RAD TUTORIAL Rvu ch.1&2

RAPID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT (RAD)| 1
12/24/2020
1. INTRODUCTION
.NET FRAMEWORK AND COMMON LANGUAGE RUN TIME (CLR)
What RAD?
The RAD (Rapid Application Development) model is based on prototyping and iterative
development with no specific planning involved. The process of writing the software itself
involves the planning required for developing the product.
Rapid Application development focuses on gathering customer requirements through workshops

or focus groups, early testing of the prototypes by the customer using iterative concept, reuse of
the existing prototypes components, continuous integration and rapid delivery. Rapid application
development RAD is a software development methodology that uses minimal planning in favor
of rapid prototyping. A prototype is a working model that is functionally equivalent to a
component of the product. In RAD model the functional modules are developed in parallel as
prototypes and are integrated to make the complete product for faster product delivery.
RAD Model Design

RAD model distributes the analysis, design, build, and test phases into a series of short,
iterative development cycles. Following are the phases of RAD Model:
Business Modeling: The business model for the product under development is designed in
terms of flow of information and the distribution of information between various business
channels. A complete business analysis is performed to find the vital information for
business, how it can be obtained, how and when is the information processed and what are
the factors driving successful flow of information.
Data Modeling: The information gathered in the Business Modeling phase is reviewed and
analyzed to form sets of data objects vital for the business. The attributes of all data sets is
identified and defined. The relation between these data objects are established and defined
in detail in relevance to the business model.
Process Modeling: The data object sets defined in the Data Modeling phase are converted
to establish the business information flow needed to achieve specific business objectives as
per the business model. The process model for any changes or enhancements to the data
object sets is defined in this phase. Process descriptions for adding , deleting, retrieving or
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modifying a data object are given.

Application Generation: The actual system is built and coding is done by using automation
tools to convert process and data models into actual prototypes.
Testing and Turn over: The overall testing time is reduced in RAD model as the prototypes
are independently tested during every iteration. However the data flow and the interfaces
between all the components need to be thoroughly tested with complete test coverage.
Since most of the programming components have already been tested, it reduces the risk of
any major issues.
Advantages
 Changing requirements can

be accommodated.
 Progress can be measured.
 Iteration time can be short with use of
powerful RAD tools.
 Productivity with fewer people in short
time.
 Reduced development time.
Increases reusability of
components Quick initial reviews
occur
 Encourages customer feedback
 Integration from very beginning solves
a lot of integration issues.
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Disadvantage
 Dependency on technically strong team
members for identifying business
requirements.
 Only system that can be modularized can
be built using RAD.
 Requires highly
skilled
developers/designers.
 High dependency on modeling skills.
 Inapplicable to cheaper projects as
cost of modeling and automated code
generation is very high.
 Management complexity is more.
Suitable for systems that are
component based and scalable.
 Requires user involvement
throughout the life cycle.
 Suitable for project requiring shorter
development times.
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 Rapid Application Development has four essential aspects:

 Methodology
 People
 Management
 Tool
If any one of these ingredients is inadequate, development will not be high speed. Development
lifecycles, which weave these ingredients together as effectively as possible, are of the utmost
importance.
 .NET Framework
.NET framework is a software framework primarily for Microsoft Windows. It
includes a large library & provides language interoperability across several
programming languages. Programs written for the .NET Framework execute in a
software environment as opposed to a hardware one for most other programs. Common
examples of such programs include Visual Studio, Team Explorer UI, Sharp Develop .
Programmers combine their own source code with the .NET Framework and
other libraries. The .NET Framework is intended to be used by most new
applications created for the Windows platform.is a complete environment that allows
developers to develop, run, and deploy the following applications:
 Console applications
 Windows Forms applications
 Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) applications
 Web applications (ASP.NET applications)
 Web services
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 Windows services
 Service-oriented applications using Windows Communication Foundation (WCF)
 Workflow-enabled applications using Windows Workflow Foundation (WF)
 .NET Framework also enables a developer to create sharable components to be used
in distributed computing architecture.
 NET Framework supports the object-oriented programming model for
multiple languages, such as Visual Basic, Visual C#, and Visual C++
 . NET Framework supports multiple programming languages in a manner that allows
language interoperability. This implies that each language can use the code written
in some other language.
 The following are the key components of .NET Framework:
 .NET Framework Class Library
 Common Language Runtime
 Dynamic Language Runtimes (DLR)
 Application Domains
 Runtime Host
 Common Type System
 Metadata and Self-Describing Components
 Cross-Language Interoperability
 .NET Framework Security
 Profiling
 Side-by-Side Execution
 .NET built into Windows; running an
executable invokes the CLR automatically
instead of explicitly invoking the JVM
• .NET added improvements such as native
XML support, new features to CLR; spurred
Java 8
• About 3 million C++ developers, 3-8 million
VB developers, around 1 million C# developers
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• Today, most development and deployment is

Windows
 1.1 .NET Framework Class Library
• Framework – you can call it and it can call you
• Large class library
– Over 9000 classes in .NET 4
– Major components
• Base Class: Networking, security, I/O, files, etc.
• Data and XML Classes
• Web Services/UI
• Windows UI
Framework Libraries
• Web Services
– Expose application functionalities across the Internet, in the same
way as a class expose services to other classes.
– Each Web service can function as an independent entity, and can cooperate with
one another.
– Data described by XML.
• ASP.NET
– Replacement for the Active Server Technology.
– Web Forms provide an easy way to write interactive
Web applications, much in the same way as “normal”
Windows applications.
• Provides facilities to generate
Windows GUI-based client applications
easily
• Form-oriented
• Standard GUI components
– buttons, textboxes, menus, scrollbars, etc.
• Event-handling
1.2 Some .NET Languages
• C#
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• COBOL
• Eiffel
• Fortran
• Mercury
• Pascal
• Python
• Ruby
• SML
Perl
Smalltalk
VB.NET
VC++
F#
Scheme
….
More are under
development
1.3 Common Language Runtime(CLR)
The CLR is the key component of the .NET Framework. It is a common compiler for all
Microsoft programming
language. It compiles all Microsoft languages to one Machine Language.
The CLR Allows programmers to write code in different Microsoft languages of
their choice, and ensure that the
parts can work together In addition it provides programmers with services for memory
management, data types, security etc.The CLR is at the core of the .NET platform - the
execution engine
• The CLR provides a “Managed Execution Environment”. Manages the execution

of code and provides services that make development easier (like the JVM)
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• Code that relies on COM and the Win32 API is “UnManaged Code” (e.g. built with
Visual Studio 6.0, VB6)
• Code developed for a compiler that targets this platform is referred to as

“Managed Code” (e.g. code developed in VB.NET … C# allows Managed and
Unmanaged)
1.4 Simple Application Deployment
• Unlike COM, no “plumbing” code needed to
connect separate components – Components can be developed in different programming
languages
• Thousands of classes to reuse
• Automatic garbage collection
• Memory is managed – Common bugs like memory leaks, buffer overruns are not
possible (if using 100% managed code)
1.4 Languages
• Common Type System makes
interoperability seamless between languages
• Class in one language can inherit from a class in
another language
• Exceptions can be thrown across languages
• Makes it easier to learn a new .NET language
since the same tools and classes are in place
• Can debug across languages
A. Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL)
The .NET Framework is shipped with compilers of all .NET programming languages to
develop programs. Each .NET compiler produces an intermediate code after compiling
the source code.
2 The intermediate code is common for all languages and is understandable only to .NET
environment. This intermediate code is known as MSIL.
B. IL (Intermediate Language )
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is also known as MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language) or CIL (Common

Intermediate Language).
All .NET source code is compiled to IL.
IL is then converted to machine code at the point where the software is installed, or at
run-time by a Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler.
1.6 The roles of CLR in .NET Framework.
CLR (Common Language Runtime)
provides an environment to execute .NET applications on target machines.
CLR is also a common runtime environment for all .NET .
CLR also provides various services to execute processes, such as memory management
service and security services.
CLR performs various tasks to manage the execution process of .NET applications.
The responsibilities of CLR are listed as follows:

 Automatic memory management
 Garbage Collection
 Code Access Security
 Code verification
 JIT compilation of .NET code
1.7 MSIL and JIT (Just in time) Compilation

• Source code is compiled into MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate
Language). Similar to Java byte codes - CPU-independent instructions
• MSIL allows for runtime type-safety and security, as well as
portable execution platforms.
• The MSIL architecture results in apps that run in one address space -
thus much less OS overhead.
• Compilers also produce “metadata” or glue that binds the code with
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debuggers, browsers, etc.

– Definitions of each type in your code.
– Signatures of each type’s members.
– Members that your code references.
– Other runtime data for the CLR.
Metadata in the load file along with the MSIL enables code to be self-describing - no
need for separate type libraries, IDL, or registry entries. • When code is executed by the
CLR, a JIT compilation step occurs.
– Code is compiled method-by-method to native machine code as
methods are invoked
– Results in performance slowdown when a program is first
executed, but can be efficient for code that is never executed
– Subsequent invocations reuse compiled code, so no slowdown
1.8 The JIT compiler in .NET Framework
The JIT compiler is an important element of CLR, which loads MSIL on target machines
for execution. The MSIL is stored in .NET assemblies after the developer has compiled
the code written in any .NET-compliant programming language, such as Visual Basic and
C#.
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 ASSIGNMENT ONE (25%)
Q1. By using your own word brief the following .NET
language a/ C#
b/ COBOL
c/ Eiffel
d/ Fortran
e/ F#
Q2. Explain the four essential aspects of RAD.
Q3. Compare and contrast the JIT compiler and .NET
Q4. Compare and contrast Rad Model Vs Traditional Sdlc.
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2. Introductions to visual basis language.
The Procedural Programming Approach to Programming

Programming as it was done in the past and still being done today in many cases is based on the
Event-Driven and Procedural Programming approach. These methods of programming are
based on what's known as Structured Programming. Structure programming has been the
traditional way of programming. Procedural Programming If you have taken a course in C,
Visual Basic, Pascal, FORTRAN, Cobol etc. the programs you wrote were Procedural. In
procedural programming, the focus of the programs was to solve a problem. For example,
supposed you were asked to write a program to solve the following problem: Write a Video
Management System that will process the rental/return of videos tapes for a retail store such as a
program used for Blockbuster Video. Using a language like C or can be done even with
VB.NET, this is usually done as follows:
1. Analyze the problem required to be solved: Design flow chart, algorithm etc.
2. Break the problem into smaller manageable pieces, such as the Rental
Module, Return Module, Customer Information Module etc.
3. Design the UI for each of the pieces using Forms , controls or any structure
supplied by the language to implement the UI
4. Write code to implement each piece using variables, functions & procedures to
implement each of the modular
pieces.
Note that the focus is on solving the problem via the programming code and breaking
the problem into smaller manageable pieces. Dividing a program into
Procedures/functions and modules is one of the cornerstones of structured or
procedural programming. But here as some of the drawbacks: As programs grow larger
and more complex, even the procedural programming approach begins to show signs of
strain. Projects can become too complex, schedules slip, more programmers are added,
cost skyrockets etc. In Procedural programming data or the variables & data structures
that hold or store the data, are usually unprotected and may be accessible to functions &
procedures that have no business changing them, therefore they can be easily corrupted.
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Procedural programs are difficult to design because their chief components, procedures,
functions and data structures don't model the real world very well.
The Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Approach

Thinking Objects
The newer programming languages use a different approach. With OOP, programs are
based on real world objects. This method of programming is based on creating
programming code that emulates real world entities, thus the word Object. In OOP,
instead of focusing on solving the problem, you focus and think in terms of the Objects
that will play an important role in the program. That is you first create the Objects that
are the important characters in the program, such as Employees, Departments,
Customers, Products etc. Using Objects, allow programs to be based on real world
entities, such as a car, person, employee, customer, inventory part etc. Examples of pure
OOP languages are C++, Visual Basics.NET & Java. In OOP, each object has its own
Properties or Attributes (access to Data), the Methods (Functions/Procedures) that
operate on the data & the Events that are automatically triggered when the object is used
or manipulated. The fundamental idea behind object-oriented languages is to combine
into a single package both the data, Methods (functions/procedures) & Events (Event-
Procedures) that operate on that data. Such unit is called an Combining the Data,
Methods & Events that operate on that data into a single package means that the Objects
handle themselves and have a life of their own, and most important, they can be re-used
in other applications The mechanism to implementing Object-Oriented Programming is
the Class & the Object. Object-Oriented approach to solving the Video Management
problem:
Analysis and Design

If you recall in our introduction to Object-Oriented Programming, I used the Video
Management Program as an example to demonstrate the difference between Procedural,
Event-driven and Object-Oriented Programming. Note that in the beginning of each of
the example, the first step was as follows:
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1. Analyze the problem required to be solved: Design flow chart, algorithm etc. In OOP, there
are three phases or steps required for developing an Object-Oriented System:
Analysis and Design are very important steps. This is where all the “brain work” is done
to developing the system and
implementing the algorithm.
I. PHASE 1 – System Analysis (Understanding the Problem):

1. Analysis means to study, understand and define the requirements of the system.
2. Read and understand the problem description.
3. Write down the requirements and fully understand what is being asked for you
to do.
4. Identify what are the INPUT or data to be entered or manipulated by
the program
5. Identify what are the OUTPUT or results that are required.
II. PHASE 2 – Design (Solving the Problem):
1. Design means developing or creating the solution to the problem. This is
a thinking process and the solution
is derived from the analysis of the requirements.
2. From the analysis of the INPUT & OUPUT we can derive the
required processing.
3. You can use tools such as:
Design the solution – Use diagram, flow charts etc., to analyze and design the
solution.
4. Plan the code (Problem Solving) – This step you will write down the action
required to solve the problem, this is known as the Algorithm. The Algorithm is
obtained using the following tools:
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Flow Charts – Graphical representation of the program logic

Pseudo-code – Abbreviated short-hand English-like statements representation of
the flow chart
5. In this phase we design on paper (Not in the computer) the Forms and
User Interface required.
Design the User-Interface (GUI) – You draw a sketch of what the Front-End or
GUI will look like
and the Control Objects required. Plan the Properties or attributes to the
objects in the GUI – In a table write down the properties to the Control Objects
in the GUI.
II. PHASE 3 – Programming (Writing the Code):
1. Here is where we use VB.NET to create our application.
2. Create the User-Interface (GUI)
3. Set the Properties or attributes to the objects in the GUI
4. Write the code – Use the syntax or programming code of the
programming language to create the program.
2.1 Visual basis language (VBL)
2.2 Introduction
We will use Visual Basic.NET or Integrated Development Environment or
IDE to program our applications. We could choose any of the languages to
create our application such as C#, VB.NET etc., but this course requires that
we use Visual Basic.NET.
Console Application – Usually Text only application. Runs from a DOS or
COMMAND PROMPT screen.
Windows Application – Graphical Interface user application. Typical
Windows application that you normally use, such asMS WORD etc.
Web Based Windows Application – Web application that uses a Browser
such as Internet Explorer.
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Let’s look at these type of applications in more details

1. Console Application
A Console Application is a program whose output is usually text based (No
Graphics).
Console Applications usually do not contain Forms or any graphics, but they can.
You can if you like from a console application call Windows Forms etc. Console
Applications are created when an application performs processing that requires very
or no user interaction.They are lighter and have less overhead than standard windows
applications since they contain no graphical libraries etc. Console applications are a
good choice when creating programs such as login scripts, device drivers, backend
processes, test programs, programs that control hardware devices etc. The results of a
Console Application is placed or controlled from a Command Prompt Window:
2. Windows Application
Windows Applications are your standard graphical applications we are used to using.
Windows Apps use graphical entities such as Forms, Web Forms etc.
3. Web-Based Application
These are applications created for the World-Wide-Web or Internet. These
applications run from a Browser, but the actual program code for these applications
(HTML) reside on a Web Server and are distributed to any client or browser which
makes the request. In 1991, Visual Basic (VB) appeared to develop MS
4. Windows – based application.
• Visual Basic .NET is an event – driven, visual programming
language in which programs are created using IDE.
• Visual Basic is the world’s most widely used rapid
application development (RAD) language.
• Visual Basic .NET offers enhanced object orientation,
including a powerful library of components.
• Visual Basic .NET enables enhanced language interoperability.
• Visual Basic .NET applications can interact via Internet.
– a new programming style, in which applications are
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created from components called Web Services available

over the Internet
Startup Form/Startup Object

There is one very important Project Property that must understand prior to writing code. That is
the Startup Form or Startup Object. The Start Up Form or Startup Object is the EXECUTION
starting or entry point of a program. A Visual Basic Application can be started using the
following two options:
I. FORM I – (Default) this is the default method you are accustomed to, program starts
via a FORM: What this means is that when the project executes the Startup Form will
display and control the flow of the program Control or flow of program is done via a
Form. In a standard Windows Application, this is by default automatically assigned to
II. FORM1 I call this method of starting a Windows Application as a Form-Driven
Application For this method of executing the project, the property is named Startup
Form
NOTE! There is a checkbox for a property named Enable application framework in the
property page. This property when checked, displays the startup option as Startup Form. This
property is checked by default, so you don’t need to do anything, but if you uncheck this box,
it will show as Startup Object (More on this below). The figure below shows the default
startup option as Startup Form:
Visual Basic Standard Modules

A module is a global or public object where you can place program code such as
variables, functions & procedures that can be seen by all code in the entire project. The
key here is Global code! Up to now, all code written was contained inside the Event-
Handlers of various controls on a form. As controls & objects are placed on a form, all
code written is usually seen & relates specifically to that form. Suppose you wanted to
write code that can manipulate or operate on various forms & controls. How can you do
this? Since every code you write for a control or form is only visible within the form?
Where would you place the code? The answer is the Module!
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The Module has the following characteristics:

Modules
 contain a method named Sub Main() that can be used as the starting point of the
application. Note this applies to both Console Applications and Windows
Applications.
 contain variable declarations, functions & procedures or source code ONLY! No
forms!
 are a good place to put program code that may be common to several forms or
other modules
 contain variables & Methods.
 are like forms but without the visual!
Module in Console Applications

When you create a Console Application, Visual Basic automatically creates a Module where you
can begin entering your code:
Module in Windows Applications

In a Windows Application you can add modules to place global code that can be access
by all the Windows Forms. In addition, the Start Up Object can be the Module or Sub
Main when control of the program is initiated.
Visual Basics Modes
Visual Basics has three distinct modes:
Design Time – When you design the User Interface (GUI) and writing the code.
Run Time – When you execute and test the program
Break Time – When you have Run time errors and you stop execution
Sample example
Q1. Explain Objects and Modules? What are the types of Modules in VB?
Ans.: Objects : Objects are the real world entities. People, companies, employees,
fan and ledger entries are all types of objects. In object oriented terms, the word
object is used to describe one specific thing like car. Objects have an identity and this
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identity is defined with properties. A car has its name, model, cost and color.
Objects also do things. E.g. the car accelerates, races etc. The things an
object can do are called its behaviours. Objects can be anything that exists in real
world. They can be conceptual things, such as engineering process or payroll. These
conceptual things are not tangible but are conceptual. The same object-oriented
concepts apply regardless of whether the object is based on the real world, on a
concept, or on the implementation.
Modules: Modules are collection of code and data that function something like
objects in objects oriented programming, but without defining OOP characteristics
like inheritance, polymorphism etc. The concept behind modules is to enclose
procedures and data in a way that hides them from the rest of the program. The two
main types of procedures used in VB :
Event and General : In VB event procedures are invoked in response to
keyboard, mouse or system action. Your code can also explicitly invoke
16 event procedures. The maximum number of events a control can have is
fixed. Event procedures are stored in a form module and are private by
default. A general procedure is not executed unless explicitly invoked.
You can create a general procedure either by choosing the procedure from
the insert menu or by typing the procedure heading Sub followed by the
procedure name on a blank line. Event and general procedures are further classified as
: Sub & Function.
A. Q.2 What is the use of ‘Exit’ statement?

Ans.: The Exit statement allows you to exit prematurely from a block of
statements in a control structure from a loop, or even from a procedure.
Suppose you have a For…….Next loop that calculates the square root of
negative numbers can't be calculated ( the Sqr() function generates a
runtime error,) you might want to halt the operation if the array contains a
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ASSIGNMENT TWO(25%)
Q1. What are the Branching Statements in Visual Basic? OR What are the different conditional
constructs in Visual Basic?
Q2. Explain different Looping Constructs in VB? OR What are the different types of Do……
Loop?
Q3. What are Forms in Visual Basic? OR Explain how working of Forms is being implemented?
Q4. What is a Text Box Control? OR What are the most important characteristics of a Text Box
Control?
Q5. What are the File Controls that are used in Visual Basic?

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RAPID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT (RAD)| 1

Rapid Application development focuses on gathering customer requirements through workshops

RAD Model Design

modifying a data object are given.

 Changing requirements can

 Rapid Application Development has four essential aspects:

• Today, most development and deployment is

• The CLR provides a “Managed Execution Environment”. Manages the execution

• Code developed for a compiler that targets this platform is referred to as

is also known as MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language) or CIL (Common

All .NET source code is compiled to IL.

1.6 The roles of CLR in .NET Framework.

CLR (Common Language Runtime)

provides an environment to execute .NET applications on target machines.

CLR is also a common runtime environment for all .NET .

The responsibilities of CLR are listed as follows:

1.7 MSIL and JIT (Just in time) Compilation

debuggers, browsers, etc.

1.8 The JIT compiler in .NET Framework

 ASSIGNMENT ONE (25%)

Q1. By using your own word brief the following .NET

Q2. Explain the four essential aspects of RAD.

Q3. Compare and contrast the JIT compiler and .NET

Q4. Compare and contrast Rad Model Vs Traditional Sdlc.

2. Introductions to visual basis language.

The Procedural Programming Approach to Programming

The Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Approach

Analysis and Design

I. PHASE 1 – System Analysis (Understanding the Problem):

Flow Charts – Graphical representation of the program logic

Let’s look at these type of applications in more details

created from components called Web Services available

Startup Form/Startup Object

Visual Basic Standard Modules

The Module has the following characteristics:

Module in Console Applications

Module in Windows Applications

A. Q.2 What is the use of ‘Exit’ statement?

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