See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/305725104

Resilient Modulus Characterization for Granular Base Material in Egypt

Conference Paper · November 2015

CITATION READS
1 1,103

5 authors, including:

Rabah Mousa Sherif El-Badawy

Mansoura University Mansoura University
7 PUBLICATIONS   21 CITATIONS    100 PUBLICATIONS   546 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Abdelhalim Moawad Azam Alaa Gabr

Mansoura University Mansoura University
32 PUBLICATIONS   221 CITATIONS    43 PUBLICATIONS   318 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Effect of Climatic Condition and Traffic Characteristics on Pavement Performance View project

Characterization of unbound granular materials and subgrade soils in Egypt View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Alaa Gabr on 30 July 2016.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Resilient Modulus Characterization for Granular Base Material in Egypt

R. Mousa1, S. El-Badawy2, A. Azam3, A. Gabr3, and M. Arab4

1
Graduate Student, Public Works Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura
University
2
Associate Professor, Public Works Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura
University, Egypt; Ph (+201000183519); Email: sbadawy@mans.edu.eg
3
Assistant Professor, Public Works Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura
University.
4
Assistant Professor, Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University.

ABSTRACT
Mechanistic Pavement design methods started to gain popularity the last few years in Egypt. One
of the challenges facing the spread of these method is absence of accurate measurements for the
engineering properties used in this methods for the Egyptian soils and asphalt. Resilient modulus (Mr) is
an important engineering parameter for mechanistic pavement design methods. It is an indication of the
elastic behavior as well as the load carrying ability of pavement materials under cyclic traffic loads. A
comprehensive laboratory testing was conducted at Mansoura University Highway and Airport
Engineering Laboratory (H&AE-LAB) to measure resilient modulus of typical granular unbound material
typically used in pavement construction in Egypt. The testing program included routine engineering tests,
and repeat loading triaxial (RLTT) tests. The effect of initial moisture content on resilient modulus was
investigated. The results of the testing program conducted on the granular unbound material typically used
in Egypt, showed that that the resilient modulus generally increased as the moisture content decreased.
These results generally agrees with some published models for prediction of resilient modulus.

Keywords: Resilient modulus, Moisture content, RLTT, Granular base.

Introduction
The proper characterization of unbound aggregate materials is an important parameter in the design
and rehabilitation of pavement structures. The resilient modulus is used as mechanical property to
describe stress–strain relationship of unbound material under cyclic loading for given physical
conditions. Resilient modulus (Mr) represents the elastic modulus that is considered for nonlinear
behavior of Unbound Granular Materials (UGMs) Ba (2012). Hopkins et al. (2007) defined the resilient
modulus as the slope of difference in deviator stress (σd) to the difference in axial recoverable strain (r)
as shown in Figure (1). The resilient modulus is calculated from Repeated Load Triaxial Testing (RLTT)
results as follows:
∆𝜎𝑑
Mr = …………………………………………………………….. (1).
∆𝜀𝑟
Where,
Mr is resilient modulus,
σd is the deviatoric stress (σ1- σ3)
σ1 is the major principal stress, σ3 is the minor principle stress, and
𝜀𝑟 is the recoverable axial strain.

Figure (1) Definition of Resilient Modulus (Hopkins et al. 2007)

Mechanistic design methods are widely used nowadays and it is getting popular in Egypt lately.
Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) recommend the use of resilient modulus
instead California Bearing Ratio (CBR) for pavement thickness design. Modulus is a nonlinear property
with respect to moisture content, the nonlinearity should be considered for proper design.
One of the objectives of this paper is to examine the nonlinearity of resilient modulus of unbound granular
base material (UGMs) typically used in road construction in Egypt with respect to moisture content
variation. Also the modulus values are presented using three different widely used nonlinear modulus
models. These models are models K-θ model, Uzan & Witczak model, and the universal model which has
been implemented in the MEPDG.

Literature Review
Since 1960, numerous research effort have been devoted to characterize the resilient behavior of
UGMs. Previous studies have shown that the resilient modulus and permanent strain of UGMs are affected
by many parameters such as: type of aggregate, gradation, applied stress, moisture content, matric suction,
and density Lekarp et al. (2000). It has been reported widely that resilient modulus of UGMs has a notable
dependence on moisture content or degree of saturation in both laboratory and in-situ conditions (Hicks
& Monismith 1971), (Thom & Brown 1987), (Dawson et al. 1996), (Lekarp et al. 2000), (Ekblad 2008),
(Andrei et al. 2009), (Stolle et al. 2009), (Pacheco & Nazarian 2011), (Ba 2011), Gabr and Cameron
(2012) and Gabr et al. (2013).
Hicks & Monismith (1971) reported that the resilient modulus decreases steadily as the moisture content
increases above the optimum. Saturated granular materials develop excess pore-water pressure under
repeated loading. As pore-water pressure develops, the effective stress in the granular materials decreases
with a subsequent decrease in both strength and stiffness of the material. It has been argued by number of
researchers that the pore pressure controls deformational behavior rather than the degree of saturation
(Lekarp et al. 2000). However, Thom & Brown (1987), concluded that the presence of moisture in an
aggregate assembly had some lubricating effect on particle, and hence would increase the deformation in
the aggregate assembly with a consequent reduction in resilient modulus even without a generation of any
pore water pressure. While Dawson et al. (1996) found that the stiffness of a range of well-graded unbound
aggregate below the optimum moisture content tends to increase with the increase of moisture apparently
due to development of suction then decreased with increasing the moisture content in the wet side of the
compaction curve. A marked reduction of resilient modulus as well as Poisson’s ratio has been found by
Lekarp et al. (2000) with the increase in moisture content, particularly at high degrees of saturation. Ekblad
(2008) studied the influence of water content on resilient behavior of different gradations by differing the
maximum particle size and changing the shape of grading. The author concluded that the loss of resilient
modulus has been more pronounced by increasing the water content in the higher stress levels. Andrei et
al. (2009) studied the impact of moisture content on both UGMs and subgrade soils. They found that
moisture content had little effect on the resilient modulus of base materials rather than the subgrade soils.
Stolle et al. (2009) found that an increase in the water content by approximately 2% induced a significant
decrease in Mr of specimens compacted by impact method, while only a moderate decrease of Mr is
observed for specimens compacted by vibration. Ba (2011) found that basalt specimens when prepared
in the dry side of compaction curve had become stiffer by 40% than specimens prepared in the wet side.
Gabr )2012), Gabr & Cameron )2012) and Gabr et al. )2013) studied the impact of changing the moisture
content levels in the dry side of the compaction curve on resilient modulus and permanent strain for
recycled concrete aggregates and virgin materials. They found that as the moisture content decreased the
resilient moduli increased and permanent strain decreased. Number of researchers have studied the
influence of matric suction on resilient modulus of unsaturated materials (Cary & Zapata (2011); Azam
& Cameron (2012); Azam et al. (2013); (Azam et al.(2014). Cary & Zapata (2011) found that the variation
in matric suction in pores caused the seasonal variation in resilient modulus. The resilient modulus of
unbound materials increased with the increase of matric suction and this occurred at the dry side of
compaction curve. (Azam et al. (2014) studied the effect of matric suction on resilient modulus of four
types of recycled materials . They concluded that initial matric suction had significant impact on the
stiffness of the UGMs and should be incorporated as a state parameter in the prediction of resilient
modulus. .

Resilient Modulus Predictive Models

Different models have been developed to predict the resilient modulus of UGMs. The stress state
parameter was the main factor that has been incorporated in most of the developed models. For example,
Hicks & Monismith (1971) developed the k-θ model that was based on the bulk stress as given in Equation
2.
𝑀𝑟 = 𝐾1 θ𝑘2 …………………………………………………………………………………..(2).
Where
Mr = resilient modulus, k1, k2 = regression coefficient and θ = bulk stress = (σ1+ σ2+σ3).
Uzan (1985) modified the k-θ model considering the ratio of the octahedral shear stress to the atmospheric
pressure as follows:
𝜃 𝜏𝑜𝑐𝑡 k3
Mr=k1𝑝𝑎 ( )k2 ( ) ……………………………………………………..……………….(3).
𝑝𝑎 𝑝𝑎

√2
where k1, k2, k3 are regression coefficient, 𝜏𝑜𝑐𝑡 is the octahedral shear stress = 3 [(𝜎1 − 𝜎3)] , pa is the
atmospheric pressure = 100 kPa.
The Uzan (1985) model (Equation 3) was modified and incorporated in the Mechanistic-Empirical
Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG). It is well-known as the universal Witczak model, for predicting
resilient modulus for both coarse and fine materials (ARA, 2004):
𝜃 K2 𝜏𝑜𝑐𝑡
Mr =k1𝑝𝑎 ( ) ( + 1)K3…………………………………………………………………(4).
𝑝𝑎 𝑝𝑎

Recently, several models have been developed to consider other parameters in the resilient modulus
models such as the moisture content or degree of saturation, density and matric suction. In the MEPDG,
the degree of saturation was incorporated in the resilient modulus model to relate the relative change in
the resilient modulus to the relative change in degree of saturation as follows (ARA, 2004):
b-a
a+ K2 K3
θ τ
Mr =10 1+EXP(β+Ks (S-Sopt ))
K1 pa (p ) ( poct +1) …………………………………………………(5).
a a

where MR = resilient modulus at degree of saturation S (%),

MRopt = resilient modulus at maximum dry density and OMC,
a = minimum of log(MR/MRopt), b = maximum of log(MR/MRopt);
β = location parameter – obtained as a function of a and b by imposing the condition of a zero intercept
(MR/MRopt = 1 for S = Sopt),
−𝑏
β = ln ( 𝑎 ), kS = regression parameter, (S – Sopt) = variation in degree of saturation expressed in decimal.

Many researchers (e.g..Fredlund & Xing (1994) , -Vanapalli et al. (1996)-, -Vanapalli et al.
(1998),Sawangsuriya et al. (2008)) have expounded the importance of the relationship between matric
suction and moisture content (gravimetric or volumetric) on soil behavior. This relationship was presented
by a soil water characteristic curve (SWCC). The SWCC can be established by drying a saturated sample
or by wetting a dry sample; the former is generally preferred. It has been shown that resilient modulus of
subgrade soils and unbound granular materials increases with increase of matric suction (or decrease of
moisture content) Azam and Cameron,) 2013(, and -Craciun & Lo (2010), for UGMs;Cary & Zapata
(2011), for UGMs and subgrades; Yang et al., 2005, Gupta et al., 2007Khoury & Zaman (2004), - ---,
Liang et al. )2008)and Brown, 1996, for subgrades). Azam et al. (2013) proposed a new model to predict
Mr with matric suction of UGM as below:
𝑅𝐶𝑀
𝜎𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑡 𝑈𝑚 𝐷𝐷𝑅(1−𝐾4∗ )
Mr= Kₒ ( 𝑝𝑎 )K1 (𝜏𝑟𝑒𝑓)K2 ( 𝑝𝑎 )K3 [ ] ………………………………………………………(7).
100 K5
100
Where DDR is dry density ratio, RCM recycled clay masonry and K4, K5 are regression parameters
(factors and exponent).

Investigated Material
In this research paper, one limestone aggregate used as granular base course material in road
construction projects in Egypt was investigated. This material was recruited from Suez quarries.

Laboratory Testing
The testing program included particle size distribution, specific gravity, Los Angeles abrasion test (LAA),
Atterberg limits, modified Proctor compaction, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), static triaxial shear
strength and RLTT.
Routine Engineering Testing
Sieve analysis tests were conducted in accordance with the ASTM (C136, 2001). Figure 2 presents the
Particle Size Distributions (PSD) for the aggregate material compared with the specification limits of the
Egyptian Code of Practice for Urban and Rural Roads (ECP, 2008) for a class C base course. The PSD
indicates that the material had significant percent of fines percentage of 16.5 %. The basic properties of
the investigated material are summarized in Table 1 along with the specification limits and the test
standard.

Figure (2) Particle Size Distribution for the Investigated Base Material
 Table (1) Basic Engineering Properties of the Investigated Base Material
Test Standard Test Results Specification Limits
Bulk Specific Gravity ASTM C 127 2.35
(Gsb)
Water Absorption, % 3.25 10% max
LL, % ASTM D 4318 30 25% max
PL, % 26.4
PI, % 3.6 6% max
AASHTO Soil ASTM C 136 A-1-b
Classification
MDD (gm/cm3 ) ASTM D 1557 2.22
OMC, % 7.2
LAA, % ASTM C 131 34 Not exceed 50% for
base
CBR, % ASTM D 1883 73.3 60-80%
MDD = Maximum Dry Density; OMC = Optimum Moisture Content; LAA = Los Angeles Abrasion; CBR = California
Bearing Ratio

Sample Preparation and Resilient Modulus Testing

Split steel molds 300 mm high and internal diameter of 150 mm, were used for the material compaction.
Specimens were compacted in six layers at Maximum Dry Density (MDD) according to the modified
Proctor compaction effort with optimum moisture content. Three moisture contents levels were used to
investigate the effect of moisture content on the resilient modulus of the investigated unbound granular
material (optimum moisture content, dry of optimum and wet of optimum). All samples were prepared at
OMC, samples tested dry of optimum were air dried at room temperature as shown in Figure (3). While
samples tested wet of optimum were left in humid environment to get wet and then tested as shown Figure
(4) & Figure (5)). The final moisture content after each test was determined.
Generally, after preparation sample were left one day of curing before de-molding and testing. The final
height, diameter and weight of each specimen were recorded before performing the test. The rubber
membrane was stretched around the specimen by the membrane stretcher and then the membrane was
sealed to the end caps by means of O-rings. Two external Linear Variable Differential Transducers
(LVDTs), were mounted externally to the cell.

Split steel molds, were manufactured for the material compaction. The molds were 300 mm high and had
an internal diameter of 150 mm. Specimens were compacted in six layers at Maximum Dry Density
(MDD) according to the modified Proctor compaction effort. Five moisture contents were chosen to
investigate the effect of moisture content on the resilient modulus of the unbound granular material. All
samples were prepared at OMC. Samples were tested at OMC, others were left in air at room temperature
to dry as shown in Figure (3) or put in humid environment to get wet and then tested. The wetting method
is shown in Figures (4) and (5).
Generally, just one day of curing occurred before de-molding and testing. The final height, diameter and
density of each specimen were recorded before performing the test. The rubber membrane was stretched
around the specimen by the membrane stretcher and then the membrane was sealed to the end caps by
means of O-rings. Two external Linear Variable Differential Transducers (LVDTs), were mounted
externally to the cell.
The base samples were subjected to repeated load in a triaxial cell using the UTM-25 (available in the
H&AE Lab and shown in Figure 6) in accordance with AASHTO T307 test protocol. Combinations of
applied repeated vertical and static confining pressure were applied over 15 sequences to characterize the
vertical resilient strain response. The number of load repetitions was 100 cycles per sequence. The load
shape was haversine with 0.1 second loading duration and 0.9 second as rest period. Every specimen was
conditioned with confining pressure of 103.4 KPa for 500 cycle of 93.1 kpa deviator stress.

Figure (3) Air Dry Test Specimen Figure (4) Wet Specimen Preparation

Figure (5) Wetting Specimen in Humid Environment

 Figure (6) Universal Testing Machine (UTM-25) at H&AE LAB

Results and Analysis

According to AASHTO T307 test protocol the resilient modulus is determined based on the average
of the last five cycles. The results of the resilient modulus for all specimens of the crushed lime stone
base aggregate with the moisture contents is presented in Figure 6. The samples moisture content were
measured at the end of each test and the results are shown in Table 2. The samples tested wet of optimum
showed a decrease in resilient modulus compared to samples tested at optimum moisture content. For
sample tested (2%) above optimum moisture content (Mropt+2%) the modulus decreased from 392 MPa
(sample tested at optimum moisture content) to 198 MPa for which is almost 50% decrease in modulus.
It should be noted that the samples failed in the loading sequence number 14 for the samples tested at the
wet side. While, samples tested dry of optimum have a significant increase in resilient modulus. For
sample tested (3.2%) below optimum moisture content (Mropt-3.2%) the modulus increased from 392
MPa to 669 MPa for which is almost 70% increased in modulus compared to samples tested at optimum
moisture content. For sample tested (1.5%) below optimum moisture content (Mropt-1.5%) the modulus
increased from 392 MPa to 542.9 MPa for which is almost 38% increased in modulus compared to samples
tested at optimum moisture content

Table (2) Final Moisture Content and Relative Compaction of Test Specimens after Testing

Speciemn
Test Mropt Mropt -3.2% Mropt -1.5% Mropt +2.0% Mropt +2.2%
Wc, % 7.22 3.99 5.61 9.42 9.59
MDD, gm/cm3 2.199 2.195 2.190 2.189 2.192
Relative
99.08 98.85 98.7 98.63 98.75
Compaction, %
 Figure (6) Effect of Change in Water Content on Resilient Modulus
Several published models for prediction of resilient modulus which are widely used in mechanistic design
software were examined using the experimental data. K Uzan 1985 and the universal model are widely
accepted models that are routinely used in different software pavement design methods all over the world.
A nonlinear optimization technique (i.e., Solver in Microsoft Excel) was utilized to compute the regression
constants for each model at different moisture content levels . Figures 8 to 16 display the correlation
between the predicted modulus values and the measured ones for the samples prepared at OMC by using
the three different models. The regression constants are shown in the figure for each model. In general,
the resilient modulus data provided “excellent” fit to all models as indicated by the high coefficients of
determination (R2).

K1=102.67 k1=3.71
K2=0.272 k2=0.688
R2=0.978 R2=0.968
R2adj=0.97 R2adj=0.96
se/sy=0.14 se/sy=0.17
8 7

Figure (8) Predicted Vs. Measured Mr at OMC using Figure (8) Predicted Vs. Measured Mr at OMC-3.2% using
Hicks1971 Model Hicks1971 Model
 K1=0.308
K2=1.2059
K3=-0.48293
R2=0.997
R2 adj=0.996
se/sy=0.0515

Figure (10) Predicted Vs. Measured Mr at OMC+2% using Figure (8) Predicted Vs. Measured Mr at OMC using
Hicks 1971 Model (Uzan- Witczak1985) Model

700 250

600
200
Mr predicted (MPa)

500
mr predicted

150
400

300 k1=0.36507
k1=5.231 100 k2=0.8958
k2=0.0907
200 k3=0.1744 k3=-0.0297
R2=0.997 50 R2=0.984
100 R2 adj=0.99 R2adj=0.981
se/sy=0.049 se/sy=0.126
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0 50 100 150 200 250
Mr measured (MPa) Mr measured (MPa)

Figure (12) Predicted Vs. Measured Mr at OMC-3.2% using Figure (13) Predicted Vs. Measured Mr at OMC+2% using
(Uzan- Witczak1985) Model (Uzan- Witczak1985) Model
 800
450
700
400

Mr predicted (MPa)
600
Mr predictive (MPa)

350
300 500
250 400
K1=358.8377Kk
200 k1=0.825637 300 k2=0.1945
k2=1.0257 K3=0.25211
150 k3=-0.9078 200 R2=0.9975
100 R2=0.99 R2adj=0.9971
R2adj=0.997 100 se/sy=0.0499
50 se/sy=0.0507
0
0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
0 100 200 300 400
Mr measured(MPa)
Mr measured (MPa)

Figure (14) Predicted Vs. Measured Mr at OMC using the Figure (15) Predicted Vs. Measured Mr at OMC-3.2% using
Universal Model the Universal Model

Figure (16) Predicted Vs. Measured Mr at OMC+2% using the Universal Model

Conclusions
Repeated load triaxial test was conducted on crushed aggregate lime stone in order to study the
effect of changing water content on resilient modulus of unbound granular aggregate. The specimens were
tested to determine the resilient modulus in accordance with AASHTO T-307 test procedure. Modulus of
typical granular unbound material used in Egypt was characterized for three moisture conditions: dry of
optimum, OMC, and wet of optimum. The modulus increased significantly due to the reduction of
moisture content below the optimum value. This phenomenon can be attributed to suction development
due to drying which provides additional confinement to the samples. The results show an increase of
resilient modulus as high as 70% due to a 3% reduction in moisture content below the optimum moisture.
On the other hand, increasing moisture content above optimum reduced the resilient modulus significantly.
It appears that pore water generation results in reduction in soil stiffness and as a result a significant
reduction in resilient modulus.
There is a significant effect of moisture on the modulus of base material in Egypt particularly those
composed from limestone. This phenomenon have a great effect on the design of pavement especially in
wet region where increase in base material moisture content may be expected. The nonlinearity of the base
material used in this paper can be represented with well-established resilient modulus models proposed in
the literature. These models have been incorporated in several numerical modeling programs adapting the
mechanistic approach for pavement design (e.g. MEPDG).

References
American Assocition of highway and transportation officials T307-99. Standard Method of Test for
Determining the Resilient Modulus of Soil and Aggregate Materials,2003
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM),” Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine
and Coarse Aggregates 1”, DesignationC136-01, 2001.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM),”Standard test method for Laboratory Compaction
Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort”, Designation D 1557, 1995.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM),” Standard Test Method for Relative Density
(Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate”, Designation C 127-15, 1995.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM),” Standard Test Method for Resistance to
Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine
”, Designation C 127, 1995
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM),” Standard Test Method for California Bearing
Ratio (CBR) of Laboratory-Compacted Soils”, Designation D 1883, 1995.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM),” Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic
Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soil”, Designation D 4318, 1995

Egyptian code for Urban and rural roads-part 4,2008" Road materials and its tests", table 1-3-2, pp28,
Edition 1, 104/4.

Egyptian code for Urban and rural roads-part 4, 2008" Road materials and its tests", pp27, Edition 1,
104/4.

Egyptian code for Urban and rural roads-part 4, 2008 " Road materials and its tests", table 1-3-2, pp26, Edition 1,
104/4.

ARA, Inc., ERES Consultants Division, 2004. Guide for Mechanistic-Empirical Design of New and Rehabilitated
Pavement Structures. Prepared for National Cooperative Highway Research Program, NCHRP 1-37A Final
Report,” Washington, D.C.

Andrei, D., Witczak, M.W. & Houston, W.N., 2009. Resilient modulus predictive model for unbound
pavement materials. In Contemporary Topics in Ground Modification, Problem Soils, and Geo-
Support. pp. 401–408.

Azam, a M., Cameron, D. a & Rahman, M.M., 2013. Model for prediction of resilient modulus
incorporating matric suction for recycled unbound granular materials. Canadian Geotechnical
Journal, 50(November 2012), pp.1143–1158.

Azam, a. M. & Cameron, D. a., 2012. Geotechnical Properties of Blends of Recycled Clay Masonry and
Recycled Concrete Aggregates in Unbound Pavement Construction. Journal of Materials in Civil
Engineering, (June), p.120829040349008.

Azam, A.M. et al., Matric Suction in Recycled Unbound Granular Materials. In Geo-Congress 2014
Technical Papers@ sGeo-characterization and Modeling for Sustainability. pp. 1367–1376.

Ba, M., 2012. Effect of Compaction Moisture Content on the Resilient Modulus of Unbound Aggregates
from Senegal (West Africa). Geomaterials, 02(01), pp.19–23.

Ba, M., 2011. Resilient Modulus of Unbound Aggregate Base Courses from Senegal (West Africa).
Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 01(01), pp.1–6.

C136-01, A., 2001. Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates.

Cary, C.E. & Zapata, C.E., 2011. Resilient Modulus for Unsaturated Unbound Materials. Road
Materials and Pavement Design, 12(3), pp.615–638.

Craciun, O. & Lo, S.-C.R., 2010. Matric suction measurement in stress path cyclic triaxial testing of
unbound granular base materials. ASTM geotechnical testing journal, 33(1), pp.33–44.

Dawson, A.R., Thom, N.H. & Paute, J.L., 1996. Mechanical characteristics of unbound granular
materials as a function of condition. Gomes Correia, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp.35–44.

Ekblad, J., 2008. Water in coarse granular materials : Resilient and retentive properties. , pp.117–123.

Fredlund, D.G. & Xing, A., 1994. Equations for the soil-water characteristic curve. Canadian
geotechnical journal, 31(4), pp.521–532.

Gabr, A., 2012. Repeated load testing for primary evaluation of recycled concrete aggregate in
pavements.

Gabr, A.R. & Cameron, D.A., 2011. Properties of recycled concrete aggregate for unbound pavement
construction. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 24(6), pp.754–764.
 Gabr, A.R., Mills, K.G. & Cameron, D.A., 2013. Repeated load triaxial testing of recycled concrete
aggregate for pavement base construction. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 31(1),
pp.119–132.

Hicks, R.G. & Monismith, C.L., 1971. Factors influencing the resilient response of granular materials.
Highway research record, (345).

Hopkins, T.C., Beckham, T.L. & Sun, C., 2007. Resilient modulus of compacted crushed stone
aggregate bases.

Khoury, N. & Zaman, M., 2004. Correlation between resilient modulus, moisture variation, and soil
suction for subgrade soils. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation
Research Board, (1874), pp.99–107.

Lekarp, F., Isacsson, U. & Dawson, A., 2000. State of the art. I: Resilient response of unbound
aggregates. Journal of transportation engineering, 126(1), pp.66–75.

Liang, R.Y., Rabab’ah, S. & Khasawneh, M., 2008. Predicting Moisture-Dependent Resilient Modulus
of Cohesive Soils Using Soil Suction Concept. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 134(1),
pp.34–40.

Pacheco, L.G. & Nazarian, S., 2011. Impact of Moisture Content and Density on Stiffness-Based
Acceptance of Geomaterials. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation
Research Board, 2212(-1), pp.1–13.

Sawangsuriya, A., Edil, T.B. & Bosscher, P.J., 2008. Modulus-suction-moisture relationship for
compacted soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 45(7), pp.973–983.

Stolle, D., Guo, P. & Liu, Y., 2009. Resilient modulus properties of granular highway materials.
Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 36(4), pp.639–654.

Thom, N.H. & Brown, S.F., 1987. Effect of moisture on the structural performance of a crushed-
limestone road base,

Uzan, J., 1985. Characterization of granular material. Transportation Research Record, (1022).

Vanapalli, S.K. et al., 1996. Model for the prediction of shear strength with respect to soil suction.
Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 33(3), pp.379–392.

Vanapalli, S.K., Sillers, W.S. & Fredlund, M.D., 1998. The meaning and relevance of residual state to
unsaturated soils. In 51st Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Edmonton, Alberta.

View publication stats