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Rubber Creep Behavior Investigation with Multi Wall Tube Carbon Nano
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
(IJM
Volume 9, Issue 12, December 2018,
201 pp. 729–746, Article ID: IJMET_09_12_0733
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=12
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
0976

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

RUBBER CREEP BEHAVIOR

BEHAVIOR INVESTIGATION
WITH MULTI WALL TUBE CARBON NANO
PARTICLE MATERIAL EFFECT
EFFECT
Marwah Mohammed Abdulridha,
Abdulridha NasreenDakelFahad
University of Kufa, Faculty of Engineering, Materials Engineering Department, Iraq

Muhannad Al-Waily
University of Kufa, Faculty of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, Iraq

Kadhim K. Resan
Al-Mustansiriyah
iriyah University, Faculty of Engineering, Materials Engineering Department, Iraq

ABSTRACT
The rubber materials is very important materials its using in large engineering
application, therefore, the modified for mechanical properties and behavior for its
materials investigation form many researchers. But, more researchers were focused
on the investigation
igation for properties of its materials by variable the amount for each
compound
ompound adding in composition of the rubber material. But, this processing given
modifying for properties and behavior did not exceed about (20%).. Therefore, from
previous my paper presented for modified materials by reinforcement with Nano
particle materials shown that the mechanical properties and behavior increasing with
high value lead to about ut (60%),
(60%) as in composite materials.. Then, in this paper,
investigation
ation the modified for mechanical properties and creep behavior for rubber
materials by reinforcement with carbon multi wall Nano particle materials. Where,
the investigation include evaluated the mechanical properties (strength for rubber)
and mechanical creep behavior with various weight fraction effect for Nano particle
materials. There, the study was achieved through experimental technique by
manufacturing multi rubber samples with different Nano particle weight fraction, and
then, test its samples by ten
ensile and creep machines to evaluate mechanical properties
and behavior for its materials.
materials There, the weight fraction for Nano particle used are
0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1
1% . In addition, the creep behavior investigation
numerically by using finite te element technique with using Ansys package, and then,
comparison the results evaluated together with experimental calculated results.
Where, the comparison shown that the maximum error not exceed (8.36%). Finally,
the investigation shown that the mechanical
mechan properties and creep behavior for rubber
materials modified to about (65%) with reinforcement by 1% for multi wall
carbon Nano material.

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 Marwah Mohammed Abdulridha, NasreenDakelFahad, Muhannad Al-Waily and Kadhim K. Resan

Key words: Rubber, Creep Rubber, Carbon Nano, Black Carbon, Natural Rubber.

Cite this Article: Marwah Mohammed Abdulridha, NasreenDakelFahad, Muhannad

Al-Waily and Kadhim K. Resan, Rubber Creep Behavior Investigation with Multi
Wall Tube Carbon Nano Particle Material Effect, International Journal of Mechanical
Engineering and Technology, 9(12), 2018, pp. 729–746.
http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=12

1. INTRODUCTION
The rubber materials are used in large engineering application, therefore, it was necessary to
modified the mechanical properties and behavior for its materials. Thus, since one of
engineering application is applied load with long time, then, its load lead to deformation the
rubber materials with time, this behavior can be called a creep behavior for rubber materials.
Therefore, more application for rubber material is using as damping part,there, the increase
for damping rubber lead to decrease the resonance for structure, in addition to, other
important application for rubber material is using for control on the vibration system. Then,
the vibration for rubber lead to deformation the rubber with time, its behavior called creep
behavior. Then, the modified for creep behavior for rubber is very impartment main of rubber
investigation. There, one way to modified the rubber creep behavior is reinforcement by
carbon particle, since, the carbon particle given the rubber chemical stable production and
other modifying. Also, since the Nano particle reinforcement modifying the mechanical
properties and behavior for structure with high value, then, using the Nano particle carbon
multi wall materials as reinforcement to rubber materials to modified the mechanical
properties and behavior for its materials.
Thus, the creep behavior for rubber is accordant on the time for applied stress and
temperature applied. Then, the creep behavior regions are dividing to three parts, as, firstly,
the creep primary region, second, the constant rate for creep, and finally, the tertiary creep
region. therefore, the important region for creep material is the secondary region, then, main
investigation goal is modified the second region for creep behavior by different techniques.
Therefore, due to important for rubber materials, then, many researchers were investigation
the modified for its materials by different techniques, there, the following researchers are
shown same techniques used for modified the mechanical behavior and properties for its
material, as,
Firstly, at 2010, A. Mostafa et. al, [1], investigated for the filled vulcanizates behavior and
properties with effect of filler particle and matrix rubber materials. Where, the filler particle
materials added as reinforcement to the rubber for modifying of multi mechanical properties
as tensile, distortion for heat, stiffness and other characterizations. Thus, the experimental
technique was used to investigate the mechanical characterizations for rubber materials with
effect for the filler reinforcement materials. Then, at, 2012, Z. Ahmad et. al, [2], presented the
overtime change for the adhesives material change with long loading subjected. Where, the
investigation included study for the rubber creep material with effect for the Nano particle
materials. Where, the investigation studied two types for adhesives epoxy based with Nano
particle materials effect. In addition, the experimental technique was used to shown the creep
behavior for its effect. Also, the results were shown that the creep deformation for rubber
material decrease with reinforcement Nano materials. Also, at same year, Y. Jia et. al,
[3],investigated the effect for Nanotube carbon materials on the creep behavior and
mechanical properties for the polyurethane materials. In addition, the mechanical properties,
strength and modulus of elasticity, are investigation. Thus, the investigation shown that the

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 Rubber Creep Behavior Investigation with Multi Wall Tube Carbon Nano Particle Material Effect

reinforcement by Nano particle lead to modified the mechanical properties and creep behavior
for materials.
Y. Nakaramontri et. al, at 2014, [4],studied the modified for the mechanical properties for
natural rubber materials by reinforcement with Nano tube carbon particle material. Where, the
investigation include used the experimental technique to evaluate its properties for rubber
composite materials. Thus, the in situ technique was used in this investigation, with using for
internal mixing process to adding the Nano carbon particle material. Also, with and without
silane modification was used to characterized the interaction between the molecules of rubber
material and carbon Nano materials surface, by using measurement with ATR-FTIR. Then, at
2015, M. A. Ahmed et. al, [5], presented the effect for Nano particle rubber material on the
mechanical properties of epoxy material. Where, the investigation included evaluate the
strength and modulus of elasticity of epoxy resin materials with effect for rubber Nano
materials.
Then, F. Daver el al, at 2016, [6], presented investigation for Nano particle materials
effect on the composite rubber materials. Where, the study included evaluate for creep and
time deformation behavior for rubber materials with Nano composite effect by using
experimental technique. In addition, used numerical technique, by using finite element
method, to calculate the strain-time behavior for rubber material with Nano material effect.
Thus, the numerical technique include used for Abaqus package to study the creep of
composite. Also, the investigation, include using analytical solution by using model for four
element mechanistic to analysis the creep behavior for composite. Therefore, the results
evaluated shown that the creep and other characterizations investigation for rubber materials
dependent on the, composition compound for composite, Nano materials reinforcement, and
other parameters.
After this, at 2017, J. Su et. al, [7],investigated the effect of the Nano carbon particles
material on the mechanical properties for composite rubber materials. Thus, theyellower,
darker bluer, greener and other characterizations for composite rubber materials were
investigated with effect for the Nano carbon material by using experimental technique.
Finally, the results showed that the change for the total color were accepted with Nano
particle reinforcement (2 wt%), and the maximum tensile strength for rubber materials was
occurred for Nano reinforcement (3 wt%). Also, at same year, M. J. Jweeg et. al, [8],
investigation the fatigue behavior and tensile strength for rubber material with various carbon
filler particle material effect. Where, the studied included investigation three values for
weight fraction carbon filler effect on the tensile and creep rubber materials by using
experimental technique. Therefore, by investigation evaluated that the tensile and creep
behavior modified by reinforcement with carbon filler particle.
Finally, at 2018, M. Al-Waily et. al, [9-10], presented investigation for zinc oxide Nano
particle materials on the mechanical properties for composite rubber material, [9], and effect
of its Nano materials on the wire cord lead for rubber material, [10]. Where, the investigation
included using experimental technique to evaluate this properties and characterizations for
rubber materials with effect for weight fraction zinc Nano particle materials. Thus, the
investigation shown that the adding for Nano materials increase for the mechanical properties
and behavior for rubber. In addition, the investigation presented for effect of Nano zinc
materials on the wire core load for rubber materials, [10], included also study the effect of
temperature parametrical on the its characterization, and, shown that the temperature applied
on the rubber materials can be increasing when reinforced the rubber materials by Nano
particle zinc material.
Then, from the previous researches can be shown that the investigation for Nano particle
materials effect were presented to shown the modified for mechanical properties and behavior

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 Marwah Mohammed Abdulridha, NasreenDakelFahad, Muhannad Al-Waily and Kadhim K. Resan

of rubber materials with experimental technique. Therefore, in this work investigating the
effect of carbon Nano particle multi wall material on the mechanical properties, strength for
rubber, and creep behavior for rubber material, with various weight fraction Nano materials
effect (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1wt%). Where, the investigation presented by using experimental
technique to evaluate the rubber strength and creep behavior, in addition to, using numerical
technique, by using finite element technique with using Ansys package, to evaluate the creep
rubber materials behavior with Nano particle effect, and then, comparison the results for creep
behavior together. Also, the investigation included manufacturing for creep machine to testing
the creep rubber sample, and then, testing the rubber samples by its machine. Where, the
tensile and creep samples are manufacturing experimentally accordant on the ASTM stander.

2. MATERIALS SPECIFICATIONS
The materials used were natural rubber materials reinforcement by carbon Nano particle
materials and other materials combined to modified the mechanical properties and behavior
for its materials. Then, application its materials with various engineering application, in
addition to, used its materials with same application for rubber materials without
reinforcement by Nano materials but with properties bester than for natural rubber. Therefore,
the specified for rubber materials used can be conclusion, as, the transition temperature for
rubber materials about (73 ). Also, due to the molecular structure regularity for rubber
materials, the rubber materials have high strength and height abrasion and tearing resistance.
Therefore, due to this specifications for rubber materials, then, its materials application with
various engineering applications, as, wire insulation, toys, belts, tire for car and light truck,
belts for conveyor, heels for shoe, mats for the vehicle, various belts types, the flooring and
other productions.
There, the best materials adding for the natural rubber material is black carbon material,
where, its material is a pure powder carbon production by various processes as, incomplete
combustion, gaseous thermal decomposition, and controlled condition for hydrocarbons
liquid. There, the best reasons for adding the carbon black for rubber materials can be
conclusion, as,
1. The black carbon have most stable for the chemical production.
2. The black carbon have high surface area and extreme fineness.
3. Pigment the rubber with black.
4. Electrically properties for conductive.
Then due to presented specifications for carbon black, then, the carbon is the Nano
materials most widely used for rubber materials to given more modified for mechanical
properties and behaviors of its materials with various applications. There, the specified for
Nano carbon multi tube materials used, [11], are,
1. Length for Nano materials tube about 5 ,
2. Outer diameter for Nano tube about 6 − 9 ,
3. The materials adding as a filler particle materials, and, the range used about 0 to 1wt% .
Therefore, the rubber materials used to reinforcement by carbon Nano materials is
compound from natural (NR) rubber, styrene butadiene (SBR) rubber, black carbon filled
(N330), sulfur, filler, and other compound materials, in addition to, multi wall carbon Nano
material. Where, the characterizations for rubber used to reinforcement by Nano materials and
same compound to its rubber can be presenting in Tables 1 to 3.The mechanical properties
and behavior dependent on multi parameters, but the best parametric is the compounds for
rubber materials. Therefore, the reinforcement for rubber materials with Nano particle lead to
change for rubber mechanical properties with significantly. Where, the important mechanical

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 Rubber Creep Behavior Investigation with Multi Wall Tube Carbon Nano Particle Material Effect

properties must be investigation is the tensile properties behavior for rubber material, where,
the tensile behavior for materials can be calculating by tensile test machine. Since the rubber
materials are polymer materials, then, the behavior for rubber materials compatible to
polymer stress-strain behavior, therefore, the output for tensile test for rubber materials are
given the following data, as,
1. Break tensile strength materials.
2. Elasticity modulus for rubber materials at various elongation, as, 100%, 200%, 300%.
3. Break elongation for rubber materials.
Where, the its tensile results values are dependent on the rubber compound, where, the
investigation required modified for its properties with minimum cost for rubber
manufacturing and with low weight. In addition, the investigation required modified its
properties with the simplest techniques of manufacturing without complicated procedures.
Also, safety during manufacturing is one of the essentials to be considered.

Table 1 Characterizations for Rubber Material used.

Materials
Specification
NR Rubber SBR Rubber
Specific Gravity 0.941 0.95
Transition Temperature -72 -55
Color Red Yellow
Hardness 20-100 40-85
Strength (MPa) 17.18-25 21.85-26

Table 2 Sulfur Materials Characterizations.

Specification
Specific Volatiles at Ash at Sulfur Iron Content Arsenic Content
Gravity ! % "" ! % Content (%) #$/&$ #$/&$
Values 2.1 0.5 Max. 0.2 Max. 99 Min. 300 Max. 5 Max.

Table 3 Black Carbon Characterizations.

Specification
Ash Content Iodine Adsorption PH Pour Density Sulfur Content
Max.% $/&$ '&$/#( ) Max.%
Values 0.75 122 6-9 360 1.5

3. EXPERIMENTALTECHNIQUES
The experimental technique used to evaluated the characterization for structure with accepted
results comparison with other techniques, [12-18], then, its technique can be using to
evaluated the mechanical characterization of rubber materials. Therefore, the its technique is
using to evaluate the creep behavior for rubber materials, in addition to, evaluating the tensile
properties for rubber materials, with various weight fraction for carbon Nano particle effect.
Where, the weight fraction are reinforcement for rubber materials are 0.2 * 1 %, [11].
Thus, the experimental work first, required manufacturing the samples types for tensile and
creep behavior for rubber material. Therefore, the tensile and creep samples are
manufacturing requirement manufacture its samples accordant on the ASTM stander, [19-28],
there, the tensile sample manufactured by using (D412-98)ASTM stander, [29], as shown in
Fig. 1, also, the creep samples, manufactured by using (D2990) ASTM stander, [30].

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 Marwah Mohammed Abdulridha, NasreenDakelFahad, Muhannad Al-Waily and Kadhim K. Resan

a. sckage for tensile sample b. Rupper tensile sample

Fig. 1. Tensile samples accordant to (D412-98) ASTM stander.

Firstly, the manufacturing for rubber sample including the following steeps, as, mixing,
shaping, generally molding, and, vulcanizing. Thus, the manufacturing for rubber samples
with various combined can be conclusion with the flow chart shown in Fig. 2, for multi
steppes. Where, the mixing for rubber included master batch and then reinforcement the
rubber by carbon black and carbon Nano material, and finally the mixing included the final
batch process. Then, by using tensile test machine, shown in Fig. 3, and by test five tensile
samplesfor each effect of Nano particle weight fraction and then using the average values for
its samples, [31-40], can be evaluate the mechanical tensile properties for rubber materials
with various Nano carbon weight fraction effect. Where, the tensile machine used with the
characterizations, as,
1. The elongation of 100% use for modulus.
2. The elongation and strength use at the break.
3. The ASTM D412-98 stander used for vulcanizing at 20 temperature.
4. The tensile sample used accordant to ASTM D412-98.
5. The force applied of tensile machine was 1 +,.
6. The velocity for move part of tensile machine was 20 / - .
Also, the test for creep behaviormade for three samples for each weight fraction Nano
particle reinforcement effect, then, using the average values for its results, [41-48]. Then, by
using creep machine, shown in Fig. 4, can be calculate its characterizations for rubber
material with various Nano carbon weight fraction effect.

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Rubber Creep Behavior Investigation with Multi Wall Tube Carbon Nano Particle Material Effect

Fig. 2. Flow chart for Rubber Manufacturing Steppes with Nano Particle Reinforcement

Fig. 3. Tensile Test Machine.

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 Marwah Mohammed Abdulridha, NasreenDakelFahad, Muhannad Al-Waily and Kadhim K. Resan

Fig. 4. Creep Machine for Rubber Materials.

Where, the following characterizations for creep machine shown the steppes for creep test, as,
1. The test evaluate the properties for viscoelastic materials.
2. The creep behavior used for the creep- machine are accordant to the ASTM (D2990)
stander.
3. The load applied by creepmachine about (11 * 17 +.), where its load under the yield
stress for materials test.
Then, After mixing the mixture components, for rubber materials with Nano particle, and
conducting the process vulcanization the rubber processes will produce the following
specifications for samples manufactured, as, the rubber chain become cross-linked, the rubber
materials become strong elastic rubber materials, the rubber materials become insoluble
materials in to solvent, and, the rubber become more strength for the heat and aging
processes.
Therefore, the testing include evaluate the mechanical properties (strength for rubber
materials), creep behavior for rubber materials with various weight fraction effect of multi
wall carbon Nano particle materials effect, as, (0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1%).

3. CREEP FINITE ELEMENT TECHNIQUE

The numerical techniques used to comparison for results evaluated by other techniques its
evaluated by analytical or experimental work, [49-57], to given the agreement for results
evaluated. Therefore, the method for finite element is perfect techniques can be used to
evaluate the mechanical behavior for various engineering application, [58-65]. Thus, the creep
behavior for rubber materials analysis by using Ansys package with various effect for carbon
Nano particle materials. Firstly, after modeling the creep sample by Ansys program,then
selecting the required elements and nodes number by using mesh generation steeping,[66-70],
as shown in Fig. 5, accordant on the element type required selected. Where, the element type
selected is (solid 185), Fig. 6, therefore, the number elements and nodesare required about
(250) and (2000), respectively. Where the following characterizations have for its element,
are,

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 Rubber Creep Behavior Investigation with Multi Wall Tube Carbon Nano Particle Material Effect

1. Application for three dimension engineering structure.

2. The element have eight nodes with three degree for freedom in each node, as translations
displacement in x, y, and z-directions.
3. The element application for plasticity materials and behavior.
4. The element application to evaluate the stiffening stress.
5. The element application to evaluate large strain and deflection behavior for structure.
6. The element application for swelling and creep behavior.
7. Can be using anisotropic or orthotropic materials properties with application for its
element.

Fig. 5. Mesh Generation for Creep Behavior to Select Element Type Solid 185 Numbers.

Fig. 6. Element Type Solid 185.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results for strength and creep behavior of rubber material with various carbon Nano
particle Material weight fraction effect are presented by experimental and numerical
techniques. Where, the results for its investigation can be divided to three parts, first,
evaluated the strength for rubber materials with Nano materials effect by using experimental
technique, second, evaluating the creep behavior for rubber materials, with Nano particle
effect, experimentally. Finally, using the experimental results for rubber strength, evaluate
experimentally, as input data for numerical techniques to evaluate the creep behavior for its

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 Marwah Mohammed Abdulridha, NasreenDakelFahad, Muhannad Al-Waily and Kadhim K. Resan

materials numerically, and then, comparison its results with experimental resultsto given the
maximum error for results calculated.

4.1. Rubber Strength Results

To evaluate the strength for rubber material experimentally, testing five rubber sample for
each weight fraction for Nano reinforcement effect, and then , using the average value for
each weight fraction effect to calculate the strength value for rubber material with different
Nano particle effect 0 * 1 % , as shown in Fig. 7. Therefore, in Fig. 8, presented the
strength for rubber material with Nano particle materials effect, then, from its figure can be
see that the strength for its materials increase with reinforcement by Nano material.In
addition, the figure shown that the increase for strength lead to about (60%).

Fig. 7. Five Samples for Test for Each Nano Particle Fraction Effect.

Fig. 8. Strength for Rubber Material with Nano Particle Effect.

4.2. Creep Rubber Behavior

The creep behavior for rubber material with various weight Nano particle reinforcement
effect, with time behavior, investigation at Fig. 9. Where, from this figure shown that the
increase for reinforcement Nano particle lead to decrease the creep deformation for rubber
materials. Thus, the modified for creep behavior for rubber materials by reinforcement with
Nano materials lead to about (65%), as shown in Figs. 9 and 10. There, from figure can be see

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 Rubber Creep Behavior Investigation with Multi Wall Tube Carbon Nano Particle Material Effect

that the modified for mechanical behavior for rubber materials, by carbon Nano reinforcement
material, large than the modified for its behavior with other techniques. Thus, the main reason
for the improvement in rubber creep behavior is due to the increased strength of chain to
rubber due to the reinforcement of carbon Nano particle material. Also, the adding for Nano
carbon material lead to improvement the strength for rubber materials due to same reason.

Fig. 9. Rubber Creep Behavior with Various Weight Fraction Nano Particle Effect.

Fig. 10. Rubber Creep with Carbon Nano Particle Material Effect.

4.3. Comparison Creep Results

To give an agreement for experimental results calculate, for creep behavior of rubber
materials, shown in Fig. 9, make comparison for its results with other creep results calculating
by using finite element technique, as shown in Fig. 11, for various weight fraction Nano
material effect. Then, form this figure can be shown that the maximum error for evaluated
results are not exceed (8.36%). Thus, this value for error accepted for mechanical results,
therefore, form this results can be dependent on the experimental or numerical technique to
evaluate the creep behavior for rubber material with various weight fraction for Nano particle
material effect.

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 Marwah Mohammed Abdulridha, NasreenDakelFahad, Muhannad Al-Waily and Kadhim K. Resan

a. 0 wt% Nano b. 0.2 wt% Nano

c. 0.4wt% Nano d. 0.6wt% Nano

e. 0.8wt% Nano f. 1wt% Nano

Fig. 11. Comparison for Experimental and Numerical Rubber Creep Behavior with Nano Material
Effect.

5. CONCLUSIONS
The investigation include using experimental technique to evaluate the mechanical strength
and creep behavior for rubber material with various carbon Nano particle material effect. In
addition, the investigation also, include using numerical technique to evaluate creep behavior
for its material, and then, comparisons results with experimental results. Then, from its
investigation can be conclusion the following impartment points, as,
1. The experimental investigation used was perfect technique can be using to analysis the
effect of carbon Nano particle material on the mechanical properties and creep behavior of
rubber materials, with using the average values for five tensile samples to evaluate the
mechanical properties and average values for three creep samples to calculate the creep
behavior.

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 Rubber Creep Behavior Investigation with Multi Wall Tube Carbon Nano Particle Material Effect

2. The comparison for creep results for rubber materials, with various Nano particle material
effect, between experimental and numerical techniques are given a good agreement
between its techniques used, with maximum error about (8.36%).
3. The three steeps for creep behavior of rubber material modified with adding carbon Nano
particle material, where, the modified include reduced the creep deformation for rubber
with increasing the Nano adding and increasing the time rang for secondary creep step.
Where, the modified for creep behavior for its material lead to about (65%).
4. The reinforcement for carbon Nano particle material lead to modified the strength for
rubber material with high value lead to about (60%). Where, the improvement for creep
behavior and strength for rubber materials, due to increase for the temperature resistance
for rubber.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to express thanks for the Mechanical and Materials Engineering
Department-Faculty of Engineering at University of Kufa, and Materials Engineering
Department-College of Engineering at Al-Mustansiriyah University-Baghdad, Iraq.

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Engineering Congress and Exposition, 2012.
[15] AbdulkareemAbdulrazzaqAlhumdany, Muhannad Al-Waily, Mohammed Hussein
Kadhim Al-Jabery ‘Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Using Date Palm Nuts
Powder into Mechanical Properties and Fundamental Natural Frequencies of Hyper
Composite Plate’ International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering
IJMME-IJENS, Vol. 16, No. 01, 2016.
[16] Muhsin J. Jweeg, A. A. Alhumandy, H. A. Hamzah ‘Material Characterization and Stress
Analysis of Openings in Syme’s Prosthetics’ International Journal of Mechanical &
Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS, Vol. 17, No. 04, 2017.
[17] Ayad M. Takhakh, Saif M. Abbas ‘Manufacturing and Analysis of Carbon Fiber Knee
Ankle Foot Orthosis’ International Journal of Engineering & Technology, Vol. 07, No. 04,
pp. 2236-2240, 2018.
[18] Ragad Aziz Neama, Maher A.R. Sadiq Al-Baghdadi, Muhannad Al-Waily ‘Effect of
Blank Holder Force and Punch Number on the Forming Behavior of Conventional Dies’
International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS, Vol. 18,
No. 04, 2018.
[19] Ghaith G. Hameed, Muhsin J. Jweeg, Ali Hussein ‘Springback and side wall curl of metal
sheet in plain strain deep drawing’ Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 04, No. 05,
pp. 192-201, 2009.
[20] Muhsin J. Jweeg, Sameer HashimAmeen ‘Experimental and theoretical investigations of
dorsiflexion angle and life of an ankle-Foot-Orthosis made from (Perlon-carbon fibre-
acrylic) and polypropylene materials’ 10th IMEKO TC15 Youth Symposium on
Experimental Solid Mechanics, 2011.
[21] Ayad M. Takhakh, Raied Z. Alfay, Abdul Rahim K. Abid Ali ‘Effect of Ta addition on
hardness and wear resist of Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloy fabricated by powder
metallurgy’ BEIAC 2013-2013 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications
Colloquium, 2013.
[22] Muhannad Al-Waily, AlaaAbdulzahra Deli, Aziz Darweesh Al-Mawash,
ZamanAbudAlmalikAbud Ali ‘Effect of Natural Sisal Fiber Reinforcement on the
Composite Plate Buckling Behavior’ International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics
Engineering IJMME-IJENS, Vol. 17, No. 01, 2017.
[23] Mohsin Abdullah Al-Shammari, Emad Q. Hussein, AmeerAlaaOleiwi ‘Material
Characterization and Stress Analysis of a Through Knee Prosthesis Sockets’ International
Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS, Vol. 17, No. 06,
2017.

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Rubber Creep Behavior Investigation with Multi Wall Tube Carbon Nano Particle Material Effect

[24] ZainabYousifHussien, KadhimKamilResan ‘Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation with and

without Heat, on the Fatigue Behavior of Below-Knee Prosthetic Sockets’ International
Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development
(IJMPERD), Vol. 07 , No. 06, 2017.
[25] Kadhim K. Resan, Abbas A. Alasadi, Muhannad Al-Waily, Muhsin J. Jweeg ‘Influence of
Temperature on Fatigue Life for Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloy Materials’
International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS, Vol. 18,
No. 02, 2018.
[26] Mohsin Abdullah Al-Shammari, Muhannad Al-Waily ‘Analytical Investigation of
Buckling Behavior of Honeycombs Sandwich Combined Plate Structure’ International
Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development
(IJMPERD), Vol. 08, No. 04, pp. 771-786, 2018.
[27] Ahmed A. Taher, Ayad M. Takhakh, Sabah M. Thaha ‘Experimental Study and Prediction
the Mechanical Properties of Nano-Joining Composite Polymers’ Journal of Engineering
and Applied Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 18, pp. 7665, 7669, 2018.
[28] Abeer R. Abbas, Kadhim A. Hebeatir, Kadhim K. Resan ‘Effect of Laser Energy on the
Structure of Ni46–Ti50–Cu4 ShapeMemory Alloy’ International Journal of
Nanoelectronics and Materials, Vol. 11, No. 04, pp. 481-498, 2018.
[29] ASTM D412-98a ‘Standard Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic
Rubbers and Thermoplastic Elastomers-Tension’ ASTM International, West
Conshohocken, PA, 1998.
[30] D 2990 ASTM standard ‘Standard Test Methods for Tensile, Compressive, and Flexural
Creep and Creep Rupture of Plastics’ ASTM International, West Conshohocken, united
States, 2001.
[31] Bashar A. Bedaiwi and Jumaa S. Chiad ‘Vibration analysis and measurement in the below
knee prosthetic limb part I: Experimental work’ ASME 2012 International Mechanical
Engineering Congress and Exposition, Proceedings (IMECE), 2012.
[32] Ayad M. Takhakh, Fahad M. Kadhim, Jumaa S. Chiad ‘Vibration Analysis and
Measurement in Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis for Both Metal and Plastic KAFO Type’
ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition IMECE2013,
November 15-21, San Diego, California, USA, 2013.
[33] Muhannad Al-Waily, Kadhim K. Resan, Ali Hammoudi Al-Wazir,
ZamanAbudAlmalikAbud Ali ‘Influences of Glass and Carbon Powder Reinforcement on
the Vibration Response and Characterization of an Isotropic Hyper Composite Materials
Plate Structure’ International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering
IJMME-IJENS, Vol. 17, No. 06, 2017.
[34] Muhsin J. Jweeg, E. Q. Hussein, K. I. Mohammed ‘Effects of Cracks on the Frequency
Response of a Simply Supported Pipe Conveying Fluid’ International Journal of
Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS, Vol. 17, 05, 2017.
[35] Ameer A. Kadhim, Muhannad Al-Waily, ZamanAbudAlmalikAbud Ali, Muhsin J. Jweeg,
Kadhim K. Resan ‘Improvement Fatigue Life and Strength of Isotropic Hyper Composite
Materials by Reinforcement with Different Powder Materials’ International Journal of
Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS, Vol. 18, No. 02, 2018.
[36] Ahmed KhaleelAbdulameer, Mohsin Abdullah Al-Shammari ‘Fatigue Analysis of Syme’s
Prosthesis’ International Review of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 03, 2018.
[37] Saif M. Abbas, Ayad M. Takhakh, Mohsin Abdullah Al-Shammari, Muhannad Al-Waily
‘Manufacturing and Analysis of Ankle Disarticulation Prosthetic Socket (SYMES)’
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), Vol. 09, No.
07, pp. 560-569, 2018.
[38] Muhsin J. Jweeg, Muhannad Al-Waily, Ahmed K. Muhammad, Kadhim K. Resan ‘Effects
of Temperature on the Characterisation of a New Design for a Non-Articulated Prosthetic

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Marwah Mohammed Abdulridha, NasreenDakelFahad, Muhannad Al-Waily and Kadhim K. Resan

Foot’ IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 433, 2nd
International Conference on Engineering Sciences, Kerbala, Iraq, 26–27 March, 2018.
[39] Abeer R. Abbas, Kadhim A. Hebeatir, Kadhim K. Resan ‘Effect of CO2 Laser on Some
Properties of NI46TI50CU4 Shape Memory Alloy’ International Journal of Mechanical
and Production Engineering Research and Development, Vol. 08, No. 02, pp. 451-460,
2018.
[40] Mohsin Abdullah Al-Shammari ‘Experimental and FEA of the Crack Effects in a Vibrated
Sandwich Plate’ Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 17, pp. 7395-
7400, 2018.
[41] Muhsin J. Jweeg, S. Z. Said ‘Effect of rotational and geometric stiffness matrices on
dynamic stresses and deformations of rotating blades’ Journal of the Institution of
Engineers (India): Mechanical Engineering Division, Vol. 76, pp. 29-38, 1995.
[42] Jumaa S. Chiad ‘Study the Impact Behavior of the Prosthetic Lower Limb Lamination
Materials due to Low Velocity Impactor’ ASME 2014 12th Biennial Conference on
Engineering Systems Design and Analysis, ESDA, 2014, July 25–27, 2014.
[43] Ahmed M. Hashim, E. K. Tanner, Jawad K. Oleiwi ‘Biomechanics of Natural Fiber Green
Composites as Internal Bone Plate Rafted’ MATEC Web of Conferences, 2016.
[44] Saif M. Abbas, Kadhim K. Resan, Ahmed K. Muhammad, Muhannad Al-Waily
‘Mechanical and Fatigue Behaviors of Prosthetic for Partial Foot Amputation with
Various Composite Materials Types Effect’ International Journal of Mechanical
Engineering and Technology (IJMET), Vol. 09, No. 09, pp. 383–394, 2018.
[45] Jawad K. Oleiwi, Ahmed NamahHadi ‘Experimental and numerical investigation of lower
limb prosthetic foot made from composite polymer blends’ International Journal of
Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development, Vol. 08, No. 02, pp.
1319-1330, 2018.
[46] Mahmud Rasheed Ismail, ZamanAbudAlmalikAbud Ali, Muhannad Al-Waily
‘Delamination Damage Effect on Buckling Behavior of Woven Reinforcement Composite
Materials Plate’ International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering
IJMME-IJENS, Vol. 18, No. 05, pp. 83-93, 2018.
[47] Noor DhiaYaseen, Jumaa S. Chiad, Firas Mohammed Abdul Ghani ‘The Study and
Analysis of Stress Distribution Subjected on the Replacement Knee Joint Components
using Photo-Elasticity and Numerical Methods’ International Journal of Mechanical and
Production Engineering Research and Development (IJMPERD), Vol. 08, No. 06, pp.
449-464, 2018.
[48] Ayad M. Takhakh ‘Manufacturing and Analysis of Partial Foot Prosthetic for The
Pirogoff Amputation’ International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering
IJMME-IJENS, Vol. 18, No. 03, pp. 62-68, 2018.
[49] Muhsin J. Jweeg ‘Application of finite element analysis to rotating fan impellers’ Doctoral
Thesis, Aston University, 1983.
[50] Najdat A. Mahmood, Muhsin J. Jweeg, Mumtaz Y. Rajab ‘Investigation of partially
pressurized thick cylindrical shells’ Modelling, simulation & control. B. AMSE Press,
Vol. 25, No. 03, pp. 47-64, 1989.
[51] Luay S. Al-Ansari, Muhannad Al-Waily, Ali M. H. Yusif ‘Vibration Analysis of Hyper
Composite Material Beam Utilizing Shear Deformation and Rotary Inertia Effects’
International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS, Vol. 12,
No. 04, 2012.
[52] Mohsin Abdullah Al-Shammari, Muhannad Al-Waily ‘Theoretical and Numerical
Vibration Investigation Study of Orthotropic Hyper Composite Plate Structure’
International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS, Vol. 14,
No. 06, 2014.

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Rubber Creep Behavior Investigation with Multi Wall Tube Carbon Nano Particle Material Effect

[53] Muhsin J. Jweeg ‘A Suggested Analytical Solution for Vibration of Honeycombs

Sandwich Combined Plate Structure’ International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics
Engineering IJMME-IJENS, Vol. 16, No. 02, 2016.
[54] Muhannad Al-Waily, Maher A.R. Sadiq Al-Baghdadi, RashaHayder Al-Khayat ‘Flow
Velocity and Crack Angle Effect on Vibration and Flow Characterization for Pipe Induce
Vibration’ International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-
IJENS, Vol. 17, No. 05, pp.19-27, 2017.
[55] Jumaa S. Chiad, Muhannad Al-Waily, Mohsin Abdullah Al-Shammari ‘Buckling
Investigation of Isotropic Composite Plate Reinforced by Different Types of Powders’
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), Vol. 09, No.
09, pp. 305–317, 2018.
[56] Mohsin Abdullah Al-Shammari, Lutfi Y. Zedan, Akram M. Al-Shammari ‘FE simulation
of multi-stage cold forging process for metal shell of spark plug manufacturing’ 1st
International Scientific Conference of Engineering Sciences-3rd Scientific Conference of
Engineering Science, ISCES 2018–Proceedings, 2018.
[57] RashaHayder Al-Khayat, Maher A. R. Sadiq Al-Baghdadi, Ragad Aziz Neama,
Muhannad Al-Waily ‘Optimization CFD Study of Erosion in 3D Elbow During
Transportation of Crude Oil Contaminated with Sand Particles’ International Journal of
Engineering & Technology, Vol. 07, No. 03, pp. 1420-1428, 2018.
[58] Muhannad Al-Waily ‘Analysis of Stiffened and Unstiffened Composite Plates Subjected
to Time Dependent Loading’ M.Sc. Thesis, University of Kufa, Faculty of Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering Department, 2005.
[59] Ekhlas M. Alfayyadh, Sadeq H. Bakhy, Yasir M. Shkara ‘A New Multi-Objective
Evolutionary Algorithm for Optimizing the Aerodynamic Design of HAWT Rotor’
ASME 2014 12th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis,
ESDA 2014, 2014.
[60] Muhsin J. Jweeg, Muhannad Al-Waily, AlaaAbdulzahra Deli ‘Theoretical and Numerical
Investigation of Buckling of Orthotropic Hyper Composite Plates’ International Journal of
Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS, Vol. 15, No. 04, 2015.
[61] Muhannad Al-Waily, ZamanAbudAlmalikAbud Ali ‘A Suggested Analytical Solution of
Powder Reinforcement Effect on Buckling Load for Isotropic Mat and Short Hyper
Composite Materials Plate’ International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics
Engineering IJMME-IJENS, Vol. 15, No. 04, 2015.
[62] Muhannad Al-Waily ‘Dynamic Analysis Investigation of Stiffened and Un-Stiffened
Composite Laminated Plate Subjected to Transient Loading’ International Energy and
Environment Foundation, 2015.
[63] Muhannad Al-Waily ‘Analytical and Experimental Investigations Vibration Study of
Isotropic and Orthotropic Composite Plate Structure with Various Crack Effect’
International Energy and Environment Foundation, 2017.
[64] Mahmud Rasheed Ismail, Muhannad Al-Waily, Ameer A. Kadhim ‘Biomechanical
Analysis and Gait Assessment for Normal and Braced Legs’ International Journal of
Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS, Vol. 18, No. 03, 2018.
[65] Jumaa S. Chiad, Fadhel Abbas Abdulla ‘Effect of Number and Location of Dampers on
Suspension System for Washing Machine’ International Journal of Mechanical
Engineering and Technology (IJMET), Vol. 09, No. 08, pp. 794-804, 2018.
[66] Muhannad Al-Waily ‘Investigation of Health Monitoring of Composite Plate Structures-
Using Vibration Analysis’ Ph. D. Thesis, Alnahrain University, College of Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering Department, 2012.
[67] Muhsin J. Jweeg, Ali S. Hammood, Muhannad Al-Waily ‘A Suggested Analytical
Solution of Isotropic Composite Plate with Crack Effect’ International Journal of
Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS, Vol. 12, No. 05, 2012.

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 Marwah Mohammed Abdulridha, NasreenDakelFahad, Muhannad Al-Waily and Kadhim K. Resan

[68] Muhannad Al-Waily ‘Theoretical and Numerical Analysis Vibration Study of Isotropic
Hyper Composite Plate Structural’ International Journal of Mechanical and Production
Engineering Research and Development (IJMPERD), (TJPRC), Vol. 3, No. 5, 2013.
[69] Muhannad Al-Waily ‘Analytical and Numerical Buckling and Vibration Investigation of
Isotropic and Orthotropic Hyper Composite Materials Structures’ International Energy
and Environment Foundation, 2015.
[70] Diyaa H.J. Al-Zubaidi, Muhannad Al-Waily, Emad Q. Hussein, Maher A.R. Sadiq Al-
Baghdadi ‘A Suggested Analytical Investigation of Heat Generation Inducing into
Vibration Beam Subjected to Harmonic Loading’ International Journal of Energy and
Environment, Vol. 09, No. 05, pp. 499-514, 2018.

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