ASSIGNMENT 12

1. Find, and comment upon, ITU-R Recommendation P.528.

ITU-R Recommendation P.528 describes a propagation prediction method for aeronautical mobile and
radionavigation services using VHF, UHF, and SHF bands. The recommendation goes into describing a
method for predicting basic transmission loss in the frequency range 125 MHz and 15.5 GHz for aeronautical
and satellite services. It provides a step-by-step method to compute the basic transmission loss. The only data
needed for this method are the distance between antennas, the heights of the antennas above the mean sea
level, frequency, and the time percentage.

Additionally, the recommendation gives the calculations for expected protection ratio or wants-to-unwanted
signal ratio exceeded at the receiver for at least 95% of the time, R(0.95). This calculation requires the
following additional data for both the wanted and unwanted signals: the transmitted power, the gain of
transmitting antenna, and the gain of receiving antenna.

2. Find, and comment on, ITU-R Resolution R.418.

R.418 is a modification to the table of Frequency Allocations. In India, the frequency band 2535-2655 MHz is
also allocated to the broadcasting satellite service (sound) and complementary terrestrial broadcasting service
on a primary basis. Such use is limited to digital audio broadcasting and is subject to the provisions of
Resolution 528 (Rev.WRC-19). The provisions of No. 5.416 and Table 21-4 of Article 21 do not apply to this
additional allocation. Use of non-geostationary-satellite systems in the broadcasting-satellite service (sound)
is subject to Resolution 539 (Rev.WRC-19). Geostationary broadcasting-satellite service (sound) systems for
which complete Appendix 4 coordination information has been received after 1 June 2005 are limited to
systems intended for national coverage. The power flux-density at the Earth’s surface produced by emissions
from a geostationary broadcasting-satellite service (sound) space station operating in the frequency band 2
630- 2 655 MHz, and for which complete Appendix 4 coordination information has been received after 1 June
2005, shall not exceed the following limits, for all conditions and for all methods of modulation:

W
−130 dB
( m 2 )
∙ MHz for 0 o ≤ θ ≤5 o

W
−130 dB+0.4 (θ−5)
( m2 )
∙ MHz for 5 o ≤ θ ≤25 o

W
−122 dB
( m 2 )
∙ MHz for 25o ≤θ ≤ 90 o

where θ is the angle of arrival of the incident wave above the horizontal plane, in degrees. These limits may
be exceeded on the territory of any country whose administration has so agreed. As an exception to the limits

above, the pfd value of −122 dB ( Wm ∙ MHz)

2 shall be used as a threshold for coordination under No. 9.11 in

an area of 1500 km around the territory of the administration notifying the broadcasting-satellite service
(sound) system. In addition, an administration listed in this provision shall not have simultaneously two
overlapping frequency assignments, one under this provision and the other under No. 5.416 for systems for
which complete Appendix 4 coordination information has been received after 1 June 2005. (WRC-19)
3. Find, and comment on, report M.2324-2014, with respect to the six different conclusions of six different
studies that all purport to use the protection criteria from Recommendation M.1459.

Report M.2324-2014 provides sharing studies between potential International Mobile Telecommunication
(IMT) systems and aeronautical mobile telemetry (AMT) systems in the frequency band 1429-1535 MHz
conducted as preparatory work for WRC-15 agenda

Study 1 concluded that estimates discussed in their study for the operation of IMT would be impractical (or
restricted significantly) in areas at a distance of about 500 km from the borders of countries using aeronautical
telemetry systems. The conducted studies also show that compatibility of envisioned IMT systems and
aeronautical telemetry stations would be unfeasible in the frequency band 1429-1535 MHz. Furthermore,
distances required for protection of AMT ground receivers from emissions produced by a single IMT station
would depend on radio path features. In the case of IMT station operating in 5 MHz bandwidth the distance
would be of 170 km for land path and up to 395 km for water path without accounting for tropospheric
scattering.

Study 2 concluded that impact of the IMT base-station to the aeronautical telemetry stations within 1 427-1
492 MHz frequency band allows to conclude that macro base-stations could be deployed in a coordinated
manner with bilateral cross-border agreement which may ensure the sharing between both services by
defining a suitable separation distance. Such conditions may be obtained by filtering and/or a frequency
separation.

Study 3 concluded that operation of IMT systems would be impractical (or restricted significantly) in areas at
a distance of about 400 km from the borders of countries using aeronautical telemetry systems.

Study 4 concluded that The required separation distances needed in order to meet protection levels of –181
dBW/m2 in 4 kHz (interference from LTE to AMT) and I/N = –6 dB (interference from AMT to LTE), are
significant in all cases. For interference to AMT ground stations, peak, rather than average interference levels
must be considered. This is because short-term interference causes long term telemetry signal dropouts.
And, if clutter in urban and suburban deployments is found to provide significant interference mitigation, the
ability of a few interference sources located at the interface between urban/suburban and suburban/rural
deployments will still cause harmful interference to AMT ground stations.
Co-channel sharing between IMT and AMT in the band 1 435-1 525 MHz is not practical due to the large
exclusion zones required for all of the possible uplink/downlink combinations, whether TDD or FDD is used.

Study 5 concluded that for macro rural deployment type:

– the isolation requirement from the IMT base-station for co-channel operation in the worst case is
200 dB to prevent the harmful interference to AMT ground station and 159 dB to prevent the harmful
interference to AMT airborne station;
– the isolation requirement from the IMT base-station for adjacent channel operation in the worst case
is 160 dB at 5 MHz OoB frequency offset and 151 dB at 10 MHz OoB frequency offset to prevent the
harmful interference to AMT ground station, and 119 dB at 5 MHz OoB frequency offset and 110 dB at
10 MHz OoB frequency offset to prevent the harmful interference to AMT airborne station.

For macro suburban deployment type:

– the isolation requirement from the IMT base-station for co-channel operation in the worst case is
198 dB to prevent the harmful interference to AMT ground station and 157 dB to prevent the harmful
interference to AMT airborne station;
 – the isolation requirement from the IMT base-station for adjacent channel operation in the worst case
is 158 dB at 5 MHz OoB frequency offset and 149 dB at 10 MHz OoB frequency offset to prevent the
harmful interference to AMT ground station, and 117 dB at 5 MHz OoB frequency offset and 108 dB at
10 MHz OoB frequency offset to prevent the harmful interference to AMT airborne station.

Study 6 concluded that adjacent channel interference was found to AMT receivers from the IMT base-station
for distances about 1 km when using Okumura-Hata propagation model.
A deterministic analysis (Okumura-Hata propagation model) and Monte Carlo simulations were performed in
order to model in a more realistic way the impact of interference between IMT systems and AMT.
Results were obtained in order to find a method to mitigate effects of interference on the three proposed bands
for the IMT system (SDL, L1 and L2) as can be seen on Figs 20, 21 and 22.
Parameters of the systems were used form ITU-R recommendations and adapted from local use in a country
in Region 2 (height of antenna and bandwidth).
Based upon the premises adopted in this study and the use of the Okumura-Hata model for the worst case
distance calculation, the following results can be summarized concerning the sharing possibilities between
AMT on adjacent channel coexistence with IMT FDD systems.
For the AMT systems, the following results are for adjacent channel operation:
– for SDL band, L1 band and L2 band, adjacent channel interference was found to AMT receivers from the
base-station for distances around 1 km. The propagation model used for this result was Okumura-Hata;
– there is no adjacent channel interference from UE to AMT receivers. Height differences and the
spectrum mask of the AMT system for the out-of-band emission results in good conditions for UE;
– no adjacent channel interference was found from AMT to the LTE-Advanced base-station receivers.

From all the studies then it was concluded that in order to provide protection of aeronautical mobile telemetry
ground receivers in Region 1 from co-frequency interference caused by IMT stations, required separation
distances would generally exceed 100 km:
– For interference from a single IMT base-station, separation distances are around 225 km for a land
path and up to 415 km for a sea path. For aggregate interference from an IMT network having multiple
base-stations, separation distances are up to 450 km for a land path and 500 km for a mixed path (40% of
land and 60% of sea).
– For interference from a single IMT base-station, separation distances are around 100 -130 km and
increasing up to 200 km when assuming the apportionment for urban 40-50% path and less than 10% in
the total path, respectively.
However, when applying mitigation techniques (e.g. sector antenna disabling at IMT base-stations) separation
distances may be reduced to few tens of kilometres. This will be addressed during coordination between the
concerned administrations.

4. Find, and comment on, an internet description of AeroMACS.

Aeronautical mobile airport communication system is a wireless broadband technology that supports the
increasing need for data communications and information sharing on the airport surface for both fixed and
mobile applications. Based on WiMAX standard AeroMACS operate in the protected and licensed aviation
spectrum band from 5091 MHz to 5150 MHz.
5. Find, and comment on, appendix 2-F of IRIG-106-17 or 19.

The protection criteria provided by Rec M.1459 are in the form of PFD levels defined at the aperture of the
affected AMT ground station antenna. Thus, when performing interference analysis, it is not necessary to
require information about the specific technical parameters of the affected AMT ground station, such as the
actual AMT receive antenna gain, pointing direction, noise figure, or system gain over noise temperature. The
only details needed are: • the geographic location of the AMT ground station antenna; • the height above
ground of the AMT ground station antenna; • the mid-band value of the wavelength for the frequency band
under consideration; • an accurate terrain data base in/around the AMT receive site (1 arc-second, or 30 meter
resolution) for use with propagation models when computing interference from terrestrial sources; • a
composite antenna pattern based on the methodology of Rec M.1459, but adjusted for the average wavelength
of the band under consideration, to be used when aggregation from a large number of terrestrial sources is
being analyzed.

The examples in this appendix, but are not limited to, interference from satellites, terrestrial microwave
towers, cellular base stations, portable medical telemetry devices, and smartphones. Both adjacent channel
and co-channel interference scenarios are included. Each Telemetry Standards, RCC Standard 106-17 Chapter
2, July 2017 F-2 example is intended to provide and illustrate one or more building blocks that will
sometimes, and perhaps often, be used in end-to-end interference analysis

6. Take a quick look at one or more websites found by searching using the terms “wireless” and “Titanic”

The titanic was equipped with the most-up-to-date wireless communication system, ship-to-shore and ship-to-
ship, which was housed in what was called the Marconi room. When the titanic hit the iceberg, distressed
calls were sent to all ships listening. The Carpathia got the message and change course and was able to rescue
some people; however, the California, which was a much closer, didn’t get the message because the operator
has gone to sleep. One of the first changes after the titanic was to that all ships should always have a wireless
communications system and it should manned at all times.

Now RMS Titanic Inc., the Atlanta-based company which has sole rights to salvage from the wreck will send
down a tiny submersible 12,500 feet and find a way to grab the Marconi transmitter and return to the surface.
This could reveal much more about the messages sent and received that night.