Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Top 500
High frequency words in young
children’s writing and reading
development
1
Preface
Wordlists that consider and connect the words used by In this revised publication of the research study, we’ve
our broad student community to the classroom increase included the Oxford Wordlist ‘Top 500’ words to enable
their relevancy as they are included and referred to in educators to extend vocabulary development and
reading, writing and spelling lists. Following repeated practice with students in their first three years of school.
requests from educators to be provided with an up-to-
date list that reflects Australian students of today, Oxford
University Press Australia conducted an extensive and
rigorous study to find those words most frequently used
by students in their first three years of school in their
own writing. The research was designed by Professor Wh
at c
Joseph Lo Bianco and Janet Scull from the University from an we
chil t lea
of Melbourne, and they continued their involvement by dren he wor r n
ear l u ds
analyzing the final data. iest se in t
sam heir
wr it ple
ing? s of
2
Introduction
3
produce, in speech, proto-writing and early writing). conducted in the late 1990s in the United Kingdom, and
Reading is a source of language input and writing is the present Oxford Wordlist of words written by Australian
a form of language output; each skill grows in mutual children in 2007.
relation to the other.
The most cited of all wordlists is however the Dolch
In the beginning stages children read words that most wordlist of basic sight vocabulary (1936). This was
easily fall within their spoken language experiences and derived from a compilation of children’s oral vocabulary
this holds true of what they write. Over time the strict and words commonly found in young children’s reading
interdependency between speech and writing, along materials. Although these data were collected in the
with the relation between concrete and abstract ideas, 1920s and early 1930s and a comparison of the 220
diverges, and so too does the curriculum of schools. words of this list with the top 220 words on the Oxford
Each involves tools that serve to mediate the experience: Wordlist reveals an agreement level of only 54%, this not
pens, paper, keyboards and ever more integrated digital only reflects changes in language usage over time, it is
tools. All encapsulate the expanding codes that store also related to Dolch’s decision to exclude all nouns. 60
symbolic information and are delivered through diverse of the top 220 words on the Oxford Wordlist are clearly
modes of communication and come to represent ever identifiable as nouns.
more sophisticated meanings (Lo Bianco and Freebody,
2001). The Oxford Wordlist has been prepared from a database
far larger and more representative than any Australian
and most international predecessors, using text samples
gathered naturalistically from free writing practice in
with other
behind the development of texts, to assist in informed
text selection, to record and analyze changes and
patterns of children’s word use in writing for the whole
wordlists population and a group of sub-population categories, and
to allow teachers to expand children’s writing language
repertoire by comparing and contrasting an individual
learner’s performance with the words used by their peers.
4
5
Research methodology
and design
6
Gender
Male Female
1879 (73,430) 1897 (86,808)
School year
First year Second year Third year
1891 (38,733) 951 (48,798) 934 (72,702)
Language
English speaking background (ESB) Non-English speaking background (Non-ESB)
2466 (97,616) 1310 (62,621)
Non-ESB = 34.69% of all
Location
Urban Rural
3321 (144,274) 455 (15,964)
The collected samples were copied and student codes were attached to each sample along with demographic data
completed by the class teacher. Only complete data sets for each child were retained for analysis. This process
produced a total of 3776 texts distributed as presented in Table 1. The total sample was then subjected to word
count and differentiated analysis according to the cohorts in the sample. Proper nouns and brand names were deleted
from the word count.
7
Research results
Table 2: Oxford Wordlist words from the top 200 that do not appear in the Salisbury
Word List top 200 words
9
Gender
10
Language background Location
Words used by boys and girls in their first year of school Words used by boys and girls in their second year of school
There are many similarities in the words used by children A number of the gender differences noted in the first year
in the first year of school. Family, friends and computers of school had lessened by the second year. In particular,
figure prominently in the words both boys and girls write. the list of animals is not as clearly differentiated between
However, there are also some stereotypical differences. girls and boys and in the second year girls start to add
There are some striking differences in boys’ and girls’ <soccer>, <prince> and <monster> to their stories.
lists about imputed gender related to the animals, sports However, if this is a convergence of interests it would
and the three Ms of fantasy writing – the mythical, seem that boys do not reciprocate, at least not in some
the magical and the monarchical – all of which figure key areas, preferring not to include <fairies> and
prominently in their writing. <princesses> in their texts. Both boys and girls continue
to refer to <computer> more frequently than to <TV>.
While boys and girls frequently write about dogs, There are also some persisting differences in the words
boys often bring into their texts ‘dangerous’ animals used to discuss natural phenomena and the environment.
such as the <snake>, <shark>, <lion>, <tiger> and In boys’ writing <fire>, <world>, <earth> and <cave>
<crocodile>, although the <octopus> may gain its feature prominently, conjuring up a world of primordial
place because of strangeness rather than implied categories, whereas for girls <water>, <moon> and
danger. In this context it is possibly significant that the <forest> distinguish their writing.
word <teeth> appears (at number 298) on the boys’
wordlist but is absent from the words girls use. In girls’ The strongest differentiator is the boys’ use of the words
writing a different menagerie comes into play. In girls’ <fight> and <gun>. Analysis of the most frequently used
texts the animal kingdom is represented by the <cat>, verbs places these in close proximity to <killed>, <shot>
<horse>, <zebra>, <monkey>, <giraffe> and <puppy>. and <kill>. On its own the Oxford Wordlist research
Dangerous animals are not absent from the list of young cannot supply the essential contextual information
female writers, who include <snakes> and <sharks> in required to interpret the preponderance of such words.
their stories, but they are referred to less frequently. In An examination of the texts themselves identified the
general girls introduce fewer dangerous animals, and true nature of this kind of writing, and the persistence
more domesticated, or placid ones, into their stories and, of words that denote action, struggle, mortal danger,
as <puppy> suggests, prefer to name them in ways that and indeed mortality itself in boys’ free writing poses
elevate intimacy. interesting questions for educators.
12
Words used by boys and girls in their third year of school
There are high levels of agreement between words
written by students in the second and third years of
school. Close analysis of these two lists provides insight
into children’s developing interests as changes in the
words used show that <computer> is no longer a
high frequency word for girls and <TV> climbs above
<computer> in frequency of references by boys.
…Y
o
num unger
ber ch
chil of n ildren
able d ren o uns use
to m appea … whi a large
of g a r le
ram nipula increa older
to v mat te a sing
a i w l
exp r y the cal for m ider ra y
ress sent s in nge
ive en o
nua conten ce str u rder
nce c
of m t and ge ture,
ean nera
ing. l
13
Socio-economic status (SES) An examination of the writing samples of this group
reveals that a significantly higher level of recount texts
15
Words children
choose to write
16
17
References
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abs@.nsf/mf/1301.0.
Baker, C., and Davies, B. (1993). Literacy and gender in early childhood. In A. Luke and P. Gilbert (Eds.), Literacy in contexts: Australian
perspectives and issues (pp. 55-67). St Leonards, NSW: Allen and Unwin.
Baker, C., and Freebody, P. (1989). Children’s first school books: introductions to the culture of literacy. Oxford: Blackwell.
Brabham, E., and Villaume, S. (2002). Leveled text: the good news and the bad news. The Reading Teacher, 55(5), 438-441.
Clay, M. M. (1991). Becoming literate: the construction of inner control. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Dolch, E. W. (1936). A basic sight vocabulary. The Elementary School Journal, 36(6), 456–460.
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Arts (pp. 73–80). Adelaide: Education Department of South Australia.
Edwards, R. P. A., & Gibbon, V. (1964). Words your children use. London: Burke Publishing Company.
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Fry, E. (1980). The new instant word list. The Reading Teacher, 34(3), pp. 284–289.
Goodman, K. S. (1971). Reading: a psycholinguistic guessing game. In H. Singer and R. B. Ruddell (Eds.), Theoretical models and processes of
reading, Newark, DE: International Reading Association.
Hiebert, E. H., and Fisher, C. W. (2007). Critical word factor in texts for beginning readers. The Journal of Educational Research, 101(1), pp. 3–11.
Hill, S. (2001). Questioning text levels. The Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, 24(1), pp. 8–20.
Huxford, L., McGonagle, R., and Warren, S. (1997). Which words? Words which 4 to 6 year old children use in their writing. Reading, 31(3), pp.16–21.
Lankshear, C and Knobel, M (2003), New literacies, Open University Press: Buckingham.
Lo Bianco, J. and Freebody, P. (2001). Australian Literacies: Informing National Policy on Literacy Education. Melbourne: Language Australian Publications.
Luke, A. (1994). The social construction of literacy in the primary school. Macmillan Education Australia: South Melbourne, Victoria.
Luke, A. (1999, October 20). Education 2010 and new times: why equity and social justice still matter. Retrieved February 22, 2008, from http://
education.qld.gov.au/corporate/newbasics/docs/onlineal.doc.
Luke, A. (2005). Evidence-based state literacy policy: a critical perspective. In N. Bacia, A. Cumming, A. Datnow, K. Leithwood and D.
Livingstone (Eds.), International handbook of educational policy (Vol. 2, pp. 661–675). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Rog, L. J., and Burton, W. (2001). Matching texts and readers: leveling early reading materials for assessment and instruction. The Reading
Teacher, 55(4), pp. 348–356.
Snow, C. E., Burns, M. S. and Griffin, P. (Eds.) (1998). Preventing reading difficulties in young children, National Academy Press: Washington, DC..
Stuart, M., Dixon, M., Masterson, J., and Gray, B. (2003). Children’s early reading vocabulary: description and word frequency lists. British
Journal of Educational Psychology, 73(4), pp. 585–598
18
Debra Ives
MEET OUR INDEPENDENT Independent reviewer and analyst
EDUCATIONAL EXPERTS
Janet Scull
Lecturer, Language and Literacy
Education
The University of Melbourne
19
Words 1–500 in order of frequency
I fun people outside lot boat footy bear dead special
the like didn't away today red here cars drove stopped
and some friend favourite beach teacher killed tell even swim
to have their has finished its need asleep gold wasn't
a are put family funny princess playground cute kicked before
was out gave lunch book shopping that's dark end bird
my going found man bad until watch heard light broke
went called from shops things only chocolate pig second can't
we all down football yesterday black class cool stop cousins'
on play water looked computer garden friend's dear tired getting
it Sunday party wanted help still sea hair while goal
then upon about bike zoo beautiful under person bag high
he Saturday took no now pool drink think butterfly hill
had did good lost ride take Monday top doctor holiday
in school other TV castle well slept whole late jumping
they two see fairy toy animals dinosaur yummy lion monkey
with very girl cousin cousins horse having apples met presents
of back boy stayed look movies let city cave riding
there ate over Friday more names card days farm say
got get us games tried bit let's far flew Wednesday
she lived your old find race never fire jungle crying
said am off woke four sad years ghost land everything
played him three ball i'm snake kids mum's stay milk
one watched dinner come happily jumped motorbike police teeth Miss
is little liked ever started place clothes puppy week money
were can won new dragon show dad's shot church mouse
day bought morning room much where each wish forest quickly
so brother playing nice rabbit everyone frog duck orange right
when big want scared five or hurt helped pet road
home birthday happy who turned shark rode basketball sat run
you them what inside another something tea brought year running
at bed as it's make asked ten buddy afternoon table
me made love tree cousin's OK thought chicken been twenty
mum name if cake breakfast scary fly hot brother's versus
for too again best chips every girls moon caught barbecue
dad next game fell door walked green mother decided better
but dog really long couldn't read hard o'clock excited hand
saw lots could movie present world pizza picked hide happened
house night shop soccer together monster suddenly sick lollies live
that not would how walk slide eight toys mean match
weekend friends eat also great thank king uncle opened Mr
time into fish know icecream white six aunty paper pick
her an this last loved buy witch eating restaurant pink
go park ran sleep magic dressed felt give seven racing
came will first swimming work fast fight prince tooth sometimes
because car by don't coming head holidays colour trampoline threw
up our food just someone walking looking doing flowers watching
his do named told team why used dress guys yellow
once sister baby yes thing blue sleepover learnt later brown
after be cat around always dogs way left plane climbed
20 Oxford Wordlist © Oxford University Press 2008. The Oxford Wordlist may be used for instructional purposes for students at school and home. If you wish to use the
Oxford Wordlist in any other way, you must seek written permission from Oxford University Press.