6. Predictability of field airborne noise isolation from laboratory
completing the STC for a particular aircraft, discussing both the laboratory
testing. John LoVerde and Wayland Dong 共1711 16th St., Santa Monica, CA
and the on-wing testing required to show the functional characteristics are
90404, jloverde@veneklasen.com兲
satisfied.
The relationship between laboratory and field noise isolation tests of
11:00 nominally identical assemblies is a longstanding question in acoustics 关LoV-
1aNCf3. Rail and wheel vibration absorber performance testing. James erde and Dong, J. Acoust. Soc Am. 122, 2955 共2007兲兴. Many building codes
Tuman Nelson 共Wilson, Ihrig & Assoc., 5776 Broadway, Oakland, CA allow field airborne noise isolation ratings 共ASTC, NIC, or NNIC兲 to be five
94618, jnelson@wiai.com兲 points lower than the corresponding laboratory rating 共STC兲, but the origin
of this relationship is not documented thoroughly in the literature. Different
Rail and wheel dynamic vibration absorbers have been proposed as wood framed floor/ceiling systems were tested multiple times in the labora-
noise reduction measures for rail transit systems in Europe and the United tory to determine performance prior to implementation in the field. Field
States. These absorbers are essentially tuned spring-mass systems that add testing was performed in a variety of completed buildings to determine the
damping to the rail or wheel, and can effectively control wheel squeal. Their actual acoustical performance of the assemblies that were installed. The re-
noise reduction effectiveness for rolling noise and rail corrugation noise is sults of this testing for airborne sound isolation is presented. The authors
less clear. The extensive test results of under-car and wayside noise reduc- will present analysis of the predictability of field test results based on labo-
tions are presented and discussed for wheel vibration absorbers at the San ratory test and the apparent translation from laboratory to field testing.
MONDAY MORNING, 19 APRIL 2010 LAUREL A/B, 7:55 TO 11:40 A.M.
Session 1aNSa
Noise, Physical Acoustics, and INCE: Rocket Noise Environments I
Kent L. Gee, Cochair

Brigham Young Univ., Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Provo, UT 84602
R. Jeremy Kenny, Cochair

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812
Jared M. Haynes, Cochair

Invited Papers
8:00
1aNSa1. Perspective on launch noise: Measurement, prediction, and characterization. Sally Anne McInerny 共Dept of Mech. Eng.,
Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham, BEC 356D, 1530 3rd Ave S., Birmingham, AL 35294兲
The noise generated by launch vehicles is examined in terms of the key source, radiation, instrumentation, and estimation issues.
Basic source and acoustic radiation characteristics of un-deflected rocket exhausts are compared and contrasted with those of supersonic
jets. Next, the instrumentation demands of, and unique characterization methods applied to, rocket noise sound pressure measurements
are discussed. Finally, on vehicle sound pressure measurements during the launch from a covered pad are presented. Contradictions
between these loads and those predicted using traditional lift-off loads methods are highlighted. This paper concludes with a brief
outline of research and instrumentation needed to improve agreement between the physics of the prediction model and the actual mea-
sured lift-off loads.
8:40
1aNSa2. Liftoff acoustic environment of the sounding rocket ATK Launch Vehicle (ALV-X1): Prediction versus measurement. J.
Houston 共Jacobs/ESTS Group, 1525 Perimeter Parkway, Ste. 330, Huntsville, AL 35806兲, Douglas Counter, R. Jeremy Kenny 共NASA
Marshall Space Flight Ctr., Huntsville, AL兲, and John Murphy 共ATK Space Systems, Elkton, MD兲
Launched from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport 共MARS兲 Pad 01B on August 22, 2008, the ATK Launch Vehicle 共ALV-X1兲
provided an opportunity to measure liftoff acoustic noise data. Predicted liftoff acoustic environments were developed by both NASA
MSFC and ATK engineers. ATK engineers developed predictions for use in determining vibro-acoustic loads using the method de-
scribed in the monograph NASA SP-8072. The MSFC ALV-X1 liftoff acoustic prediction was made with the Vehicle Acoustic Envi-
ronment Prediction Program 共VAEPP兲. The VAEPP and SP-8072 methods predict acoustic pressures of rocket systems generally scaled
to existing rocket motor data based upon designed motor or engine characteristics. The predicted acoustic pressures are sound-pressure
spectra at specific positions on the vehicle. This paper presents the measured liftoff acoustics on the vehicle and tower. Additionally, the
ALV-X1 liftoff data can be scaled to define liftoff environments for the NASA Constellation program Ares vehicles.
9:00
1aNSa3. Acoustic design of launch pad for advanced solid rocket. Seiji Tsutsumi, Kota Fukuda, Ryoji Takaki, Tatsuya Ishii, and
Kyoichi Ui 共JAXA, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8510, Japan兲
In the mission of the Advanced Solid Rocket studied in JAXA, the launch-pad is required to improve the operation performance as
well as to reduce the cost. While, exhaust plume from the solid booster generates severe acoutic wave so that decrease in the acoustic
level at lift-off is also an important design issue. Preliminary trade-off analysis is peformend by using computational fluid dynamics.
Major noise sources such as the Mach wave and the impingement noise and their correlation with the vehicle’s altitude are revealed. The
knowledge of the acoustic characteristics gives us idea how to decrease the acoustic level within the mission requirements. Based on the
configuration found in the numerical study, subscale test using 1/43 scale mock-up is planned to ensure the acoustic level around the
vehicle.
9:20
1aNSa4. Prediction of the acoustic environment on the launch pad for the Ares I rocket, including the effects of drift and water
1a MON. AM
suppression. Kenneth J. Plotkin 共Wyle Labs., 241 18th St. S., Ste. 701, Arlington, VA 22202, kenneth.plotkin@wyle.com兲
A model, PAD, has been developed for prediction of noise in the vicinity of launch vehicles, with specific application to the mobile
launcher and tower for the Ares I launch vehicle. It follows the basic principles of a traditional NASA model 关NASA Report No.
SP-8072 共1971兲兴 but uses an updated rocket sound power source model developed by Sutherland 关AIAA Paper No. 93-4383 共1993兲兴
together with updates for the distribution and directivity of sources along the rocket plume. The effect of the deflector on plume ge-
ometry and shielding by the launcher deck are included in the model. Overall and spectral 共octave band or psd兲 levels are predicted at
specific points or on a regular grid of lateral and vertical positions on and around the launcher. A basic version of PAD was used for
nominal acoustic predictions for vertical lift with all exhaust flow going through the flame hole in the deck and no water suppression
共AIAA Paper No. 2009-3163兲. The model has since been extended to account for lateral drift of the vehicle, with consequent impinge-
ment of the plume on the deck and for the effect of water suppression systems. 关Work supported by the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration.兴
9:40
1aNSa5. A post-flight ignition overpressure review for the Arex I-X test rocket. David A. Alvord 共1525 Perimeter Parkway, Ste.
330, Huntsville, AL 35806兲
Ares I-X post flight ignition overpressure review ignition overpressure 共IOP兲 is an unsteady fluid flow and acoustic phenomena
caused by the rapid expansion of gas from the rocket nozzle within a ducted launching space resulting in an initially higher overpressure
wave. This wave is potentially dangerous to the structural integrity of the vehicle. An in-depth look at the IOP environments resulting
from the Ares I-X solid rocket booster configuration showed good correlation between the pre-flight predictions and post-flight analysis
results. Correlation between the chamber pressure and IOP transients showed successful acoustic mitigation, containing the strongest
IOP waves below the mobile launch pad deck. The flight data allowed subsequent verification and validation of Ares I-X unsteady fluid
ducted launcher predictions, computational fluid dynamic models, and strong correlation to historical shuttle data.
10:00—10:20 Break
10:20
1aNSa6. High-speed jet noise: A two source model. Christopher K. W. Tam 共Dept. of Mathematics, Florida State Univ., Tallahassee,
FL 32306-4510, tam@math.fsu.edu兲
Recent experiments on high-speed jets indicate that jet noise is made up of two components. One component dominates in a conical
sector surrounding the jet axis in the downstream direction. Experimental evidence suggests that this noise component is generated by
the large turbulence structures of the jet flow. The other component is dominant in the sideline and upstream directions. There is ample
experimental evidence showing that this noise component is generated by the fine scale turbulence of the jet. Optical observations
confirm that there is a separation of turbulence scales in jets. Jet turbulence consists of large structures with length scale of the order of
the jet diameter and fine scale turbulence with a much smaller length scale. These two types of turbulent fluid motions, with large
disparate length scales, co-exist in the first one and half core length of the jet. In this presentation, extensive far field noise and direct
correlation data are provided to support the two-noise source model. The validity of the two-noise source model is also strongly sup-
ported by near acoustic field measurements.
10:40
1aNSa7. Near-field energy-based measurements of small solid rocket motors. Kent L. Gee, Jarom H. Giraud 共Dept. of Phys. and
Astronomy, Brigham Young Univ., N283 Eyring Sci. Ctr., Provo, UT 84602, kentgee@byu.edu兲, and Jonathan D. Blotter 共Brigham
Young Univ., Provo, UT 84602兲
Results of detailed near-field energy-based measurements of small solid rocket motors are described. The 5-in. center perforated
motors are tested to ensure thrust equivalence of Shuttle reusable solid rocket motor propellant samples. An array of four three-
dimensional acoustic probes, located as close as two nozzle diameters to the plume shear layer, was located at nine positions for a total
of 36 measurement points. The data collected were used to create maps of near-field energy-based quantities in the vicinity of the plume.
In particular, the time-averaged vector intensity reveals the direction of the net acoustic energy flow away from the rocket plume,
permitting direct characterization of the source region from these motors as a function of frequency. Further, these measurements es-
tablish the utility of energy-based acoustic quantities in aeroacoustic source measurement and modeling. 关Work supported by an STTR
from NASA Stennis Space Center. The cooperation of ATK Space Systems Test Services is gratefully acknowledged.兴
11:00
1aNSa8. Acoustic measurements for small solid rocket motors. Magda B. Vargas 共All Points Logistics/ESTS Group, NASA Marshall
Space Flight Ctr., Huntsville, AL 35812, magda.b.vargas@nasa.gov兲 and R. Jeremy Kenny 共NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr., Hunts-
ville, AL 35812兲
Rocket acoustic noise can induce loads and vibration on the vehicle as well as the surrounding structures. Models have been de-
veloped to predict these acoustic loads based on scaling existing solid rocket motor data. The NASA Marshall Space Flight Center
acoustics team has measured several small solid rocket motors 共thrust below 150 000 lbf兲 to anchor prediction models. These data will
provide NASA the capability to predict the acoustic environments and consequent vibro-acoustic response of larger rockets 共thrust
above 1 000 000 lbf兲 such as those planned for the NASA Constellation program. This paper presents the methods used to measure
acoustic data during the static firing of small solid rocket motors and the trends found in the data.
11:20
1aNSa9. An acoustical comparison of sub-scale and full-scale. Jared M. Haynes and Robert J. Kenny 共Marshall Space Flight Ctr., MS
ER42, Huntsville, AL 35812兲
Recently, members of the Marshall Space Flight Center 共MSFC兲 Fluid Dynamics Branch and Wyle Labs measured far-field acoustic
data during a series of three reusable solid rocket motor 共RSRM兲 horizontal static tests conducted in Promontory, UT. The test motors
included the Technical Evaluation Motor 13 共TEM-13兲, Flight Verification Motor 2 共FVM-2兲, and the Flight Simulation Motor 15
共FSM-15兲. Similar far-field data were collected during horizontal static tests of sub-scale solid rocket motors at MSFC. Far-field acous-
tical measurements were taken at multiple angles within a circular array centered about the nozzle exit plane, each positioned at a radial
distance of 80 nozzle-exit-diameters from the nozzle. This type of measurement configuration is useful for calculating rocket noise
characteristics such as those outlined in the NASA SP-8072 “Acoustic Loads Generated by the Propulsion System.” Acoustical scaling
comparisons are made between the test motors, with particular interest in the overall sound power, acoustic efficiency, non-dimensional
relative sound power spectrum, and directivity. Since most empirical data in the NASA SP-8072 methodology are derived from small
rockets, this investigation provides an opportunity to check the data collapse between a sub-scale and full-scale rocket motor.
MONDAY MORNING, 19 APRIL 2010 GRAND BALLROOM V, 9:30 TO 11:50 A.M.
Session 1aNSb
Noise and Architectural Acoustics: Soundscape Concert I
Alex U. Case, Cochair

Fermata Audio & Acoustics, P.O. Box 1161, Portsmouth, NH 03802-1161
Brigitte Schulte-Fortkamp, Cochair

Technical Univ. Berlin, Einsteinufer 25, Secr TA 7, Berlin, 10587, Germany
Invited Papers
9:30
1aNSb1. Multichannel soundscape recording techniques. Alex U. Case 共Sound Recording Tech., UMass Lowell, 35 Wilder St., Low-
ell, MA 01854, alex_case@uml.edu兲
Several goals motivate the recording a soundscape: measurement, archiving, mitigation, preservation, design, modeling, education,
marketing, and entertainment. Salient properties of a soundscape are similarly broad: levels versus frequency and time, their averages
and associated statistics, discrete sound source identities, distance, localization, size, spaciousness, envelopment, and additional sub-
jective sound qualities, sometimes subtle. While traditional noise metrics are based on single microphone measurements, a soundscape
is better captured, quantified, and studied using multi-microphone techniques. Multichannel recording techniques for large-scale sound-
scapes, borrowed from the multitrack recording practices of concert halls and recording studios, are defined and compared. The resulting
data and audio files are evaluated for their ability to satisfy the needs of owners, designers, and end-users of a soundscape.
10:10—10:30 Break
10:30
1aNSb2. Listen to the change of a soundscape. Klaus Genuit and Andre Fiebig 共HEAD acoustics GmbH, Ebertstr. 30a, 52134 Her-
zogenrath, Germany, klaus.genuit@head-acoustics.de兲
The general understanding of soundscapes as musical compositions requires the analysis of the sonic environment as a whole as well
as in its different facets comparable to the study of music. However, soundscape studies often differ in the way the investigated sound-
scapes are recorded. In addition, a lot of soundscape articles lack an exhaustive description of the measurement conditions and protocol.
This impedes the comparison of soundscape studies and their results. Therefore, it seems there is a need for measurement guidelines to
provide a common basis allowing for subsequent comparative studies. The authors have proposed in previous papers measurement
guidelines which could help to establish a common ground with respect to soundscape measurements. To check the adequacy and
applicability of the recommended procedures for the 共physical兲 measurement of soundscapes, several recordings of historic places in
Aachen are realized and analyzed. Here, binaural recordings are performed, which allows for an aurally-accurate reproduction of the
environmental sound. In supplemental laboratory tests, the conflict between the experience of the sound in the real urban space and the
listening in artificial test situations is examined. Furthermore, the paper presents the change of the soundscape and its composition over
time.
11:10
1aNSb3. Cultural soundscape of the Grant-Kohrs Ranch national historic site. Robert C. Maher 共Elec. and Comput. Eng., Montana
1a MON. AM
State Univ., 610 Cobleigh Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717-3780, rob.maher@montana.edu兲
It is often noted that although many parks and historic sites look as they did a century ago, very few sound as they once did.
Management principles of U.S. National Parks and Historic Sites include the need to “preserve soundscape resources and values of the
parks to the greatest extent possible to protect opportunities for appropriate transmission of cultural and historic sounds that are fun-
damental components of the purposes and values for which the parks were established.” Therefore, a critical part of soundscape man-
agement is to determine the existing ambient soundscape to detect trends and changes. An ongoing project at Grant-Kohrs Ranch Na-
tional Historic Site, located just north of Deer Lodge, Montana, involves a year-long continuous audio recording and soundscape
characterization. The recording status and example soundscape excerpts are presented and discussed.
MONDAY MORNING, 19 APRIL 2010 HARBORSIDE B, 8:00 A.M. TO 12:00 NOON
Session 1aPP
Psychological and Physiological Acoustics and Noise: Noise-Induced Hearing Loss: From Physiology to
Prevention
Sharon G. Kujawa, Cochair

Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles St., Boston, MA 02114
Kim S. Schairer, Cochair

Univ. of Wisconsin, Dept. of Communicative Disorders, 1975 Willow Dr., Madison, WI 53706
Invited Papers
8:05
1aPP1. Epidemiology of noise-induced hearing loss. Yuri Agrawal 共Dept. of Otolaryngol.-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins
Univ., 601 N. Caroline St., Baltimore, MD 21287兲
Noise exposure is a significant risk factor for hearing loss; recent analyses from a national sample of US adults have shown that
occupational and firearm noise exposure increase the risk of hearing loss by 60% and 90%, respectively. Noise trauma typically pro-
duces a high-frequency pattern of hearing loss due to hair cell injury in the cochlear base, in contrast to cardiovascular risk factors which
appear to cause cochlear damage across the frequency range. Significant interactions between noise exposure and cardiovascular risks
have been demonstrated, such that these exposures exert a multiplicative detrimental effect on hearing thresholds. Although exposure to
industrial occupational noise may be decreasing in the US population, the rising use of personal listening devices—particularly among
children and young adults—is raising concern for a surge in hearing loss prevalence in the younger population. Indeed, recent data from
the US population suggest that during the 1999–2004 time interval, significant increases in the prevalence of hearing loss were observed
only among young adults. Further longitudinal analyses of children and young adults will be required to better characterize the hearing
risks associated with these new forms of noise exposure.
8:40
1aPP2. Biology of noise-induced hearing loss. M. Charles Liberman 共Eaton-Peabody Labs., Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243
Charles St., Boston, MA 02114兲
This talk will review recent research on the cellular and molecular changes underlying noise-induced hearing loss 共NIHL兲 and
potential therapeutic approaches to its prevention and/or mitigation. Topics will include 共1兲 the functionally important structural changes
underlying reversible versus irreversible NIHL, 共2兲 the factors affecting vulnerability to NIHL, 共3兲 the inadequacy of threshold testing
as a measure of noise-induced cochlear damage, and 共4兲 the possible utility of antioxidant and other chemical therapies.
Contributed Papers
9:15 onstrated significantly greater improvement in SRS than those with normal
1aPP3. Spectrotemporal integration in listeners with normal hearing hearing. These findings support the use of spatial displays for multi-channel
and those with noise induced hearing loss: An application of the Meddis monitoring tasks and highlight potential costs associated with hearing loss
Matlab Auditory Periphery (MAP) model. Lawrence L. Feth, Evelyn M. especially in the absence of spatial displays.
Hoglund, Yonghee Oh 共Dept. of Speech and Hearing Sci., The Ohio State
Univ., 110 Pressey Hall, 1070 Carmack Rd., Columbus, OH 43210兲, and
9:45—9:55 Break
Ray Meddis 共Univ. of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom兲
Our recent study of spectrotemporal integration by human listeners with 9:55
normal hearing has shown that the detection thresholds for signals made up 1aPP5. Behavioral consequences of weakened medial olivocochlear
of multiple bursts of brief tones improve as the number of bursts is efferent noise-control mechanisms in mice. Amanda M. Lauer and
increased. Elementary signals consisted of 10-ms tone bursts centered on 1 Bradford J. May 共Dept. of Otolaryngol.-HNS, Johns Hopkins Univ., 521
of 12 frequencies spaced 1 ERB apart. Complexes were constructed by add- Traylor Bldg., 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, MD 21205兲
ing individual tone bursts along the temporal or spectral dimension, or both. The mammalian medial olivocochlear 共MOC兲 efferent feedback system
Quiet thresholds were measured using a one interval adaptive procedure. protects the ear from intense noise exposure, aids in cochlear gain control,
There was no significant difference in performance for a variety of time by and improves responses to signals in noise. Unequivocal behavioral effects
frequency patterns used to construct the signals. Even random selection of of eliminating MOC feedback have been difficult to demonstrate. We used
tone frequencies for each signal presentation did not degrade integration an acoustic startle reflex 共ASR兲 modification paradigm to reveal behavioral
performance. The current study measured spectral integration, temporal in- effects of eliminating MOC feedback in mice. Mice lacking the alpha9 nico-
tegration, and spectrotemporal integration in listeners with noise induced tinic acetylcholine receptor subunit showed increased facilitation of the ASR
hearing loss as well as in normal-hearing listeners. The Meddis MAP model reflex in the presence of background noise, abnormal responses to brief fluc-
was adjusted to fit integration performance for the normal-hearing listeners tuations in background noise, and abnormal inhibition of the ASR by
and then used to predict the performance by NIHL listeners by modifying changes in the location of noise in azimuth and elevation. Abnormal behav-
the outer hair cell parameters. 关Research supported by a grant from the Of- ioral responses occurred in the absence of cochlear hearing loss. The behav-
fice of Naval Research # N000140911017.兴 ioral effects of weakened MOC feedback may reflect both direct and indirect
effects of abnormal cochlear gain control in the presence of noise. The re-
sults provide further evidence for a role of MOC efferent feedback in hear-
9:30 ing in noise and demonstrate that noise-related hearing deficits can occur
1aPP4. Effect of noise-induced hearing loss on a multi-channel listening when hearing thresholds are normal.
task. Kim Abouchacra 共Dept. of Otolaryngol.-Head and Neck Surgery,
Medical Ctr., AUBMC, American Univ. of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, 10:10
Lebanon, ks05@aub.edu.lb兲, Janet Koehnke, Joan Besing 共Montclair State 1aPP6. Susceptibility to intense impulse noise: Evidence from the
Univ., Montclair, NJ 07043兲, and Tomasz Letowski 共U.S. Army Res. Lab., Albuquerque dataset. G. Richard Price 共Auditory Hazard Anal., P.O. Box
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5425兲 368, Charlestown, MD 21914, Ahanal.@comcast.net兲
Monitoring multi-channel radio communication is a common activity for For theoretical and applied reasons, there has long been an interest in the
many military and civilian professionals, such as those who work in tactical problem of susceptibility to hearing loss from intense sounds; yet no useful
operation centers, command-control towers, and voice interception facilities. predictive indices have been found. Some evidence suggests that suscepti-
In such environments, communication is critical and errors in speech under- bility cannot be considered as a constant for individual ears; however, think-
standing could cost time, equipment, and even loss of life. When an indi- ing and experimental designs often assume that it is. A critical data set in
vidual has a hearing loss, these costs have the potential to increase this regard are the US Army’s Albuquerque studies 关Johnson, D. L. 共1994兲
substantially. The purpose of this study was to compare speech recognition USAARL Contract Report No. 94-2, U.S. Army Aeromedical Research
scores 共SRSs兲 of listeners with normal hearing and noise-induced hearing Laboratory, Rucker, AL兴 in which human Ss were exposed repeatedly to ex-
loss, when target messages were presented with two, three, or four interfer- plosive sources. An analysis of individual threshold shift data finds that of
ing messages through various spatial and non-spatial auditory displays. For 28 instances in which ears showed a threshold shift 15 dB or higher, 25 Ss
both groups, SRSs decreased for all display types as the number of compet- subsequently passed higher levels of exposure, sometimes much higher
ing messages increased. However, listeners with hearing impairment had levels. This outcome was clearly contrary to the expectation that they were
significantly poorer SRSs than listeners with normal hearing, with decreases susceptible ears. Issues such as HPD fit and random elements in exposures
in scores ranging from 10%–25% in all conditions. While both groups ben- are demonstrably a part of the problem. Susceptibility, at present, should
efited from spatial auditory displays, listeners with hearing impairment dem- probably be considered a statistical concept, appropriate to groups of Ss.
Invited Paper
1a MON. AM
10:25
1aPP7. Noise-induced hearing loss in the U.S. Military: A review. Larry Humes 共Dept. of Speech & Hearing Sci., Indiana Univ.,
Bloomington, IN 47405, humes@indiana.edu兲
This presentation will review some of the key findings of an Institute of Medicine committee report 关Humes et al. Noise and Mili-
tary Service: Implications for Hearing Loss and Tinnitus 共The National Academies, Washington, DC, 2005.兴 on noise-induced hearing
loss in U.S. military personnel since World War II. With regard to hearing loss, the majority of the data available at the time of the report
were average group hearing thresholds from cross-sectional studies. Patterns of hearing loss consistent with noise exposure could be
seen in several cross-sectional studies of military personnel. These average data indicated that hearing thresholds were worse in those
groups with more years of military service. However, these cross-sectional data were not a sufficient basis for attributing greater hearing
loss solely to a longer exposure to military noise while in the military. With the information available, it was not possible to establish
the precise proportion of a given military population that developed noise-induced hearing loss during military service, the amount of
hearing loss incurred, or the relative risk of noise-induced hearing loss for a given individual, based on his or her branch of military
service, occupational specialty, or service era.
Contributed Paper
11:00 which hearing loss occurs due to occupational exposures. The NIOSH
1aPP8. National occupational research agenda for hearing loss in the Manufacturing Sector Council has developed strategic research goals to be
manufacturing sector. William J. Murphy 共CDC/NIOSH Hearing Loss Pre- completed by government, academic, and industry stakeholders. Foremost
vention Team, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS C-27, Cincinnati, OH 45226- among these goals were the identification and inventory of sources of noise
1998兲 exposure resulting in hearing loss, and the determination of behavioral and
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 共NIOSH兲 has exposure factors that contribute to the risk of hearing loss. This paper will
developed the National Occupational Research Agenda 共NORA兲 as a means outline the efforts of the Manufacturing Sector Council to identify research
of organizing and prioritizing its research efforts in occupational safety and needs, outline research partnership opportunities, and seek effective means
health. Research has been categorized across 8 industrial sectors and 22 of implementing the research agenda to reduce the incidence of hearing loss
cross-sectors. Among these, the manufacturing sector is the largest sector in among American workers.
Invited Paper
11:15
1aPP9. Development of therapeutics to protect the inner ear: Support from animal models. Colleen Le Prell 共Dept. of Commu-
nicative Disord., Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL colleeng@phhp.ufl.edu兲, Kevin Ohlemiller 共Central Inst. for the Deaf, Washington
Univ., St. Louis, MO兲, David Dolan, and Josef Miller 共Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI兲
Noise-induced hearing loss 共NIHL兲 is a significant clinical, social, and economic issue. Although we once thought virtually all NIHL
was a consequence of mechanical damage to cells in the inner ear, we now know that intense metabolic activity drives the formation of
free radicals 共short-lived, unstable, highly reactive clusters of atoms兲 in the inner ear. Studies in animals have clearly shown that free
radicals formed during and after noise importantly contribute to NIHL, and many laboratories have demonstrated that free radical scav-
engers 共“antioxidants”兲 reduce NIHL in animal subjects. Our group, including investigators at multiple institutions, has specifically
shown that the combination of beta-carotene, vitamins C and E, and magnesium is highly effective in preventing NIHL and sensory cell
death in guinea pigs and mice. Use of free radical scavengers, or antioxidants, to prevent noise-induced deficits has thus become a
clinical research goal. Given the multitude of intracellular events that occur during and after noise, it is not surprising that other agents
are also potentially useful therapeutic agents. Translational investigations are essential to confirm potential utility of these agents in the
human inner ear.
11:50—12:00 Summary/Discussion
MONDAY MORNING, 19 APRIL 2010 LAUREL C/D, 8:00 TO 11:30 A.M.
Session 1aUW
Underwater Acoustics: Acoustic Imaging and Target Detection
Zachary J. Waters, Chair

Naval Research Lab., Code 7130, Washington, DC 20345-5320
Contributed Papers
8:00 tered and incident wave fields and far-field projection in the time domain
1aUW1. Laboratory experimental results for synthetic aperture sensing with the discrete Helmholtz–Kirchhoff integral. We also present incorpora-
applied to mine detection. S. C. Walker, W. A. Kuperman 共Marine Physical tion of frequency-dependent material parameters by efficient recursive con-
Lab., Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093兲, Stephane Aumary, volution techniques that have been used successfully to create time-domain
and Ghislain Marais 共French Naval Acad. Res. Inst. 共IRENAV兲兲 perfectly matched layers 关J. A. Roden and S. D. Gedney, Microwave Opt.
Technol. Lett. 27, 334–338, 共2000兲兴. As an application example, we present
Recent interest in mine detection has focused on the use of synthetic ap- results on computing bistatic target strength variance for a two-dimensional
erture sonar 共SAS兲 array processing techniques to improve the along track object located near a statistically rough seafloor. 关Work sponsored by the Of-
sensor resolution of mobile side looking sonar platforms. We present the re- fice of Naval Research.兴
sults of a series of laboratory experiments designed to study the effective-
ness of various SAS array processing techniques for detection, localization,
and classification of proud and buried objects. The experiments are carried
out on a small spatial scale at ultrasonic frequencies. Notably, we find it pos- 8:45
sible to detect, localize, and classify buried objects 共on the order of a wave- 1aUW4. Testing and modeling of a spiral wave front beacon for use in
length in scale兲 from a great distance 共hundreds of wavelengths兲. navigation. Benjamin R. Dzikowicz 共Naval Res. Lab., Code 7130, 4555
Overlook Ave., Washington, DC 20375-5320兲 and Brian T. Hefner 共Univ. of
Washington, Seattle, WA 98105-6698兲
8:15
1aUW2. Characterization and modeling of synthetic aperture sonar A beacon with two cylindrical elements of 3-1 composite material has
imagery. Anthony P. Lyons 共Appl. Res. Lab., Penn State Univ., State Col- been developed, tested, and modeled for use in navigation. The displace-
lege, PA 16804, apl2@psu.edu兲, Douglas A. Abraham 共CausaSci LLC, Ar- ment of each element is radial and the phase of the outgoing wave front is
lington, VA 22205兲, and Shawn F. Johnson 共Johns Hopkins Univ., Laurel, determined by the cross-section of the cylinder. One element, the reference,
MD 20723兲 has a circular cross-section which produces circular wave fronts. The second
element has a radius that varies linearly with angle such that there is a dis-
The characterization and modeling of synthetic aperture sonar 共SAS兲 im- placement of one wavelength over 360 deg; the resulting wave front is
age statistics are of importance for developing target-on-background detec- spiral. This beacon improves on a prototype presented at a prior meeting
tion and classification algorithms and for developing specialized filters for 关Dzikowicz and Hefner, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 125, 2540 共2009兲兴. Results
speckle noise reduction. A simple model is presented to predict the impact of from experiments conducted at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Panama
amplitude scaling caused by seafloor ripples on SAS image speckle City Division are compared with finite element models. Surface displace-
statistics. The continuous variation in scattering strength produced by ripples ment of the elements is determined by the use of laser Doppler vibrometry.
共i.e., ripple-induced changes in seafloor slope兲 is treated as a deterministic Variation in the field due to geometry and surface displacement variation are
amplitude scaling on image speckle produced by the SAS imaging process. discussed. A simple navigational test shows the efficacy of the beacon.
Changes in image statistics caused by ripples are quantified in terms of an 关Work supported by the Office of Naval Research.兴
effective K-distribution shape parameter. Agreement between shape param-
eter estimated from the scaling model and from SAS data collected in ex-
periments off of Panama City, FL and off of the Ligurian coast of near La
9:00
Spezia, Italy illustrates the efficacy of the model. 关Work supported by ONR
1aUW5. Small scale test bed for studying multiaspect and multistatic
Grant Nos. N00014-04-1-0013 and N00014-06-1-0245.兴
sonar systems. Patrick C. Malvoso, John S. Stroud, Raymond Lim, Joseph
L. Lopes 共Naval Surface Warfare Ctr., Panama City Div. Code T11, Panama
8:30 City, FL 32407, john.stroud@navy.mil兲, and Benjamin R. Dzikowicz 共Naval
1aUW3. Time-domain numerical simulation of scattering by objects in Res. Lab., Washington, DC 20375-5320兲
the seafloor. David C. Calvo 共Acoust. Div., Naval Res. Lab., Washington,
DC 20375兲, Mario Zampolli 共TNO Defense, Security and Safety, The A nominally 1:50 scale acoustic test bed is operational at the Naval Sur-
Hague, Netherlands兲, Jill P. Bingham, Saikat Dey, and Harry J. Simpson face Warfare Center-Panama City Division 共NSWC-PCD兲 to image free-
共Naval Res. Lab., Washington, DC 20375兲 field, bottom, and buried targets using multiaspect, bistatic, backscatter, for-
ward scatter, and synthetic aperture sonar 共SAS兲 techniques. The test bed is
Numerical simulation of scattering in the time domain offers potential designed to test and study novel geometries and techniques faster and
implementation advantages in comparison with frequency-domain methods. cheaper than can be done in the field. Using precise translational positioning
By using explicit numerical time integration schemes, elastic stresses and systems mitigates any issues associated with positioning of multiple sonar
velocities can typically be advanced using only spatially local information platforms in the field. The use of two transmit and receive transducer plat-
which makes parallelization by domain decomposition straightforward to forms is superior to a single platform, which is restricted to purely backscat-
implement in comparison with the solution of a large linear system of tered imaging, for producing SAS images. With two platforms, one can gen-
equations. On the other hand, incorporation of frequency-dependent sound erate four images, two using backscattered return data and two using data
speed and attenuation appears more challenging in the time domain with the sent from one platform to the other. Thus, the system is inherently both dual
general need to compute convolutions under non-FFT friendly conditions. aspect and bistatic. The setup, including the scaled sediment, acoustic
This talk presents efficiency gains for the elastodynamic finite integration sources and receivers, and computer controlled translational stages, is
technique 共EFIT兲 which is similar to the finite-difference time-domain described. Preliminary beamformed data are presented showing the relation-
method 共FDTD兲. We present results on using explicit decomposition of scat- ships between each of the images described above. In addition, techniques to
mitigate the interference of direct path returns in forward-scattering geom- 共2009兲兴 and in mid-frequency 共20–200-kHz兲 pond experiments 关Dzikowicz
etries are discussed. 关Work sponsored by the Office of Naval Research.兴 et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 123, 3755 共2008兲兴. These techniques are applied
to study scattered returns from a proud, spherical target at low frequencies,
1a MON. AM
2–23 kHz, in a littoral environment. Monostatic scattering experiments are
9:15 conducted in the Gulf of Mexico near Panama City, FL in 14-m-deep water.
1aUW6. Forward scatter target strength extraction in a littoral The target, a 60-cm-diameter stainless steel spherical shell 共1.5 cm thick兲,
environment. Larry A. Kraus, Alain R. Berdoz, Danial L. Amon, Philip A. rests on a sandy bottom at a range of 35 m from a rail-mounted source-
Frank, Steve W. Liskey 共Global Strategies Group 共North America兲, 2200
receiver pair positioned at a height of 2.3 m from the bottom. Through it-
Defense Hwy., Crofton, MD 21114兲, Joseph A. Bucaro 共Excet, Inc., Spring-
erative retransmission of windowed and time reversed scattering returns, en-
field, VA兲, Harry J. Simpson, Brian H. Houston, and David C. Calvo 共Naval
hancement of target echoes with respect to background noise and
Res. Lab., Washington, DC兲
reverberation is explored. Frequencies to which the time reversal process
A rail-based system was used to collect forward and near-forward scat- converges are compared with analytical predictions and pristine laboratory
tered echoes from a spherical shell in 14-m waters near Shell Island, Panama measurements of the free-field scattering response. 关Work supported by
City, FL. The source was positioned 25 m from the scattering target and the ONR.兴
48-m horizontal rail on the opposite side, also 25 m from the target. The
major obstacle to obtaining high-quality forward scatter target strength ver-
sus frequency and angle is the extraction of the much stronger time and po-
sition overlapping incident source signal. In previous laboratory measure- 10:00—10:30 Break
ments, this is accomplished with high precision by direct measurement of
the incident field before the scattering target is positioned, a method not pos-
sible in a target search scenario or in a less stable environment. Here an at-
tempt is made to obtain the forward scattered target strength by post-
processing the received signals obtained in the littoral environment which 10:30
contain both the echo and the overlapping source signal. The methodology 1aUW9. Wave separation and signal isolation via line-scan supersonic
involves using a wavenumber domain filter to remove the incident wave fol- acoustic holography. Timothy M. Marston, Philip L. Marston 共Dept. of.
lowed by standard synthetic aperture procedures to extract the desired target Phys. and Astronomy, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA 99164 2814,
scattered signal. The resulting forward scattered target strength will be com- marston@wsu.edu兲, and Kevin L. Williams 共Univ. of Washington, Seattle,
pared to what we expect analytically and experimentally from this simple WA 98105兲
target. 关Work supported by ONR兴.
Pressure signals scattered from a target and received by a line array can
be buried in noise having similar frequency content, such as reflections from
9:30 nearby interfaces or objects adjacent to the target. In such circumstances, it
1aUW7. Forward scatter and backscatter low-frequency synthetic array may be difficult to isolate the desired signal through the use of standard lin-
measurements of the structural acoustic response from proud targets ear time-invariant filtering techniques, because the frequency content of the
using a 48-m-long rail in a littoral environment. Harry J. Simpson, signal and noise are identical. Supersonic line-scan holography, however,
Zachary J. Waters, David C. Calvo, Brian H. Houston 共Physical Acoust., can be used in many such circumstances to achieve signal isolation by back-
Branch Code 7130, Naval Res. Lab., Washington, DC 20375兲, Alain R. propagating the acoustic signal to a focal region, spatially and temporally
Berdoz, Danial L. Amon, Philip A. Frank, Steve W. Liskey, Larry A. Kraus filtering the signal around the focal region, and forward-propagating the iso-
共Global Strategies Group 共North America兲, Crofton, MD兲, and Joseph A. lated signal to the original array location. This technique was used to mea-
Bucaro 共Excet, Inc., Springfield, VA兲 sure the bistatic angular scattering pattern of a small target driven at
resonance. This was done in a water tank using a hydrophone scanned along
A series of short range 共25-m兲 forward scatter and backscatter measure- a line. A demonstration of how this method was used to isolate the signal
ments in a littoral environment was conducted to quantify the structural from larger, overlapping reflections will be given. The method was also ap-
acoustic response from proud targets in the 2–23 kHz frequency band. The plied to backscattering measured with a scanned transducer and fixed proud
water channel was 14 m deep in the Gulf of Mexico near Shell Island, cylinder resting on sediment. 关Work supported by ONR.兴
Panama City FL. The bottom was a medium grained sand. The acoustic for-
ward scatter response of the proud targets was measured in a bistatic con-
figuration with the source 25 m from the target and a receiver mounted on a
48-m-long rail. The rail is used to position the receiver and synthetically
quantify the structural acoustic forward scatter response. A second source 10:45
was co-located with the receiver on the rail, and monostatic backscatter
1aUW10. Scattering of linear frequency modulated chirps by
measurements were also taken for each target. The structural acoustic re-
resonators: Effect on pulse compression. Jon La Follett and Philip L.
sponse was analyzed and will be reported. The synthetic array experimental
Marston 共Dept. Phys. and Astronomy, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA
results are compared and contrasted with laboratory measurements. The
99164-2814, jon.lafollett@email.wsu.edu兲
laboratory measurements are convolved with water channel propagation pre-
dictions using a parabolic equation model of the littoral environment. The Pulse compression is a common technique used to improve the signal to
convolved laboratory target strengths compare well with the synthetic array noise ratio and time resolution of a sonar system. A linear frequency modu-
measurements, and a detailed discussion of the comparison will be lated 共LFM兲 chirp is one type of excitation used in conjunction with
presented. 关Work supported by ONR.兴 matched filtering to produce pulse compressed time domain data. This ap-
proach uses a correlation between the transmitted and received signals. Scat-
tering by a target having a narrow resonance within the bandwidth of the
9:45
LFM chirp may contain a superposition of specular scattering and scattering
1aUW8. Detection of a resonant target in shallow water using iterative,
features associated with the transient response of the resonator. If the fre-
single-channel time reversal at low frequencies (2–23 kHz). Zachary J.
quency sweep rate is not sufficiently slow relative to the ring-down time of
Waters, Harry J. Simpson, Benjamin R. Dzikowicz, Brian H. Houston
the resonator, the transient response may result in artificial features and de-
共Physical Acoust. Branch Code 7130, Naval Res. Lab., Washington, DC
creased time resolution in the pulse compressed signal due to decreased cor-
20375-5320兲, Alain R. Berdoz, and Larry A. Kraus 共Global Strategies Group
relation with the transmitted signal. To explore this effect, water tank ex-
共North America兲, Crofton, MD 21114兲
periments were carried using a water filled cylindrical shell as the resonant
Iterative time reversal with a single-channel transducer has been shown target. Experiments demonstrate that for sufficiently rapid chirp rates, the
to enhance echoes from resonant targets both in scaled high-frequency 共0 target response envelope has an oscillatory modulation that affects the pulse
.5–2-MHz兲 laboratory experiments 关Waters et al., IEEE UFFC 56, 1429 compressed signal. 关Research supported by ONR.兴
11:00 11:15
1aUW11. Scattering experiments for exploring pressure gradient 1aUW12. Boundary enhanced helical ray coupling to high-frequency
coupling to modes of solid cylinders. Timothy M. Marston and Philip L. modes of solid aluminum cylinders. Jon La Follett and Philip L. Marston
Marston 共Dept. Phys. and Astronomy, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA 共Dept. Phys. and Astronomy, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA 99164-
2814, jon.lafollett@email.wsu.edu兲
99164 2814, marston@wsu.edu兲
Surface guided leaky Rayleigh waves have been shown to provide a sig-
Grazing illumination of a target close to a flat interface as well as eva-
nificant contribution to the backscattering by a solid metallic cylinder 关K.
nescent wave illumination of a buried target can produce significant vertical Gipson and P. L. Marston, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 106, 1673 共1999兲兴. Free field
acoustic pressure gradients at a target. A prior experiment 关Espana et al., J. observations of the backscattering by solid aluminum cylinders confirm that
Acoust. Soc. Am. 126, 2187 共2009兲兴 demonstrated the selective coupling to both meridional and helical rays contribute to the backscattering for differ-
a mode of a flat-ended solid horizontal circular cylinder. The cylinder’s axis ent angles of cylinder tilt 关K. Baik, Ph.D. thesis, WSU 共2008兲兴. Those stud-
was positioned so that the vertical pressure gradient was large at the end of ies show that a previously developed criteria, based on the length of the cyl-
the cylinder. The present investigation explores this coupling for wider va- inder, limits the range of tilt angles for which helical rays can contribute 关F.
riety cylinders in which the end of the cylinder was modified to include a J. Blonigen and P. L. Marston, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 112, 528 共2002兲兴. Ex-
flat paddle. Such a paddle resembles a fin-like appendage. When a flat ver- periments with solid aluminum cylinders placed near a flat reflecting bound-
ary suggest that the presence of a boundary can increase the number of he-
tical paddle is subjected to a vertical pressure gradient, the associated torque
lical ray paths that contribute to the backscattering; this increase can lead to
on the paddle facilitates the excitation of torsional modes of the solid
increased backscattering amplitudes and an increased range of angles for
cylinder. The radiation damping is found to increase for larger paddles. Tar- which coupling to helical rays can occur. To investigate this effect, solid alu-
gets modified in this way facilitate the investigation of specific scattering minum cylinders were suspended below the free surface of a water tank.
mechanisms. Coupling to this type of mode is suppressed when the cylin- Targets were illuminated from below at grazing incidence, and the back-
der’s axis is at a pressure anti-node where the pressure gradient vanishes. scattering was measured as a function of target rotation. 关Work supported by
关Work supported by ONR.兴 ONR.兴
MONDAY AFTERNOON, 19 APRIL 2010 ESSEX A/B/C, 1:00 TO 5:45 P.M.
Session 1pAA
Architectural Acoustics: Required Accuracy of Absorption, Scattering, and Diffusion Coefficients
Peter D’Antonio, Chair

RPG Diffusor Systems Inc., 651C Commerce Dr., Upper Marlboro, MD 20774
Invited Papers
1:05
1pAA1. Absorption, scattering, and diffusion coefficients: Overview. Peter D’Antonio 共RPG Diffusor Systems, Inc., 651-C Com-
merce Dr., Upper Marlboro, MD 20774, pdantonio@rpginc.com兲
Acoustical design and computer modeling rely on the availability, accuracy, and use of coefficients which characterize how bound-
ary surfaces affect incident sound. At this time three coefficients have been developed to characterize how incident sound is modified
by absorptive and scattering surfaces. The random incidence absorption coefficient, which is a measure of the proportion of incident
sound that is absorbed, is measured according to ISO 354/ASTM C423. It is well known that coefficients measured according to this
standard suffer from several systematic errors which will be reviewed. Measurement of the random incidence scattering coefficient,
which is the proportion of incident energy scattered in non-specular directions and used in computer modeling programs, is experimen-
tally determined by ISO 17497-1. The limitations of this standard and applications will be discussed. Measurement of the diffusion
coefficient, which is a measure of the uniformity of scattered sound and used to evaluate potential surfaces and in optimization pro-
grams, is described in AES-4id-2001 and ISO 17497-2 共pending兲. As with all standards it too has limitations which will be discussed.
Detailed information on all three coefficients is given in Cox, T. J., and DAntonio, P. 共2009兲. Acoustic Absorbers and Diffusers 共Taylor
& Francis, London兲.
1:25
1pAA2. Absorption coefficient error propagation into room acoustics parameters. Michael Vorländer 共Inst. of Tech. Acoust.,
RWTH Aachen Univ. D-52056 Aachen, Germany兲
It is well known that random-incidence absorption coefficients suffer from measurement uncertainties. Whether or not these uncer-
tainties affect the quality of results from room acoustic prediction models depends on the specific case. One might argue that the ab-
sorption of the most relevant material must be known accurately. This, however, could be the material with highest absorption or the
material with the largest surface area. In this presentation, the true random-incidence absorption coefficient and measurement uncer-
tainties related to the current ISO 354 are briefly discussed. Then, in order to get a better view on the consequences of those uncer-
tainties, quantitative uncertainties of some predicted parameters such as reverberation time, strength, and clarity are calculated by using
an error propagation. Effects of uncertainties of absorption coefficients distributed in various room configurations are presented and
discussed.
1:45
1pAA3. The true absorption—Measurements and coefficients. Christian Nocke 共Akustikbuero Oldenburg, Katharinenstr. 10, 26121
Oldenburg, Germany, nocke@akustikbuero-oldenburg.de兲
Many measurement procedures for sound absorption rely on approximations or necessitate special restrictions. The measurements in
the tube usually only cover small samples and rely on a plane wave at normal incidence of sound. Reverberation chamber measurements
assume diffuse sound fields and other constraints. Furthermore sound absorbers might show local or non-local reaction, e.g., angle
dependence of the acoustic surface impedance or not. The performance of sound absorbers, either in a room or outdoors, often involves
neither plane sound waves nor diffuse sound fields. This is one motivation for the development of measurement procedures applicable
where the sound absorber is actually used, namely, in-situ methods. The paper will present a short historical review on the development
1p MON. PM
of measurement techniques of sound absorption or the acoustic surface impedance. Measurement examples will be shown for some of
the methods presented and compared to each other.
2:05
1pAA4. Investigation of the just noticeable difference of scattering coefficient in auralized concert halls. Renzo Vitale and Michael
Vorländer 共Inst. of Tech. Acoust., RWTH Aachen Univ., Neustrasse 50, 52066 Aachen, Germany, rvi@akustik.rwth-aachen.de兲
The use of scattering coefficient in room acoustics simulations has proved to be an essential factor for improving the validity of
results, as it quantifies the amount of the diffuse sound field in enclosed spaces. Measurement methods have been described in the norm
ISO 17497. Available data, whose lack is still one of the weak points, are fairly growing. Moreover, the relationship between the physi-
cal quantity and perceptual aspects still remains unclear. Aim of this study is a first investigation toward the comprehension of the
influence of scattering coefficient on the sound as perceived from the audience. The target is to quantify the just noticeable differences
for variable scattering coefficients associated with lateral wall diffusers of a simulated concert hall. Several musical stimuli convolved
with binaural room impulse responses are used as source signals for listening tests. Results focusing on perceptual aspects will be
presented and discussed.
2:25
1pAA5. Characterizing scattering coefficients numerically via the fast multipole accelerated boundary element method. Nail A.
Gumerov and Ramani Duraiswami 共Perceptual Interfaces and Reality Lab., UMIACS, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742,
gumerov@umiacs.umd.edu兲
Various panels are used in acoustical installations to provide desired characteristics to spaces to be used for listening. These panels
have complex shapes with geometrical features that have sizes corresponding to wavelengths of sounds of interest. The complex inter-
action of acoustical waves with these shapes is what gives these surfaces their desirable properties. Experimental characterization of the
acoustical properties of these surfaces under random and specular incidence is relatively time consuming. An alternate procedure is to
numerically simulate the scattering behavior, and then computing the coefficients of interest from the simulation. A significant obstacle
to such computations is the time taken for simulation. Fast multipole acceleration of boundary element methods 关Gumerov & Du-
raiswami, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 125 共2009兲兴 is a promising approach to speeding up computations. We report on the application of this
method to the computation of various scattering coefficients.
2:45
1pAA6. Evolution and uses of the diffusion coefficient: 1994–2010. Peter D’Antonio 共RPG Diffusor Systems, Inc., 651-C Commerce
Dr., Upper Marlboro, MD 20774, pdantonio@rpginc.com兲
A measurement method to determine the diffusion coefficient was first proposed at the Sabine Centennial Symposium in 1994. The
method involved a boundary measurement technique which was carried out in a reflection free zone to determine the scattered impulse
responses at 5 deg resolution from which the uniformity of third octave polar responses could be determined. In 2001, an information
document 共AES-4id-2001兲 was published describing this technique and the determination of the diffusion coefficient from the autocor-
relation of the third-octave polar responses. This technique is being enshrined as ISO 17497-2, which will complement the scattering
coefficient standard ISO 17497-1. This presentation will review the evolution of the diffusion coefficient, describe the current measure-
ment and characterization technique, and detail its limitations and accuracy. Two examples of its use will be given. The first example
will illustrate how the directional and random incidence diffusion coefficients can be used to evaluate the bandwidth and scattering
uniformity of several potential one-dimensional and two-dimensional diffusing surfaces. The second example will demonstrate how the
coefficient can be used as a metric to create new surfaces, using a shape optimization computer program, which combines boundary
element and multi-dimensional minimization techniques.
3:05—3:20 Break
3:20
1pAA7. Comparison of measurement and simulation of the scattered pressure distribution from partly absorbing surfaces.
Konstantinos Dadiotis, Jamie A. S. Angus, and Trevor J. Cox 共Acoust. Res. Ctr., Univ. of Salford, Greater Manchester M37JT, United
Kingdom兲
When diffusion or scattering from a surface if discussed usually it refers to the distribution of pressure reflected from a rigid surface
while the amount of reflected energy is not discussed. In this paper the scattered pressure distribution from surfaces that consist of
absorbing and reflecting elements has been measured following the ISO 17497-2. The requirements of the standard were not perfectly
met as the signal to noise ratio was lower than required due to the absorbing nature of the surface and high-low-frequency noise in the
measuring system. The measured results were then compared with simulations using boundary element modeling. The comparison
showed good agreement. Finally the issue of the reflected energy was discussed.
3:40
1pAA8. Design of sound diffusion in concert halls using scale models. Jin Yong Jeon and Yong Hee Kim 共Dept. of Architectural
Eng., Hanyang Univ., Seoul 133-791, Korea, jyjeon@hanyang.ac.kr兲
Effects of surface diffusion from lateral walls on concert hall acoustics were investigated to determine diffuser profiles. The design
factors of diffusers in concert halls are geometrical shape, structural height, and surface coverage. Diffusion and scattering coefficients
of the diffusers were measured in a 1:10 scale model reverberation chamber. Then, it was applied to scale model concert halls by design
factors of diffusers. Acoustical parameters such as RT, EDT, C80, and sound pressure level 共SPL兲 were calculated from the impulse
responses. In addition, the numbers and amplitudes of the reflection peaks within ⫺20 dB after the direct sound were calculated to
evaluate the diffuseness in the halls. As a result, diffusers commonly yielded decrease in RT and SPL but contributed to increase in
uniformity of RT and SPL. It was also found that the diffusive lateral surfaces close to the stage area are more effective in increasing
both Np and ES. Appropriate design directions of diffuser are discussed from the measured results.
Contributed Papers
4:00 In many areas of acoustics, the degree to which a sound field is mixed,
1pAA9. Characterizing rooms regarding reverberation time prediction diffuse, or spatially uniform is important in understanding the system. In the
and the sensitivity to absorption and scattering coefficient accuracy. case of performance spaces, it influences the audience’s perception of the
B.-I. Dalenback 共CATT, Mariagatan 16A, SE-41471 Gothenburg, Sweden, performance. More generally, it may have implications on the assessment of
bid@catt.se兲 and Sarah Brown 共RPG Diffusor Systems, Inc., Upper Marl- measurements taken in a space since often the evaluation of room-acoustic
boro, MD 20774兲 measurements relies on diffuse field assumptions. Several techniques have
been proposed to quantify the diffuseness in a space, and one of the more
Prediction of reverberation time 共T30兲 using ray-tracing and similar al- recent methods will be investigated in this paper. Signals measured with a
gorithms naturally requires realistic input data, but the degree of data accu- combined pressure and particle velocity sensor are used to calculate energy
racy required varies with the room properties. In some types of rooms, ac- density and average intensity. The degree of diffuseness is then associated
curate coefficients are crucial while in other types it is less crucial and the with the relationship between these two quantities. This paper discusses as-
prediction results are less sensitive. This paper will attempt to classify pects of the relevant theory and practical implementation.
rooms, according to their sensitivity to the input data due to their geometri-
cal mixing 共or diffusing兲 properties and the absorption, distribution. At the
one end are found non-mixing geometries with uneven absorption, making a 4:45
good estimate of the scattering coefficients crucial, at the other end are 1pAA12. Simulating diffuseness with geometry variations of room
found mixing geometries with a mildly varying absorption distribution surfaces. Sentagi S. Utami and Mojtaba Navvab 共Dept. of Architecture,
where prediction is safer and where estimated, or readily available, absorp- Univ. of Michigan, 2000 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,
tion coefficients can be used and where the choice of scattering coefficients sentagi@umich.edu兲
has little impact. Due to the natural frequency dependence of both absorp-
Several methods have been proposed to quantify the sound-field diffuse-
tion and scattering coefficients the classification may also differ between
ness utilizing measurements, room-acoustic modeling, and subjective
octave-band predictions in the same room. Predictions are also difficult in
assessment. Methods for measurements require sophisticated equipment
rooms where the decay is not exponential. However, measures, e.g., STI and
with special consideration limited on quantifying uniformity of diffuseness
C80, may still be well predicted since they do not rely on fitting a straight
in reverberant chambers. This study provides a systematic technique in
line to a non-straight logarithmic decay.
simulating the sound-field diffuseness. The room simulated is typical rooms
requiring need to control problems of echoes where the sound energy is of-
4:15
ten need to be conserved as well. Theoretical consideration on the sound
1pAA10. Improving the accuracy of sound absorption measurements.
source characteristics, source to receiver distances, geometrical size of the
Charles Moritz, Jennifer Shaw, and Armando Carrera 共Blachford Inc., 1445
room surfaces, and material characteristics is taken into account and being
Powis Rd., West Chicago, IL 60185, cmoritz@blachfordinc.com兲
altered in the simulation. Detail of the geometry variations in room surfaces
Sound absorption test methods, such as ASTM C423, provide criteria for is the major concern. Typical parameters in room acoustics are utilized to
test chamber qualification. Measurements required during the ASTM C423 quantify the sound-field diffuseness. The results have shown that the geom-
qualification process examine the variation in decay rates with microphone etry variations are correlated with the following energy properties: 共1兲 re-
and test specimen locations. In addition, it is recommended to measure the verberation times, 共2兲 energies of the direct sound and reflections, 共3兲 ratio
change in sound absorption coefficients of a reference specimen with vari- of early-to-reverberant energies, and 共4兲 the ratio of intensities of sound
ous amounts of diffusion in the room. However, there is little published in- waves impinging on surfaces and reflecting back with its directional
formation regarding systematic methods for determining diffuser, micro- distributions.
phone, or specimen locations; therefore, qualification or improvement to the
reverberation room depends on the acoustician’s best judgment. As part of a
5:00
continual improvement process to reduce testing variation, a mapping tech-
1pAA13. On the accuracy of the subtraction method for in-situ
nique was utilized to visualize the three dimensional sound field in the room
reflection and diffusion coefficient measurements. Philip Robinson and
and determine changes necessary to improve the diffusion and repeatability
Ning Xiang 共Graduate Program in Architectural Acoust., Rensselaer Poly-
of sound absorption measurements.
technic Inst., 110 8th St., Troy, NY 12180兲
4:30 The subtraction method is a technique critical to measuring in-situ

1pAA11. Quantifying the diffuseness of a sound field using a combined reflection/absorption coefficients as well as diffusion coefficients. In order to
pressure and particle velocity sensor. Jonathan M. Botts, Philip W. isolate a reflection, a reference measurement including only direct sound is
Robinson 共Graduate Program in Architectural Acoust., School of Architec- subtracted from one with direct sound and the reflection of interest. How-
ture, Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst., Troy, NY兲, Hans-Elias de Bree ever, taking two measurements with exactly the same direct sound compo-
共Microflown Technologies and HAN Univ., Arnhem, The Netherlands兲, and nent is complicated by environmental conditions, such as changes in tem-
Ning Xiang 共Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst., Troy, NY 12180兲 perature, air movement, and exact microphone positioning. These variations
can cause small time differences between the reference and the measurement vere limitation. However, these data sets may be re-purposed for an exten-
which prevent complete subtraction of the direct sound; the residual direct sion of frequencies under test by the application of an inverse problem for-
sound then pollutes analysis of the isolated reflection. This work evaluates mulation of the boundary element method. The method accurately predicts
several methods to compensate for the differences to achieve minimal inter- data obtained within a larger impedance tube and further well extrapolates to
ference from the residual direct sound. A metric for gauging the success of data observed in a smaller impedance tube. Moreover, the method provides
the subtraction is proposed and the influence of the subtraction effectiveness confidence in the consistency of specific impedance determination in com-
on variations in the measured diffusion coefficient will also be discussed. posite data sets.
5:30
5:15 1pAA15. Higher-order impedance boundary conditions for finite
1p MON. PM
1pAA14. Inverse boundary and finite element formulations for the difference solutions to the wave equation. Alexander Bockman, Jonathan
determination of high-frequency specific impedance. Alexander Bockman Botts, and Ning Xiang 共Graduate Program in Architectural Acoust., School
and Ning Xiang 共Graduate Program in Architectural Acoust., School of Ar- of Architecture, Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst., Troy, NY 12180兲
chitecture, Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst., 110 8th St., Troy, NY 12180,
xiangn@rpi.edu兲 Higher-order finite difference methods for the solution of the wave equa-
tion are well established. The interchangeability of temporal and spatial de-
Material databases for consulting acousticians require accurate determi- rivatives allows for exact representations of the differential equation in dif-
nation of specific impedance. Such data are typically gathered from the ference forms to the order of accuracy desired. Realistic impedance
composition of data sets obtained from impedance tubes. In such tubes, the conditions, however, germane to problems of an architectural acoustics ori-
restriction of frequencies under test to those that satisfy a plane wave as- gin, are typically given as ratios of pressure and velocity in the frequency
sumption for the tube geometry in question allows for the application of a domain. This work develops fourth order-accurate time domain boundary
one-dimensional transfer function analysis. Such tubes rarely achieve accu- conditions for the types of materials typically encountered in the architec-
racy at the upper and lower ends of their operating spectra. Thus, the com- tural acoustics field. Accuracy and agreement of numerical simulations to
positing of detailed data sets may produce significant error. For researchers scale model measurements are compared and discussed, as is computational
of wave based methods of acoustic wave propagation, this represents a se- cost relative to lower-order methods.
MONDAY AFTERNOON, 19 APRIL 2010 WATERVIEW B/C, 1:00 TO 4:35 P.M.
Session 1pAB
Animal Bioacoustics: Effects of Anthropogenic Noise on Aquatic Animals II: Biological Damage
Carl R. Schilt, Chair

Bigleaf Science Services, P.O. Box 225, North Bonneville, WA 98639
Invited Papers
1:00
1pAB1. Preliminary analysis of effects of pile driving sounds on fish. Arthur N. Popper, Brandon M. Casper, Jiakun Song, David
Sanderson-Kilchenstein 共Dept. of Biology, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742兲, Thomas Carlson 共Pacific Northwest Natl.
Labs., Battelle, Portland, OR 97204兲, and Michele B. Halvorsen 共Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742兲
There is continuing concern about the potential effects on fishes of the sounds produced during pile driving activities. Data in the
literature are unclear as to physiological and behavioral effects. The earlier studies also generally did not include either experimental
controls or control of signal parameters. We have developed a unique laboratory device that permits accurate simulation of impulsive
pile driving signals in controlled experiments. Juvenile Chinook salmon were exposed to different combinations of sound levels and
number of strikes to achieve various cumulative sound exposure levels. Controls received identical treatment as experimental animals,
but without sound. The fish were evaluated by necropsy for assessment of barotrauma. Necropsies were conducted on exposed and
control fish with experimenter not knowing the stimulus parameters. Preliminary analysis of results show that the extent of barotrauma
rises with increased cumulative sound exposure level 共SEL兲. Future experiments will examine effects of lower SELs as well as long-
term effects that may arise at various time periods post-exposure. Ultimately, other species will be examined in order to develop broader
criteria for exposure to pile driving sounds. 共Work supported by NCHRP, CALTRANS, and MMS.兲
1:20
1pAB2. Anthropogenic noise: Is this an issue for elasmobranch fishes? Brandon M. Casper and Arthur N. Popper 共Dept. of Biology,
Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, bcasper@umd.edu兲
Underwater anthropogenic noise has developed into a major national and international issue since it is becoming more apparent that
human activities can have an adverse effect on the survival of fish stocks. It is unclear, however, whether human-generated noise in the
aquatic environment could have an effect on the health and behavior of elasmobranch fishes 共sharks, skates, and rays兲, a group already
being threatened worldwide due to overfishing. Many sources of anthropogenic noise produce sounds in the frequency range detectable
by these fishes; however, elasmobranchs are not considered to have sensitive hearing and therefore we do not know if they could be
affected by these sounds. A review will be presented of what is known and unknown in regard to elasmobranch hearing abilities as well
as behavioral studies in which sharks were exposed to or attracted by auditory stimuli. With these in mind, the goal will be to address
whether anthropogenic environmental noise could be having deleterious effects on elasmobranch fishes.
Contributed Paper
1:40 bioacoustic experiments that will enhance knowledge of biophysical phe-
1pAB3. Natural modes of vibration in the auditory system of a teleost. nomena with economy of time and resources. We present preliminary results
Carl R. Schilt 共Bigleaf Sci. Services, P.O. Box 225, North Bonneville, WA of a project that extends to fishes our finite-element modeling methods,
98639, schilt@saw.net兲, Ted W. Cranford 共QMC Consulting, Inc., San Di- which have been used to investigate marine mammal bioacoustics. These
ego, CA兲, Petr Krysl 共UCSD, San Diego, CA兲, Robert E. Shadwick 共UBC, methods involve obtaining appropriate specimens, scanning them with x-ray
Vancouver, BC, CA兲, and Anthony D. Hawkins 共Loughine, Ltd., Aberdeen, CT, measuring elasticity of tissues, and constructing a finite-element model.
Scotland兲 Then we simulate the interactions between selected anthropogenic sounds
and the model of the fish. Here we introduce vibrational analysis with fishes,
Fishes are diverse in hearing systems and anatomy. Doing actual bioa- simulating the resonant frequencies of the otoliths and surrounding struc-
coustic experiments with even one species, candidate sound, and acoustic tures in a large sciaenid fish 共the white seabass, Atractoscion nobilis兲. Our
environment is difficult to conduct and to generalize. Our modeling ap- preliminary analysis indicates the potential for complex relative motions
proach, if properly carried out and validated, will enable us to do virtual among otoliths and, by implication, their sensory maculae.
Invited Papers
1:55
1pAB4. Metric for biological assessment of injury by percussive and decompressive exposure to impulsive sound. Thomas J.
Carlson 共Pacific Northwest Natl. Lab., 620 SW 5th Ave., Ste. 810, Portland, OR 97204-1423, thomas.carlson@pnl.gov兲
Field and laboratory assessment of barotrauma to fish caused by percussion and/or decompression is complicated by the occurrence
of injuries that do not result in immediate mortality. Accurate estimation of the consequence of exposure to impulsive sound must
consider injuries that result in mortality delayed beyond typical post-exposure holding periods of exposed animals or that debilitate and
lead to indirect mortality. Research of the response of fish to impulsive decompression over the past several years has resulted in de-
velopment of a metric, mortal injury, that appears to more completely describe the biological cost to juvenile fish of exposure to rapid
decompression. This measurement method has been extended to assessment of the response of juvenile fish to exposure to impulsive
sound caused by blasting. The implications for assessment of take of listed species by blasting is evaluated by comparing mortality
assessed over a 48-h holding period following exposure with that by necropsy for determination of mortal injury immediately following
exposure.
2:15
1pAB5. Auditory hair cell regeneration in teleost fishes: A review. Michael E. Smith 共Dept. of Biology, Western Kentucky Univ.,
1906 College Heights Blvd., Bowling Green, KY 42101, michael.smith1@wku.edu兲
Exposure to high levels of sound can cause damage to the auditory hair cells of many organisms, including fishes, resulting in
hearing deficits. While such exposure can lead to permanent hearing loss in mammals, other phylogenetically older nonmammalian
vertebrates, such as birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes, can spontaneously regenerate hair cells in both the vestibular and auditory
portions of the inner ear following trauma. The general mechanism of hair cell regeneration is currently being examined in a number of
different taxa, but data are limited on hair cell regeneration in the inner ear of fishes. This presentation will summarize the few studies
that have examined auditory hair cell regeneration in teleost fishes and compare the results reported for fishes to those reported for other
species. While understanding the process of hair cell regeneration in fishes has biomedical relevance, this knowledge could also benefit
marine managers attempting to mitigate the effects of anthropogenic noise on fishes. 关Work supported by NIH P20 RR16481.兴
2:35
1pAB6. Noise-induced hearing loss: From animals to humans. Colleen Le Prell 共Dept. of Communicative Disord., Univ. of Florida,
Box 100174, Gainesville, FL 32610, colleeng@phhp.ufl.edu兲
Exposure to noise can result in neural swelling, mechanical damage, and/or a toxic accumulation of free radicals. The type and
extent of the pathology, the amount of hearing loss, and the permanence of the hearing loss all vary with the level and duration of the
noise insult. In addition, noise exposures in which sound level rapidly changes over time are more harmful than relatively constant level
exposures. These relationships have been carefully worked out in animal models, and key findings will be reviewed. Evaluating the
effects of noise on the human inner ear is more challenging. Exposures in the work place and other real-world environments can be
challenging to control, and in those studies evaluating long-term effects of noise, the subjects are exposed to variable non-study noise
sources. Exposures in the laboratory that induce temporary changes in human hearing carry their own challenges. In this lecture, we will
discuss various human models for studies on the effects of noise, and we will present new data on temporary hearing changes in human
subjects that listen to music with digital audio players. Several metrics used to measure the effects of noise will be discussed.
2:55—3:15 Break
3:15
1pAB7. Effects of mid-frequency sonar on fish. Michele B. Halvorsen 共Dept. of Biology, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD
20742, mb_halvorsen@yahoo.com兲, David A. Zeddies 共Marine Acoust. Inc., Arlington, VA 22203兲, William Ellison 共Marine Acoust.
Inc., Middletown, RI 02482兲, Jiakun Song 共Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742兲, David R. Chicoine 共New York Chiropractic
College, Seneca Falls, NY 13148兲, and Arthur N. Popper 共Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742兲
There is significant concern that high-intensity sounds can impact fish physiology and behavior. Important sources of such sounds
are commercial and military sonars. A recent publication reports that exposure to low-frequency active 共LFA兲 sonar might result in
1p MON. PM
hearing loss in some fish species, but did not damage any tissues 关Popper et al. 共2007兲. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 122, 623–635兴. We have
extended our studies to include U.S. Navy mid-frequency sonar. Fish were exposed to a 3-s-long signal that consisted of a 2-s 2.8–3
.8-kHz frequency sweep, immediately followed by a 1-s 3.3-kHz tone兲. The stimulus was repeated five times with a 25-s interval. Fish
were subsequently tested for hearing sensitivity and examined both grossly and microscopically for tissue damage. Some temporary
hearing loss was found in catfish, species known to hear sounds above 1000 Hz, whereas there was no effect in fish which do not hear
above about 1 kHz. There was no gross damage to any tissue, and microscopic examination showed no effect on any tissues. 关Work
supported by Office of the U.S. Chief of Naval Operations.兴
Contributed Papers
3:35 Relationships among peripheral auditory mechanics, characteristics of
1pAB8. Noise dose for aquatic animals: Preliminary estimates for two sound exposure, and effects on auditory tissues in fishes are not understood.
seismic surveys. Nils Olav Handegard 共Inst. of Marine Res., NO-5817 Ber- Several studies in the literature have reported varying degrees of damage to
gen, Norway, nilsolav@imr.no兲 auditory hair cells in different species exposed to different types of sounds;
however, there appears to be no correlation between sound exposure level
In humans, a daily noise dose is defined and used to regulate noise ex-
and observed damage. In effort to understand mechanisms underlying hear-
posure in the working environment. This is an integrated measure of sound
ing loss and hair cell damage and to predict their occurrence, a mathematical
intensity over the working day, typically 8 h in duration. When investigating
model of the peripheral auditory system in fishes was developed to study the
behavioral effects on aquatic animals exposed to anthropogenic noise, a
dynamic response of the ear to incident sound in five different species. This
comparable measure would be valuable, especially when transient but pow-
model determines relative motion between the sensory epithelium and
erful underwater noise sources such as seismic air-guns and mid- and low-
otolith in the inner ear, which causes bending of the apical ciliary bundles of
frequency sonars are being used or are being considered for use. Here, an
auditory hair cells. Excessive relative motion predicted by the model was
integrated noise dose measure is defined. Preliminary estimates of this
correlated with hair cell damage and found to be in good agreement with
noise-dose measure are given for two different seismic surveys.
results of studies reported in the literature. Swim bladder geometry, otolith
size, anatomical connections between swim bladder and inner ear, and spec-
tral characteristics and amplitude of the received sound were found to affect
3:50 the degree of hair cell damage. 关Work supported by the International Asso-
1pAB9. Assessing and regulating the impact of sound and vibration ciation of Oil and Gas Producers.兴
upon fish. Anthony Hawkins 共Loughine Ltd., Kincraig, Blairs, Aberdeen
AB12 5YT, United Kingdom, a.hawkins@btconnect.com兲 4:20
1pAB11. Assessment of the acoustic effects on marine animals by an
The generation of very high-sound levels in water has the potential to
offshore wind farm. James H. Miller, Gopu R. Potty, Kathleen Vigness
change the behavior of fish and in extreme cases cause injury. Such sounds
Raposa, David Casagrande, Lisa A. Miller 共Dept. of Ocean Eng., Univ. of
may be generated by pile driving, seismic exploration, low-frequency sonar
Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, miller@uri.edu兲, Jeffrey A. Nystuen
equipment, ships, and underwater dredging and drilling activities. Some
共Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105兲, and Peter M. Scheifele 共Univ. of
land-based activities like drilling, excavation work, and vibroseis may also
Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267兲
generate sound and vibration which subsequently enters adjacent water bod-
ies like lakes and rivers. It has become commonplace for regulatory agen- As part of the planning for an offshore wind farm in Rhode Island
cies to require the impact of these sound-making activities to be formally coastal waters, an assessment of the potential acoustic effects on the ecosys-
assessed for their impact upon aquatic animals, including fish. The proce- tem is being conducted. The developer has proposed to initially deploy eight
dures for carrying out these assessments vary and, in many instances, are 3.6-MW wind turbines within 3 nm of Block Island. Two passive aquatic
poorly performed or subject to uncertainty. The uncertainties which come listener 共PAL兲 systems were deployed south of Block Island from October 6
into play when impacts upon fish are assessed include lack of knowledge on to November 11, 2008. Using data from the PALs, ambient noise histograms
the sensitivity and response of fish to sounds, the physical conditions sur- were computed for this pre-construction phase. The largest sources of noise
rounding sound generation and propagation, and the metrics to be applied to in the area at low frequencies were found to be from shipping, wind, rain,
the stimulus received by the fish. This paper will consider those sound ex- and biological sources. In addition, transmission loss measurements were
posure criteria applied to fish for regulatory purposes and how they might be also made in the region to calibrate a geoacoustic model. Measurements of
refined. airborne noise from a 1.5-MW land-based wind turbine already in operation
in Rhode Island were made in 1/3-octave bands and near the proposed wind-
farm site. A preliminary assessment of the effects of the offshore wind farm
4:05 on marine animals at these sites will be presented. A plan for monitoring the
1pAB10. A model for predicting effects of sound on auditory sensory noise field and potential biological effects during construction and operation
cells in fishes. Mardi C. Hastings 共Woodruff School of Mech. Eng., Georgia of the windfarm is presented. 关Funding provided by the RI Office of Energy
Inst. of Technol., Atlanta, GA 30332, mardi.hastings@gatech.edu兲 Resources.兴
MONDAY AFTERNOON, 19 APRIL 2010 HARBORSIDE A, 1:00 TO 5:15 P.M.
Session 1pAO
Acoustical Oceanography, Animal Bioacoustics, and Underwater Acoustics:

Acoustics in Polar Environments II
Jennifer L. Miksis-Olds, Cochair

Pennsylvania State Univ., Applied Research Labs., P.O. Box 30, State College, PA 16804
David K. Mellinger, Cochair

Oregon State Univ., 2030 S.E. Marine Science Dr., Newport, OR 97365
Ann E. Bowles, Cochair

Hubbs Sea World Research Inst., 2595 Ingraham St., San Diego, CA 92109
Invited Papers
1:00
1pAO1. Marine bioacoustics in a changing Arctic. Robert C. Gisiner 共Marine Mammal Commission, Rm. 700, 4340 East-West Hwy.,
Bethesda, MD 20814, bgisiner@mmc.gov兲
The retreat of summer ice in the Arctic during the past 5 years has been accompanied by a surge of alarm about iconic ice-associated
marine mammal species: polar bears, walrus, ringed seals, and others. Changes for subarctic species of mammals, fishes, and planktonic
organisms have not received as much attention, but will also need to be monitored. The paucity of data about Arctic marine mammals
is now more than ever a serious impediment to good decision making. One of the greatest sources of hope is the tremendous advance
in marine bioacoustic sensing technology that has occurred within the past decade. Passive and active acoustic technologies offer new
means of obtaining biological data in a summer Arctic Ocean where ice is less available as a platform for animals and scientists, and
in a winter Arctic Ocean that will continue to be one of the most difficult research environments in the world.
1:20
1pAO2. Including passive acoustic capability in Arctic ocean observing systems. Sue E. Moore 共NOAA/Fisheries S&T, 7600 Sand
Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, sue.moore@noaa.gov兲, Kathleen M. Stafford 共Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105兲, Catherine
L. Berchok 共NOAA, Seattle, WA 98115兲, Humfrey Melling 共Inst. of Ocean Sci. DFO, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada兲, and Oystein Wiig
共Univ. Oslo, Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway兲
Over the past decade, long-term deployments of passive acoustic recorders have provided a new baseline on the seasonal occurrence
of large whale species in remote regions of the world ocean. In the Arctic, passive acoustic sampling has identified both whale calls and
sounds from anthropogenic sources 共ships and seismic profiling兲, activities that are expected to increase with diminished sea ice cover.
In 2008, NOAA capitalized on an opportunity to join on-going IPY projects by inclusion of recorders at three High Arctic mooring sites:
one on the Chukchi Plateau and two on either side of Fram Strait. The recorders 共AURAL-M2兲 provided a year of sub-sampled 共9 min
on/11 min off兲 recordings at 0.1 Hz to 4 kHz 共8192 sampling rate兲, which encompasses the bandwidth of whale and ice seal calls. Data
from the recorders were complemented by a suite of standard oceanographic measures from other instruments on the mooring line.
Provisional results show novel occurrence of both marine mammal and anthropogenic signals in the High Arctic. To realize the vision
of a Global Ocean Acoustic Observing Network 关Dushaw et al. 共2009兲兴, passive acoustic technology must become a standard sampling
component, especially in the Arctic during this time of rapid climate change.
1:40
1pAO3. Effects of seismic exploration activities on bowhead whale call distribution in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Susanna B.
Blackwell 共Greeneridge Sci., Inc., 1411 Firestone Rd., Goleta, CA 93117, susanna@greeneridge.com兲, Christopher S. Nations, Trent L.
McDonald 共WEST, Inc., Cheyenne, WY 82001兲, Aaron Thode 共Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093兲, Katherine H. Kim,
Charles R. Greene, Jr. 共Greeneridge Sci., Inc., Goleta, CA 93117兲, and A. Michael Macrander 共Shell Exploration & Production Co.,
Anchorage, AK 99503兲
Airgun use during seismic exploration activities is known to cause a decrease in call detection rates 共used here as a proxy for calling
rates兲 in migrating bowhead whales. However, the received airgun sound levels at the whales, at which behavioral changes occur, are
not known. To address this question 40 directional autonomous seafloor acoustic recorders 共DASARs兲 were deployed in autumn 2008
at five sites along the migration corridor of bowhead whales during ongoing marine seismic exploration activities. Over 440 000 whale
calls were detected and localized by triangulation. Concurrently, over 100 000 airgun pulses were detected and analyzed. The study area
was divided into a hexagonal grid 共hexagon width 1.75 km兲. The received level 共SPL and cumulative SEL兲 of airgun sounds was
modeled for each hexagon in the study area and each 15-min period over the entire season, using information on the timing and location
of airgun activities, the size of the airgun array being used, the depth of the DASARs recording the airgun sounds, and other covariates.
Logistic regression was then used to model occurrence of whale calls as a function of received level, distance offshore, and other
covariates. 关Work supported by Shell Exploration and Production Company.兴
2:00
1pAO4. Are they really not there? Using passive acoustics to overcome false absences in the study of vocal species that are rare,
secretive, or distributed at low densities. Tracey L. Rogers, Carolyn J. Hogg, Michaela B. Ciaglia 共Evol. and Ecol. Res. Ctr., School
of BEES, Univ. of NSW, Sydney 2052, Australia tracey.rogers@unsw.edu.au兲, and Douglas H. Cato 共Defence Sci. and Technol. Or-
ganisation, New South Wales, Australia兲
Estimating abundance and spatial use behavior can be challenging for marine species that are rarely sighted. This situation is ex-
acerbated in the polar regions due to the peculiar logistical difficulties of working in the pack ice, which makes survey effort enormously
expensive. Presented is a simple approach for modeling sounds per animal over a unit time as a relative index for species where there
is information on the production of vocalizations 共acoustic behavior including seasonal calling patterns, diurnal calling patterns, inter-
1p MON. PM
individual stereotypy, inter-sexual stereotypy, audience effect, and predictable calling rate over a unit of time兲 and the detection range
of those vocalizations 共survey distance—theoretical estimates calculated with call intensities兲. We focus on an Antarctic pack ice seal,
the leopard seal, and Hydrurga leptonyx, as estimating abundance from survey effort faces challenges. Our case study shows that with
the advent of more sophisticated marine engineering coupled with effort focused on the pertinent parameters of acoustic behavioral
ecology we can open up the scope to study the behavior of rare, secretive, or low-density species across a range of site occupancy
studies, density, and habitat use at a time when we need to develop cost efficient tools to glean an understanding of what is happening
in these most vulnerable locations.
2:20
1pAO5. From psychophysics to management of noise-disturbance in a large, Arctic carnivore, the polar bear. Ann E. Bowles
共Hubbs-SeaWorld Res. Inst., 2595 Ingraham St., San Diego, CA 92109, abowles@hswri.com兲 and Megan A. Owen 共San Diego Zoo
Inst. for Conservation Res., San Diego, CA 92112-0551兲
About 50% of maternal dens excavated by pregnant female polar bears on Alaska’s North Slope occur on land or land-fast ice.
Management agencies and the public have raised concerns that noise from human activities could adversely affect denning female polar
bears, causing den abandonment, interference with communication, altered habitat use, or behavioral and physiological stress. Although
US Fish and Wildlife Service uses approach limits to prevent disturbance of denning females that are assumed to be conservative, no
science-based standards have been developed and uncontrolled human activities are still possible. The potential for effects will be re-
viewed in light of published evidence and measurements of polar bear auditory thresholds 关Bowles et al. 共2008兲. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
123, 3509兴 to show how an understanding of species-specific psychophysical characteristics is needed to assess the impact of noise
disturbance from industrial activities. Scientific challenges to quantifying effects include identifying efficient noise metrics and practical
methods for measuring adverse responses. The negative ramifications of disturbance may be intensified due to anticipated reductions in
polar bear physical condition as their sea ice habitat declines.
2:40
1pAO6. Air-borne noise in the Arctic and implications for polar bears. Alexander O MacGillivray 共JASCO Appl. Sci., 2101-4464
Markham St., Victoria BC, V8Z 7X8 Canada兲 and Christine Erbe 共JASCO Appl. Sci., Bellbowrie, Queensland 4070, Australia兲
An increasing number of Arctic animal populations are listed as threatened. The list includes ungulates, terrestrial carnivores, marine
mammals, and birds. Potential threats are habitat degradation and loss, pollution, prey depletion, harvesting pressure 共as a result of
human population growth兲, climate change, and noise. Growing exploration and industrialization of the Arctic come with an increase in
underwater and air-borne noise. Sources of noise relate to oil, gas and mineral exploration and production, hydroelectric schemes,
construction 共of ports, buildings, roads兲, tourism, and traffic 共marine, land-based and air兲. Noise and vibration measurements of land-
based industrial activities will be presented, including excavation equipment, various types of ground vehicles, and blasting. Sound
propagation characteristics will be explained. Results of a study measuring the transmission of industrial noise into polar bear dens will
be shown and the potential effects of noise on Arctic animals will be discussed.
3:00—3:30 Break
Contributed Papers
3:30 ing in a combined deep-water upward-refracting and shallow-water bottom-
1pAO7. Acoustic propagation effects on airgun pulses and whale calls in interacting environment. 关Work supported by the U.S. Geological Survey.兴
the Beaufort Sea. Katherine H. Kim 共Greeneridge Sci., Inc., 1411 Firestone
Rd., Santa Barbara, CA 93117, khkim@greeneridge.com兲, Aaron Thode
共Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0238兲, and Charles R.
3:45
Greene, Jr. 共Greeneridge Sci., Inc., Santa Barbara, CA 93117兲 1pAO8. Ambient noise in the Chukchi Sea, July 07 Oct 2009. Bruce
In 2008, vocalizing bowhead whales 共Balaena mysticetus兲 conducted Martin, Julien Delarue, and David Hannay 共JASCO Res., 1496 Lower Water
their fall migration in the Beaufort Sea amidst short- and long-range seismic St., Halifax, NS B3B 1R9, Canada, bruce@jasco.com兲
exploration activities. Whale calls and airgun pulses were recorded on five Shell Exploration and Production Company and ConocoPhillips Alaska
arrays of Directional Autonomous Seafloor Acoustic Recorders 共DASARs兲 have commissioned a multi-year acoustic study of marine mammal vocal-
deployed along 280 km of Alaska’s North Slope. One particular sequence of ization activity and ambient sound levels in the Alaskan Chukchi Sea. A
pulses was recorded from the Louis S. St. Laurent, a Canadian geophysical large acoustic dataset, collected between July 2007 and October 2009, has
vessel conducting surveys in deep offshore waters in collaboration with the been analyzed and has provided a wealth of information about the seasonal
United States Geological Survey 共USGS兲, thus providing a fix on the loca- soundscape of the Chukchi Sea. This paper presents the ambient noise re-
tion of some distant airgun activity. The distant airgun signals display an sults throughout the acquisition time period. The analysis investigates the
interesting selection of long-range propagation effects, which will be dis- contributions made to ambient levels by shipping, marine mammals, seismic
cussed and analyzed in the context of range-dependent propagation model- activity, and ice. We will show how short term weather conditions can
strongly affect the noise levels measured on bottom-moored recorders. Cer- oceanographic mooring equipped with the acoustic recorder. During periods
tain mammal vocalizations such as bearded seal trills and bowhead moans of ice coverage, bearded seal and bowhead whale vocalizations dominated
can dominate ambient noise levels over large time periods. the soundscape and were the primary sources triggering a high-duty cycle
sampling mode. Bearded seal vocalizations decreased immediately follow-
ing the transition from ice cover to open water. The sub-sampling protocol
4:00
limits the number of short duration sound clips recorded each day in order to
1pAO9. Where do the Chukchi Sea fin whales come from? Looking for
conserve power and storage space during year deployments. Periods with ice
answers in the structure of songs recorded in the Bering Sea and
coverage preceding and following the ice retreat exceeded the maximum
Western North Pacific. Julien Delarue 共JASCO Appl. Sci., 432-1496
daily limit within the first 2 h of the day. During the first day of open water,
Lower Water St., Halifax, NS B3J 1R9, Canada兲, Dave K. Mellinger
there were only two detections. Temporal variation in the number of bearded
共Oregon State Univ., Newport, OR 97365兲, Kathleen M. Stafford 共Univ. of
seal detections is highly coupled to sea ice characteristics, illustrating the
Washington, Seattle, WA 98105兲, and Catherine L. Berchok 共NOAA/AFSC,
importance of this environmental feature to the bearded seal mating system.
Seattle, WA 98115兲
关Work supported by ONR.兴
Fin whales are common throughout the North Pacific and have recently
been detected acoustically as far north as the northeastern Chukchi Sea. 4:45
Non-acoustic evidence suggests that North Pacific fin whales are segregated 1pAO12. Right whale distribution in the Bering Sea revisited: A fresh
into two populations wintering along the Asian and North American coast look. Jessica Crance, Catherine Berchok, Phillip Clapham 共NOAA Natl.
with at least some animals intermingling in the summer in the Bering Sea- Marine Mammal Lab., 7600 Sand Point Way, Seattle, WA 98115,
Aleutian Islands area. Male fin whales produce regionally distinctive songs jessica.crance@noaa.gov兲, Marc Lammers, Whitlow W. L. Au 共Hawaii Inst.
which are likely indicative of population structure. In this study we evalu- of Marine Biology, Kaneohe, HI 96744兲, David K. Mellinger, and Sharon
ated the relationship of fin whales recorded in the northeastern Chukchi Nieukirk 共Oregon State Univ., Newport, OR 97365兲
共2007 and 2009兲 and southeastern Bering 共2007–2008兲 seas by comparing
The North Pacific right whale 共Eubalaena japonica兲 is one of the most
the structure of their song. Additionally, we investigated whether fin whales
endangered baleen whales in the world, with current abundance estimates of
detected in these areas could be part of an Asian population by comparing
fewer than 40 individuals. As such, it has been the focus of intensive popu-
their songs to those recorded near the Emperor Seamounts in the western
lation monitoring studies. Long-term passive acoustic monitoring is a useful
North Pacific 共2007兲. The results will be discussed in light of the current
tool for assessing distribution, habitat use, and population status of marine
knowledge on North Pacific fin whale population structure.
mammals. For Bering Sea right whales, past analyses of distribution were
based on their stereotyped upsweep call. Results from sonobuoy recordings
4:15 made during the 2008 and 2009 southeastern Bering Sea right whale cruises,
1pAO10. Factors influencing biodiversity and marine animal habitat use however, found gunshot calls to be much more common. To assess whether
in the Bering Sea. Jennifer L. Miksis-Olds 共Appl. Res. Lab., Penn State, inclusion of gunshot call detections will change our understanding of the
P.O. Box 30, State College, PA 16804, jlm91@psu.edu兲 and Jeffrey A. Nys- spatial and temporal distribution of North Pacific right whales, we examined
tuen 共Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105兲 four years 共2006–2009兲 of long-term recordings made by the National Ma-
rine Mammal Laboratory and the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
A combination of active and passive acoustic technology was integrated
at six different locations on the Bering Sea shelf. A comparison of the results
into NOAA oceanographic moorings at two locations on the eastern Bering
using upsweeps, gunshots, and a combination of both will be presented.
Sea shelf. Physical, biological, and acoustical oceanographic instruments
关Work supported by an Inter-Agency Agreement from the Minerals Manage-
made synoptic measurements of marine mammal presence, zooplankton/fish
ment Service.兴
concentrations, physical oceanographic processes, primary production, and
sound levels from 2008–2009. Synergistic factors influencing biodiversity
5:00
and marine animal habitat use were investigated. Observed patterns in the
1pAO13. Results and insights from operational acoustic monitoring
central Bering Sea indicate that ecosystem dynamics and the acoustic envi-
networks in the Chukchi Sea, Summer-Fall 2006 and 2008. Russell A.
ronment are strongly driven by sea ice. Marine mammal presence and di-
Charif, Ann Warde, Dimitri Ponirakis, Anita Murray, Charles Muirhead,
versity were tightly coupled to sea ice presence. Bowhead whales and ice
Michael Pitzrick, Christopher W. Clark 共Bioacoustics Res. Program, Cornell
seals dominated the acoustic soundscape during the winter and spring,
Univ., 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd., Ithaca, NY 148504兲, Sheyna Wisdom
whereas geophysical signals dominated during the fall and summer months.
共URS Corp., Anchorage, AK 99503兲, and Caryn Rea 共Conoco Phillips
Zooplankton abundance was also tightly linked to ice coverage. Time series
Alaska, Inc., Anchorage, AK 99501-3439兲
of acoustic backscattering strength during the winter months indicated that
the zooplankton community rapidly responds to short period of open water Recordings for marine mammals were collected in the Chukchi Sea in
at a level that equals or exceeds maximum volume backscatter values at the 2006 and 2008 summer-fall seasons in proximity to seismic exploration
other times of the year. Integrated data such as these will be vital in under- activities. 2006 data were from MARUs off Cape Lisburne, Pt. Lay, Wain-
standing the relationship between marine mammals, zooplankton, and the wright, and Pt. Barrow, AK. 2008 data were from MARUs in the Burger and
physical environment. 关Work supported by ONR.兴 Klondike areas. In 2006, belugas, but no bowheads, were rarely detected off
Cape Lisburne in July–September. Bowheads, but no belugas, were detected
4:30 off Wainwright, Lay, and Barrow in September–October, with bowheads
1pAO11. Analysis of marine mammal detections from the Bering Sea very common off Barrow. Seismic airgun sounds were common on distant
relative to a 10 day retreat of sea ice in March 2009. Samuel L. Denes MARUs off Cape Lisburne, Lay, and Wainwright. There were very few seis-
共Grad. Prog. in Acoust. and Appl. Res. Lab., The Penn State Univ., P.O. Box mic events detected off Barrow and those few were all close to 0-dB SNR.
30, State College, PA 16804-0030, sld980@psu.edu兲 and Jennifer L. Miksis- In 2008, bowheads were more common at Burger than Klondike and oc-
Olds 共The Penn State Univ., State College, PA 16804-0030兲 curred mostly during the latter part of the September–October period; belu-
gas were not detected at Burger and only on 6 days early in the period at
Patterns of marine mammal detections from an adaptive sub-sampling Klondike; walrus were more common at Burger than at Klondike. In both
acoustic recorder deployed in the Bering Sea are related to a temporary re- areas bowhead densities were low-moderate. Seismic sparker sounds were
treat of sea ice. Ice coverage data from the NOAA Ice Desk showed a 10 day detected on 7 and 28 days at Burger and Klondike, respectively, with higher
period in March 2009 during which no ice was detected over an NOAA received levels at Klondike.
MONDAY AFTERNOON, 19 APRIL 2010 KENT A/B, 12:55 TO 5:00 P.M.
Session 1pBB
Biomedical Ultrasound/Bioresponse to Vibration: Therapeutic Ultrasound Applications
Diane Dalecki, Cochair
1p MON. PM
Univ. of Rochester, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, 310 Goergen Hall, Rochester, NY 14627
James McLaughlan, Cochair

Boston Univ., Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 110 Cummington St., Boston, MA 02215
Contributed Papers
1:00 the bone were observed. The data obtained suggest that HIFU may be an
1pBB1. A two-scale model to describe cavitation dynamics in viscoelastic option for non-invasive treatment of HO. 关Work supported by NSBRI
media. Stéphane Labouret, Jamie R. T. Collin, and Constantin C. Coussios _SMSTO1601 and NIH_DK007742兴.
共Biomedical Ultrason. & Biotherapy Lab. 共BUBL兲, Inst. of Biomedical
Eng., Dept. of Eng. Sci., Univ. of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ,
United Kingdom, stephane.labouret@eng.ox.ac.uk兲 1:30
1pBB3. Nonlinear distortion associated with high-intensity focused
In spite of several decades of research on cavitation inception and onset ultrasound creates apparent displacements in acoustic radiation force
in biological media, the exact environment experienced by a cavitating imaging. Andrew B. Draudt and Robin O. Cleveland 共Dept. of Mech. Eng.,
bubble at the micro-scale and in the MHz frequency range remains poorly Boston Univ., 110 Cummington St., Boston, MA 02474兲
understood. Comparison of model-based predictions of bubble behavior
with optical observations in transparent media suggests that the mechanical An acoustic radiation force imaging 共ARFI兲 system has been developed
property values of the medium could be up to two magnitudes different than which employs a 1.1-MHz high-intensity focused ultrasound 共HIFU兲 source
the corresponding static values. Several viscoelastic media, such as tissue or to create the pushing beam 共0.5–7-MPa peak pressure兲 and a focused 7.5-
tissue-mimicking materials, have been recently shown to exhibit a sub- MHz transducer 共mounted concentrically in a hole of the HIFU transducer兲
micron structure which can be assumed equivalent to a pure liquid up to a to create the imaging pulse. The motion of tissue is determined by recording
characteristic length scale and essentially viscoelastic thereafter. The present multiple A-lines from the imaging transducer and using speckle tracking to
work proposes an extension to the model recently proposed by Yang and estimate displacement. The HIFU was amplitude modulated to result in a
Church 关J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 共2005兲兴 that takes this dual scale into account. time-varying radiation force and imaging pulses transmitted simultaneously
Model predictions are validated against experimental results obtained by in- in order to monitor tissue motion during the push phase. Measurements of
ducing single-bubble inertial collapses in an agar-based tissue mimicking the pressure waveforms in water indicated that nonlinear distortion of the
material using short pulses produced by a 1.1-MHz HIFU transducer; the HIFU could advance the arrival time of the imaging pulse if it was on a
resulting acoustic emissions are acquired using a calibrated passive cavita- pressure peak and retard it if it was on a pressure trough, resulting in ap-
tion detector, thus enabling direct comparison with the inertial cavitation parent displacements on the order of 5 µm. The apparent displacement var-
threshold and radiated sound amplitude predicted by the single-scale and ied with the phase at which the ARFI was transmitted and increased with the
novel dual-scale models. HIFU pressure amplitude. Experiments with ARFI in chicken breast indi-
cated that the apparent displacement varied with depth which appeared to be
related to differences in the diffraction patterns of the two sources. 关Support
NSF CenSSIS EEC-9986821.兴
1:15
1pBB2. High-intensity focused ultrasound as a potential treatment
modality for heterotopic ossification. Sandra L. Poliachik 共Orthopaedics 1:45
and Sports Medicine, Univ. of Washington, 325 Ninth Ave., Seattle, WA 1pBB4. Rytov modeling for backscatter monitoring of high-intensity
98104, poliachi@u.washington.edu兲, Tatiana D. Khokhlova, and Michael R. focused ultrasound therapy. Gavriel Speyer, Peter Kaczkowski, Andrew
Bailey 共Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105兲 Brayman, and Lawrence Crum 共Ctr. for Industrial and Medical Ultrasound,
Appl. Phys. Lab., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105兲
Heterotopic ossification 共HO兲 is the growth of bone in abnormal loca-
tions such as soft tissue. HO is a frequent secondary complication of com- Accurate monitoring of high-intensity focused ultrasound 共HIFU兲
mon trauma, e.g., amputation or spinal cord injury. HO causes pain, motion therapy is critical for ensuring proper treatment. Changes in time of flight
restriction, and poor prosthetic fitting. Current HO treatments include non- for diagnostic ultrasound 共DU兲 backscatter have been recognized as a means
steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, radiation, surgery, and shock-waves, but to identify temperature changes between two DU frames, captured before
HO often returns. In this work, feasibility of HO treatment using high- and after HIFU therapy. Estimates of heating from precisely controlled
intensity focused ultrasound 共HIFU兲 is studied. HIFU may induce destruc- HIFU experiments strongly indicate that DU measurements are formed by
tion of HO nodules by a combination of thermal ablation and mechanical an interaction between the heated material and a diffuse DU beam, as op-
erosion through bubble activity. In preliminary experiments bone sections posed to the commonly assumed ray model for the DU beam. The existence
from rodent proximal tibiae embedded in polyacrylamide gel were used as of a diffuse beam can be explained using the Rytov method, where tempera-
tissue phantoms; subsequent experiments were performed on HO induced in ture induced changes in material properties affect the phase and amplitude
a mouse calf muscle. A 2-MHz focused transducer was used to generate of the probing signal, with cumulative effects produced over characteristic
pulses of shock waves with peak positive pressure of 67 MPa, duration of volumes, and not simply depths. In particular, the temperature effect for on-
10–100 ms, and 1%–10% duty cycle. High-resolution microCT imaging of axis backscatter is shown to be a generalization of the models proposed by
the samples was performed prior to and following HIFU exposure. Both me- Simon 共1998兲 and Moreno 共1996兲, with the phase determined by a complex
chanical damage of the porous bone structure and thermal denaturation of weighted average of temperature in cross sections perpendicular to the DU
beam axis. Results are illustrated using data obtained from gel phantoms, justing the transducer position, on the other hand, can also enhance the fo-
where the beam interaction is shown to provide therapy estimates consistent cusing efficiency and improve efficiency of ultrasound-enhanced
with the true therapy. 关Work supported by NIH grant 5R01CA109557兴. thrombolysis. It is also easy to implement using current clinical systems.
2:45
2:00
1pBB8. Noninvasive in vivo cavitation threshold detection during
1pBB5. Tissue erosion using millisecond boiling in high-intensity
blood-brain barrier opening using focused ultrasound and the contrast
focused ultrasound fields. Michael S. Canney 共INSERM U556, 151 Cours
agent and definity. Yao-Sheng Tung, Fotis Vlachos, Thomas Deffieux, and
Albert Thomas, Lyon Cedex 03, France兲, Tatiana D. Khokhlova, Yak-Nam
James Choi 共Dept. of Biomedical Eng., Columbia Univ., Vanderbilt Clinic
Wang, Vera A. Khokhlova, Michael R. Bailey, and Lawrence A. Crum
12-232, 622 W. 168th, New York, NY 10032 ek2191@columbia.edu兲
共Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105兲
The in vivo cavitation response associated with blood-brain barrier
High-intensity focused ultrasound 共HIFU兲 transducers can be operated at
共BBB兲 opening as induced by transcranial focused ultrasound 共FUS兲 and mi-
high-pressure amplitudes of greater than 60 MPa and low-duty cycles of 1%
crobubbles was studied in order to better identify the underlying mechanism.
or less to induce controlled bubble activity that fractionates tissue. The goal
A cylindrically focused hydrophone, confocal with the FUS transducer, was
of this work was to investigate fractionation not from mechanically induced
used as a passive cavitation detector 共PCD兲 to identify the threshold of in-
cavitation but from thermally induced boiling created by HIFU shock
ertial cavitation 共IC兲 in the presence of definity microbubbles. After definity
waves. Experiments were performed using a 2-MHz HIFU source. The fo-
was injected intravenously, pulsed FUS, with parameters previously shown
cus was placed in ex vivo bovine heart and liver samples. Cavitation and
to generate opening, was applied 共frequency: 1.525 MHz, peak-rarefactional
boiling were monitored during exposures using a high-voltage probe in par-
pressure: 0.30–0.60 MPa, duty cycle: 20%, PRF: 10 Hz, duration: 1 min兲 on
allel with the HIFU source and with an ultrasound imaging system. Various
the right hippocampus of five mice in vivo through their intact skin and
exposure protocols were performed in which the time-averaged intensity and
skull. T1-weighted MRI was used to verify BBB opening. A spectrogram
total energy delivered were maintained constant. The types of lesions in-
was generated at each pressure in order to detect the IC onset and duration.
duced in tissue ranged from purely thermal to purely mechanical depending
The IC threshold detected was 0.60 MPa and mainly occurred during the
on the pulsing protocol used. A pulsing protocol in which the pulse length
first 50 cycles. Harmonics were also detected during BBB opening starting
was on the order of the time to boil 共of only several milliseconds兲 and duty
at 0.30 MPa indicating stable cavitation occurrence. In conclusion, stable
cycle was low 共⬍1%兲 was found to be a highly repeatable method for in-
and inertial cavitation could be detected in vivo without craniotomy and IC
ducing mechanical effects with little evidence of thermal damage, as con-
is not required for BBB opening. 关This work was supported by NIH
firmed by histology. 关Work supported by NIH EB007643, NSBRI
R21EY018505, NIH R01EB009014 and NSF CAREER 0644713.
SMST01601, and RFBR 09-02-01530.兴
3:00—3:30 Break
2:15
1pBB6. Enhanced high inensity focused ultrasound-induced heating in a
3:30
phantom. Cecille Pemberton Labuda 共Dept. of Phys. Natl. Ctr. for Physical
1pBB9. Cooperative radiation and losses in bubble clusters. Derek C.
Acoust., Univ. of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, cpembert@olemiss
Thomas, Yurii A. Ilinskii, and Mark F. Hamilton 共Appl. Res. Labs., The
.edu兲
Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78713-8029兲
High intensity focused ultrasound 共HIFU兲 has the capability to induce
In existing models for single bubble dynamics it is necessary to account
hemostasis through rapid delivery of energy in the HIFU focal region. HIFU
for radiation damping, a consequence of fluid compressibility. A similar cor-
effectively induces hemostasis in small blood vessels; however, as vessel
rection is necessary when modeling systems of coupled bubbles. The cou-
size increases, loss of heat to the flow increases until HIFU treatment is only
pling alters the collective dynamics and therefore the acoustic power
minimally effective. A new method to enhance the HIFU-induced heating
radiated. In the linear approximation and for compact clusters in which the
effect was investigated. Single polymer fibers embedded in a heat-sensitive
bubbles pulsate in phase, the radiation damping per bubble increases in pro-
phantom are shown to increase the size of HIFU-induced lesions as com-
portion to the number N of bubbles in the cluster, and the acoustic power is
pared to controls. Polymer meshes were then embedded in the phantom and
N times greater than is radiated by the cluster in the absence of bubble
the size of the HIFU-induced lesions produced were compared with control
interaction. The latter effect is relevant to passive detection of cavitation
lesions.
noise as an indicator of the onset and degree of cavitation in therapeutic ap-
plications such as shock wave lithotripsy and high-intensity focused
ultrasound. The effect that collective radiation damping has on the dynamics
2:30 of several simple systems is considered for both small and large pulsations,
1pBB7. Transcranial microbubble destruction by using re-focusing and the relative magnitude of the effect is compared with damping due to
ultrasound. Po-Wen Cheng 共Graduate Inst. of Biomedical Electrons and viscosity and thermal conductivity. 关Work supported by the ARL:UT
Bioinformatics, Natl. Taiwan Univ., Rm. 731, MD Bldg., No. 1, Sec. 4, McKinney Fellowship in Acoustics and NIH DK070618.兴
Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, Taiwan 106, f95921110@ntu.edu.tw兲 and Pai-Chi Li
共Natl. Taiwan Univ., Taipei, Taiwan 106兲
3:45
Administration of microbubbles 共MBs兲 during transcranial Doppler 1pBB10. Effects of quadrupole and octupole modes on coupled
monitoring further accelerates ultrasound-enhanced thrombolysis. However, nonlinear bubble interactions. Eru Kurihara, Todd A. Hay, Jason P. Kurtz,
low efficiency of transcranial ultrasound transmission resulting from phase Yurii A. Ilinskii, and Mark F. Hamilton 共Appl. Res. Labs., The Univ. of
aberrations through skull is still an obstacle. To alleviate this, re-focusing by Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78713-8029兲
phase aberration correction using echoes from microbubbles can be
performed. Two re-focusing methods were designed for transcranial MB Photographs of bubble cluster dynamics have shown that under suffi-
destruction. One is adjusting the emission phases derived from the channel- ciently intense acoustic excitation, neighboring bubbles may undergo shape
to-channel correlation of received signals. The other is simply adjusting the deformation and even form opposing liquid jets. Jetting is one of the chief
transmit focal depth. This is possible because the phase aberrations typically mechanisms thought responsible for cavitation-induced erosion. Therefore, a
result in approximately parabolic delay errors. Focusing quality was com- better understanding of the phenomenon would be beneficial in improving
pared using finite difference time domain simulations, and the mechanical the efficacy of and reducing collateral damage during medical procedures
index 共MI兲 distributions were calculated as indices for likelihood of mi- such as shock wave lithotripsy. Previous efforts to model aspherical collapse
crobubble destruction. Using the correlation based methods, the beamwidth of a bubble near an interface have utilized purely numerical methods. In this
becomes 45.5% narrower than that by using the time reversal method. The presentation we derive dynamical equations for the coupled motion of two
MI can also be increased by 15.9% while keeping it under safety range. Ad- translating, aspherical gas bubbles. Deformation of the initially spherical
bubble surfaces is taken into account by including quadrupole and octupole water than in water degassed to 30% 共P⬍0.001兲. This suggests that changes
spherical harmonics in the boundary conditions on each bubble. For an axi- in temporal profiles of the SWs associated with cavitation are responsible
symmetric geometry, this results in a set of eight coupled second-order or- for reduced efficiency of stone comminution observed in dense cavitation
dinary differential equations that may be integrated numerically in time. The fields, regardless of whether these denser cavitation clouds were generated
effect of surface tension and shear viscosity on quadrupole and octupole by using a faster rate or higher gas content. 关Work supported by NIH-
contributions is included in a consistent manner. Simulation results agree DK43881.兴
qualitatively with measurements and predict the formation of opposing liq-
uid jets for bubbles which are sufficiently close to one another. 关Work sup- 4:30
ported by NIH DK070618.兴 1pBB13. Hydrophone array for instantaneous measurement of
lithotripter fields. Jonathan M. Kracht 共Dept. of Mech. Eng., Boston Univ.,
1p MON. PM
4:00 110 Cummington St., Boston, MA 02215兲, Jeffrey A. Ketterling 共Riverside
1pBB11. A new acoustic lens design for electromagnetic shock wave Res. Inst., New York, NY 10038兲, and Robin O. Cleveland 共Boston Univ.,
lithotripters. Nathan Smith, W. Neal Simmons, Georgy Sankin, and Pei Boston, MA 02215兲
Zhong 共Dept. of Mech. Eng. and Mat. Sci., Duke Univ., Durham, NC
Electrohydraulic lithotripters employ a spark placed within a hemi-
27708兲
ellipsoidal reflector to generate shock waves 共SWs兲. The shot-to-shot jitter
The third-generation electromagnetic 共EM兲 shock wave lithotripters of- in the spark location results in variability in acoustic measurements, e.g.,
ten have narrow focal width and high-peak pressure compared to the origi- 50% variation in peak positive pressure. Field measurements with a single-
nal HM-3. In addition, the pressure waveform produced by a typical EM element hydrophone therefore only provide average field properties over
lithotripter has a secondary compressive wave that suppresses lithotripter many SWs. The ability to obtain an instantaneous “snapshot” of the sound
pulse induced cavitation, which is an important mechanism for stone field would have broad implications for advancing the understanding of how
comminution. These features have been contributed to the reduced effective- lithotripters fragment stones and damage kidney tissue. Here linear hydro-
ness of the modern EM lithotripters. To overcome these drawbacks, we have phone arrays consisting of 20 elements were created by bonding a pi-
designed a new acoustic lens for the Siemens Modularis EM lithotripter that ezopolymer film to copper-clad polyimide. An array pattern was etched on
produces an idealized pressure waveform similar to the HM-3 with broad the copper to provide individual connections to the 20 elements. Failure test-
focal width and low-peak pressure. At acoustic pulse energy of 53 mJ, the ing of the hydrophone array was conducted in a piezoelectric lithotripter that
new lens design enlarges the ⫺6 dB focal width of the Modularis by 47% generated 60 MPa peak pressure. The sensitivity of the hydrophone re-
while significantly reducing the second compressive wave throughout its fo- mained relatively constant through the first 500 SWs and then gradually de-
cal plane. After 2000 shocks, in vitro comminution produced by the original creasing over a 500–1000 SW period. This reduction was attributed to dam-
and new lens designs are 100% and 99% at the lithotripter focus, and 共49 age from cavitation activity and was confirmed by visual inspection after
.7⫾15.0兲% and 共75.3⫾8.74兲% 共p ⬍ 0.001兲 at 10 mm off axis, respectively. testing. A new hydrophone was developed and results from measurements of
Corresponding values in vivo are 共63.4⫾17.4兲% and 共83.3⫾8.5兲% 共p ⬍ an electrohydraulic lithotripter will be reported. 关Work supported by the Na-
0.01兲, demonstrating the significant performance improvement provided by tional Institutes of Health 共DK081119 and DK43881兲.兴
the new lens design. 关Work supported by NIH Grant Nos. R01DK052985
and S10RR016802.兴 4:45
1pBB14. Pocket-sized ultrasonic surgical and rehabilitation solutions:
4:15 From the lab bench to clinical trials. George K. Lewis, Jr., William L.
1pBB12. Gas content of the medium surrounding a stone has a Olbricht, and Peter Henderson 共Dept. of Biomedical Eng., Cornell Univ.,
significant effect on the efficiency of stone breakage in shock wave 108 Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, george@cornellbme.com兲
lithotripsy. Yuri A. Pishchalnikov 共Dynaflow, Inc., 10621-J Iron Bridge Rd.,
The use of ultrasound in medicine has quickly evolved in the last decade
Jessup, MD 20794, yurapish@gmail.com兲, Anthony J. Zancanaro, James C.
as a therapeutic modality and means to treat disease independently or in
Williams, Jr., and James A. McAteer 共Indiana Univ., Indianapolis, IN,
combination with other therapeutic regimes such as chemotherapy. The in-
46202-5120兲
teraction of ultrasonic waves with soft mammalian tissues has the innate im-
In shock wave lithotripsy inertial collapse of cavitation bubbles produces pact of enhancing tissue permeability to therapeutics, increasing local blood
daughter microbubbles 关Y. A. Pishchalnikov et al., BJU Int. 102, 1681–1686 flow at low-acoustic powers, and causing tissue necrosis and cell death at
共2008兲兴. This will cause proliferation of bubbles only if daughter mi- higher-energy levels. We have developed multiple pocket-sized 共4⫻2⫻1 in.兲
crobubbles survive until the arrival of the next shock wave 共SW兲. While the lithium battery powered therapeutic ultrasound units based off of our novel
time interval between SWs is determined by the firing rate of the lithotripter, ultra-efficient electrical amplifier design that produces acoustic energies for
the dissolution time of microbubbles depends on concentration of dissolved low- and high-power applications 共1–130 W兲. The portable ultrasound tech-
gas in the water. Thus, the same firing rate may produce different cavitation nology has been used in our laboratory to enhance ten-fold the delivery and
fields depending on the gas concentration. We assessed how the concentra- efficacy of convection enhanced drug delivery to treat brain gliomas in vitro
tion of dissolved gas in the water tank affected SWs and the efficiency of and in vivo. Our clinical collaborates at Weill Cornell Medical Hospital use
stone comminution. More numerous bubbles generated in nondegassed wa- our devices at high powers to non-invasively cauterize veins as a novel
ter caused a dramatic reduction in the trailing negative-pressure component method of varicose vein treatment. Our clinical collaborators provide new
of the SWs, while the leading positive-pressure phase remained almost avenues of ultrasound research and critical user feedback on the technology
unchanged. It required 3.5 times more SWs to break stones in nondegassed to aid refinements in its implementation in hand-held acoustic applications.
MONDAY AFTERNOON, 19 APRIL 2010 DOVER A/B/C, 1:00 TO 5:00 P.M.
Session 1pMU
Musical Acoustics: Homemade Musical Instruments for Teaching Acoustics
Thomas D. Rossing, Cochair

Stanford Univ., CCRMA Dept. of Music, Stanford, CA 94305
Preston S. Wilson, Cochair

Univ. of Texas at Austin, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712-0292
Andrew C. H. Morrison, Cochair

DePaul Univ., Physics Dept., 2219 Kenmore Dr., Chicago, IL 60614
Invited Papers
1:05
1pMU1. Learning by playing: Musical acoustics of found objects. Laurie McNeil 共Dept. of Phys. and Astronomy, Univ. of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3255, mcneil@physics.unc.edu兲
“Teaching by telling” has been shown to be ineffective in many physics contexts, and acoustics is no exception. In my 10 years of
teaching, a freshman seminar “The Interplay of Music and Physics,” about the physics of musical instruments, I have learned that there
are some concepts that students learn only by making their own instruments and discovering how the success of the instruments depends
on them. My colleague Professor Brent Wissick of our Department of Music and I have team-taught this class to college students of a
broad range of backgrounds and majors. The students design and build stringed and wind instruments out of whatever they can find
lying around their dorm rooms. At the end of the semester, they give a concert of music of their own composition, played on the
instruments they have created. In this presentation, I will discuss what we have learned about how such activities teach the students
acoustical principles in ways that more conventional means do not accomplish.
1:30
1pMU2. Homemade “woodwind” and “brass” instruments. Stephen Luzader 共59 Centennial St., Frostburg, MD 21532, sluzader
@frostburg.edu兲
PVC pipe is an ideal material for the construction of wind instruments, both “woodwind” 共using a reed兲 or “brass” 共using the lips兲.
Instruments can be made using a combination of PVC construction along with parts of actual musical instruments, such as a clarinet
mouthpiece and reed or a trumpet mouthpiece, or they can be manufactured entirely from PVC and other materials. For panpipes, the
lengths of the tubes are easily determined by choosing a standard pitch frequency and the basic interval between tones 共e.g., 440 Hz and
equal temperament兲 and then using basic physics to calculate the required tube lengths. For instruments using side holes, the locations
of the holes can be determined by choosing a standard pitch frequency and interval and then calculating the required distances of the
holes from the driven end of the pipe. The basic theory will be reviewed, and several different instruments will be demonstrated.
1:55
1pMU3. Homemade musical instruments for the classroom. Thomas J. Senior 共355 Dell Ln., Highland Park, IL 60035-5310兲
Pan pipes produced using drinking straws provide a very inexpensive way for students to study the nature of resonant columns and
musical scales. A slide whistle is also easily made using the straws. Most students easily learn to produce tones from the pan pipes/slide
whistle. For situations where too many loud sounds would be undesirable, the “Palm Pipe” offers a similar learning experience. The
palm pipe is a single length of PVC pipe that can be played by striking the palm on the end of the tube to produce a tuned percussive
sound. Methods for the production of slide whistles, pan pipes, and palm pipes will be described and demonstrated in this presentation.
A few other “musical” devices will be shown as time permits, including a stadium horn and a thunder drum.
2:20
1pMU4. Homemade musical instruments. Ann Sayre Wiseman 共284 Huron Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, ansayre@aol.com兲
When the creative arts were dropped from the school curriculum for lack of money in 1972, as Program Director at the Boston
Children’s Museum Visitor Center 共Jamaica Plain兲, we created low-cost learning by doing workshops for teachers using available
materials. Out of this an orchestra of good sounds was born. Good sounds found in the kitchen and junk yard by tapping everything to
hear its note. We made excellent conduit-pipe xylophones, drums, horns, strings, and percussion instruments hung from a frame. A low
cost musical program any teacher could include in the curriculum, involving math, history, and research, the kind of learning you never
forget when making useful things by hand with your own initiative. These recipes became Making Things Handbook of Creative Dis-
coveries, winning awards, and freely photocopied by teachers who wrote this book is my classroom bible. The handmade orchestra
became another book: Making Musical Things and in 2002 Storybook Press republished it as Making Music, including John Langstaff’s
Inovative Clock Orchestra and the Art of Conducting. As an Expressive Therapist in 2005 with International exchange groups, we took
these workshops abroad to show students and medical professionals the healing powers of the creative process.
2:35
1pMU5. The homemade didgeridoo: An ancient acoustic resonator. Chad A. Greene 共Dept. Mech. Eng. and Appl. Res. Labs., The
Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0292兲
1p MON. PM
The didgeridoo is an ancient Aboriginal instrument traditionally crafted from Eucalyptus trees which have been hollowed out by
termites. The instrument is an excellent example of a simple one-dimensional acoustic resonator with a fundamental resonance corre-
sponding to one-half wavelength. Today, the ubiquity and low cost of PVC pipes make didgeridoos inexpensive, easy to find, and trivial
to construct from materials found at any hardware store. Students will have fun learning to make sounds with the instrument—perhaps
they will even learn the technique of circular breathing—all while exploring fundamental principles of acoustics. As further investiga-
tion students can hum as they play, resulting in “beats, the speed of which can be adjusted by changing the pitch of the hum.
2:50
1pMU6. Homemade digital musical instruments. Edgar Berdahl, Wendy Ju, and Julius O. Smith, III 共Dept. of Music, CCRMA,
Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA 94305, eberdahl@ccrma.stanford.edu兲
Homemade musical instruments are wonderful tools for getting students interested in learning about acoustics. Homemade digital
musical instruments can similarly engage students, provoking them to learn more about the modern world surrounding them. In addi-
tion, the tools for developing homemade digital musical instruments are now becoming so easy to access that students can benefit from
them too. The Arduino tool chain is introduced for interfacing sensing circuits with the computer over a USB port. Modern sensors are
so simple that only a basic understanding of the voltage divider is required for building many useful sensing circuits. Synthesizing sound
according to incoming data from the sensors is equally straightforward due to graphical environments commonly employed for sound
synthesis programming. While many sound synthesis models are available, physical models of acoustic musical instruments are espe-
cially intriguing because students can relate to interacting with physical objects. Step-by-step instructions are provided for ordering parts
and creating a simple but easily extensible homemade digital musical instrument that triggers sounds from a physical model of a vi-
brating string.
3:05—3:15 Break
3:15
1pMU7. Pedagogical possibilities: Some ideas for instrument making in the classroom. Bart Hopkin 共P.O. Box 421, Point Reyes
Station, CA 94956, emi@windworld.com兲
As a brief introduction, historical etchings of a few intriguing 19th century contraptions for classroom demonstrations of acoustic
principles will be shown. Following that, several classroom-buildable musical instruments will be described. The emphasis will be on
instruments that effectively illustrate acoustic or mathematical principles. They will also be fun to make and play, and practical in a
classroom context, requiring a minimum of special tools, skills, or materials. Topics to be illustrated through hands-on instrument mak-
ing may include relationships between frequency, wavelength and pitch, harmonic and inharmonic overtones, relationships between
drivers, radiating surfaces and atmosphere, linear and inverse-squared functions, and more.
Contributed Papers
3:30 Project based learning requires that students engage with content in or-
1pMU8. Building a musical instrument as a laboratory project in a der to be successful in completing a project. This teaching method creates a
short-term course. Andrew C. Morrison 共Dept. of Phys., DePaul Univ., need-to-know which motivates students to learn more so than the traditional
2219 N. Kenmore, Chicago, IL 60614-3504兲 physics unit. Knowledge and skills outside of the physics content such as
preparing presentations, using tools and technology, and utilizing different
In a month-long short course titled “Sound, Music, and Hearing” stu-
dents were required to design and build their own instruments as a final writing styles are required to be successful in the project. Making the project
laboratory project. The assignment requires that the instrument be able to authentic is necessary to truly motivate students to exceed expectations. In
play a scale of a minimum of five notes recognizable to the ear of the this particular project based learning unit, students have built their own mu-
instructor. Students were allowed to work in pairs, or alone on the instru- sical instruments, performed a musical piece in a small group, and taught
ment laboratory. A review of strategies for overcoming the challenges of in- others about how their instruments work individually and as an ensemble. In
cluding an instrument building laboratory in a short-term course designed completing this project, students learn about vibrations, resonance, ampli-
for general education credit is presented. tude, frequency, wavelength, and how the characteristics of their instruments
affect these physics principles. In order to make this project truly authentic,
3:45 the top students will be selected to perform and explain their instruments as
1pMU9. America’s next top physics rockers: A project based learning part of this talk. All students participating in this project 共pending funding兲
unit in which students build, perform, and explain homemade will attend the session and support their classmates in this presentation. If
instruments. Charles H. Sabatier 共Mount Vernon High School, 8515 Old funding is not available, video clips of student performances and explana-
Mount Vernon Rd., Alexandria, VA 22309, charles.sabatier@fcps.edu兲 tions will be substituted.
Invited Paper
4:00
1pMU10. Homemade musical instruments from Westtown school. Barry, H. Feierman 共Dept. of Phys., Westtown School, West Ches-
ter, PA 19382兲
Westtown School has implemented a team-taught collaborative class in high school featuring the Music and Science Departments.
A new course, The Physics of Sound/Music, aims to teach students about the physics of sound waves and music theory. The course is
open to 11th/12th graders and is team-taught by a science teacher and a music teacher. Objective: Each student will demonstrate his/her
knowledge through the design and construction of a new, unique musical instrument,write a musical composition to feature the instru-
ment, and play that piece in a student recital. This course is an elective open to students who have already completed chemistry and
physics, and appeals to students who would like a creative challenge in terms of both design and construction of a musical instrument.
This paper will be to describe the nature of the course, the experience of its two teachers, and to allow some of the students in the class
to demonstrate their home-made instruments and talk about their experience. 关Westtown School is a K-12 Quaker co-ed boarding school
near Philadelphia.兴
4:15—5:00 Demos
MONDAY AFTERNOON, 19 APRIL 2010 GRAND BALLROOM I/II, 1:00 TO 3:15 P.M.
Session 1pNCa
NOISE-CON and Noise: Community Noise
Courtney B. Burroughs, Chair

Noise Control Engineering, Inc., 1241 Smithfield St., State College, PA 16801
Contributed Papers
1:00 stifle initiatives. One way to build community acceptance is to accurately
1pNCa1. Modeling with the use of the commercial software package compare transit options. The authors explain how community groups and
CADNAA (Computer-Aided Noise Abatement) to estimate the probability decision makers in Florida responded to a presentation system providing di-
of awakening associated with train horns. Stephen Szulecki 共The Noise rect acoustic experience of over a dozen transit modes, from light rail guide-
Consultancy, LLC, 309 Van Neste Rd. Flemington, NJ 08822, way transit to commuter railways. The goal of the acoustic presentation was
steve-noiseconsultancy@comcast.net兲, Eric Zwerling, Craig Anderson, and to compare existing freight train sound levels to those of an array of transit
Barbara Turpin 共Rutgers Univ. Noise Tech. Assistance Ctr.兲 technologies. The audio-visual presentation included interactive videos and
computer animations, allowing proposed transit modes to be heard at differ-
The Rutgers University Noise Technical Assistance Center conducted a ent distances and in outdoor or indoor settings.
long-term acoustical study to assess the noise exposure of residents in Tea-
neck, NJ to noise associated with idling freight trains. One of the noise
sources evaluated was idle-related horn usage, at locations other than grade 1:30
crossings. Trains on an adjacent track overtaking an idling locomotive regu- 1pNCa3. Contemporary consulting practice in California’s central
larly blow their horn as they approach and pass an idling train. The primary coast. David Lord 共45dB.com, 299 Albert Dr., San Luis Obispo, CA 93405,
impact on the community due to this type of horn use is sleep disturbance. dl@45db.com兲
In order to evaluate this impact, an analysis was performed using CADNAA
The resolution of technical, theoretical, and practical issues for a small
acoustical modeling software, in an innovative manner, to evaluate the prob-
consultancy in a remote location brings better results and greater satisfaction
ability of awakening 共POA兲 as a result of idle-related horn usage based on
to all involved. This paper will describe the range of consulting projects en-
ANSI/ASAS-12.9-2008/Part 6, a standard for estimating awakenings. The
countered in a typical year and will briefly cover the technical tools used and
standard presents a series of formulas that calculate the POA as a function of
their application to modest-scale residential and commercial development in
a sound exposure level of a single or series of noise events. Other factors
the Central Coast of California. The acoustics consultant’s responsibility and
influencing the POA are time since retiring and whether the sound is new or
influence on project development require technical expertise, negotiation,
existing. The model output is a graphic of equal-probability contours show-
and tailored explanations-on-demand of principles and details to clients, de-
ing the POA at least once throughout the night.
sign professionals, builders, and planners as well as interested and some-
times skeptical community groups.
1:15
1pNCa2. Transit noise and community choices. Ahmed El-Aassar 共5801 1:45
Grayson Rd., Harrisburg, PA 17111, aelaassar@envact.com兲 and David 1pNCa4. A case study in cooperation: A gravel pit and its community.
Dubbink 共Noise Management Inst.兲 Edward Duncan and Kenneth Kaliski 共Resource Systems Group, 55 Rail-
road Row, White River Junction, VT 05001, eduncan@rsginc.com兲
Transit innovations and expansions are a central part of initiatives to
construct more livable communities. As part of the National Environmental It is often the case in the permitting and operation of gravel extraction
Policy Act process, public involvement is required and public feedback and and crushed stone quarries that aggregate companies and the local commu-
support are essential for projects to move forward. Generally, accessibility nity are pitted against one another. This paper presents a case study of an
improvements are welcomed by the public, but the potential for increased existing gravel pit that came together with the community to work through
noise is often met with opposition—and concerns about transit noise can concerns about the existing operations and a proposed expansion. The topics
of discussion include the interesting dynamics involved in the consulting The city had already erected an eight barrier mound near that line. Positions
process, resulting mitigation to meet local standards and community con- of plant air handling HVAC systems were revised to minimize sound emis-
cerns, conflicts of interests, and the local permitting process. The coopera- sion to the south. Barriers were designed for the outdoor HVAC condensers.
tive process used is presented in contrast to traditional systems using case The building wall near noisy plant equipment was provided extra
studies of projects that have undergone permitting using more adversarial attenuation. On commissioning, it was found that a fan needed on the south
process models. facade was running above design speed and was readjusted. Sound at the
property line was then so quiet compared to the environment that additional
2:00 monitoring was conducted halfway between the plant wall and the property
line. Measurement at the property line was made in 1/3 octave bands, and
1pNCa5. Evaluation of crowd noise in Beaver Stadium during Penn
State football games. Andrew Barnard, Stephen Hambric 共ARL/Penn State, then parsed to approximate the old octave band limits format to demonstrate
1p MON. PM
compliance.
P.O. Box 30, State College, PA 16804, arb279@psu.edu兲, and Steve Porter
共Head Acoust.兲
Sound pressure level measurements were made at Penn State 共PSU兲
football games at Beaver Stadium, on the PSU campus, in Fall 2009. Twelve 2:45
sound level meters were positioned around the field, on the press box, on the 1pNCa8. Limiting technology for modeling community noise from
luxury suites, and outside the stadium to capture the characteristics of the petrochemical facilities. Frank Brittain 共Bechtel, Corp., 2255 Peavine Val-
crowd noise. The loudest portion of the sideline area was determined along ley Rd., Reno, NV 89523, fhbritta@bechtel.com兲
with the maximum equivalent A-weighted sound pressure level. Additionally
a HEAD VISOR acoustic array was utilized in conjunction with a portable Modeling community noise is a vital part of designing any petrochemi-
white noise generator in order to determine which portions of the student cal, power, or industrial facility to meet community noise limits. Increas-
section were generating the majority of the sound pressure on the field level. ingly ray tracing, which is state-of-the-art software, is being used. Limita-
The results indicate which sections of students are able to most effectively tions of ray tracing can be categorized as those arising from the
project their voices onto the field. commercially available software 共including ISO 9613 usually used for cal-
culating outdoor propagation兲 and those related to input to the software. The
former was covered by Brittain and Hale, Noise-Con 2008. The latter is cov-
2:15
ered in this paper. There are many technologies, which are needed to model
1pNCa6. A three-stage approach to understanding listener perception of
community noise that are weak or for which data are not readily available. If
weapon signature for small arms. Jeremy Gaston and Tomasz Letowski
the modeler understands where the technology is weak, then more effective
共Dept. of the Army US Army Res. Lab., US Army Res. Lab., Aberdeen
models can be developed, and inaccuracies in the result can be better
Proving Ground, MD 21005-5066兲
interpreted. Weak technologies or lack of data includes the following: mod-
The ability to identify and interpret impulse sounds from small arms eling air coolers and cooling towers, modeling ducts and pipe racks, IL of
weapon fire is a very important element of soldier’s situational awareness pipeline and duct lagging, TL of building walls, noise radiated by building
that is critically needed to avoid potential danger. For example, differentia- walls, source directivity, and—last but not least—getting accurate noise
tion of hostile from friendly weapon fire can indicate the need for increased source data. Most of these become more critical at low frequencies. Each of
vigilance and can reveal the approximate location of an enemy element. In these and their impact on design will be discussed.
addition, estimation of weapon size can be used to infer the resources of an
enemy element. Despite the potential operational importance of these
sounds, little is known about listener perception of impulse weapon sounds.
The present work investigates listener ability to differentiate signatures of 3:00
various small arms based on high-quality recordings of single-shot impulse 1pNCa9. Creation of combined noise maps for noise prediction in
sounds. Following the three-stage approach developed by Pastore et al. petrochemical plants. Arindam Ghosh 共KT-2425C, 601 Jefferson, Houston,
共2008兲 for studying natural sound perception, the interrelationships between TX 77002, arindam.ghosh@kbr.com兲
weapon source properties, the physical attributes of the sounds produced and
listener perception are evaluated for a number of small arms weapons. The Design of petrochemical plants involves producing detailed noise mod-
mappings of these relationships provide the basis for developing training els with predicted noise contours at fine grids such as 1 m. However, back-
techniques for improving listener weapon signature identification ability. ground noise data collected during pre-construction environmental impact
assessments 共EIAs兲 are typically gathered at a few selected points. Since it is
impractical for all the measurements to match the prediction grid, the mea-
2:30
sured data must be interpolated. This paper discusses how the survey grid is
1pNCa7. Design and test of a manufacturing building to meet a 40 dB
selected and interpolation optimized to meet the overall project noise control
from above 300 Hz up property line night noise limit. Angelo Campanella
design basis and the post-start-up noise survey needs. The strategy varies
共Campanella Assoc., 3201 Ridgewood Dr., Hilliard, OH 43026,
based on the existing operational situation 共brown-field or green-field兲, the
a.campanella@att.net兲
type of land-use 共rural or urban兲, the nature of terrain 共flat or hilly兲, and the
A new one-story manufacturing plant was designed to operate around planned plant use 共process area, loading and storage area, or administrative
the clock 7 days a week. Its south property line adjoined existing residential buildings兲. Finally, the unique needs for petrochemical process plants 共as
lots. The existing noise ordinance required that the property line noise from opposed to general city planning兲 for long term and area-wide background
the plant shall not exceed 40 dB at all frequencies above 300 Hz at night. noise measurements are outlined.
MONDAY AFTERNOON, 19 APRIL 2010 GRAND BALLROOM I/II, 3:30 TO 4:45 P.M.
Session 1pNCb
NOISE-CON and Noise: Industrial and Power Plant Noise
Frank H. Brittain, Chair

2255 Peavine Valley Rd., Reno, NV 89523
Contributed Papers
3:30 oped by engineering and design-build companies. Spreadsheet noise models
1pNCb1. Petrol-chemical plant noise models: Noise surveys, model are often used to obtain a preliminary look at potential plant noise impacts.
development and validation. Hans Forschner, Sr. and Jim Steedman More sophisticated, commercially available, ray-tracing software is also
共Navcon Eng. Network, 701 W. Las Palmas Dr., Fullerton, CA 92835 available, but at a large initial cost in both time and money. Such modeling
Forschner@navcon.com兲 software allows one to model a large array of conditions and factors affect-
ing noise propagation that are not possible using simple spreadsheet
Developments in computer modeling & presentation software has
modeling. This paper compares the modeling results by both methods for
changed how acoustical engineers approach noise planning, mitigation,
two very different power plant sites, one surrounded by flat open terrain and
trending projects. The ability to quickly and accurately develop a three di- the other located in a small valley surrounded by hilly forested terrain. Mea-
mensional 共3-D兲 noise model of a project area and/or to create noise con-
sured property line and community noise data are presented along with the
tours from measured data allow for a more rigorous analysis in a shorter modeling results.
period of time while maintaining a level of consistency with current acous-
tical engineering standards and practices. This paper describes the proce-
dures and methods for generating 3-D computer noise models, validating 4:15
noise models, and graphically comparing measured and predicted noise 1pNCb4. Anatomy of a quiet power plant: A case study. Jeff Szymanski
levels. 共Black & Veatch, 11401 Lamar Ave., Overland Park, KS 66211,
szymanskijd@bv.com兲
3:45 Details of noise control design are presented for a recent power plant
1pNCb2. Noise prediction for industrial facilities. Wolfgang Probst expansion project that involved the addition of heat recovery steam genera-
共DataKustik GmbH, Gewerbering 5, 86926 Greifenberg, Germany, info tion to a gas-fired power plant in the US. The project, including its expan-
@datakustik.com兲 sion, was subject to a 45 dBA nighttime property boundary sound level
limit. The development and coordination of noise control design for large
The methodologies used to predict the noise caused by industrial facili- and small equipment packages, some of which would be located within sev-
ties are presented and ranked. There are a lot more scientifically based meth- eral meters of the property boundary, are discussed in detail. Sound level
ods that use certain approximations to solve or apply the wave equation in a measurements are presented and discussed, particularly with regard to the
layered atmosphere. These methods are usable to predict even meteorologi- challenges involved with conducting sound level measurements in the pres-
cal influences with long distance propagation but can hardly be used with ence of ambient sound levels that often approached the allowable noise
complex source and surface geometries for receivers nearby. This latter case limit.
is the preferred application of engineering models using simple geometric
ray approximations. The techniques to use it with complex and extended
4:30
sources are presented. This includes the use of parametrized source descrip-
1pNCb5. Pipe noise prediction and sound insulation design by using
tion for technical sources such as motors, gears, pipes, and cooling towers
modelling and field measurements. Giuseppe Squadrone 共Tecnimont S.p
and numerical aspects such as projection or angle scanning. It is shown how
.A., viale Monte Grappa, 3 20124 Milano Italy, g.squadrone@tecnimont.it兲
an intelligent software technique like the “object tree” supports the genera-
tion of variants of a plant including different steps of noise reduction Since engineering companies usually develop industrial complex by
measures. combining and connecting among them many static and rotating equipment
with piping, the noise calculation and model of the latter are necessary when
4:00 carrying out acoustic design to comply with occupational and environmental
1pNCb3. Ray-tracing and spreadsheet modeling of power plant noise. noise limits. According to the set of available input data, different design
Marlund E. Hale 共Adv. Eng. Acoust., Adv. Eng. Acoust., 663 Bristol Ave., procedures can be followed both to model pipe noise and to design sound
Simi Valley, CA 93065, noisedoc@aol.com兲 reduction systems, if needed. Examples of methods for piping noise model-
ing and insulation design, starting from inside or outside pipe noise levels
Community noise limits are often imposed on power plant designs. given by equipment supplier or from in field measured noise or vibration
Many power plant sites are planned for rural locations where the residences levels, are here shown, analyzed, and discussed. Specifically, the paper de-
are relatively close by or at some distance away. During the preliminary describes case studies of steel piping system relevant to installation usually
sign of power plants, design options, along with any predicted environmen- present in a generic industrial plant: a steam pressure reduction station, con-
tal impacts and needed mitigation measures, are often discussed with appro- stituted by control valves and desuperheating devices; a large cooling water
priate regulatory agencies and local residents. A design phase noise model pump; and a feeding cooling water station where, accidentally, a regulation
can be used to demonstrate the compliance status with local noise valve was excessively noisy. In-plant noise measurements after start up, for
regulations. Several proprietary noise modeling methods have been devel- methodology reliability evaluation, are reported and discussed too.
MONDAY AFTERNOON, 19 APRIL 2010 GRAND BALLROOM III/IV, 1:00 TO 3:00 P.M.
Session 1pNCc
NOISE-CON and Noise: Mufflers and Silencers
Mark Storm, Chair
1p MON. PM
URS Corp., 1615 Murray Canyon Rd., Ste. 1000, San Diego, CA 92108
Contributed Papers
1:00 A stationary bank of rectangular modular sound traps or free-standing
1pNCc1. Suggested modifications to the American Society for Testing sound attenuating parallel baffle “columns” installed within a central station
and Materials E-477. Jerry Lilly 共JGL Acoust., Inc., 5266 NW Village Park air handling unit 共AHU兲 is a common technique for controlling fan noise in
Dr., Issaquah, WA 98027, jerry@jglacoustics.com兲 a ducted heating, ventilating, or air-conditioning system. Recent design de-
velopments by a leading custom AHU manufacturer offer the ability to
ASTM E-477 is the current standard test method used in North America
move these columns within the AHU, so that they can be positioned close to
for evaluating the acoustic and aerodynamic performance of duct silencers.
a noise source 共e.g., a plenum fan兲 during operation and pushed away in
The test method uses, at a minimum, a source chamber, a test duct 共that in-
order to allow AHU component inspection and maintenance. While the col-
cludes a test specimen兲, and a reverberation chamber. If testing under flow is
umns have a fixed shape and set of features 共perforated facing, sound ab-
desired, the system also requires a fan chamber that can provided quiet air-
sorbing fill, etc.兲, this study examines their sound attenuating performance
flow through the test duct. The results of the test method yield silencer in-
relative to position variance from the source 共i.e., fan noise兲 and the AHU
sertion loss, self-generated noise, both as a function of acoustic frequency
inlet or outlet port at which desired sound levels are often specified. The
and flow velocity, and pressure drop. There are several problems with the
objective, should such column position variance has meaningful influence
current test method, some that are being addressed by the ASTM working
on net transmission loss or noise reduction for the AHU, is to estimate op-
group that is responsible for the development and maintenance of this
timal geometry共ies兲 than can be tested and subsequently established as guid-
standard. This paper will highlight the most significant problems associated
ance for superior AHU noise control design.
with the current standard and propose modifications to the standard that
should, if adopted, improve the intra-laboratory reproducibility of the test
results.
2:00
1pNCc5. Mine ventillation silencer. Jonathan Weinstein 共Industrial
1:15 Acoust. Co., 1160 Commerce Ave., Bronx, NY 10462, jweinstein
1pNCc2. Model for the design of a hydraulic silencer with dispersive @industrialacoustics.com兲
liner. Ken Marek, Nick Earnhart, and Ken Cunefare 共George W. Woodruff
School of Mech. Eng., Georgia Inst. of Technol., 771 Ferst Dr., J. Erskine Mine exhaust ventilation fans provide essential fresh air. The extracted
Love Bldg., Grad Box 334, Atlanta, GA 30332, ken.marek@gatech.edu兲 air from the mine is often moist and laden with dust, so that conventional
silencers would very quickly clog as the wet dust forms on silencer baffles
An in-line hydraulic silencer with a dispersive lining material shows and blocks the perforations in the baffle skins. This paper presents a case
promise for effective fluid noise suppression. For this design, a rigid outer history of the solution to this problem where tuned cavity silencer baffles
shell encases an annular dispersive medium, where fluid flow is straight were installed in an existing exhaust evase of a mine ventilation fan. Sound
through the annulus. A model is developed to predict input port impedance attenuation is achieved using tuned cavities which are resistant to blockage
and acoustic transmission loss of the hydraulic silencer. These predictions caused by the wet dust. This performance was successfully demonstrated
are used to develop a set of design parameters for the liner, including ma- with a half scale model tested in a laboratory wind tunnel.
terial properties and geometric dimensions. Design parameters can then be
optimized for a given set of working conditions and frequency ranges of
interest. Model development is discussed along with comparisons to experi-
2:15
mental data.
1pNCc6. A true to life application for flow driven resonators: Industrial
chiller cooling fan noise reduction. Lee J. Gorny and Gary H. Koopmann
1:30 共The Pennsylvania State Universtiy, 157 Hammond Bldg., Univ. Park, PA
1pNCc3. Evaluation of hydraulic silencers. Nick Earnhart, Ken Marek, 16802, ljg138@psu.edu兲
and Ken Cunefare 共Georgia Inst. of Technol., 771 Ferst Dr., Grad Box 261, A project has been conducted to verify the efficacy of tunable resonators
Atlanta, GA 30332, nick.earnhart@gatech.edu兲 in reducing the tonal noise output from an industrial chiller’s cooling fan.
Hydraulic silencers are devices used to mitigate fluid-borne noise in The primary goals of this work were to demonstrate resonator source ro-
fluid power systems. Fluid-borne noise may be produced by positive- bustness for attenuating blade tone noise generated by fixed speed fans, ra-
displacement pumps and interacts with system components to generate vi- diating primarily in a single direction, that have non-ideal, un-ducted flow
bration and air-borne noise. It is of interest to quantify the performance of conditions. BPF tones radiated by the fan are reduced by as much as 14 dB
silencers with regard to the input reflection coefficient and transmission loss. in the flow stream and 10 dB outside, demonstrating the effectiveness of
A test rig has been constructed that uses a six-sensor method to determine resonators for realistic applications. A manually tunable fixed mouth loca-
these quantities. Construction and methodology will be presented along with tion resonator configuration was designed and developed as a first step in
results for apparent transmission loss comparing a commercially available testing resonator effectiveness for quieting production chillers operating at a
silencer to a novel prototype. fixed speed and steady loading. The test enclosure was developed to simu-
late the fan’s environment for a production device, mimicking the convo-
luted inlet flow, exit through a radiator. Changes in loading were accom-
1:45 plished through adjustment of a flow control door. Additional flow
1pNCc4. Optimal silencer baffle positioning within an air handling unit. obstructions inside of the enclosure added and removed to demonstrate their
Mark Storm 共URS Corp., 1615 Murray Canyon Rd., Ste. 1000, San Diego, effect on overall tonal noise radiation and to test resonator effectiveness in
CA 92108, mark_storm@urscorp.com兲 reducing various interaction noise sources.
2:30 2:45
1pNCc7. Dissipative diesel engine exhaust muffler featuring sintered 1pNCc8. Noise reduction under the hood of a portable air-purifying
metal fiber as acoustical fill liner. Mark Storm 共X Sound Technologies respirator system by means of a muffler insert. Robert Marsh 共Polymer
LLC, 4251 E. Thomas Rd., Phoenix, AZ 85018, mstorm@xsoundtech.com兲 Technologies, 420 Corporate Blvd., Newark, DE 19702, bobm@polytechinc
.com兲
Conventional exhaust muffler design for diesel truck applications often
involves a combination of dissipative and reactive elements in order to pro- Speech intelligibility is probably never more important than in emer-
vide generally broadband sound attenuation for the purpose of suppressing gency situations. Recently a manufacturer of a portable air-purifying respi-
engine exhaust noise during normal operation or engine braking 共i.e., vent- rator system requested assistance in lowering the noise level that users were
ing compressed air through the exhaust system兲. The reactive portions of the encountering under the hood. In operation, the noise level and sound quality
muffler are usually present to provide low-frequency spectrum transmission in the hood were reported to be objectionable and concern about the ability
loss that cannot readily be achieved with classical perforated-n⬘-packing dis- of personnel to communicate effectively was expressed. Typically, choosing
sipative design. However, unlike standard perforated metal liners that are quieter components would be the first step in evaluating various acoustical
used to separate the exhaust gas stream from the muffler’s surrounding vol- treatment packages. However, since the components of the blower exposed
ume of acoustically absorbent fill, liner materials such as micro-perforate to the air path were already NIOSH approved, choosing an alternate blower
and sintered metal fiber 共SMF兲 metals offer high porosity and high-flow re- was not a viable option. Polymer Technologies embarked on a study that
sistance that should improve low-frequency dissipative sound absorption. evaluated the blower and the paths to the receiver, successfully providing
This study contrasts the modeled insertion loss, transmission loss, and noise attenuation options that could be easily implemented. Prototype testing
reduction performance of a dissipative-only muffler design featuring an proved that substantial acoustical attenuation could be achieved by utilizing
SMF liner with that of a popular conventional dissipative-reactive combina- an in-line muffler lined with acoustical absorption material. The maximum
tion muffler design. Discovered performance advantages and disadvantages benefit achieved was in excess of a 14 dBA reduction in the overall sound
should reveal pathways for subsequent muffler design development that uti- pressure level under the hood at ear level and resulted in what was consid-
lizes advanced liner materials such as micro-perforates and SMF. ered to be a more “acceptable” sound.
MONDAY AFTERNOON, 19 APRIL 2010 GRAND BALLROOM III/IV, 3:15 TO 4:30 P.M.
Session 1pNCd
NOISE-CON, Noise, and Structural Acoustics and Vibration: Tire/Pavement Noise
Robert O. Rasmussen, Chair

The Transtec Group Inc., 6111 Balcones Dr., Austin, TX 78731
Contributed Papers
3:15 3:30
1pNCd1. Rapid deterioration of sound level benefits for quieter 1pNCd2. The acoustic longevity of various pavements for noise
pavements in Washington state based on the on-board sound intensity reduction performance based on on-board sound intensity
method. Tim Sexton 共Washington State Dept. of Transportation 共WSDOT兲, measurements. Paul Donavan 共Illingworth & Rodkin, Inc., 505 Petaluma
15700 Dayton Ave. N, NB82-138 Seattle, WA 98133, sextont@wsdot.wa Blvd., South Petaluma, CA 94952, pdonavan@illingworthrodkin.com兲
.gov兲 When quieter pavements are used for purposes of reducing traffic noise
levels, one issue of concern is how long will the noise reduction perfor-
This paper provides detailed descriptions of the three test sections of mance be maintained or what is its “acoustic longevity.” To address this is-
“quieter” pavement evaluated by the Washington State Department of Trans- sue, both the states of California and Arizona have established on-going re-
portation 共WSDOT兲 using the on-board sound intensity 共OBSI兲 method and search projects on a number of different pavement types including the broad
the unique deterioration of those pavements. Within 6 months of installation, groups of asphalt and portland cement concrete 共AC and PCC, respectively兲.
OBSI for the test sections were not audibly lower than the control sections. These pavements have been monitored routinely with on-board sound inten-
OBSI is the predominant metric used to evaluate the success of quieter sity measurements since the time of initial construction yielding data over
periods of 4–7 years. The pavements consist of 11 PCC pavements of dif-
pavements in Washington State. Monthly OBSI measurements describe the
ferent texture and 13 AC sections of varying constructions. The results of
seasonal variability in measured sound levels and highlight more rapid gen- these measurements are presented and discussed. In another approach of
eral sound level increases in the test pavements relative to the control. As- evaluating acoustic longevity, pavements of the same construction, but dif-
phalt mix compositions and installation procedures used in Washington were ferent years of build have also been evaluated to examine longer periods of
similar, or identical, to those used in southern states where the same pave- time. The results of this approach are also presented along with a discussion
ments have been successful. Challenges to the success of all pavements in of the issues involved with the two methods.
Washington State include studded tires, frequent freeze-thaw cycles, and 3:45
cool summers that encourage lower surface temperatures during installation 1pNCd3. Quiet concrete pavement surfaces. Robert Rasmussen, Robert
than in southern states. These challenges are particularly significant for Whirledge 共The Transtec Group, Inc., 6111 Balcones Dr., Austin, TX 78731,
open-graded friction course OGFC pavements as evidenced by spikes in robotto@thetranstecgroup.com兲, and Paul Wiegand 共Natl. Concrete Pave-
ment Technol. Ctr.兲
OBSI measurements following seasonal weather events. Parallels between
OBSI measurements and structural durability measurements are described in For the last 5 years, a comprehensive evaluation has been conducted on
detail. hundreds of concrete pavement surfaces throughout the US, Canada, and
Europe. These data have been synthesized in a manner that allows the high- for the majority of the increased noise due to contraction joints. In this pa-
way industry to make important decisions about how best to design and con- per, this mechanism is investigated through theoretical calculations and
struct concrete pavements to reduce tire-pavement noise levels without com- experimentation. Intensity probes were used to measure noise near joints of
promising other important aspects such as durability, safety, and cost. While varying widths using Purdue University’s Tire-Pavement Test Apparatus
a significant amount of variability is present in the data, clear trends have 共TPTA兲. The TPTA was used to discover relationships between vehicle
been identified. Some surfaces, such as diamond grinding, appear to be speed, joint width, and measured sound pressure and sound intensity spectra
among the best alternatives available today for reducing tire-pavement near the joint and the tire.
noise. Meanwhile, recent trials of more unconventional surfaces have
yielded mixed results. In the end, the techniques for concrete pavement sur-
4:15
facing today include a vast array of choices. The selection of the best surface 1pNCd5. On-board sound intensity measurements and results in
1p MON. PM
for the particular job can now be made more confidently given this im-
Florida. Roger Wayson, John MacDonald 共US DOT, Volpe Natl. Transpor-
proved understanding of the potential impacts due to tire-pavement noise. tation System Ctr., 3925 Lakeview Dr., Cottonwood Shores, TX 78657,
roger.wayson@dot.gov兲, and Mariano Berrios 共Florida Dept. of
4:00 Transportation兲
1pNCd4. Noise generation in contraction joints in Portland cement
concrete. Tyler Dare 共Purdue Univ., 140 S. Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafay- This paper describes an investigation of on-board sound intensity
共OBSI兲 and concurrent wayside sound levels along multiple roadway sur-
ette, IN 47907-2031, tdare@purdue.edu兲 and Robert Bernhard 共Notre Dame
faces in the state of Florida. By conducting concurrent sampling of the OBSI
Univ.兲
and wayside noise not only were insights into the pavement texture noise
Contraction joints between slabs of Portland cement concrete have a ma- generation at the tire/pavement interface possible but direct comparisons al-
jor impact on measured tire-pavement noise levels. It has been proposed that lowed findings on the propagation characteristics as well. Measurement val-
during the interval when the contact patch of the tire is over the joint, the ues, pavement rankings, multiple findings, and preliminary statistical mod-
system acts as a Helmholtz resonator, and that this mechanism is responsible eling will be shown.
MONDAY AFTERNOON, 19 APRIL 2010 GRAND BALLROOM VII/VIII, 1:00 TO 3:00 P.M.
Session 1pNCe
NOISE-CON, Noise, and Structural Acoustics and Vibration: Numerical Methods in

Noise Emission and Immission
Bryce K. Gardner, Chair

ESI, 12555 High Bluff Dr., Ste. 250, San Diego, CA 92130
Contributed Papers
1:00 Coupling loss factors for two lightly damped plates joined at a point, but
1pNCe1. Comparison of sea modeling approaches for vibration otherwise free to respond in lateral vibration, have been studied both ana-
transmission through beam structures. Ignatius Vaz, Bryce Gardner 共ESI lytically and experimentally. This study forms the basis for on-going esti-
North America, 32605 W 12 Mile Rd., Ste. 350 Farmington Hills, MI mations of the transient coupling loss factors of the same system. Statistical
48334-3379, ignatius.vaz@esi-group.com兲, Vincent Cotoni 共ESI Group energy analysis 共using VA ONE兲 and the finite element method 共using
R&D兲, and Shuo Wang 共NASA Johnson Space Ctr.兲 NASTRAN兲 have been used to predict the coupling loss factors. The finite
element predictions are based on the averaged responses for a range of
Transmission through beams can become a significant path in many boundary conditions on the plates, essentially a “pseudo-statistical”
structure-borne problems, especially in aircraft or launch vehicles. Statistical
approach. Experimentally, two techniques have been used. First, following
energy analysis 共SEA兲 is widely used for the vibro-acoustic modeling of
the approach by Lai and Soom, a force transducer has been used to measure
high-frequency problems. However, in a system-level SEA model, even at the force between the plates as it is used to attach them. Simultaneously, the
higher frequencies, some beams can exhibit low-modal behavior and might
kinetic energies in the two plates are measured by three accelerometers at-
not be a good SEA representation. Vibration transmission through beams in-
tached to each plate during both transient and persistent excitations of the
volves both resonant and non-resonant transmission paths. Typically the plates, one at a time. The coupling loss factors are estimated by balancing
non-resonant path is dominant at low frequencies and the resonant path at the transmitted energies with the kinetic energies in the two plates. Then, the
high frequencies. This paper describes various modeling approaches for
coupling loss factors were assessed by a more “traditional” approach,
describing the transmission through beams over a broad frequency range.
namely, balancing the power input to a plate with the energies of the plates.
SEA modeling techniques will be compared to the hybrid FE-SEA method, The estimations from these four approaches compare as well as may be ex-
energy flow method, and the finite element method for various beam
pected for these lightly damped plates.
configurations. Modeling beams under pre-stressed conditions is also
investigated.
1:30
1pNCe3. Coupling loss factor estimation for plates joined along a line:
Analysis and experiment. Mark Ewing, Kranthi Vatti 共Univ. of Kansas,
1530 West 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, mewing@ku.edu兲, and Ignatius
1:15
Vaz 共ESI兲
1pNCe2. Coupling loss factor estimation for plates joined at a point:
Analysis and experiment. Mark Ewing, Kranthi Vatti 共Aerosp. Eng., Univ. Coupling loss factors for two plates joined at a line 共a 90-deg bend兲, but
of Kansas, 1530 West 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, mewing@ku.edu兲, and otherwise free to respond in lateral vibration, have been studied both ana-
Ignatius Vaz 共ESI兲 lytically and experimentally. Two cases have been studied: one with no
added damping and one in which one of the plates has a small amount of 2:15
damping provided by a constrained layer treatment. Statistical energy analy- 1pNCe6. Modeling the low-, mid-, and high-frequency response of
sis 共using VA ONE兲 and the finite element method 共using NASTRAN兲 have poro-elastic materials in vibro-acoustics applications. Vincent Cotoni
been used to predict the coupling loss factors. The finite element predictions 共ESI Group, 12555 High Bluff Dr., San Diego, CA 92130, vincent.cotoni
are based on the averaged responses for a range of boundary conditions on @esi-group.com兲
the plates, essentially a “pseudo-statistical” approach. Experimentally, one
A method is presented for representing layered poro-elastic materials
of the plates was excited while the kinetic energy of the two plates was as-
and acoustic fluids in a finite element 共FE兲 model of a structure. The method
sessed with a scanning laser vibrometer 共scanning a dozen or more points兲
and four accelerometers on each plate. Both impulse and persistent excita- is based on the hybrid FE-statistical energy analysis 共SEA兲 formulation that
allows the coupling of FE and SEA descriptions of various subsystems in a
tions were used. The coupling loss factors were assessed by balancing the
power input with the energies of the plates, also using the estimated modal model. By making use of the dynamic properties of poro-elastic materials
and acoustic fluids 共in terms of wavelength and uncertainty兲, the method is
densities. The estimations from the analytical and experimental approaches
made particularly fast and appropriate for the prediction of the vibro-
compare as well as may be expected for the lightly damped plates case, but
very well for the case of one plate having a damping treatment. acoustic response at midfrequencies. The method allows to quickly incorpo-
rate acoustics and/or noise control treatment in an existing finite element
model of a structure. Given the frequency range of applicability, it comple-
1:45 ments the existing low-frequency methods 共structure and poro-elastic mate-
1pNCe4. Development of hybrid one-dimensional finite element/ rial described with FE, acoustic fluid described with FE, infinite elements, or
analytical method for analysis of lamb wave propagation characteristics boundary elements兲 and high-frequency methods 共structure, poro-elastic ma-
in composit panels. Yong-Joe Kim and Je-Heon Han 共Dept. of Mech. Eng., terial, and acoustic fluid described with SEA兲. The formulation is derived
Texas A&M Univ., 315 Eng./Phys. Bldg. Office Wing, College Station, TX and a number of validation examples are presented.
77843-3123, joekim@tamu.edu兲
The objective of this study is to develop a hybrid one-dimensional finite
element 共1-D FE兲/analytical method to analyze the Lamb wave propagation 2:30
characteristics of composite panels. Here, it is proposed to model a compos- 1pNCe7. A comparison of visco-thermal models for the vibro-acoustic
ite panel using a finite element approximation in the thickness direction analysis of hearing aids. Júlio A. Cordioli, Gustavo Martins, and Roberto
while analytical solutions are assumed in the plane directions. Thus, it Jordan 共Federal Univ. of Santa Catarina, Campus Univ.-Trindade, Federal
makes possible to use small number of finite elements even for high- Univ. of Santa Catarina Campus Universitrio-Trindade Florianópolis, SC
frequency analysis in computationally efficient manner. By solving the ei- 88090-400 Brazil, cordioli@emc.ufsc.br兲
genvalue problem of the resulting 1-D FE/analytical matrix equation, the
dispersion relations of the Lamb waves propagating in the composite panel The performance of a hearing aid is directly related to its vibro-acoustics
can be calculated in wave number/frequency domain. Note that the disper- characteristics, which must be taken in account during the design process.
sion relations can be used to determine the frequency, wavelength, and wave Different vibro-acoustic aspects of a hearing aid may be analyzed, including
speed of a specific Lamb wave mode that can be used to monitor the specific the structural transmission from the loudspeaker to the microphone, which
structural defects of the composite panel. For the purpose of validating the may lead to an unwanted feedback, or the frequency response of the system
proposed method, the dynamic responses of a composite panel are composed by loudspeaker, tube, earmold and ear channel 共considering a
measured. The measured data are transformed into wave number/frequency behind-the-ear hearing aid兲. In view of the reduced dimensions of the sys-
domain by applying spatial Fourier transform, which result in measured dis- tem it is argued that the vibro-acoustic analysis of such system must take in
persion relations. It is shown that the dispersion relations obtained by using account visco-thermal effects in the description of the propagation of acous-
the proposed hybrid method agree well with the measured dispersion tical waves. In this paper, a simplified system is considered including the
relations. loudspeaker membrane, tube, and coupler 共element commonly used for test-
ing hearing aids兲. Results for three different approaches for the vibro-
acoustic analysis of the system are compared with experimental data: 共i兲
2:00 standard acoustical wave model, 共ii兲 the low reduced frequency model, and
1pNCe5. Experimental validation of finite element–boundary element 共iii兲 the full linearized Navier–Stokes model. Results show that for the case
model dynamic strain model under diffuse acoustic field loading. Ben considered the visco-thermal effects must be taken in account, while the
Tsoi 共Jet Propulsion Lab., 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA 91109, choice between models 共ii兲 and 共iii兲 must be made in view of the system
wan.b.tsoi@jpl.nasa.gov兲, Bryce Gardner, and Vincent Cotoni 共ESI Group geometry.
NA兲
Structural finite element 共FE兲 models naturally output displacement or

acceleration response data. However, they can also be used to compute 2:45
stress, internal forces, and strain response. When coupled with a boundary 1pNCe8. Systematic approach to passenger vehicle air induction tuning.
element model 共BEM兲 of the fluid surrounding the structure, a fully coupled Antoni Szatkowski, Sean Li, and Jaspal Sandhu 共NVH Development &
analysis can be performed. Modeling a diffuse acoustic field in the BEM Eng., Chrysler LLC, P.O. Box 21-8004, Auburn Hills, MI 48321-8004, as32
fluid provides an excitation like that found when the structure is placed in a @chrysler.com兲
reverberation chamber. Fully coupling the structural FE model to the acous-
tic BEM model provides a means to predict not only the acceleration re- Air induction sound level and quality is a key contributor to in-vehicle
sponse of the panel to diffuse field loading but also the ability to predict the powertrain NVH performance. This paper describes the process of tuning
dynamic stress and strain response. This type of model has been available the air induction systems 共AISs兲 at Chrysler LLC. Simple sound quality
with current predictive tools, but experimental validation of the prediction of metrics are developed to quantify the AIS sound quality. Data acquisition
dynamic stress or strain is difficult to find. An aluminum panel was instru- and processing is standardized. A new methodology is presented, how to
mented with accelerometers and strain gauges and hung in a reverberation tune the AIS to meet the desired sound quality, and to optimize the cost,
room and subjected to a diffuse acoustic field. This paper presents the com- weight, and packaging space. Practical examples are presented to demon-
parison of the experimental and predicted results. strate how the specific targets are being achieved.
MONDAY AFTERNOON, 19 APRIL 2010 GRAND BALLROOM VII/VIII, 3:30 TO 5:00 P.M.
Session 1pNCf
NOISE-CON, Noise, and Signal Processing in Acoustics: Noise Source Localization
Karim Haddad, Cochair
1p MON. PM
Bruel Kjaer SVM A/S, Skodsborgvej 307, 2850, Naerum, Denmark
Jim Thomspon, Cochair

Bruel & Kjaer North America, 6855 Commerce Blvd., Canton, MI 48187
Contributed Papers
3:30 4:00
1pNCf1. Influence of various uncertainty factors on the result of 1pNCf3. Interior Fourier near-field acoustical holography using energy
beamforming measurements. Markus Mller-Trapet and Pascal Dietrich density. Zachary A. Collins 共Dept. of Mech. Eng., Brigham Young Univ.,
共Inst. of Tech. Acoust., RWTH Aachen Univ., Neustraße 50, 52066, Aachen Provo, UT 84602, zcollins26@gmail.com兲, Kent L. Gee, Scott D.
Germany, mmt@akustik.rwth-aachen.de兲 Sommerfeldt, and Jonathan D. Blotter 共Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT
84602兲
In a previous publication 关Mller-Trapet and Dietrich 共2009兲兴, a virtual
measurement environment for sound-source localization on vibrating struc- Near-field acoustical holography 共NAH兲 is used to reconstruct three-
tures was presented. Based on surface velocity data obtained from laser- dimensional acoustic fields from a two-dimensional planar measurement.
scanning-vibrometry measurements, the boundary-element-method is used During previous work at BYU, a method has been developed called energy-
to simulate the sound radiation from a vibrating plate toward a microphone based near-field acoustical holography which reduced the number of needed
array under ideal conditions. The advantage of this approach is that the mea- measurements by 75%. Other recent advances have expanded the theory to
surement conditions can be perfectly controlled and real sources can be con- interior spaces where multiple sources and/or reflections are present. This
sidered, without restrictions on the type of source. The virtual measurement paper presents a new method for reconstructing interior acoustic parameters
environment will now be used to investigate the effect of some of the un- using Fourier NAH and a single plane of energy density measurements. En-
certainties that can be encountered during beamforming measurements. For ergy density is measured using a six-microphone array. First, the probe mea-
the most common planar array geometries, the beamforming source maps
surements are used to create a Hermite surface pressure interpolation on two
will be calculated for varying signal-to-noise ratios and different array im-
separate planes. These two planes are used to approximate the normal par-
perfections 共uncertainties in the location of the microphones and deviation
ticle velocity as well as to separate the incoming and outgoing waves using
from the omni-directional directivity pattern of the microphones兲. As a mea-
the spatial Fourier-transform method. Once separated, traditional Fourier
sure of comparison, the two-dimensional normalized cross-correlation be-
NAH is used to reconstruct the pressure and normal particle velocity at any
tween the ideal source map and the source map with added uncertainties will
point in space. Analytical and experimental results are shown and compared
be evaluated and discussed.
to exterior Fourier NAH approximations. Other drawbacks and benefits are
discussed.
3:45
1pNCf2. An analysis of the Doppler shifted aircraft noise signature as
4:15
measured by a hydrophone located within an evanescent field and
implication for localization. David R. Dall’Osto and Peter H. Dahl 共Dept. 1pNCf4. Conformal mapping based on spherical array measurements:
of Mech. Eng. and Appl. Phys. Lab., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA Noise source identification in a car cabin. Karim Haddad 共Bruel & Kjaer
98105兲 SVM A/S, Skodsborgvej 307, 2850 Naerum, Denmark, khaddad@bksv
.com兲
Simultaneous measurements of the acoustic pressure field across the air-
water interface, at site in Puget Sound, WA, are analyzed in terms of the Spherical beamforming based on spherical array is a technique well
Doppler signature of propeller driven aircraft. Measurements in the suited for in-cabin noise source identification, especially from mid- to high
50–300-Hz range are considered for various aircraft over flights. The Dop- frequencies. One aspect of these imaging techniques based on acoustic mea-
pler shift recorded in air by a microphone placed 3 m above the air-water surements is how to link detected acoustic sources with the environment.
interface is modeled using standard Doppler theory. The hydrophone, placed Two main alternatives are currently used. The first possibility is based on
at a depth 2.5 m below the air-water interface, reveals two Doppler shifts; pictures of the environment: pictures are superimposed on the acoustic map
one associated with the propagating transmitted acoustic field and the other for an easy identification of sources. The main advantages are its quickness
associated with an evanescent field. A parametrized model for these two ob- for setup and also it is a good solution to efficiently keep track of any
served Doppler shifts is presented, utilizing ray theory and Snell’s law ap- change in the environment. The second possibility is the use of a model de-
plied to a plane wave decomposition of the source wave fronts with, kH Ⰷ scribing the objects around the microphone array. It is an interesting solution
1, where H is the source height and k is the wave number. It will be shown to describe precisely the medium. But also in terms of accuracy, it provides
that analysis of the underwater acoustic field can be used to determine the the correct distances from objects to the acoustic sensor: the level of sources
altitude and closest point of approach 共CPA兲 of a passing tonal source, with could be more accurately determined. This last option can therefore generate
support from experimental data recorded by the hydrophone lying within the an acoustic map conformal to the surrounding environment. In this paper,
detection limits of the evanescent field. 关Work supported by Washington Sea we use the conformal mapping technique in a case study concerning tests
Grant and ONR.兴 done in a car cabin using a spherical array.
4:30 tal validations are demonstrated and an error analysis in locating arbitrary
1pNCf5. A user friendly, cost-effective and portable tool for locating sources is performed. The main cause of errors is found to be due to the fact
multiple arbitrary sound sources in three-dimensional space in real that the basic formulations are for a free field, whereas in practice the mea-
time. Na Zhu and Sean F. Wu 共Dept. of Mech. Eng., Wayne State Univ., surement environment is a non-free field.
Detroit, MI 48202, linda_zhuna@hotmail.com兲
In many engineering applications, it is highly desirable to quickly and 4:45

easily locate sound sources even if the accuracy and spatial resolution are 1pNCf6. Panel contribution analysis for a large complex structure.
not very high. Most systems and tools available in the market are based on Sandeep Mylavarapu and Sean F. Wu 共Dept. of Mech. Eng., Wayne State
beamforming technology, which are portable, easy to use, and easy to Univ., Petroit, MI dz2727@wayne.edu兲
understand. However, beamforming requires a prior knowledge of the gen- This paper presents a newly developed panel contribution analysis using
eral location of a target source and a large number of microphones, which the Helmholtz equation least squares method for a large complex structure.
increases the overall costs. Also, its frequency range is limited by the size of The approach requires only one set of the acoustic pressures measured in the
the microphone array. In this paper, a user friendly, cost-effective and por- near field of a vibrating structure. Using these input data, the normal surface
table system for locating multiple arbitrary sound sources in three- velocity and acoustic pressure are reconstructed, from which the normal
dimensional space in real time is presented. In particular, this system re- acoustic intensity distribution is calculated. Next, the normal acoustic inten-
quires four microphones only, covers the entire audible frequency range, and sity is correlated to the acoustic pressure at any field point of interest. In this
does not require any prior knowledge of whereabouts of the target sources. way, the relative contributions from individual panels toward acoustic radia-
The underlying principle of this methodology is a hybrid approach consist- tion at any field point can be ranked, and the critical panel共s兲 of a vibrating
ing of modeling of sound radiation from point sources in a free field, trian- structure can be identified. Numerical simulations using this approach for
gulation, and signal processing techniques. Both numerical and experimen- identifying critical panels inside a passenger compartment are presented.
MONDAY AFTERNOON, 19 APRIL 2010 LAUREL A/B, 1:20 TO 5:00 P.M.
Session 1pNSa
Noise, Physical Acoustics, and INCE: Rocket Noise Environments II
Kent L. Gee, Cochair

Brigham Young Univ., Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Provo, UT 84602
R. Jeremy Kenny, Cochair

Invited Papers
1:20
1pNSa1. Directivity indices for rocket noise modeling: Measurement considerations. Jarom H. Giraud and Kent L. Gee 共Dept. of
Phys. and Astronomy, Eyring Sci. Ctr., Brigham Young Univ., 84602 Provo, UT, jaromgiraud@gmail.com兲
Long-standing rocket noise models use far-field directivity indices to predict acoustic radiation loading on and near a launch vehicle.
This approach raises a number of critical questions including where does the geometric far field begin for the frequencies of interest?
and how does probable nonlinear propagation of noise away from the source affect these indices? Data collected on a static, horizontally
fired GEM-60 solid rocket motor provide some insight into these questions. In the near field, microphones were located along a line
approximately eight nozzle diameters from the shear layer. In addition, microphones were placed along two radials near the peak di-
rectivity angle at 63, 125, and 250 nozzle diameters. Analysis of these data indicates that nonlinear propagation dramatically affects the
high-frequency directivity patterns along the peak radiation angles. In addition, the extended length of the source likely pushes the onset
of the geometric far field to beyond 100 nozzle diameters for low frequencies.
1:40
1pNSa2. Acoustic measurement in the static firing tests of solid rocket motors. Tatsuya Ishii, Hideshi Oinuma, Junichi Kazawa
共Aviation Program Group, JAXA, 7-44-1 Jindaiji-Higashi-Machi, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8522, Japan兲, Kota Fukuda, Seiji Tsutsumi 共JEDI
Ctr., JAXA, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8510, Japan兲, Kyoichi Ui 共Space Transportation Mission Directorate, JAXA,
Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan兲, and Kenji Minesugi 共Inst. of Space and Astronautical Sci., JAXA, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-
8510, Japan兲
Acoustic management is essential for establishing a reliable and cost-competitive rocket system. A solid propellant motor during its
lift-off imposes high levels of pressure and vibration on the fairing of the rocket, sometimes leading to crucial damage of the payload.
One approach to resolve this problem is to decrease the sound sources caused by high-speed plume of the rocket booster. Japan Aero-
space Exploration Agency 共JAXA兲, aiming at the advanced solid rocket, started computational prediction that helps design a launch-pad
with less acoustic impact. For validating the computation codes and modeling the acoustic characteristics, the experimental acoustic data
of solid rocket motors have long been desired. Fortunately, we had opportunities of the ground firing tests with several motors. In this
presentation, the acoustic measurement including the sensors, the set-up, and the data reduction carried out in these tests will be
discussed.
2:00
1p MON. PM
1pNSa3. A model for the prediction of community noise from launch vehicles. Kenneth J. Plotkin 共Wyle Labs., 241 18th St. S., Ste.
701, Arlington, VA 22202, kenneth.plotkin@wyle.com兲
A model, RNOISE, has been developed for prediction of far-field community noise from the launch and boost phase of launch
vehicles. It follows the moving source principles of an early NASA model 关Wilhold et al., NASA Report No. TN D-1832 共1963兲兴 but
uses a noise source and directivity model developed by Sutherland 关AIAA Paper No. 93-4383 共1993兲兴 together with modern propagation
algorithms as employed in the time simulation aircraft models NMSIM 共NoiseMap Simulation兲 and AAM 共Advanced Acoustic Model兲.
RNOISE, first used for environmental analysis in the mid-1990s, is a spectral time simulation model, generating predictions of one-third
octave band spectra on the ground as a function of time. Predictions may be made at a single point or on a grid. Recent improvements
to RNOISE are the ability to read flight path data from a PCBoom format trajectory file, and output of time history grids in the TIG format
used by NMSIM, AAM, and RNM 共Rotorcraft Noise Model兲. This permits presentation of results as animations as well as traditional static
contours.
2:20
1pNSa4. Rocket motor microphone investigation. Eric Herrera, Debbie Pilkey 共ATK Launch Systems, P.O. Box 707, Brigham City,
UT 84302兲, Kent L. Gee, Jarom H. Giraud, and Devin J. Young 共Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT 84602兲
Identification of optimal microphone configurations and instrumentation is underway as a continuous process improvement effort at
ATK Space Systems, where large solid rocket motors 共SRMs兲 have been tested for decades. Rocket motor tests provide a unique en-
vironment which cannot be fully duplicated in a laboratory. This is especially true for the largest SRM ever to be tested, Demonstration
Motor I 共DM-I兲, which is the five-segment first stage of the NASA Constellation program’s Ares I launch vehicle. During the DM-I
firing, two separate arrays of pressure transducers with various vent tube configurations, microphones, accelerometers, and temperature
sensors were placed at locations near the motor. The objectives were to better determine the vibration levels and temperature to which
acoustic gages are subjected and to examine their comparative performance for different vent tube configurations, particularly at low
frequencies 共10–30 Hz兲. Results from the DM-I and corroborating laboratory tests reveal very different low-frequency responses for the
pressure transducers that depend critically on vent tube configuration. This and other issues are discussed.
2:40
1pNSa5. Condenser microphone protective grid correction for high-frequency measurements. Erik N. Lee and Reginald M.
Bennett 共Marshall Space Flight Ctr., MS ER42, Huntsville, AL 35812兲
Use of a protective grid on small diameter microphones can prolong the lifetime of the unit, but the high-frequency effects can
complicate data interpretation. Analytical methods have been developed to correct for the grid effect at high frequencies. Specifically,
the analysis pertains to quantifying the microphone protective grid response characteristics in the acoustic near field of a rocket plume
noise source. A frequency response function computation using two microphones will be explained. Experimental and instrumentation
setup details will be provided. The resulting frequency response function for a B&K 4944 condenser microphone protective grid will be
presented, along with associated uncertainties.
3:00—3:20 Break
3:20—5:00 Panel Discussion
MONDAY AFTERNOON, 19 APRIL 2010 GRAND BALLROOM V, 1:00 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 1pNSb
Noise and Architectural Acoustics: Soundscape Concert II
Alex U. Case, Cochair

Fermata Audio & Acoustics, P.O. Box 1161, Portsmouth, NH 03802-1161
Brigitte Schulte-Fortkamp, Cochair

Technical Univ. Berlin, Einsteinufer 25, Secr TA 7, Berlin, 10587, Germany
Invited Papers
1:00
1pNSb1. Assessing the acoustical attributes of preserved historic structures. Eric L. Reuter 共Reuter Assoc., LLC, P.O. Box 4623,
Portsmouth, NH 03802, ereuter@reuterassociates.com兲
Acoustical attributes of several preserved historic structures have been measured using contemporary techniques and metrics. These
include outdoor-to-indoor and indoor-to-indoor impulse response and noise reduction measurements. Combined, these measurements
allow for simulation, both quantitative and qualitative, of the indoor soundscapes of the past. These data will be presented, along with
audio examples of historical noise sources, as experienced from indoors.
1:40
1pNSb2. Listening to soundscape as the music of life. Caroline Cance 共INCAS3, Dr. Nassaulaan 9, P.O. Box 797, Assen 9400 AT, The
Netherlands, ccance@gmail.com兲, Danièle Dubois and Hugues Genevois 共CNRS-Univ. Paris 6-MCC, Paris 75015, France兲
The musician M. Shafer introduced, in 1970, the word and the concept of soundscapes as “the tuning of the world,” driving our
attention to the quality of the sounding environment, therefore comparable to music. The concept of soundscape has been developed
within acousticians’ communities, and the research slowly evolved from “noise effect,” “noise control,” or “noise annoyance” to “sound
quality” or “soundscape” and “soundscaping.” Also, around 70 electroacoustics music has promoted every day noises as musical
sounds, and nowadays computer music blurs the boundaries between musical instruments and new technological devices and tools. We
would like to present here our research conducted in perception and evaluation both in music 共and more precisely on digital music兲 and
in everyday noise and soundscapes to discuss some of the following questions: What makes a noise a musical sound? Its acoustic
properties? That it is produced by a specific 共musical兲 instrument? The time, places 共streets? concert halls?兲 or ways one hears/listens
to it 共personal involvement, purpose兲? Are the boundaries between music and noise the same in different communities 共acousticians,
musicians, instrument makers, every one in the street兲? How do the concepts of music/noise evolve in time and space, and people?
2:20
1pNSb3. The daily rhythm of the soundscape “Nauener Platz” in Berlin. Brigitte Schulte-Fortkamp 共Inst. of Fluid Mech. and Eng.
Acoust., Technische Universitt Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany兲
Rhythm in soundscape characterizes the time structure of the soundscape with its distinctive sound events embedded in compre-
hensive acoustical scenery. The “Nauener Platz” evaluation was balancing between acoustic measurements, architectural planning, and
the expertise from people living in the area to contribute to the reconstruction of the place. Information of a new understanding and
concept of a public place was underlying the development of the new Soundscape based on noise reduction and audio islands playing
the sound people like to live with in that area. This Soundscape will be provided here in musical performance also explaining the
cultural and social issues behind. The Soundscape Project is a module of the Project “Nauener Platz-Remodelling for Young and Old”
in the framework of the research program “Experimental Housing and Urban Development 共ExWoSt兲” of the “Federal Ministry of
Transport, Building, and Urban Affairs 共BMVBS兲” by the “Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning 共BBR兲.” It is related to
the fields of research 共ExWoSt兲 concerned with “Innovation of Urban Neighbourhoods for Families and the Elderly.”
3:00—3:20 Break
3:20
1pNSb4. Measurement of whole hike soundscapes in a national park setting. G. 共Randy兲 Stanley 共Natural Sounds Program, U.S.
Natl. Park Service, 1201 Oakridge Dr., Ste. 100, Fort Collins, CO 80525兲
Measurements of whole hike soundscapes were made in Mount Rushmore National Park. The goal was to capture the time and space
varying aural stimulus that a hiker experiences while walking through an environment. Two elements were employed: A portable bin-
aural headset recording system and an array of audio recorders arranged at intervals along the trail. Various elements of the recorded
soundscapes will be summarized and reproduced in part for the audience. In addition, expected analyses and anticipated challenges will
be discussed.
4:00
1pNSb5. Exploring the soundscape of nature. Gary W. Siebein, Keely M. Siebein, Lucky Tsaih, Sang Bum Park 共Univ. of Florida
School of Architecture, P.O. Box 115702, Gainesville, FL 32611兲, Chris P. Jones, Reece Skelton, and Joshua Fisher 共Siebein Assoc.,
Inc., Gainesville, FL 32607兲
A study of a state park situated along a spring fed river was conducted to try to understand the nature of the soundscape of a park
intended to be used by people for recreational purposes as well as to preserve the qualities of the natural ecosystems in the area. The
study explores the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the ambient sound as composed of a series of specific acoustic events related
to natural sounds of wildlife, water flows and weather, human use of the park, maintenance operations by park staff, and off-site noise
intrusions from adjoining land uses. The acoustic “rooms” of the site are identified by the characteristics of their impulse responses. The
1p MON. PM
rooms are linked by acoustic itineraries related to each of the user groups. Modeling of animal, weather, and human sounds is used to
construct the acoustic rhythms of the site from limited, practical data acquisition of existing sounds. Recordings of real and simulated
sound fields from the park were evaluated by listeners to determine qualitative and quantitative relationships of real and modeled
sounds.
4:40
1pNSb6. Ocean dreams. Bennett M. Brooks 共Brooks Acoust. Corp., 30 Lafayette Square, Vernon, CT 06066, bbrooks
@brooksacoustics.com兲
We arise by the sea, the genesis of life. We move inland via various forms of transportation, observing daily activities, ending our
visit full circle with the solice at water’s edge.
MONDAY AFTERNOON, 19 APRIL 2010 HARBORSIDE B, 1:30 TO 5:00 P.M.
Session 1pNSc
Noise and INCE: Noise and Its Control in Complex and Urban Environments
Kai Ming Li, Cochair

Purdue Univ., Dept. of Mechanical Eng., 140 Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47906
Siu-Kit Lau, Cochair

Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, School of Architectural Eng., 1110 S. 67th St., Omaha, NE 68182-0681
Invited Papers
1:30
1pNSc1. Urban acoustic and seismic noise measurements in Baltimore. Donald G. Albert and Stephen N. Decato 共ERDC Cold
Regions Res. and Eng. Lab., 72 Lyme Rd., Hanover, NH 03755兲
Acoustic and seismic sensors have good potential for passive, non-line-of-sight, detection, localization, and monitoring of natural
and human activities. However, to fulfill this potential, sensor algorithms must be designed to not only robustly identify signals of
interest but also to cope with environmental effects including high levels of background noise often found in urban areas. This paper
presents experimental measurements conducted in Baltimore and at other locations to investigate noise levels in rural, urban, and in-
dustrial environments for audio frequencies between 6 Hz and 20 kHz and seismic frequencies from 6 to 1000 Hz. Because of the
interest in large-scale Earth studies, there are hardly any previous seismic measurements in this high-frequency band and also most were
done in remote areas specifically to avoid cultural noise. The measured urban seismic spectra tend to have more structure and variation
in shape from one location to another compared to the acoustic spectra, and a more rapid decay with increasing frequency, usually about
30 dB from 30 to 600 Hz. The urban acoustic peak frequency is usually around 60 Hz, while the peak seismic frequencies are usually
less than 25 Hz. 关Work funded by U.S. Army.兴
1:50
1pNSc2. Investigation of noise barriers with resonators by the indirect boundary element method. Markus Auerbach 共Federal
Hwy. Res. Inst. 共BASt兲, Bruederstr. 53, D-51427 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany, m.auerbach@bast.de兲, Andreas Bockstedte, Olgierd
Zaleski, Marian Markiewicz 共Novicos GmbH, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany兲, Otto von Estorff 共Hamburg Univ. of Technol. 共TUHH兲,
21073 Hamburg, Germany兲, and Wolfram Bartolomaeus 共Federal Hwy. Res. Inst. 共BASt兲, D-51427 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany兲
Noise barriers are the most common solutions to protect against noise pollution. They are very effective in the mitigation of road
noise, but their high effectiveness often involves undesirably huge constructions. Following the demand for improving the efficiency
without increasing the heights, a new procedure has been developed, which allows for extending a typical noise barrier by a line of
resonators in a quite efficient way. It is based on numerical investigations including the indirect boundary element method. Several
representative calculations are shown which demonstrate how the new approach can be used. The procedure turns out to be computa-
tionally very powerful and it seems to be a very promising step toward a more efficient design of sound barriers featuring high effec-
tiveness at moderate overall heights. Measurements at a 20 m wide and 4 m high noise barrier with and without the device will be
presented.
2:10
1pNSc3. Modeling of sound fields in urban streets using a one-dimensional transport equation model. Yun Jing and Ning Xiang
共Graduate Program in Architectural Acoust., School of Architecture, Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst., Troy, NY 12180兲
This paper presents a one-dimensional transport equation model for acoustic field predictions in urban streets. Considering urban
streets as elongated enclosures, acoustic properties of the surfaces are typically quite different. For example, the top and two ends are
often open and the streets are usually reflective. A recently developed one-dimensional transport equation 关Jing et al., J. Acoust. Soc.
Am. 125, 2735 共2009兲兴 is extended to model non-uniform absorption and scattering coefficients and is applied to urban streets acoustic
predictions. This paper discusses preliminary experimental results obtained from a tenth scale-model to validate the model.
2:30
1pNSc4. Numerical and experimental studies for reducing the transmission of low frequency sound through windows. Andrew M.
Jessop, Kai Ming Li, and J. Stuart Bolton 共Ray W. Herrick Labs., 140 S. Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907-2031兲
Windows are a common path for low-frequency sound transmission from outside to inside due to their light weight and low
damping. The use of non-periodic stiffening elements to increase window transmission loss without reducing visibility is considered
here. The effect of elastic mounting of the window to the surrounding structure as a possible contributor to low-frequency noise trans-
mission was also examined. A finite element model allowing for panel stiffening, either by clamping or by adding variable-stiffness
beams within the panel, was constructed; the model allowed for variable positioning of such elements. Several double-panel configu-
rations, representing double-pane windows typically used in energy-efficient constructions, were also modeled with various clamped-
stiffening elements. Scale-model measurements of transmission loss of aluminum panels were performed to verify the character of the
predictions with variable edge stiffness as used in the numerical models. The computational results show that low-frequency sound
below 150 Hz can be reduced by several dB through careful use of stiffening elements and that resilient mounting can reduce the
transmission loss of low-frequency sound through windows.
2:50
1pNSc5. Parametric study of the sound insulation performance of a ventilation window. S. K. Tang 共Dept. of Bldg. Services Eng.,
The Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ.兲, D Suen, and S. K. Chan 共Campus Development Office, The Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ.兲
The sound insulation performance of a specifically designed facade device, which allows natural ventilation but can provide rela-
tively high-sound insulation, is studied experimentally in the present study. The experiment was carried out in two coupled rooms with
one of them very reverberant and the other made semi-anechoic. The former acted as the receiver room and the latter contained a linear
loudspeaker array 共25 loudspeakers兲 as the noise source. The full scale facade device was installed on the concrete brick wall between
the coupled rooms. Nine microphones were used to measure the average sound intensity inside the reverberant room. The effect of the
size of the device opening 共for ventilation兲 on the sound insertion loss was then determined by the difference between the average
intensities with and without the device 共an opened window兲. The present results show that the present facade device can offer additional
acoustical protection of ⬃12–13 dB共A兲 compared to that resulted from the conventional openable window design when exposed to
traffic noise. The introduction of sound absorption materials at the top internal surface of the window cavity in general can result in a
maximum of 2 dB extra benefit.
3:10—3:30 Break
Contributed Papers
3:30 ing courtyards in two and three dimensions. As one of the results, it is con-
1pNSc6. Three-dimensional pseudospectral time-domain calculations of cluded that the effect of noise abatement in the form of facade absorption
sound propagation to closed urban courtyards. Maarten Hornikx 共Dept. treatments is larger for a setting in three dimensions than in two dimensions.
of Mech. Eng., K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300b-bus 2420, B-3001 Hev-
erlee, Belgium, maarten.hornikx@mech.kuleuven.be兲 and Jens Forssén
共Chalmers Univ. Tech., Gothenburg S-41296, Sweden兲 3:45
1pNSc7. Influence of impedance distribution and optimal impedance
Because contemporary urban environments suffer from excessive levels
design in the context of noise barriers. Alexandre Jolibois, Victor W.
of road traffic noise, access to courtyards with low-noise levels is essential
Sparrow 共Grad. Program in Acoust., Penn State, 201 Appl. Sci. Bldg., Uni-
in order to offer urban sound environments of high quality with regard to
versity Park, PA 16802, auj145@psu.edu兲, Denis Duhamel 共Ecole des Ponts
health and perceived sound. Due to limitations in computational resources,
ParisTech, 77455 Marne La Vallée, France兲, and Jérôme Defrance 共Ctr. Sci-
accurate prediction of road traffic noise to urban courtyards has mainly been
entifique et Technique du Bâtiment, 38400 Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France兲
restricted to modeling the courtyards in two dimensions. To calculate sound
propagation from road traffic to three-dimensional courtyards, the extended Noise barriers are commonly used to protect people from railways or
Fourier pseudospectral time-domain method is used here. This numerical roads traffic noise. However, the optimal design of those barriers is still an
domain discretization method solves the linearized Euler equations, where open problem since lots of different results have been obtained, depending
spatial derivatives are evaluated based on an eigenfunction expansion and on the method utilized. In this paper, instead of focusing on the shape of the
thereby requires only two spatial points per wavelength. The time iteration is barrier itself, a new method involving optimization of the impedance distri-
done using a low-storage optimized six-stage Runge–Kutta method. Calcu- bution on a control surface of simple geometry and containing the barrier
lation results, in time and frequency domains, display the difference of treat- has been used. First, numerical simulations have been carried out with the
two dimensional boundary element method in order to predict the sound 4:30
pressure level around any impedance scatterer. Analytical solution for the 1pNSc10. Annoyance response to mapped noise from combined
scattering of a line source by an infinite constant impedance circular cylin- road-traffic and railway system. Jin-Hee Son, Tae-Ho Park, Joon-Hee Ko,
der has been derived and used for validation. Second the influence of the Seo Il Chang 共Dept. of Environ. Eng., Univ. of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Re-
impedance distribution in the case of a circular cylindrical control surface public of Korea兲, and Kun Lee 共Univ. of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Republic of
has also been studied to determine an optimal impedance distribution to con- Korea兲
trol the noise level in a zone close to the barrier. Specific attention has been
To study annoyance response to combined transportation noise from
paid to the scattering of multiple line sources in order to model high-speed
train noise sources more accurately. road-traffic and railway, a social survey has been performed in a highly
populated residential area in the city of Seoul, South Korea. To determine
1p MON. PM
the noise exposure level in an interviewed household, a noise mapping soft-
4:00 ware package was utilized and the noise exposure level from each single
1pNSc8. Model of a benefit/cost ratio analysis for comparison of source was calculated separately and combined to get total exposure level.
environmental noise barriers. Antonio P. Carvalho and Pedro D. Oliveira The prediction was partially validated by measurements. The households in
共Dept. Civil Eng., Lab. of Acoust., College of Eng., Univ. of Porto, 4200- the study area are classified into acoustically differentiated groups which are
465 Porto, Portugal, carvalho@fe.up.pt兲 named as the road-traffic noise dominant, railway noise dominant, and com-
bined noise dominant, respectively. %HA 共percentage of highly annoyed
The choice for an economically ideal solution of environmental noise
barrier must acknowledge both the cost of its main components and the ben- people兲 curves to noise exposure level are presented for the acoustically
classified three groups. Comparison of the %HA curves shows that more
efits it can provide through time. To achieve a systematic analysis tool an
people are highly annoyed to railway noise than road-traffic noise, but the
algorithm based on benefit/cost ratio analysis was created. It calculates the
benefit/cost ratio for any potential noise barrier. The cost of a barrier can be curve for combined noise is much closer to the %HA curve for road-traffic
noise rather than the %HA curve for railway noise. Multiple-regression and
described with known or quantifiable parameters such as barrier height,
thickness, angle, material and initial investment costs, life-cycle costs as path analysis of the survey data give the direct and indirect quantitative re-
lationships between annoyance and noise and non-noise factors. Personal
maintenance costs, replacement costs due to minor/major accidents, vandal-
ism or defacement, etc. The benefits associated with a solution are defined sensitivity to noise and satisfaction of living environment are primary con-
tributing factors.
by computable parameters such as sound absorption index 共DLalfa兲 and air-
borne sound insulation index 共DLr兲 defined in EN 1793, insertion loss
共predicted or measured兲, and even intangible parameters such as visual in-
trusion 共color and aesthetics兲 and environmental impact 共sustainability兲.
Each benefit is weighed regarding its importance. Using the necessary pa- 4:45
rameters it is possible to calculate the benefit/cost ratio for any number of 1pNSc11. Noise mechanisms in motorcycle helmet noise. M. J. Carley
years of a life expectancy. An analysis concerning several possible solutions 共Dept. of Mech. Eng., Univ. of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom,
with different life expectancies can therefore be conducted. A general ex- m.j.carley@bath.ac.uk兲, N. J. Holt 共Bath Spa Univ., Bath BA2 9BN, United
ample of application is also presented. Kingdom兲, and I. Walker 共Univ. of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom兲
A unique set of results on the acoustics of motorcycle helmets has been

4:15
gathered during road tests on a rider wearing a representative modern
1pNSc9. Noise attenuation by two-dimensional sonic crystals made of
helmet. The data were collected during a study of the noise which can cause
rubber crumb. Jose Sanchez-Dehesa, Victor M. Garcia-Chocano, Daniel
hearing damage and, possibly, distraction in riders. They consisted of simul-
Torrent, Francisco Cervera, Suitberto Cabrera 共Wave Phenomena Group,
taneous measurements of noise at the rider’s ear and unsteady pressure on
Polytechnic Univ. of Valencia, Camino de vera s.n., ES-46022, Spain,
the helmet surface, combined with GPS measurements of rider position and
jsdehesa@upvnet.upv.es兲, and Francisco Simon 共Instituto de Acustica, ES-
speed. These signals have been analyzed to reduce the coherent structures in
28006 Madrid, Spain兲
the turbulent flow responsible for noise generation. The identified structures
It is shown that sonic crystals consisting of cylindrical rods made of rub- appear to be produced by a vortex street shed by the motorcycle windscreen.
ber crumb can be used as efficient structures to attenuate noise in a wide The internal and external pressures proved to be poorly correlated over most
range of frequencies. A structure made of three rows of cylinders 共3-m of the frequency range, which has been identified as a result of the insertion
height兲 has been fabricated and its isolation properties have been character- loss of the helmet. The implications of these findings are that the majority of
ized in a transmission chamber. Two different numerical algorithms have the variation in helmet noise is a function of such extrinsic factors as mo-
used to simulate the experimental characterization. A good agreement be- torcycle configuration and rider build and posture. Efforts to reduce the
tween theory and experiment is obtained and gives support to design barriers harmful effects of noise in motorcycling should, then, move to studying the
based on this technology. 关Work supported by MICIIN of Spain.兴 whole system of rider, helmet, motorcycle, and external environment.
MONDAY AFTERNOON, 19 APRIL 2010 HERON, 1:15 TO 2:20 P.M.
Session 1pNSd
Noise, ASA Committee on Standards, and INCE: Wind Turbine Noise
Robert D. Hellweg, Jr., Cochair

EPSILON Assoc., 3 Clock Tower Pl., Ste. 250, Maynard, MA 01754
Kenneth H. Kaliski, Cochair

Resource Systems Group, 55 Railroad Row, White River Junction, VT 05001-7130
Invited Papers
1:20
1pNSd1. Calculating annualized sound levels for a wind farm. Kenneth Kaliski and Eddie Duncan 共Resource Systems Group, 55
Railroad Row, White River Junction, VT 05001, kikaliski@rsginc.com兲
Modeling done for wind farms usually focuses on calculating a worst-case short term average sound level. However, the impact to
homes is not simply defined by a single meteorological condition. Rather, a more complete picture of the impacts is given by calculating
sound levels under various meteorological conditions that occur during the year. The actual sound level at a receiver will depend on
variations in atmospheric stability, wind speed, wind direction, and other parameters that change hourly. This paper will describe a
method to calculate hourly sound pressure levels for individual receivers over the course of an 8760 h year and give examples of
different wind farm configurations and how they affect annualized sound levels.
1:40
1pNSd2. Low frequency sound and infrasound from wind turbines: A status update. Robert D. O’Neal, Robert D. Hellweg, Jr., and
Richard M. Lampeter 共Epsilon Assoc., Inc., 3 Clock Tower Pl., Ste. 250, Maynard, MA 01754, roneal@epsilonassociates.com兲
A common issue raised with wind energy developers and operators of utility-scale wind turbines is whether the operation of their
wind turbines may create unacceptable levels of low frequency noise and infrasound. In order to answer this question, one of the major
wind energy developers commissioned a scientific study of their wind turbine fleet. The study consisted of three parts: 共1兲 a world-wide
literature search to determine unbiased guidelines and standards used to evaluate low frequency sound and infrasound, 共2兲 a field study
to measure wind turbine noise outside and within nearby residences, and 共3兲 to compare the field results to the guidelines and standards.
The guidelines and standards evaluated were audibility including infrasound; ANSI S12.2 for interior sounds—both acceptability of
low-frequency sounds in bedrooms, schools, and hospitals and perceptible rattles and vibration; ANSI S12.9 Part 4 for thresholds of
annoyance and beginning of rattles; and certain European criteria for low frequency and infrasound. This paper presents the results of
the detailed study and concludes that there should be no adverse public health effects from infrasound or low-frequency noise at dis-
tances greater than 1000 ft from the wind turbine types measured.
2:00
1pNSd3. Potential noise reduction from mast trailing vanes as downwind-design wind turbine retrofits. Mark Storm 共URS Corp.,
1615 Murray Canyon Rd., Ste. 1000, San Diego, CA 92108, mark_storm@urscorp.com兲
Older wind turbine generators 共WTGs兲 featuring rotors that are “downwind” of the nacelle mast structure have the reputation of
being noisier than their “upwind” design counterparts on the argument that the aerodynamic wake from the mast introduces noise-
producing turbulence at the interaction area of the passing rotor blades. Possible methods of improving the wake, for the purpose of
reducing this blade-interaction turbulence and hence noise production, could include the addition of a flat plate or similar structure or
device to the trailing side of a mast structural element. Realization of such a conceptual device would likely be a retrofit to a pre-existing
downwind-design WTG—if mast-to-rotor clearance and other practical parameters allow. This study attempts to quantify the noise
reduction potential of a sample retrofit concept, using an estimation technique similar to what one might find in the realm of commercial
HVAC technology, where axial fan blade interaction with wakes from stators, vanes, pipes, grilles, or guards is a common noise-
producing concern.
MONDAY AFTERNOON, 19 APRIL 2010 GALENA, 1:00 TO 5:20 P.M.
Session 1pSP
Signal Processing in Acoustics, Engineering Acoustics, and Physical Acoustics: Battlespace Acoustics
Michael V. Scanlon, Chair
1p MON. PM
U.S. Army Research Lab., 2800 Powder Mill Rd., Adelphi, MD 20783
Invited Papers
1:05
1pSP1. Acoustic sensing for urban battlefield applications. Tien Pham 共US Army Res. Lab., 2800 Powder Mill Rd., Adelphi, MD
20783, tien.pham1@us.army.mil兲
For years, acoustic sensor systems have been used effectively in a variety of battlefield applications due to its low-cost, low-power,
non-line-of-sight and 360 deg coverage capabilities. Acoustic 共only兲 systems can autonomously detect, track, and classify a variety of
targets: personnel, ground vehicles, airborne targets, and transient events. In recent years, acoustics has become an important sensing
technology due to its complementary sensing capability within multi-modal sensor systems, and its wide-area coverage capability to
alert and point other hi-resolution sensors within a network of sensor systems for intelligent-surveillance-reconnaissance 共ISR兲. For
example, in a multi-modal sensor system, acoustic can provide enhanced detection and discrimination of targets and activities, and cue
imaging sensors to capture the events of interest. Similarly, in a network of ISR sensor systems, acoustic can reduce the search space
for other ISR sensors to autonomously track and locate events of interest in real time. In this discussion, we will present an overview
of battlefield acoustic applications that are of current interest to military operations: 共i兲 detection and localization of transients, 共ii兲
sensing from mobile and aerial platforms, and 共iii兲 sensing within a network of ISR sensor systems. We will then discuss the signal
processing strategies and challenges associated with the applications.
1:25
1pSP2. Effects of atmospheric scattering and refraction on the performance of acoustic direction-finding arrays. D. Keith Wilson
共U.S. Army Engineer Res. and Development Ctr., 72 Lyme Rd., Hanover, NH 03768-1290, d.keith.wilson@usace.army.mil兲, Sandra L.
Collier 共U.S. Army Res. Lab., Adelphi, MD 20783兲, and Vladimir E. Ostashev 共NOAA Earth System Res. Lab., Boulder, CO 80303兲
Refraction, turbulent scattering, and other atmospheric propagation effects complicate the performance of outdoor microphone ar-
rays used to infer source bearings. In principle, with good knowledge of the atmospheric profiles, one can compensate for the refraction
effects. However, the random angle-of-arrival variations induced by atmospheric turbulence limit array performance even when the
signal-to-noise ratio is high. The turbulent scattering effect can be viewed as a coherence loss between elements of the beamforming
array. Most research to date on acoustic signal coherence in the atmosphere has dealt with line-of-sight 共LOS兲 propagation paths. A
number of complications characteristic of real turbulence have been introduced; these include statistical inhomogeneity, anisotropy, and
intermittency of the turbulent eddies. The LOS theory has also been extended to include sensor displacements longitudinal to the propa-
gating wavefronts as well as transverse displacements. Formulations for the Cramer–Rao lower bound 共CRLB兲 on the angle-of-arrival
accuracy have been developed from the LOS theory. Based on limited experimental data and modeling, actual performance appears to
be substantially worse than the CRLB. Recently, numerical methods have been introduced for solving second-moment parabolic equa-
tions, which offer the possibility of incorporating non-LOS effects into coherence calculations.
1:45
1pSP3. Associating acoustic transients for localization by multiple arrays. Tung-Duong Tran-Luu 共2800 Powder Mill Rd., Adelphi,
MD 20783, dtranluu@arl.army.mil兲
This paper first presents two methods to estimate the location of an acoustic transient based on measurements of its time-of-arrival
and direction-of-arrival at a set of microphone arrays. One is a least-square 共LS兲 estimator, the other a maximum likelihood 共ML兲
estimator. Both are compared to the Cramer–Rao lower bound for reference. They are then extended to associate detections 共of the same
event兲 at different arrays by a maximum a posteriori 共MAP兲 formulation that can sort out outliers and multipath detections while re-
using the likelihood values computed in the first part. Simulations show that the LS estimator performs slightly better than the ML
estimator when the observation noise does not match the noise model. Both methods exhibit a bias in the range estimate, which accounts
for most of the square error. The MAP estimator, applied to live fire data, was accurate and successfully resolved simultaneous multiple
targets from outlier and multipath noise.
Contributed Papers
2:05 available. Therefore, we compare the performance of methods such as the
1pSP4. Comparison of noise levels measured on elevated acoustic sensor MLE to that of classical and parametric methods, such as MVDR, multiple
arrays mounted on various aerostats. Christian G. Reiff 共2800 Powder signal classification, and matched subspace detector, for data collected dur-
Mill Rd., Adelphi, MD 20783兲 ing a variety of atmospheric conditions. We critically examine the expense
of gained accuracy over computational speed.
The army has fielded acoustic systems for the detection of mortar,
rocket, and small arms and it has been demonstrated that elevating the
acoustic array by mounting the array on an aerostat can improve signal-to-
noise levels. The elevated array receives a cleaner, higher amplitude signal
while the noise level also increases. The performance of aerostat mounted
2:50
acoustic sensor arrays for source detection and localization is limited by
1pSP7. Impact of a collection of buildings on line-of-bearing estimates.
these increased noise levels caused by higher wind speeds and airship
John M. Noble, W. C. Kirkpatrick Alberts, II, and Mark A. Coleman 共U.S.
components. These shortcomings can be mitigated somewhat by using mi-
Army Res. Lab., ATTN: RDRL-CIE-S, 2800 Powder Mill Rd., Adelphi, MD
crophone windscreens, array location, and signal processing. Data from ex-
20783兲
periments on a large tethered rigid airship, a smaller tethered non-rigid aero-
stat, and a medium rigid motorized airship are compared for noise The urban environment presents a very complex environment for the
environment and effects on acoustic detection and source localization. propagation of acoustic signals. To study some of these effects, a series of
field experiments was conducted looking at propagation around urban
structures. The third experiment in the series involved propagation around a
small collection of urban structures. As part of this experiment, a series of
2:20 triangular arrays was scattered around the area to examine the effect of ur-
1pSP5. Refraction corrections in source localization with an elevated ban structures on the line-of-bearing calculation. This presentation will
acoustic sensor array in the 2007 Yuma experiment. Vladimir E. Ostashev present the results of these measurements and discuss the observed effects
共NOAA/Earth System Res. Lab., 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 and and their causes.
Dept. of Phys., New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces, NM 88003,
vladimir.ostashev@noaa.gov兲, Christian G. Reiff, Michael V. Scanlon, San- 3:05—3:20 Break
dra L. Collier 共U.S. Army Res. Lab., Adelphi, MD 20783兲, and D. Keith
Wilson 共U.S. Army Engineer Res. and Development Ctr., Hanover, NH
03755兲
Performance of ground based acoustic sensor arrays for source detection

is limited by several factors, including sound reflections by obstacles, ir- 3:20
regular terrain, multipath sound propagation, absorption of sound waves in 1pSP8. Acoustic and direct vibratory excitation, propagation, and
the ground, and formation of an acoustic shadow zone in the upwind scattering of Rayleigh waves at an air-ground interface. Thomas G. Muir
direction. These shortcomings can be overcome by suspending acoustic sen- 共Natl. Ctr. for Physical Acoust., Univ. of Mississippi, One Coliseum Dr.,
sor arrays below tethered aerostats. A comprehensive experiment in source University, MS 38677兲, R. Daniel Costley 共Miltec Res. and Technol., Ox-
localization was carried out in October of 2007 near Yuma, AZ. A sensor ford, MS 38655兲, Craig J. Hickey, and James M. Sabatier 共Natl. Ctr. for
array was suspended below an aerostat, and ray refraction corrections were Physical Acoust., University, MS 38677兲
calculated for the apparent source coordinates. Significant bias errors in the Finite element methods are utilized to model loudspeaker as well as
source coordinates were found if a straight-line approximation for sound shaker generation of sound, shear, and interface waves in an elastic solid
propagation in the atmosphere is used. However, by taking into account re- containing an imbedded elastic scatterer. Results for steady state
fraction of sound signals due to vertical profiles of temperature and wind 共continuous兲 and transient 共pulsed兲 insonification, animated in the time do-
velocity, it is possible to significantly reduce the localization errors even main, are presented to illustrate excitation, propagation, and scattering
with a rough approximation of these meteorological profiles. If actual pro- mechanisms and features. 关Work supported by the U.S. Army Research De-
files were used in refraction corrections, localization errors would probably velopment and Engineering Command.兴
be further reduced.
2:35 3:35
1pSP6. Comparison of the performance of acoustic beamformers under 1pSP9. Estimation of pointing vector using acoustic planar array.
differing atmospheric conditions. Sandra L. Collier, Leng Sim, Duong Thyagaraju Damarla 共RDRL-SES-A, US Army Res. Lab., 2800 Powder Mill
Tran-Luu 共U.S. Army Res. Lab., RDRL-CIE-S, 2800 Powder Mill Rd., Rd., Adelphi, MD 20783, thyagaraju.damarla@us.army.mil兲
Adelphi, MD 20783, scollier@arl.army.mil兲, D. Keith Wilson 共U.S. Army
Traditional use of acoustic array of sensors for estimation of azimuth
Engineer Res. and Development Ctr., Hanover, NH 03768兲, and Vladimir E.
and elevation of a target suffer from inaccuracies, especially in estimation of
Ostashev 共NOAA/Earth System Res. Lab., Boulder, CO 80305兲
elevation angle, due to poor resolution in trigonometric functions. For ex-
It is well known that atmospheric turbulence can negatively impact the ample, a variation of angle 70 ⫻ 90 deg result in variation of sine of angle
performance of acoustic beamformers. While many beamformers, especially in 0.94–1. In the proposed approach, each pair of elements 共sensors兲 in the
adaptive ones such as minimum variance distortionless response 共MVDR兲, array is used to estimate the direction of arrival 共DoA兲 of the signal. This
may be robust when the turbulent fluctuations are mild to moderate, they fail DoA forms a cone along the axis of the line joining the pair of sensors. Sev-
when the fluctuations are large. Other methods, such as maximum likelihood eral such cones from different pairs of sensors would intersect giving the
estimation, may be used to mitigate the effects of turbulence by directly in- direction of the target. Since the phase angles between two sensors can be
corporating the physics of the propagation medium into the assumed model estimated accurately, the DoAs will be accurate and hence the intersection of
of the acoustic signal 共through the covariance and mean兲. When using syn- the cones would result in accurate estimation of the pointing vector to the
thesized data, the previously developed maximum likelihood estimator target overcoming the deficiencies of the traditional methods. In the case of
共MLE兲 for the azimuthal angle of arrival was found to outperform classical transient events, the time difference of arrival at the pair of sensors gives the
beamformers. However, in reality the atmosphere does not exhibit the exact DoA. Mathematical formulation for estimating the pointing vector will be
behavior of the assumed atmospheric model, or all the required input pa- given. The technique will be used on some field data and the results obtained
rameters, such as the meteorological data, for the atmospheric model are not will be compared with the ground truth.
3:50 complementary solution/approach to the original idea of isodiachrons as
1pSP10. Near-ultrasound, broadband noise generated by low-speed proposed by Spiesberger. Additionally, other alternative approaches to trans-
airflow over wires. W.C. Kirkpatrick Alberts, II, Kevin J. Sanchez, Mark A. late 共an unbounded兲 hyperbolic fixing technique to a source on a bounded
Coleman, Josh Gabrielse, and David A. Ligon 共US Army Res. Lab., ATTN: surface are also discussed.
RDRL-CIE-S, 2800 Powder Mill Rd., Adelphi, MD 20783兲
4:35
Vortex shedding due to flow past a cylindrical object and its accompa- 1pSP13. Optimal selection of weights for the linear total least-squares
nying sound are well-described phenomena, though research has often fo- solution to impulsive source localization. Wm. Garth Frazier and Heath
cused on the sound broadcast in directions transverse to the wire and down- Rice 共NCPA, Univ. of Mississippi, 1 Coliseum Dr., University MS 38677兲
stream in high-speed flows. Here, we investigate the sound broadcast in
At a recent ASA meeting, Monte Carlo-based noise performance analy-
1p MON. PM
angles nearly opposite the direction of low-speed flows from nozzles of di-
ameter similar to those of various wires. Also investigated are the effects sis of several formulations and solution algorithms for the time-of-arrival
that several parameters 共tension, wire diameter, nozzle-wire separation, etc.兲共TOA兲 based impulsive source localization problem were presented. That
have on the level and frequency content of the recorded sound. It is found analysis included two algorithms for parameter estimation using the 共exact兲
that a microphone approximately 3 cm above the outlet of a nozzle records linear formulation for the localization problem. Those algorithms were stan-
broadband, near-ultrasound noise due to the flow over the wire. Signal levels dard linear least-squares 共LLS兲 and linear total least-squares 共TLS兲. Using
as high as 20 dB above the nozzle background are observed. Recorded systematically derived, but in no way optimized, choice of weights, the TLS
broadband noise spectra associated with vortex shedding from various wires algorithm clearly demonstrated the ability to overcome the bias associated
and schlieren images of the interaction between the flow and the wire will be with LLS under conditions associated with low signal-to-noise ratio. Unfor-
presented. tunately, the bias reduction was obtained at a cost of high variance as com-
pared to solutions associated with nonlinear formulations. This presentation
presents results from investigations into performance of optimally chosen
共variance reducing兲 weighting schemes for TLS and compares them to the
4:05 performance of nonlinear formulations.
1pSP11. Matched field processing applied to diffraction of sound around
90 deg corners: Modeling and experiment. Victor Singh 共W. E. Lay Auto 4:50
Lab., Univ. of Mich, 1697 Broadway St. 303, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, 1pSP14. Error analysis of locating arbitrary sound sources in three
victorsi@umich.edu兲, Katherine E. Knisely, Karl Grosh, David R. Dowling dimensional space in real time. Na Zhu and Sean F. Wu 共Dept. of Mech.
共Univ. of Mich, Ann Arbor, MI 48105兲, and Serdar H. Yonak 共Toyota Motor Eng., Wayne State Univ., 5050 Anthony Wayne Dr., Detroit, MI 48202,
Engr. and Mfg. North America, Ann Arbor, MI 48105兲 dv6930@wayne.edu兲
Acoustic diffraction allows sound to travel around opaque objects and This paper presents an error analysis in locating multiple incoherent
therefore may allow beyond-line-of-sight sensing of remote sound sources. sound sources in three dimensional space in real time by using a newly de-
This presentation reports simulated and experimental results for detecting veloped hybrid approach. The underlying principle of this hybrid approach
and localizing sound sources at blind city-street intersections based on shad- consists of modeling of sound radiation from point sources in a free field,
owed microphone array measurements. The generic geometry includes a triangulation, and signal processing techniques. The impacts of target source
point source, a solid 90 deg wedge, and a receiving array that lies entirely in locations and signal to noise ratio on the results are examined. Experimental
the shadow defined by the source location and the wedge. Sound source de- results show that errors in source localization consist of primarily two
tection and localization performance are assessed via matched-field 共MF兲 components: biased and random errors. The former seems to be caused by
ambiguity surfaces as a function of source frequency, receiving-array con- the fact that the formulations used in acoustic modeling are for a free field,
figuration, and received signal-to-noise ratio for the Bartlett and minimum whereas the measurement environment is a non-free field. The latter is
variance distortionless MF processors. Here, the sound propagation model is mainly caused by fluctuations in the source levels. To account for these er-
developed from a Green’s function integral treatment and the geometric rors, empirical formulations are developed and validated again in experi-
theory of diffraction. The simulations suggest that sound sources may be lo- ments with different settings. Results demonstrate that these empirical for-
calized by fully shadowed arrays for signal-to-noise ratios as low as 20 dB mulations can significantly improve the accuracy and spatial resolution of
when ambiguity surfaces from several different source frequencies are inco- source localizations.
herently combined. The experiments were conducted using an approximate
5:05
50-to-1-scaled tabletop model of a blind city-street intersection and chirp
1pSP15. Coherence of low-frequency acoustic signals across a
signals from 500 Hz to 30 kHz and suggest that the propagation model must
tetrahedral array. Geoffrey, H Goldman 共U.S. Army Res. Lab., 2800 Pow-
be improved before the simulations’ performance can be reached.
der Mill Rd., Adelphi, MD 20783-1197兲
Many direction finding algorithms for acoustic applications require that

4:20 the data collected at each microphone is coherent with respect to the data
1pSP12. Revisiting isodiachrons as a solution for localization. Balaji collected with another microphone in some frame. As the microphones are
Katlai and Jonathan Vallarta 共Jasco Appl. Sci., 1496 Lower Water St., Hali- moved farther apart, the angular resolving power of the array is increased,
fax, NS, Canada兲 but the coherence of the data is reduced. These factors are critical for de-
signing the spatial configuration of acoustic arrays. The coherence of low-
Recently, there have been some new attemtps in source localization frequency acoustic signals was examined across tetrahedral microphone ar-
algorithms. In particular, Spiesberger et al. successfully introduced the no- rays elevated 1 m above the ground. The signal source was a UH-1
tion of isodiachrons to localize a source. In this abstract, it is shown that the helicopter, which had strong harmonics between 10 and 100 Hz. The coher-
concept and notion of using an isodiachron can be understood in terms of ence was measured by tracking the harmonics of the signal, bandpass filter-
mapping an unbounded trajectory 共as in conventional hyperbolic fixing for ing each harmonic, cross correlating the filtered signals across all the mi-
localization兲 into a more closed form bounded surface. This is made possible crophone combinations, finding the maximum output, and then normalizing.
by realizing a simple analytical continuation of the parameters in the The results indicate that the elevated microphone was less coherent than the
algorithm. The resulting system is a bounded surface with isodiachrons as a non-elevated microphones. Multipath was determined to be a major factor
solution. A simple proof-of-concept example is also demonstrated. This is a affecting the coherency.
MONDAY AFTERNOON, 19 APRIL 2010 LAUREL C/D, 1:05 TO 5:30 P.M.
Session 1pUW
Underwater Acoustics and Acoustical Oceanography: Deep Water Ambient Noise
Michael J. Buckingham, Cochair

Univ. of California, San Diego, Scripps Inst. of Oceanography, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0238
Martin Siderius, Cochair

Portland State Univ., Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 1900 SW 4th Ave., Ste. 160-11, Portland, OR 97201
Invited Papers
1:10
1pUW1. Oceanic noise: Mechanisms, radiation characteristics, and array results. William M. Carey 共College of Eng., Boston
Univ., 110 Cummington St., Boston, MA 02215兲
Noise produced by the oscillation of microbubble distributions and impacts 共raindrops and splash兲 in the air-sea boundary zone
results in doublet radiation patterns and noise fields with definitive temporal and spatial characteristics. Turbulence generated noise is
quadrupole, and nonlinear wave-wave interactions are infrasonic. Plausible mechanisms provide a framework for a review of directional
noise measurements in range dependent oceanic and bathymetric environments. Slope interaction converts higher angles to lower angles
and results in a frequency dependent vertical directionality. Low-frequency 共0.02–1 kHz兲 measurements reveal a temporally dynamic
noise field with persistent directional characteristics. Higher frequency 共1-kHz or greater兲 measurements exhibit a local stationary char-
acteristic influenced by the boundary zone mixed layer. Beam noise cumulative distribution functions are shown to depend on the
distribution of ships, basin size, and boundaries. Directional noise computations are presented along with the issues of shipping distri-
butions, the air-sea boundary zone, and assimilated satellite observations of wind speed, white caps, and sea surface temperature. The
computation of basin scale directionality basically estimates the persistent characteristic. Improved calculation with the directional ra-
diation from modern ships and the inclusion of the dynamic ship distribution ships are presented to estimate the beam noise statistics.
1:30
1pUW2. Trends in low-frequency deep ocean ambient noise levels: New results from old data. Ross Chapman and Andrea Price
共School of Earth and Ocean Sci., Univ. of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P5C2, Canada, chapman@uvic.ca兲
Concern about effects of anthropogenic sound generated by ships, seismic exploration, naval operations, and ocean acoustic research
on marine life has stimulated new studies of marine animal bioacoustics. An underlying issue in assessing the noise impact establishes
the present-day background noise level and compares it to noise levels from previous times. The most generally accepted prediction of
noise level trend at low frequencies 共below 500 Hz兲 is due to Ross, who used noise levels from the 1950s and the mid-1960s to predict
an increase of about 3 dB/decade. This paper addresses the issue of the trend in low-frequency ambient noise levels in the ocean and
presents measurements taken in the intermediate years between the mid-1960s and the present time. The measurements were made using
a calibrated multi-element volume array 共MEVA兲 at deep ocean sites in the Northeast Pacific from 1978 to 1986. The array provided
spectral noise levels and horizontal and vertical directionalities. Compared to the 1965 values, the MEVA values are 6–8 dB greater
between 10–50 Hz and 1–3 dB greater from 50–400 Hz, respectively. The data presented here provide evidence that the trend predicted
by Ross extended at least into the mid-1980s.
1:50
1pUW3. Noise cross-correlation and passive measurements of the sound speed profile in deep water. Oleg A. Godin 共CIRES, Univ.
of Colorado and NOAA/Earth System Res. Lab., Boulder, CO 80305-3328, oleg.godin@noaa.gov兲, Nikolay A. Zabotin 共Univ. of Colo-
rado, Boulder, CO 80309-0425兲, and Valery V. Goncharov 共Russian Acad. of Sci., Moscow 117997, Russia兲
Ambient acoustic noise in the ocean contains extensive information about its sources and the propagation environment. Successful
application of the noise observations to acoustic characterization of the environment depends on identifying the noise properties which
can be reliably measured and are sensitive to variations in temperature and other physical parameters of the ocean. This paper focuses
on two-point noise cross-correlation and the environmental information that can be retrieved from it without any a priori knowledge
about properties and locations of the noise sources. A technique to retrieve deterministic acoustic travel times from cross-correlations of
noise recorded on two vertical line arrays is described. Feasibility of environmental monitoring with ambient noise is illustrated by
results of passive tomography of the water column using noise recordings of opportunity, which were obtained in the North Pacific
Ocean as a by-product of a long-range sound propagation experiment. Conflicting requirements on the hydrophone separation and fre-
quency band are analyzed that originate from the demands to improve the inversion accuracy and to decrease noise averaging time.
Remaining challenges in retrieving oceanographically meaningful results from acoustic noise cross-correlations are discussed. 关Work
supported by ONR.兴
2:10
1pUW4. Depth-profiling ambient noise in the deep ocean. David R. Barclay, Fernando Simonet, and Michael J. Buckingham
共Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., UCSD, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0238, mbuckingham@.ucsd.edu兲
Deep Sound is an untethered instrument platform designed to free-fall from the sea surface to a preassigned depth, at which point
a burn wire releases a weight, allowing the system to return to the surface under buoyancy. The descent and ascent rate is 0.6 m/s. A
Vitrovex glass sphere houses lithium-ion batteries and a suite of microprocessor-controlled electronics for data acquisition, data storage,
power management, and system control. Outside the sphere, several hydrophones are arranged in vertical and horizontal configurations,
a CTD returns environmental data, and motion sensors monitor pitch, roll, and yaw. Data may be downloaded, and the batteries may be
recharged, via throughputs in the sphere. The hydrophones, with a bandwidth of 30 kHz, are rated to a depth exceeding 11 km, and the
1p MON. PM
sphere itself has a depth-rating of 9 km. The system made three descents in the Philippine Sea in May 2009, to depths of 5100, 5500
and 6000 m; and in November 2009, two descents were made in the Mariana Trench to a depth of 9000 m. On all these deployments,
ambient-noise time-series were recorded continuously, yielding the power spectrum and vertical coherence of the noise as functions of
depth. 关Research supported by ONR.兴
Contributed Papers
2:30 The various arrays sea test 共VAST兲 was conducted in July 1989 in the
1pUW5. The statistical interpretation of a simple ambient noise model. northeast Pacific Ocean. A 3000-m-long, 200-element hydrophone array was
Richard Evans 共College of Eng., Boston Univ., 110 Cummington St., Bos- suspended for an 11-day period from R/P FLIP, moored about halfway be-
ton, MA 02215, richard.evans.01@snet.net兲 tween San Diego and Hawaii 共34N, 140W兲. Simultaneously, 12 neutrally
Theoretical analyses of the statistics of ambient noise levels can yield buoyant, freely drifting Swallow floats equipped with both infrasonic hydro-
distributions that are either narrow and symmetric, or broad and non- phones and three-component geophones were deployed at various depths
symmetric 关I. Dyer, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 53, 564–570 共1973兲兴. Their stan- 150 km off the California coast 共35N, 122W兲. The statistical properties of
dard deviations vary between nearly 0 and 5.6 dB. The assumptions regard- deep ocean noise recorded by these sensor systems, both single element and
ing the nature of the noise source are the key in determining what beam level, are examined quantitatively under a variety of conditions, in-
distribution to expect. A simple computational model that exhibits both ex- cluding wind-dominated 共15–18 kt兲, distant air gun operations, and marine
tremes, of the potential statistical distributions, can help in understanding mammal vocalizations. Non-parametric statistical tests applied to narrow
what assumptions determine the statistics. The paper presents a simple am- band complex time series of the data include the Wald–Wolfowitz run test
bient noise model that allows such a statistical interpretation. for mutual independence of the data samples, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov
two-sample test for stationarity, and the Kolmogorov–Smirnov one-sample
2:45 test for Gaussianity. Results are presented over a broad range in frequencies
1pUW6. Statistical properties of deep ocean noise. Brianne Moskovitz, and time scales and show that the noise field at times and in certain direc-
Gerald D’Spain, John Hildebrand, and Achintya Madduri 共Marine Physical tions displays non-stationary and non-Gaussian properties. In a few cases,
Lab., Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., 291 Rosecrans St., San Diego, CA 92106, these statistical characteristics can be associated with specific physical
bmoskovi@ucsd.edu兲 processes. 关Work supported by the Office of Naval Research.兴
3:00—3:15 Break
Invited Papers
3:15
1pUW7. Deep water ambient noise on the seafloor. Ralph A. Stephen 共Dept. of Geology and Geophys., Woods Hole Oceanograph.
Inst., 360 Woods Hole Rd., Woods Hole, MA 02543, rstephen@whoi.edu兲
Long, continuous time series of ocean bottom seismometer 共OBS兲 and co-located hydrophone data from the seafloor offer an un-
precedented opportunity to study the physical mechanisms of seafloor ambient noise in the frequency band from 1 to 100 Hz. The Ocean
Seismic Network Pilot Experiment 共OSNPE兲 in 1998 compared noise and signal levels for a hydrophone at the seafloor with three-
component observations from OBSs on the seafloor, buried 1 m into the soft sediment, and clamped in a borehole 10 m into basaltic
basement. The Hawaii-2 Observatory 共H2O兲 acquired over 3 years of nearly continuous, real-time data from a shallow-buried seismic
and seafloor hydrophone system. On the North Pacific Acoustic Laboratory experiment in 2004 共NPAL04兲 three vertical-component
geophone/hydrophones were deployed beneath vertical line arrays in the water column. In addition to ambient noise data, controlled
source transmissions were received from ranges out to 3200 km. In the absence of shipping noise, whale calls, and local sea state, what
controls the noise floor on the deep seafloor? Interesting observations include banded coherence structure between the vertical geo-
phones and hydrophones, peaks in ambient noise levels due to resonances in the sediment layer, and Stoneley/Scholte wave particle
motions. 关Work supported by the NSF, ONR and WHOI.兴
3:35
1pUW8. Long-time trends in low-frequency traffic noise for four sites off the North American west coast. Rex K. Andrew 共Appl.
Phys. Lab., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, randrew@apl.washington.edu兲, Bruce M. Howe 共Univ. of Hawaii at Manoa, Ho-
nolulu, HI 96822兲, and James A. Mercer 共Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105兲
Measurements from four cabled-to-shore hydrophone systems located off the North American west coast permit extensive compari-
sons between “contemporary” low-frequency traffic noise 共25–50 Hz兲 collected in the past decade to measurements made in the mid-
1960s with the same in-water equipment at the same sites. An increase of roughly 10 dB over the band 25–40 Hz at one site has already
been reported 关Andrew et al., ARLO Acoust. Res. Let. Online 3 共2002兲兴. Newly corrected data from the remaining three systems cor-
roborate this increase. Simple linear trend lines of the contemporary traffic noise 共duration 6–12⫹ years兲 show that the current levels
either hold steady or decrease at three of the four sites. These results confirm the Ross prediction, at least at these sites, that the rate of
increase in traffic noise would be far less at the end of the last century compared to that observed in the 1950s and 1960s.
3:55
1pUW9. Deep ocean noise measurements in the Philippine Sea. Matthew Dzieciuch and Peter Worcester 共SIO/UCSD, 9500 Gilman
Dr., La Jolla, CA 92039, mad@ucsd.edu兲
In the spring of 2009, a newly developed distributed vertical line array 共DVLA兲 receiver made up of two, 1000-m-long subarrays
with 30 hydrophones each was deployed for approximately 1 month in the northern Philippine Sea. One subarray spanned the sound-
channel axis, and the second subarray spanned the surface conjugate depth 共about 4200 m兲. Twenty of the 30 hydrophones in the deep
subarray were spaced 5 m apart 共half-lambda at 150 Hz兲, allowing the vertical directionality of the ambient noise below the surface
conjugate depth to be determined. The minimum omnidirectional ambient noise levels decreased significantly below the surface con-
jugate depth at frequencies from 50 to 500 Hz, similar to behavior previously observed in the central North Pacific Ocean. The mini-
mum noise levels presumably correspond to times when wind speeds are low and surface conditions are calm so that there is little
locally generated, low-frequency noise.
Contributed Papers
4:15 sured noise spectrum and band levels. In order to gain insights into the pre-
1pUW10. Model-data comparisons of deep water ambient noise. James J. dictability of the ambient noise field in this marginal sea, the interpretation
Murray 共OASIS, Inc., Fairfax, VA兲, Peter Worcester, Matthew Dzieciuch of the data is facilitated with historical shipping density data and nowcast
共Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA兲, and Kevin D. wind fields from the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction Sys-
Heaney 共OASIS, Inc., Fairfax, VA兲 tem 共NOGAPS兲. Attention is made to the evolution of the ambient noise
spectra during major storm events. Intermittent noises are also examined.
During the North Pacific Laboratory 共NPAL兲 Philippine Sea 2009 ex-
The potential sources for these intermittent noises are discussed. 关Research
periment, a distributed vertical line array 共DVLA兲 was deployed for several
sponsored by the Office of Naval Research.兴
weeks in the northern Philippine Sea. The array, described in detail in a pre-
vious talk, consisted of two 1000-m sections, one spanning the sound chan-
nel axis and the other covering the deep ocean, extending from above the
surface conjugate depth down to within roughly 100 m of the bottom. In this 5:00
paper, a hybrid propagation model for handling low-frequency ocean noise 1pUW13. Blue whale vocalizations and the seasonal variability of
will be presented. The model uses analytic solutions 共rays兲 for ranges to 5 ambient noise levels at the Aloha Observatory. Orest Diachok 共Appl.
km, the parabolic equation for ranges from 5 to 100 km, and normal modes Phys. Lab., Johns Hopkins Univ., Laurel, MD兲 and Fred Duennebier 共Univ.
for ranges beyond that. The model predicts ambient noise levels vs depth. of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI兲
The fall off of the ambient noise with depth below the surface conjugate has In February, 2007 the Aloha Observatory added a cabled, bottom
been reported. The level of the fall off and its frequency dependence are mounted hydrophone, which supplied a 20-month continuous recording of
sensitive to the local geo-acoustics. A geo-acoustic inversion will be per- ambient noise from 0.02 Hz to 11 kHz. This observatory is situated at a
formed using a range-independent version of the acoustic model with depth of 4700 m, 100 km north of Oahu. This site is known to be close to
Monte-Carlo realizations of surface ship distributions. 共possibly within兲 one of the primary habitats of NE Pacific and NW Pacific
blues, and other whales during the winter. Numerous previously reported
4:30 measurements throughout the NE Pacific Ocean have demonstrated that the
1pUW11. Horizontal noise directionality in deep water measurements fundamental frequencies of NE blues vocalizations have systematically de-
and modeling. Richard Campbell, Kevin D. Heaney 共OASIS, Inc., Fairfax, creased from about 22.5 Hz in 1958 to about 16.5 Hz in 2007 共the cause of
VA 22039兲, and Arthur B. Baggeroer 共MIT, Cambridge, MA兲 the frequency shift is unknown兲. Limited measurements suggest that the fun-
damental frequencies of NW blues vocalizations have also decreased with
Low-frequency, less than 100 Hz, sound is dominated by surface ship- time and were about 18 Hz in 2007. Ambient noise levels from the Aloha
ping, particularly in the northern hemisphere. With low-volume attenuation site were analyzed in 1-Hz bands for 1 year to permit observation of the
sound can propagate significant distances. For periods of time not dominated seasonal dependence of ambient noise levels as a function of frequency. The
by a particular nearby interferer, the low-frequency ambient noise field is data reveal distinct peaks in noise levels at 16.5 and 18.5 Hz between No-
dominated by distant shipping and is expected to be anisotropic due to vari- vember and March, consistent with observations of the fundamental fre-
ous bathymetric effects such as downslope conversion and seamount or quencies of NE and NW blue whale vocalizations. Since blues and other
ocean ridge blockage. In this paper, the authors present horizontal array whales repertoire of vocalizations cover a broad frequency range, the con-
measurements from a 100 m towed line array 共towed at 100 m兲 in very deep tributions of their vocalizations to noise levels at other frequencies will be
water in the Philippine Sea. The northern Philippine Sea has several ridges considered.
and seamounts and significant bathymetric interaction for surface ships in
the main Singapore Shanghai shipping lane. A rapid range bearing depen-
dent N⫻2D parabolic equation approach will be described and used to
5:15
evaluate the bathymetric effects on the horizontal directionality of low-
1pUW14. Invariant features of deep ocean ambient noise. Zachary S.
frequency noise. Comparisons of measurements and models will be done us-
Guralnik 共SAIC, 4001 N. Fairfax Dr., Ste. 175, Arlington, VA 22203兲
ing both Monte-Carlo realizations of surface ship positions 共from the HITS
database兲 as well as measured AIS from research vessels in the vicinity. Very low-frequency, deep ocean ambient noise is generated by non-
linear interactions 共collisions兲 between surface waves with nearly equal fre-
4:45 quency, propagating in nearly opposite direction. It is shown that the usual
1pUW12. Characteristics and variability of ambient noise in the South “standing wave” approximation used to compute this noise predicts that the
China Sea basin. Ching-Sang Chiu, John E. Joseph, and Christopher W. ratios of entries in the power spectral density matrix, obtained from auto and
Miller 共Dept. of Oceanogr., Naval Postgrad. School, 833 Dyer Rd., Rm. 328, cross-correlations of acoustic velocity and pressure fluctuations, are univer-
Monterey, CA 93943兲 sal constants. This prediction is too strong and not observed. A careful con-
sideration of bottom effects invalidates the standing wave approximation.
A hydrophone was moored at mid depth in the South China Sea basin Nevertheless a weak version of the standing wave approximation still holds
from November 2005 to October 2006. Operated with a 1-min-on and 14- and has interesting implications. While the ratios of entries in the power
min-off duty cycle and sampled at 1.6 kHz, the measured time series cap- spectral density matrix due to surface wave generated noise are not universal
tures the spectral characteristics and variability of the ambient noise in the constants, they are insensitive to the details of the surface wave spectrum.
0–800-Hz band over an annual cycle. In this paper, we provide a description This theoretical prediction is borne out by data from the Hawaii-2
on the daily, monthly, and seasonal variabilities and variances in the mea- Observatory. 关Work supported by ONR.兴
Separate registration fee required
MONDAY AFTERNOON, 19 APRIL 2010 HARBORSIDE B, 7:00 TO 9:00 P.M.
Session 1eID
1e MON. PM
Interdisciplinary: Tutorial Lecture on Animal Hearing
Micheal L. Dent, Chair

SUNY Buffalo, Dept. of Psychology, Buffalo, NY 14260
Invited Paper
7:05
1eID1. Animal hearing. Robert J. Dooling 共Dept. of Psych., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742兲
The auditory world of animals is, in many cases, quite different from our own due to evolutionary pressures that have created
anatomical and physiological differences in auditory structures. However, there are a number of commonalities of function and mecha-
nisms across many species that point to general concepts of auditory perception. This tutorial lecture explores the field of animal hear-
ing, also known as comparative psychoacoustics. Because the diversity in hearing organs among animals is considerable, the hearing of
many animals is quite different from our own. We will review some of these differences in hearing across animal groups, from house-
hold pets to more exotic animals. This tutorial also highlights the specific advantages of the comparative approach and illustrates the
many creative methods used for behavioral testing of hearing in animals. Species comparisons contribute to our understanding of the
evolution of the auditory system and can often clarify the relationship between structure and function in the auditory system as well as
the effects of damage and repair. The study of animal hearing can lead to improved understanding of human auditory capabilities and
invites speculation about how human speech is adapted for intraspecies communication.

Architectural Acoustics Noise, and INCE - Acoustics of Green Buildings

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MONDAY MORNING, 19 APRIL 2010 ESSEX A/B/C, 8:00 A.M.

Architectural Acoustics Noise, and INCE: Acoustics of Green Buildings

Brandon D. Tinianov, Cochair

David M. Sykes, Cochair

Ralph T. Muehleisen, Cochair

11:30—12:00 Panel Discussion

Architectural Acoustics: The Technical Committee on Architectural Acoustics Vern O. Knudsen

William J. Cavanaugh, Cochair

David Lubman, Cochair

Carl R. Schilt, Chair

Acoustical Oceanography Animal Bioacoustics, and Underwater Acoustics:

Jennifer L. Miksis-Olds, Cochair

David K. Mellinger, Cochair

Ann E. Bowles, Cochair

Biomedical Ultrasound/Bioresponse to Vibration: Diagnostic Applications of Ultrasound

Parag V. Chitnis, Cochair

Matthew W. Urban, Cochair

Acute coronary syndromes may occur when life-threatening atheroscle-

MONDAY MORNING, 19 APRIL 2010 KOZMOS, 9:30 A.M. TO 12:15 P.M.

Musical Acoustics: String Instruments

Paul A. Wheeler, Chair

MONDAY MORNING, 19 APRIL 2010 GRAND BALLROOM V, 8:00 TO 9:00 A.M.

Patricia Davies, Chair

NOISE-CON: Materials for Noise Control—Manufacturer Presentations

Stephen I. Roth, Chair

NOISE-CON, Noise, and Signal Processing in Acoustics: Active Noise Control

Marty Johnson, Chair

Kenric Van Wyk, Chair

NOISE-CON, Noise, and Psychological and Physiological Acoustics: Sound Quality

Wade R. Bray, Chair

Marshall W. Downing, Chair

Noise, Physical Acoustics, and INCE: Rocket Noise Environments I

Kent L. Gee, Cochair

R. Jeremy Kenny, Cochair

Jared M. Haynes, Cochair

MONDAY MORNING, 19 APRIL 2010 GRAND BALLROOM V, 9:30 TO 11:50 A.M.

Noise and Architectural Acoustics: Soundscape Concert I

Alex U. Case, Cochair

Brigitte Schulte-Fortkamp, Cochair

MONDAY MORNING, 19 APRIL 2010 HARBORSIDE B, 8:00 A.M. TO 12:00 NOON

Sharon G. Kujawa, Cochair

Kim S. Schairer, Cochair

Underwater Acoustics: Acoustic Imaging and Target Detection

Zachary J. Waters, Chair

MONDAY AFTERNOON, 19 APRIL 2010 ESSEX A/B/C, 1:00 TO 5:45 P.M.

Architectural Acoustics: Required Accuracy of Absorption, Scattering, and Diffusion Coefficients

Peter D’Antonio, Chair

4:30 The subtraction method is a technique critical to measuring in-situ

MONDAY AFTERNOON, 19 APRIL 2010 WATERVIEW B/C, 1:00 TO 4:35 P.M.

Carl R. Schilt, Chair

Acoustical Oceanography, Animal Bioacoustics, and Underwater Acoustics:

Jennifer L. Miksis-Olds, Cochair

David K. Mellinger, Cochair

Ann E. Bowles, Cochair

Biomedical Ultrasound/Bioresponse to Vibration: Therapeutic Ultrasound Applications

Diane Dalecki, Cochair

James McLaughlan, Cochair

Musical Acoustics: Homemade Musical Instruments for Teaching Acoustics

Thomas D. Rossing, Cochair

Preston S. Wilson, Cochair

Andrew C. H. Morrison, Cochair

NOISE-CON and Noise: Community Noise

Courtney B. Burroughs, Chair

NOISE-CON and Noise: Industrial and Power Plant Noise