Chapter 1 Human Anatomy

Questions Alerts!
Common questions in pharmacy exam is to ask!

 Anatomy of body movements like Abduction, Adductions, Supine and Prone.

 Anatomical planes such as Sagittal and Midsagittal Plane.
 Skeletal bones and joints. Patella (kneecap), hip joints or bowl and socket
(Ilium, Ischium, Pubis), Skull Bones, Knee Joints have popliteal spaces.
 Muscles. Flexor and Extensor muscles, Actin and myosin muscle fibers for
muscle contraction, masseter muscles are attached to mandibles.

This chapter reviews essentials and definitions of systemic human anatomy terminology
and provide a basic understanding of how the human body is structured with emphasis
on clinical applications.  This chapter also reviews cellular mechanism in human
physiology.
 

Body Movements

 Q.) Abduction: Movement away from the midline of the body.

 Q.) Adduction: Movement toward the midline of the body.
 Extension: Lengthening or straightening of a flexed limb. Extensor refers to
movement in the posterior direction. For example, when standing up knees
are extended.
 Flexion: Bending of a part of the body.
 Dorsiflexion: Backward (upward) bending of the foot.
 Plantar flexion: Bending of the sole of the foot downward toward the ground.
 Pronation: Act of turning the hand so that the palm faces downward.
 Q.) Supination: Act of turning the hand so that the palm is uppermost.
 Eversion: Outward turning.
 Fascia: Fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles.
 Anterior (ventral): Front side of the body (example: Abdomen is anterior to
the spinal cord).
 Posterior (dorsal): Back of the body (example. Spinal cord is posterior to the
stomach).
 Q.) Lateral view: from the side of the body.
 Q.) Medial view: from the middle of body (between two legs).
 Deep: Away from the surface.
 Superficial: On the surface (example. Superficial veins can be viewed
through skin).
  Proximal: Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a
structure.  

Ok

 
Distal:  Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or Q.)
from the beginning of a structure (Example. The distal Opposite
Opposite
end of the stomach is at the small intestine).
Abduction Adduction
Inferior: Below another structure. Caudal (pertaining to Extension Flexion
the head) means inferior in human. (Example; The
urinary bladder lies inferior to the kidney). Lateral Medial
 Dorsal Ventral
Proximal Distal
Prone Supine
 

Body Cavities
A body cavity is a fluid-filled spaces in the body that holds and protect internal organs.
There are two largest cavities includes dorsal cavity and ventral cavity.
 
Dorsal (posterior) Cavity
The dorsal cavity is at posterior and consist of sub cavities cranial and spinal cavities.
Q.) Cranial: Brain, vertebral cavity (or canal) that contain spinal cord. These two
cavities are continuous and covered by meninges.
 
Ventral (anterior) Cavity
The ventral cavity is at the anterior or front of the
trunk. This includes three sub cavities includes Right upper Left upper
thoracic, abdominal and pelvic. Gallbladder,
Q.) Spleen
pancreas
Thoracic cavity: Lungs are pleural cavities and
heart is in pericardial cavity.    
Abdominal cavity: Abdominal cavity is consisting Right lower Left lower
of by ribcage and pelvis which contains the kidneys
ureters, stomach, liver, Sigmoid
Appendix
gallbladder and pancreas. colon
Q.) Pelvic cavity: Consist reproductive organ, Kidney Kidney
urinary bladder, pelvic colon (sigmoid colon) and
rectum or anus.
  

Anatomical Planes

 Q.) Sagittal plane: Plane created by an imaginary line that is parallel to the
median plane. Separates the body into right and left portions.
 Midsagittal plane (median plane): Plane created by an imaginary line that
divides the body into right and left halves. Separates the body/body part into
equal right/left portions.
 Parasagittal plane: Divides the body into unequal right and left portions.
 Coronal plane/frontal. Divides the body/body part into anterior and posterior
portions.
 Transverse plane/horizontal: Divides the body/body part into superior and
inferior portions.
 Oblique plane: Passes through the body/body part at an angle.
 

Anatomical Positions
Postural: Positions such as standing, sitting, lying down, turning right or left.
Q.) Orthostatic: Standing upright and lying down supine.
Fowler’s position: Seated position with back support (head elevated).
Trendelenburg position: Sleeping position with feet elevated and head lowered.
Sits hunched forward: Tightening chest muscle.
 

Skeletal Bones and Joints

Bones

There are 5 types of bones in skeleton;

Types of bones Examples
Flat bones Q.) Cranial bones (8), sternum, scapulae, ribs.
Short bones Tarsals, carpals (are in wrist consist of
Q.) scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, hamate, pisiform, capitate,
trapezoid, and trapezium).
Long bones Humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpal, phalanges, femur, fibula,
 tibia.
Irregular bones Vertebrae
Sesamoid bones Q.) Patella

Skeletal Joints
There are 3 types of fibrous (Immovable),cartilaginous (Semi movable) and synovial
(Movable) joints
 
Fibrous Joints
The fibrous joints are immovable include sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses. The
sutures are found only in skull.
 
Cartilaginous Joints
In a cartilaginous joint, the bones are joined by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage. There
are two main types: synchondroses (primary cartilaginous) and symphyses (secondary
cartilaginous).
 
Synovial Joints
The synovial joints are movable joints and includes six types of joints.
Synovial joints Examples
Pivot joint Pivot joints are found in neck vertebrae.
Hinge joint Hinge joints are found in knee; elbow; ankle; interphalangeal joints of
fingers and toes.Knee jointconsists of femur (longest bone), tibia,
patella, meniscus, articular cavity, serous bag and articular capsule &
cartilage.
Q.) Patella (knee cap) bone is present in knee joint and articulation
with distal femur.
Saddle joint Saddle joint only found in the hand thumbs (between the first
metacarpal and trapezium) lets the thumb cross over the palm.
Saddle joint can rock back and forth. Saddle joint allows for flexion,
extension and other movement but no rotation.
Plane joints Plane joints are found in intertarsal joints of foot; superior-inferior
articular process articulations between vertebrae.
Ball and socket Ball and socket joints are found in hip and shoulders.
joints Q.) Rotary cuff: is a group of muscles that stabilize the shoulder.
Shoulder joint (socket and ball): consists of humerus, scapula,
 synovial membrane, articular cartilage, articular capsule, articular
liquid, and ligament. Hip joint
Q.) consists of Ilium, ischium, and pubis.
 
Skull Bones Mnemonic: Cranial bones “ PEST OF”
               
Human skull consists of 22 bones which includes the major skull bones include
Q.) cranial bones (8), and facial bones (14).

Cranial bones (protect brain): Eight cranial bones: Parietal (2), Ethmoid, Sphenoid,
Temporal (2), Occipital, and Frontal.
 
Skeletal Functions
system
Tendons Q.) Connect muscle to bone; Atendonis afibrous connective
tissuewhich connectsmuscle to bone.Tendonsmay also attach
muscles to structures such as the eyeball. Atendonserves to move
the bone or structure. Support joints and store kinetic energy. Strain
occurs in muscle due to tear in tendons.
Ligament Connect bone to bone;A short band of tough, flexible, fibrous
connective tissue that connects two bones or cartilages or holds
together a joint.Sprain occurs due to stretch, tear or rip in ligament.
Q.) Anterior cruciate ligament is connecting between three bones of
knee such as thighbone (femur), shinbone (tibia) and kneecap
(patella).Meniscus ligament: Limits medial lateral motions.
Osseous Osseoustissue or bone is the major structural and supportive
connective tissue of the body.
Cartilage Cushion between joints and at end of bones. Firm, whitish, flexible
connective tissue found in various forms in the larynx and respiratory
tract, in structures such as the external ear, and in the articulating
surfaces of joints.
 

Muscles
Body is made of three types of muscle tissues:

Types of Functions
muscles
Q.) Skeletal Muscle attached to skeleton tendons,
muscle bones; Voluntary.
Q.) Smooth Muscle of organs, stomach, and blood
muscle vessels muscle: Involuntary.
Q.) Cardiac Heart muscle: Involuntary
muscle

 
Skeletal Muscles

 Trapezius is resent in neck

 Triceps brachii: upper outside of arm shoulder (anterior). Triceps are in only
in arms.
 Biceps brachii is upper inside arm (biceps) and thighs.
 Q.) Deltoid muscle present in shoulder and site for I.M injection.
 Femorus is present in back of thigh and leg.
 Quadriceps present in thighs.
 Gluteus medium is in hip.
 Psoas muscle present in hip
 Largest muscle is gluteus maximus (which forms part of the buttock).
 Fastest muscle is eyelid elevator.
 Longest single muscle sartorius muscle which stretches from the pelvis to
below the knee and more than 15 inches or 40 cm long.
 Smallest muscle is stapedius found inside the middle ear and less than 0.04
inch (1 mm long).
 Strongest muscle is
 Q.) Masseter muscle which elevates during mastication. It can exert a force
equivalent in 100 kg (220 lbs).
 Muscles account for 40% of total body weight.
 Q.) Sartorius muscle: from outer side of waist wraps to inner side of knee.
 Q.) Muscle fibers actin and myosin helps in muscle contraction.

 
Muscle Contraction
Muscle contraction is associated with muscle fibers filaments myosin and acting. An
action potential arrives at neuromuscular junction from nervous system the myosin
fibers are stimulated that pulls actin fibers pulls together this shortens sarcomere within
fiber causing muscle contraction.
 

Types of Tissues and Functions

Four basic types of tissues include Epithelial (Covering), Connective (Support), Muscle
(Movement), and Nervous (Control/Integration).
 Tissue functions: Protection, absorption, filtration, excretion,
 
secretion, and sensory reception.
Epithelium Its functions include covering, secretion, absorption, and sensitivity. 
tissue Epitheliumtissue present at sites of rapid diffusion, suchas the lining
of lung alveoli.
Q.) Epithelial tissue: Covering/lining or glandular, are 2 basic types
endocrine "ductless" produce hormones. Exocrine have ducts, sweat,
oil, saliva, bile enzymes, mucin (mucus).
Q.) Endothelium tissue present in the lining of blood vessels
(arteries, veins, capillaries).
Mesothelium present at sites where very little activity is occurring,
such as Bowman's capsule in the kidney and the lining of major body
cavities.
Connective Support, cartilage, bone, blood, fibrous tissue of ligament
tissue (chondrocytes).
Skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, smooth muscle
Muscle tissue
tissues.
Nervous tissue Control and integration
  

TIPS
1 Supination 2 Flexion 3 Abduction

Parasagittal
4 Extension 5 Adduction 6
plane

7 Sagittal plane 8 Midsagittal plane 9 Kneecap

10 Biceps bronchi 11 Triceps bronchi 12 Dysphagia

13 Joints 14 Hormone glands 15 Blood vessels

16 Extensor muscles 17 Flexor muscles 18 Pubis

19 Ilium 20 Ischium 21 Transverse

plane

22 Endocrine glands 23 Arteries 24 Skull bones

25 Moving away from body 26 Moving closer to body 27 Slicing vertically

29 Slicing vertically from 30 Slicing vertically from side 31 Slicing

middle line lines horizontal

32 Dysuria 33 Dyspnea    
 

  Adduction → (   )
 Abduction → (    )
 Sagittal planes → (    )
 Para sagittal plane → (    )
 Mid sagittal plane → (    )
 Transverse plane → (    )
 Hip joints have → (        )
 Flexor muscles are present in → (    )
 Extensor muscles are present in → (      )
 Epithelial tissue is present in → (         )
 Endothelial tissues is present in → (         )
 Skull bones are → ???
 Movement away from the midline of the body → (    )
 Act of turning the hand so that the palm is uppermost → (     )
 bending part of the body → (    )
 movement toward the midline of the body → (    )
 lengthening or straightening of the flexed limb → (    ) 
 found in arms and thighs → (     )
 Found in arms only → (     )
 Separates the body into unequal right and left portions → (     )
 Separates the body into equal right and left portions → (    )
 Separates the body into right and left portions → (         )
 It protects the front of the joint → (    )
 Difficulty in breathing → (    )
 Difficulty in swallowing → (    )
 Difficulty in urination → (     )
 Found in limbs, foot, arms → (    )
 Hip joints have → (     )
 Which one is a part of the shoulder? → (   )

Popliteal space is present → (     )