HCI-Chapter-1-The Human

Human Computer Interaction
Muhammad Imran
Assistant Professor (CS&SE)
Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering,

Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences,
International Islamic University, Islamabad.
Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

Human Computer Interaction
Chapter 1
THE HUMAN

Overview
 Human as a System
 Input output channels
 Vision
 Hearing
 Touch
 Movement
 Human Memory

Human as a System
 Takes input, processes data, outputs

 Input output channels are used to
receive information and to respond
 Information is stored in memory
Input output
processing

Input Output Channels
 Vision
 Hearing
 Touch + Movement
 Taste
 Smell
 Most Important for computer

 Vision
 Hearing
 Touch + Movement

(Vision)
Two Stages of Visual Perception
a)Physical reception of stimulus

(Image on Retina)
b)Processing and Interpretation of

that stimulus

(Vision)
 The Eye
 Objects reflect light
 Eye receives the light
 Image is focused upside down on retina
 Receptors in eye transform the image into

electrical signals
 Signals are passed to Brain

(Vision)
 The Eye

(Vision)
 The Eye (Inverted Image on Retina)

(Vision)
 The Eye
Retina contains two types of
photoreceptors:
a) Rods (help to see in low light)
120 millions rods per eye (situated at
the edges of retina)
b)Cones (help to see the colors)
Three types of cones, 6 millions cones
per eye concentrated on fovea
(Vision)
 The Eye
Retina also has specialized nerve cells

called Gangolion cells. These are of
two types:
a) X-Cells: Detect the pattern (fovea)

b) Y-Cells: Detect the movement (Retina)

(Vision)
 Visual Perception:
(Vision)
(Vision)

(Vision)
 Visual Perception: Means how we

perceive Size and Depth, Brightness
and Color.
1. PERCEIVING SIZE AND DEPTH

a)Size: The size of an image is
specified as a VISUAL ANGLE.
Visual angle is affected by Size and
Distance.
(Vision)
 PERCEIVING SIZE: (Visual Angle)

(Vision)
 PERCEIVING SIZE: (Visual Angle)

(Vision)
Visual Acuity: Ability of a person to

perceive fine details
A person with normal vision can

detect a single line if it has a visual
angle of 0.5 seconds of arc.
LIMIT of human visual acuity.

(Vision)
Visual Acuity: Ability of a person to

perceive fine details

(Vision)
 Law of Size constancy: Size of an

object is perceived as constant even if
it is close or far away.
Factors of Law of size constancy:

i) Depth describes the size of objects.
When we watch a thing we find
different cues.

(Vision)
 Factors of Law of size constancy:

Cues (indications/signs)
1st Cue: Relative positions of the object
and distances gives hint about size of
an object (front background).
2nd Cue: Size and height of object
describes the distance.
3rd Cue: Familiarity of an object
describes its size and distance.
(Vision)
 PERCEIVING SIZE AND DEPTH

(Vision)

(Vision)

(Vision)

(Vision)
 2. PERCEIVING BRIGHTNESS:
• Brightness is a subjective reaction to level of light
and is affected by luminance (amount of light
emitted by an object).
• CONTRAST: is a function of luminance of an
object and luminance of its background.
• Visual Acuity increases with increased
luminance.
(Describe reason for flickering)

(Vision)

(Vision)

(Vision)
 3.PERCEIVING COLOR:
Color is made up of three components:
 HUE
 INTENSITY
 SATURATION

(Vision)
 PERCEIVING COLOR:
1) HUE: Determined by spectral wavelength
of the light.
Blues have short wave length, green

medium and red long.
Approx. 150 different hues can be

discriminated by the average person.

(Vision)
1) HUE: Determined by spectral wavelength
of the light.

(Vision)
2) Intensity: Brightness of the color.
Sun (Bright)

(Vision)
3) Saturation: Whiteness in a color.

(Vision)
- By varying Intensity and Saturation we

can perceive in the region of 7 million
different colors.
- A normal person can identify far few
colors.
- 8% male and 1% female are color blind.
.
(Vision)
- By varying Intensity and Saturation we

can perceive in the region of 7 million
different colors.

(Vision)
 The Capabilities and Limitations of Visual

Processing:
- Visual System has limitations.

- The Visual System compensates for
movement and luminance.
- Colors and brightness perceived constant
- Compensation of visual system
- Sometime over Compensation results into
“ILLUSIONS”

(Vision)
 The Capabilities:
Pages: 19 and 20
Figures: 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 and 1.6

(Vision)
Over compensation
The quick
brown fox
jumps over the
the lazy dog.
(Vision)
 Limitations of Visual Processing:

ILLUSIONS

(Vision)

- ILLUSIONS

(Vision)

- ILLUSIONS

(Vision)

- ILLUSIONS

(Vision)

- ILLUSIONS

(Vision)

- ILLUSIONS

(Vision)
 Reading:
- Text (important on interfaces)
- Stages of Reading:
-Visual Pattern of word is perceived
-Decoded with reference to an
internal representation of language.
-Syntactic and semantic analysis to

interpret.

(Vision)
 Reading (cont..): During Reading

-Saccades: Jerky movement to fix
-Fixation: (94% of elapsed time)
-Perception occurs during fixation.
-Regression: Eye moves backward over
the text and forward.
-If text is complex there will be more
regression

(Vision)
 Reading (cont..):
-Adults read approx. 250 words/min
-Recognized as character by character
and some time recognized by shape of
word for the familiar characters.
-If change shape of a word, speed and
accuracy decreases.
-Simple and Easy to Read fonts for
Interfaces.

(Vision)
 Reading (cont..):
- More easily readable:
- Font Size 9-12.
- line length b/w 2.3-5.2 inches
- Negative contrast (dark characters
on a light screen or Vice Versa)
- Reading from computer is slower than

book
- Familiarity with medium

(Hearing)
 EAR

(Hearing)
 Perceiving Sound:
Sound: Change or vibration in air
pressure.
-Characteristics of sound:
- Pitch is the frequency of the sound.
- Low frequency low pitch and vice versa
- Loudness is the amplitude of the sound
- Timbre: relates to the type of the sound
Same Pitch and loudness can have
different timbre if produced by different
instruments.
(Hearing)
 Perceiving Sound (Cont..):

-Location of sound:
- two ears
- receive slightly different sounds
- time difference to reach to ear.
- reduction in intensity due to head.
- location indicated.

(Hearing)

-Human can hear frequencies from 20
Hz to 15kHz.
-Better (accuracy) Distinguishes
frequency changes at low frequency
as compared to the high frequency
-Different frequencies cause different
rate of firing of nerve impulses.

(Hearing)

COCKTAIL PARTY EFFECT
- Filtering of sound
- ignore background noise
- concentrate on important information
- hard to differ if sound is too loud or
frequencies are similar.
- S/W: alerts, help, warning sounds

Human Memory
• Human Memory contains all the data/knowledge.

Three types of Memories
- Sensory memory
- Short Term memory
- Long Term memory

Human Memory
Sensory memory
Iconic, Echoic, Haptic
- Act as buffer for stimuli
- Sensory memory for very short time (0.5) Seconds.
- Iconic memory - Visual Stimulus

- Echoic memory- Audio stimulus
- Haptic memory- Touch

Human Memory
- Iconic memory: Move a finger in front of your eyes.

Can you see it at more than one place???
- Echoic memory: Can you repeat your question?
- Haptic memory: We confirm by retouching the iron

/ pot that it is hot or not?

Human Memory
Short Term memory:

- Acts as scratch pad (write and erase)
- Information is passed from the sensory memory to
the Short term memory by attention.
- Attention is the concentration of the mind on some
specific stimulus.
- Arousal: level of interest or need

Human Memory
Short Term memory:

- Short term memory has a limitation
- 7 plus minus 2 (digit span): An average person can
remember 7 plus minus 2 digits.
- 7 plus minus 2 (Chunks):
092-51-9019000
Read: Design Focus: “Cashing In” p-30 and “7 plus

minus 2 Revisited” p-32.

Human Memory
Long Term memory:

- Main resource
- contains every thing that we know factual
information, experiential knowledge, procedural
rules of behavior etc.
- Can Store Huge Amount
- Relatively Slow Access (1/10 of second)
- Slow and little Decay
Read “Memorable or Secure” p-37

Reasoning
Reasoning:
- Process by which we draw conclusion or infer
something through our knowledge.
- Different Types of Reasoning
- Deductive
- Inductive
- Abductive

Reasoning

Thinking: Reasoning and
Problem Solving
Reasoning:
- Deductive Reasoning:
We have some knowledge or law and we deduce
on the basis of that knowledge
Example 1:
On Friday, shops are closed.
Today is Friday.
So Shops will be closed today.

Problem Solving
Reasoning:
- Deductive Reasoning:
Example 2:
All Elephants have trunk
If we find an elephant.
It should have a trunk.
Example 3:
Intelligent Students are naughty.
He/She is an intelligent Student.
He/She would be Naughty.

Problem Solving
Reasoning:
- Inductive Reasoning:
On the basis of observation / evidences we
conclude/ infer something
Example 1:
- On “every” Friday the shops are closed.
- It means Shops are closed on Fridays.

Problem Solving
Reasoning:
- Inductive Reasoning:
Example 2:
So far all elephants seen, have trunks.
So all the elephants have trunk.
Example 3:
All intelligent students were found naughty.
So the intelligent Students are naughty.

Problem Solving
Reasoning:
- Abductive Reasoning:
When we get the evidences we use our
Knowledge/ creativity to conclude.
Example:
- On “every” Friday the shops are closed.
- It means Shops are closed on Fridays.
- Or when there is a strike (our knowledge)

Study all the Taught
Topics and Relevant
Design Focuses
from the BOOK.

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Human Computer Interaction

Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering,

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

 Takes input, processes data, outputs

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

 Most Important for computer

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

Two Stages of Visual Perception

a)Physical reception of stimulus

b)Processing and Interpretation of

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

 Image is focused upside down on retina

 Receptors in eye transform the image into

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

 The Eye (Inverted Image on Retina)

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

Retina also has specialized nerve cells

a) X-Cells: Detect the pattern (fovea)

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

 Visual Perception: Means how we

1. PERCEIVING SIZE AND DEPTH

 PERCEIVING SIZE: (Visual Angle)

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

 PERCEIVING SIZE: (Visual Angle)

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

Visual Acuity: Ability of a person to

A person with normal vision can

LIMIT of human visual acuity.

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

Visual Acuity: Ability of a person to

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

 Law of Size constancy: Size of an

Factors of Law of size constancy:

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

 Factors of Law of size constancy:

 PERCEIVING SIZE AND DEPTH

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

 PERCEIVING SIZE AND DEPTH

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

 PERCEIVING SIZE AND DEPTH

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

 PERCEIVING SIZE AND DEPTH

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

Blues have short wave length, green

Approx. 150 different hues can be

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

- By varying Intensity and Saturation we

- By varying Intensity and Saturation we

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)

 The Capabilities and Limitations of Visual

- Visual System has limitations.

Muhammad Imran (Spring 2020)