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3. Work in groups. Analyze the graphic organizer, reflect and discuss about
Orthodontics.
Risks Aftercare
Overbite
Precautions
Duration of Orthodontics
treatment
Crossbite
Headgear
orthodontic Braces
appliances
Crossbite Overbite
Vocabulary
crooked /ˈkrʊkɪd/- not in a straight line;
detract /dɪˈtrækt/from - to make something seem less good or enjoyable;
orthopedics /ˌɔːθəˈpiːdɪks/- the branch of medicine that deals with injuries and diseases of the bones or muscles;
protrusion /prəˈtruːʒn/- a thing that sticks out from a place or surface;
brace /breɪs/- a device that holds things together or holds and supports them in position;
aligners [aligners] - orthodontic devices that are a transparent, plastic form of dental braces used to adjust teeth;
retainers [rɪˈteɪnəs]- custom-made devices, usually made of wires or clear plastic, that hold teeth in position
after surgery or any method of realigning teeth
underbite [underbite] - an orthodontic condition where lower teeth extend past upper teeth;
overbite [ˈəʊvəbaɪt] - a dental condition in which the upper teeth noticeably cover the lower teeth;
crossbite [crossbite ] -a form of malocclusion where a tooth (or teeth) has a more buccal or lingual position;
appliance /əˈplaɪəns/- a machine that is designed to do a particular thing in the home, such as preparing food,
heating or cleaning;
retrain /ˌriːˈtreɪn/- to learn, or to teach somebody, a new type of work, a new skill;
thrust /θrʌst/- to push something/somebody suddenly or violently in a particular direction; to move quickly and
suddenly in a particular direction;
splint /splɪnt/- a long piece of wood or metal that is tied to a broken arm or leg to keep it still and in the right
position;
headgear /ˈhedɡɪə(r)/- the most useful appliance for maxillary molar distalization, used to help reposition teeth
in children whose jaws are still growing;
face bow [feɪs bəʊ]- a dental instrument used in the field of prosthodontics. Its purpose is to transfer functional
and aesthetic components from patient's mouth to the dental articulator.
In addition to restoring teeth that are badly decayed or broken, crowns (caps) can improve one's
appearance by correcting severely discoloured, chipped or misaligned teeth. To place a crown, the dentist
must prepare the tooth reducing it in size, so that a replacement crown can fit over the existing tooth.
Impressions of the teeth and surrounding areas are made, and life-size models constructed. Using these
models the actual crown is fabricated. Today most crowns are made from alloys. Sometimes these alloys are
coated with a layer of porcelain for natural appearance. The patient is given a temporary crown to wear
while the permanent one is being constructed. After a «try-in» appointment any necessary changes are made
and the crown is put into place. When a single crown is not sufficient to mask the defects and the patient has
enough natural teeth remaining, a fixed partial denture (bridge) can be used. For some dental problems, for
example, insufficient remaining teeth affected by periodontal disease, a removable partial denture may be
recommended. Both fixed and removable partial dentures depend on the existing teeth for their support, and
caution must be taken to avoid damage to these supporting teeth. Thorough brushing and flossing, eating a
balanced diet, and visiting the dentist regularly will help to ensure the health of the remaining teeth.
Moreover, some precautions are necessary to avoid fracturing the replaced teeth.
3. Prepositions
l. to reduce a tooth.........size
2. to improve appearance....correcting teeth
3. to fit a replacement crown....the existing tooth
4. to coat the alloys....a layer of porcelain
5. most crowns are made....alloys
4. Fill in the gaps with the words from your active vocabulary given in the brackets
below.
(fitted, temporary crowns, porcelain, jacket, correct, manufacture, affected, tissues, colour, removed,
artificial teeth, impressions, tooth, appearance, restorations)
1. Most manufacturers now produce a guide which shows the с ... and proportions used in the m ... of their
a ... t ... . These guides are a great help in making the с . choice for p . j . crowns.
2. The t ... с ... so formed may then be removed.
3. When cooled, the i . should be examined carefully to see that it is accurate.
4. If a t . is a . by caries, softened t . should first be r . and replaced by zinc oxyphosphate cement.
5. The a ... of a wellmatched porcelain r ... is very similar to that of a natural tooth.
6. The crown can be easily f . during the next visit.
PORCELAIN RESTORATIONS
Porcelain was first used by the Chinese as long as 1000 years ago, and in more recent times by artists in
other countries. The ceramic industry is now a very large one and the use of porcelain for dental purposes is
only one of its many applications. The first artificial teeth were made of porcelain in 1815, and the jacket
crown was introduced by Land in 1895.
Porcelain is composed of kaolin (aluminium silicate) feldspar, and quartz. When heated to the appropriate
firing temperature feldspar fuses to glass and this cements together more refractive kaolin and quartz. Small
quantities of sodium and potassium carbonate are used as fluxes and the colour is controlled by pigments
consisting of various metallic salts.
Porcelain has been used for the making of artificial teeth for such a long time that its properties are well
known to all dentists. As prepared for dental purposes its colour and translucency can be made to simulate
very closely the colour and translucency of natural teeth.
5. Questions:
1 .What can porcelain be used for?
a) It can be used only for making artificial teeth.
b) It can be used for many purposes including dentistry.
c) It can be used for many purposes but not in dentistry.
2. When were the first artificial teeth introduced?
a) only this century
b) in 1895
c) in 1815
3. What happens when porcelain is heated to the appropriate firing temperature?
a) It burns down completely.
b) It breaks.
c) The feldspar fuses to glass.
4. What qualities of porcelain are important in dentistry?
a) It is expensive.
b) Its colour and translucency.
c) Its fragility.
5.How long has porcelain been used in dentistry?
a) It is absolutely new, it's not known to dentists.
b) It has been used for a long time.
c) It is not known.
7. Questions to be answered:
1. Do crowns and bridges work wonders for patients in all cases?
2. Why do many adults seek orthodontic care?
3. Do orthodontic problems affect only appearance of the patient?
4. What could the consequence of crooked, crowded or protruding teeth be?
5. What teeth can create tension and pain in the jaw joints?
6. What abnormalities do misaligned teeth cause?
8. Say which statements given below are true and which are false. Correct the false ones using the
sentences from the text:
1. There are three groups of elastomeric impression materials.T/F
2. The occlusal surface of the teeth may be recorded with air bubbles. T/F
3. An interocclusal record is always needed. T/F
4. A special tray is recommended with several elastomeric impression materials. T/F
5. Elastomeric impression materials are not hydrophobic. T/F
6. Careful management of gingival tissues is the key to taking good impressions. T/F
7. A heavier-viscosity material or putty mix is syringed into the preparation and around the tooth. T/F
8. A low-viscosity material is placed in the impression tray. T/F
9. The impression is supported while it sets and then removed from the mouth. T/F
10. There is no need to examine in detail the impression of the prepared tooth. T/F
https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/divisions-diagnostics-and-procedures/medicine/orthodontics