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    Emi notes

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    99 views36 pages

    EMI All Units notes/BRIDGES

    Uploaded by

    praneeth kuchimanchi
    Emi notes

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 36
    Gia) ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION ECE VSem Bexdlges the boiclges abe used fas not only the measusemect of wesislances but also used fos the measusement ‘of usisdous components LiKe capacilarce 5 endactarce lc. A budee ciscuil tr ls. seonplest five consists ‘of a nelcovk of fous sesistance ass fosring a closed céscait: A source of cassert &s applied + tuo opposite junctions: the cerstent clelectos és @nnected ‘to othes to janclons. the bwidlges ciscait use the Gmpasison ‘measurement’ methods & opevale on ‘null indication psiecéple’. the bsedge cescuit Corrparses the value of an unknocn Component with thed ‘of an accusolely Knoen Slonclaxal component « thus the accesacy depends ‘on the bscdge components ¢nof on the null Cedlicatos: Hence high clequee of accuwocy can be oblained. tn a bwalge civcail, when no curment flocs “theough the null clelectos cahich es generally galuanometes, the bsidlge ‘cs said fo be ‘balanced. the xelationshép ‘between the Component values of the Pus atsms ‘of the budge at the balancing, is called ‘balancéng condition 0% balancing eqyuadion' - Thes equation ‘Ques us the value of the ainknoan component: Prepared by: Mr.C:LOKANATH REDDY ECE Department, Advantages of bwielge céscutt tthe ‘balance equation éndependlent of the reognitecle of the énput vollage os ds Souxce impedance. These eyuantites db nol appea’ inthe balance equation 2+ the meosasement acasacy & high asthe measurement clone by comparing the unknocon value cath standard value: 3 the accusacy ts tnclepenclent ‘of the chawaclenishics ofa null delectos ¢ is dependent on the component values. Urthe balancing equation és énclependent of the sensifiuly of the null delectos, the ina pedance of the deleclos os any tenpeclance shunkingthe dletectos. S: the balancing condition serains ancharged & the Souses, cleleclos axe inleschanged: 6. ‘the bridge wscails eanbe usedin the anteol ciscuils- cohen used! in ‘sauch contol applications one cw of the bredge peer a vesislive clement thal és sensilive the physical ae like pressuse ; fempersalie ef hich vs fo be Types of Bsiclges the ti00 bypes of bsvclges ave © DC bycalges 2 AC bsiclges the dc bsiclges ave used fo measure the vesistonces chile the arc bwidlges oxe used ‘ly measuse the empedlarces Consisting Capactances & incluctances. the dic bscalges use the dc voltage as the excélation vollage while the arc bsidges use the altesnating voltage as the exication \ollage: Gregg} ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION ECEV Sem wheat Stone's Boidge caheot stones ‘bsidge is the roost accusale method avoiloble {o% measusing wesdstances + this bacelge cascait és used tp delesmine vesistance wangirg {som ‘approximately an ohin (12) fo Sevetal ohras (ML) the source of emf Cbatlesy) € Seattch és connected to points AGB, ahile a Senstive cassent indicating meter, the galuanomeley, é connected to poerls CED: the galuanomeles ta Sensétive mcxoaromeles caith a 2ewcentse Scale: cohen these és nocussent though the metes, the pointes rests at ‘Ol be med scale. Carsent én one disection causes the poinles to deflect on one side & custen! en opposite dlivection to the athes side- cohen ser & closed, cavsent flows & divides énlo the boos af point A fe 1h. the becdge ¢s balanced chen there is no carsvenl Hhisoagh the galuonometes o& chery the potential deffevence af points CED és equal -e he polentcal aceoss the galvanometes &S 2et0- To oblain “the bwdlge balance equation, ce have fsorn ho DR = IrRy 0 Course Code: A1414 ECE Department Csctecat ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION ECE V Sem foo the galvanomeles cuxsent to be 2e80; the folloaing conditions should be Satesfted GA in A oe 1 3 RiaRs Rh:dy = Rot Ry Subslduting 6 equodion® we get ExRL Ex Ro RRS Ry R, CRARG) = (R4R3) Ro, RiRtR Ry = RRyt Ry R3 Ry = RR, Ths is the ecyuotion fos the boiclge to be balanced . Tra practical wheatstones boedge atleast oneofl he veccsfance és made adjustable, to permit ‘balancing cohen the bridge ¢s balanced , the unknown wesisfance (newallyy connecled of R ry) may be cklesroined from the setting of the odjaclable vesistos, ahich ts called slarclasd sesestoxs tence Rx= -RrR3 RQ Course Code: A1414 ECE Department igisaaagd CSU wrenuneNEN TS & INDIKUMENIATIUN ECE VSem_ Sensétivety of coheat stone Badge cohen the bsidge t~ balanced , the cussent thsough Aplvanomeles cs 280+ Bat cohen bscelge 's not balanced! custert flows though the galanomeles. causéng the deflection « The arsount of deflectcon depends on the gensitivily of the galuanomeles. thes sentivily can be expsessed as arcount of def! ection pes ance Curssent. sensteuity Se cleflection O_ nara] HA rockans| 4A + Cussent I ’ ; dlegsees] HA- Arathes aay of vepreenting “the gplvanomeles senstivily 2s the orroant of cleffection pes anit voltage acess the galvanornéles » this called Voltage Senstivity of the galvanometes Sy: Ody & vollage aceoss galvaromeles a 8 = Deflection of galvanometes chile the bwclge senstivly és clefined ‘as the cleflecion al the qpluanomeles peo unit feactonal change & the tuunknocon wesisfance Se oa 49; unit fractional change & Unknacen sescstance Course Code: A1414 ECE Department (2) HECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION ECE V Sem Wheat stone beidge undes small unbalance the budge sensitiv ity can be calculated! by “soluing the bwiclge fo Small unbalance: To delemnine the orrount ‘of cle flection ‘thed could sesult 05.0 particulars dequee of unbalance ,geneval ciscuit ‘analyses tan be opplted, but cseshall use Theveninss theosem: Since ‘ewe ase intrested! in defewnéning “he cursent trough the galvanometes, we coish to fincl the thevenin's equivalent, aseen by the golvonometes ‘Thevenin’: equivalent vollage és found by disconnecting the gakanometes fsom the becdge § delesrine the cpenciscuct voltages ‘between fesminals a&b tt . Applying the vollage clivicles “= Jequation, the volfage a pointa can \iam rey be defesrained! as follocos unbelanced bwclge fa: Ex Rg at point b, Eb: ExRy Ri +R3 2 4Ry these see the volkge belween ag b is the diffeserve between Eq & Eb cahich sseptesen!s thevenin'’s equivalent voltage « Course Code: A114 ECE Department therefose Ey, = Ea = Eq-Eh = CXR3__ EXRy RytR3 Rot Ry Gob: Cine eG [ee - Ry LRuRS RERY “Thevenin's equivalent sesistance can ‘be clelesmined by seplacéng the wollage source E with ils értevnal impedance 08 otheruxse ‘shool-ciscailed § calculating the wsesistance booking énto desmninals a ¢b. Since the inlesnal sesisfance és assured to be veoy loo, we bseat as of - thevenins eqytivalent wsesistance R of the cescuil 2g RI Rs cn Sesces extth ee Polly Ke RyRy +RaIIRy atte © Ry = RR y Ray ms RAR3 RatRy Ta galvanomeles is Connected [en across fesninal aéb: deol : expeseince “the Sarne deflectonal (ie eb the output of the beige » the magnitude of curser! &S linndled by both Thevenin's equivalent seséstance E any sesistance connected belween a¢b. the weséstance bles ab consists only ‘of he galuaromelers wesistance Rg. the deflechon cerssent tn the galvanomeles és theseboe given by Ty = oe Course Code: A1414 ECE Department Hedeagagy TEI RUTS merounemen ss et mornumeneeue poob: In the cheat stone bscelge, the values of veseslances of various alsens ame! p=l0002., = poh, R=2,0082 $= 2S. The batfess has an emf of Sy ¢ negliqcble éncesna’ vesstance . the galvanometes hasa Cussvent Ren sitivity of 10 mm] NA & internal sesestance of loos colculate the deflection of Gol vanon.27e8" & sensbiu'’y of the bridge enferins of deflection pes unit changes | vesistante. * Pp 7 Resistance of unknown sesislos “reqyuised bs * bobree R=(%,\s = PS Jocoxrc9 ( 4) Q ee / tf Th the actual ‘bsiclge “the unkrogin reustos has.a valee of! 2BOBN os the oleviedtion from the balance condlilions é& AR = 206-2000 = SL Pe 7 ieee eee evenins Source generals Egy sles PrQ 25 }2008 _ “le00 = Low TKIOY 20054200 tepot 100 J v Tolesnal sesislone of briclge tookéng ito tesrainals bed Rg BS_yPQ eos. 5 rs ore 272 8SL Hence the cussent though galvanometes Ty: to» HOWTO 4 9 MA Roth 212-8 $100 Course Code: A1414 ECE Department Deflection of galvanometese = Seg = 1OX2T1=T-Te Senslevely of beéclge Sg: 8 = 22T 26 54mm [ OR S Poob: Fé9 consists of following Q,=lok y Ry =I¢k -§ Ry =Gok Feed the unknown sesésbance Roc: RUA Foor, bakincing CY Ry = ks “bokh. \ L PNR prod: & unbalance cobeadone bedelge es given cof - calulale the cussent théough the galvanomefex ( : The “theveninS eqzivalent voltage = belueenagb Ey.€ | _Ry RaARy Eth = O132V Thevenins equivalent wesistarce & Ry,= R183 _ 4 Baka RRS Ry tay Ris 2-7718k The cuxsent ‘though «the dplvanometes % given by Tg: _£th___ = 0.132V SS = Gr.eghA Rint Ra Y7198KI0.3k Course Code: A1414 ECE Department Advantages b the sesalt ase not depen deat on the calibsation 6 chawactesistics ot galvanometes & aS d wosks ‘on null deflection 2-the Sousce emf g traccutacies due fy the sousce fluctuations do nof affect the bakince of boidge. Herce the Costesponding sess08s ase com pletely avoided. 3: ‘Due fo null deflection methaduced , the accuxacy senstiudy ts héghes than clésect deflection meters. Licnitations: Fo lows “vesislance wreasusenents the sesistance of the leads & contacts becomes Segneficant € tntsscluces an exon: the bwolge connof be used {eohigh wesislonce reasutan This & because ahi such ‘measeisernent the resistence presented by the bwielge ‘becomes So lasge “thed the Adlvanomeles becomes trsen sitive fo shoca any émbalan Seenilasly ‘healing effect ‘due bo lage Cussert alto ploys a rajes vole the excessive cuxsenls may genesate heat cahrch may cause the pesmanent change én ~seststance Applications: TE ts used fo measuse the de wsislance of worous types of exises fos the puspose of quality contsol ef cxtse- H is osed to measure the veslane of molos winding s selay Course Code: A1414 ECE Department kelviers Bocalge: chen the ~sesigtance lo be measured &s of the oxcles of peagnitacle of beiclye contact & leadrsesistance a modkficdl fosen of caheat cfone’s bsidge , the keluéns * bsidlge és employed: Kelvins bacdge i a modkficalion of ahead shone’ bscelge &s cased to measetse Values off ~sesistarce belocs 12+ Tr locas seséstance measesernent, the -~sescstonce of the lead eosnecting the unknosn sesctarce to the tesminal of the becdge cesceuit ra, affect the meosusement. h . consides the ciscuit chene Ry hsepsesents the -sescstorve of the connecting feadls for Ra to Roc. The gakanometes con be comected Ry etthes to pointe ox poiala WP when tf ¢s Connected fo poinla, the sesisha te Ry ‘of the Connecling lead é& added to “the anknossn sesishnce Re chen the connection és made to peinlc, Ry & added to the beicle a8 R3 ¢ resulting Meoseisement of Rec is lowes than the octual Value, because noc the actual value of Ry &s héghes than is roménal value ‘by the estdlance ‘Ry if the galvaromelen és connected fo poial b éa befeseen ¢ fawn Sach way that the Course Code: A414 ECE Department Kako ‘of the wesecstance feors clob & that ‘famatob equals - the. tak of wesislonces “Rp ER then Reb. Ri Rab Ry a the usual babnce eqyuctions fos the briclge Ave the velationship Rect Reb = on (Ret Rab) 3) but “Rab4 Reb= Ry § Reb - Ri § Rab Rr addeng ‘on -both sides Reb, =Ri41 Rab Ry ope | oe be > By 2 QtR> tb ey Rab: Ry Gas Rabt Rb Ry Rito Reb: Ry-Rab = Ry R2Ry ee Rebs RIRY 5 Rebs RRy #MAy sky QyrRe RtRye sebsteluking foo Rab & Reb in eqoation (2) Course Code: A1414 ECE Department Roe t Rhy _ Ri [e+ £20 Rak, PL Rae Roc Piby RRS 4 RRR RR RR Cpu) Hence Roe =< RiR3_ Ro the ablained equation 6 the usual uahealstones babince equation & H endlicodes tat the effect ofthe sesistance. of the ‘comnecting leads fom - “point a to poinl & has been elimrinaled “by Connecting the galvanomeles “fo. an infesmedel gositionb- Kelvins Qouble bridge : the above principle {uns the bass of “the cnsteuction of kehuns dbable bg i. & a doable e because dt tacos posales a Second Sel of satio_ OS: q tthe Second ®a J Bo Rb Ry bs | Sence "R206 Ry 1 R= Spy =IOL oN Re Ra “Re flo: % Yeos = Dol poeb: A Kelven cbuble buidlge each of the sabio acms P=Q= p=q= loco. the emf of the battery s ov & a wesistance of SL és included! m the batfesy céscutt. The Jalvarometes hasa vesisfarce “of Soon & the sesestance of the link connecting the unknown vesistance to the standarol wesisfance may beneglected: the borolge es balarsced ahen the slandasd sesistance $=0-001S- > Aora a: Pelesenine the value cf unknoconvesistane b- delesmine the cusvent though the unknaan « Wesistance R of balance “ Delesmine the ckflectian of galianc mn wesisfance R és chon, eles coher fhe unknoan ged bg Ol”. feom ds valueat balance: the galvanometes has a Sersetiuty oftr00 torn [A al balance, the value of unknocan wesistance R= FS_ . to00v0.1_ Q lo00 = 6001 DL Course Code: A1414 ECE Department b.tf we exarnine the Keluin brcclge ekts we find “the sesishs PQ ERY ave énparallel arth the veseslance of link + Since wis regligilble & PQ; P &q have lage values ; the e¢fect of” wait ‘aums -can be neglected for the pubpote of calculakion of cuxsent « | ne - co 0A Ab #RtS $4 0.W0[ 16-001 C: the value R iS charged by 01 pescert * Neco Value R= O-co01 x 0-008] = 00000010 olloge bleo point a§C fad. RISES 6 E - RARE SHE Course Code: A1414 ECE Department Ac Buidges: An a.c bwidge en ds basic osm consésts of fours cng, a Source of exéclation ~ a babnced deleclos: Zach sey Consists ofan éenpeclance - The Soutee on ac supply Supplies “ac voltage al the vequised frequency Fos ‘thigh fsequencies, the electsonic oscillators owe used aS the sousce. the balance detectoss ‘commonly used Yo ac beécclges ase headphones » tunable ampliftess os viboation Qolvanomeless- Balancing of AC ‘bocdlges ¢s move olefficull than -0¢ beédges because both roognilude & phase angles Cratition “howe tobe solisfied. the simple ac bwelge % the cudcome “of the bwdlge - cb Beidge Balance Equation Fos bridge balance, he Potenkal snusf ‘be equal én fomns of aenpi thus the ctsop ‘foors Aloc must be equal Yo ACBOSS Alod, ta both magnitude g phase fos the bréelge balance Eac = Ean the veclos indicates “both amplitude ¢ phase tbeconsitleoer| _— 30 Ben ee ceelyre ys Course Code: A1a14 ECE Department seeont - wee eee tohen the. bsidge és balanced, no caxsent “flocs thaough the feeders = Beh & Wek _ Now Ty = LE @ § he te -@ ae 22.4 substilule 16 3 in equation | £4. €% 2 Zyt2q Zy2y = BZ > balonce eqyus in impedance fos Tothe ockattance fon YY = YoN3 Now in the polos Tose the tenpeclarves ase expressed as 2° AlB, } Dy +22 lO; F=2slos ; Zs 24 10q vole “that the psoduct of the impedances ‘must be coxsied out én polas fos cohexe magnitudes ‘gel mnaliplied ¢ phase angles get acldedl - 2, LO) X2y L8y 2 ‘22102 x23L0y 2 Zy Lo+l8y = 2.23 LO2t83 Equaling mogndudes of both Sides 2) 24 = 7223 Eqyuoting phose angles 0,4 &, = 2465 Fox inductive bsanch, 2, > Rix. = [2L1 246 Les R-j¥c = [2c] LO ML FULL & yee aR Course Code: A1414 ECE Department mow Maxwell's Badge Maxwells bsiclge con be used fo measuse éncuctance by compatsison ecthes cvith a versiable slarclaxd self’ trdlactance 08 estth a -stonckrscl yasiable copacilance. Maxwells Tndlucance Bulge asing this ‘bilge, cue can measure inclactance by Comparing ef coith a “slanchsclveriable celf éncluclance Erkan, — BCRete) Flue Two | . . : . beorches consict of ron. inductive sescsfances RG R ‘one of ‘the cass consists Vowiaible incluctance cot esies sesistance R3- the Temacning em consesls unknocon inductance bre & unknown ‘esis farce Roc AE bolance , we get condidion as RR [ast%) Hols} (Re *¥e) Hole Ri [ CRactore) 400s | = Ry [cess Heol | Course Code: A1414 ECE Department LR Roc t RiGee HR) Lx = Ry (Ra 4B) + Joo Rolls D Ri Cre +x) + $e9R Lee. = Ry (R348) + Jeo RL; Equateng traginasy “fess Ry boc = Ra Ls equaling seal tesms - Ri (Rect) = Ry (Ra 4%) Gooe G Rx tex) = = (R348) without 8 6 8x ; Le = Roly + Rye- RoR3 Rt : Ry Max wells Inductance Copacdance Boidlge using this becclge, we con measure incluclance by dorapasing with « veisiable stordlard tapacitos: Course Code: A1414 ECE Department Maxwell's Becclge measuses an unknoan inductance intesens of & knocon cpacitance - the use of slarcaxal ar effess the achontage ef compactness € easy shieLling| the capacdlos is clost ‘a loss: less component: one asin bas a sescstance Ry in posallel with c, & hence tt i casies to essite the balance eqyuation using ‘the odmitfance of asa! instead of tenpedlance the geresal equation -of bsedge balance & Zi2yq = 222% 3S A%2c=2 23 be Ze= 2223 2x. > 22239, 30 2 shese 2y = R, én pawallel ath C ie . -. 1 22+ Rr + 232 R3 Y, = | joe, R, FIOG 2x= Re insewes ostth Lez Ret yoloe Poor eqydialion @ Rac thoolac = Ry Ry [+ Hooe, | ( Roe Holy = Roy $4036, Ra Eqqvaling seal powts i Ra = Roky Equeating imaginary ports R, be= CR, Ry Course Code: A1414 ECE Department Also Q facts = Wlx . aR, Rx this brclge és also called Maxwell wien bsielge Aclvantages : the bolance eqtiation ts inclependent -of losses SSociciled coith incuctance » dthe bakince equakion is cnclepenclend ‘of freqyuercy of meaSuisernent: 3. The scak of sevstance can be calibrated to Sead the wedluctarce clisectly S* cohen the bilge “és balanced, the only ernponent & Sewies cvtth coil urclestest & vesistance RHR is Selected ‘such that é con axseyhigh cuxsent s then heavy cusssent cossyingcopacitscsae g coils Con be tesled aSing thes bsidge- Dis oclantages: : | TE cannot be used fys the “measurement ‘of high quale Us ose & benttecl Lo the mreasusement of bed Q values Leore, 11010 thd canbe proved froro ‘phase angle balance Gondlibion eahich Says ‘that Sam of theangles ofone pais of opposdleasms — rnust be equal Course Code: a1414 ECE Department O404q = 8rt03 Bal 2 & Oy B82 260 asthe Coxsespondéng ienpedances ove puse wesistances- fos hégh @ values, the angle G, Salmost qo% Hence ®, must be =G0?. Bate, qet dlecicled by pavalle! Gmbinalion Of Ry EC+ To get 0, as alesost = 90°) the value of Ri shouldbe vesyvesy high « prackcally such highsesistance & not possible . Hence high @ values cannot be meosused- In. there an tolerockonbekoeen the sesistance ¢ reachances babes. “Gelling the balance adjustment « (etlle deficull. 3. TE & ansacled fos the cails with boas 0 Values s less than one, because of balance Convergence problem. prob: A roarwells (rcluckance comparison beige is chan om fig; Ase ab consists of a coil cotth tnoluctance L, 6 wesvstanw %, in Sexes witha non inductive wesiStance R. Asn be & odare each a non. inductive sesishance of (00.2. Asm ad consists of standard vostable inductor of sesistonce Baw. 32-722: Balance és obtained chen Ly = UT &mH ER=L36D Fond the sesistance & induclonce of the coilin asmab At balance wt R [ ceyter) theo, ] x00 = Cv3.4Kt0L,) xt00 " Equaling vel ¢ frmaginasy Rh =. 6 Lye 7 : O «Resistance ‘of coil 8) =82-B =32-7~-136 - 3,.9qn. wi duclance Li eLy = G7ReH Course Code: A1a14 ECE Department prob: 4 maxwell’s capacilance bsialge shown in fig x usec! forneasuise an unknocan inductance ta Com pasiSon sxrith Capacctance - the vostous Values at balance Ry = GoW ; Ry =600N } Ry =l0002; Cy =0.5 ME calculate the values of REL, Cooulate alto the value of wang. Stosage (4) factor of coil ef frequency &S 1000 42 At Lalance Ry= BRS. 400x600. = WON. 1000 Li = RR3Cy = 400 x 600 x0.S Kir. OH Slorage factos Q = OE. . ameloooroni2 - : 240 Course Code: A1414 ECE Department Andlegson s bsiolge In “the Ancles son's baalge , the unknown inckictos$ Value & delesrrined in fears of -kroean values “of Capocitance € ~seSStance « This & a rodified fosmof maxcell eins boidlge- the balancing condition of this bude con be easily Chlained by Convesting the mesh trnpeokince (dlella.) Cy Re, Rs loa equxivalent sles 28 Shacon én fig b by using Stas clella bean sfosenation AS pes dlella to shox transfosimalion. ef Zoo = 3s eatth the slovs point o Cc RaARS tHfheoe Zoe » Refivoe_ 223 R34Re 4 hcoc Course Code: A1a14 ECE Department Hence oth feo b Ar Retsolx D=Rr 2+ oc ~Bafioc _ 2y=RytZo0 Ry4254Yjcac Fos balance condition 2) Z3 = Zai2y Rp # Seals} “Raf soc £2, [ee BR RaRe_ RtRs+ “Ries+ joc J Rots + Yijooc [ec tieotx| a = RRy CRABS tea) + RRaRo RXR : me t Jeol R3 > Ra RyRy + Roeys + B24 rR eAer 1G Jeoc qa : — IRR 4 Lc R3 woe. S = Ry R3RGt RaRys —IRrRy FRRSRE coc Equating the veal § inoginasy pots LxR3 a Loc = < [asesRy 42 Rye RP3Rs ] 3 Loe = CRy [% + Rus as| R3 = Ry Ray tRrRyRo4R Rake Course Code: A1414 ECE Department ~ SR R3 “oc ~J RoRy we Re R3 = RaRy Ra = RR R3 1 the copacdos used + rof perfect ; the value of troluctance semains unchanged, bul the value of charg Ths method con also he used to measese the capacionce ct the capactlos.c if a calibrated self ircluchrce & available. inlegmns 2-othes brucclges “requise vascable ‘capacitos bat 0 fexedl copacitey Can be used fos andexson's bscalge a: the bsedlge #S easy fo balance fsor Tonyesgence paint of View comparedl 10 ‘Maxwell's ‘Bsiclge em case of lou values ofa Dis advantages b TE ¢S rose Complicated than othes bridges 2+ USes move nurbes of Components 3. Balance equations ase also ‘compliceded to vlesive & Beige cannot be easily ‘shielded due to achlétional jeection point, to avec! the effects of steay capacclances. Course Code: a1a14 ECE Department Sai agg] AEC RU Ters ermrsune ee Course Code: A414 ECE Department, Hay's bscdge the limitatéon of Maxevell’s bsédge es that Conrol be used fos high Q values. the Hay's bsielge & Suitable fos the coils “havegng high Q values. the deflesence ia Maxwell's beiclge & Hays bscclge es that the Hays bséclge consists ‘of sesistance R, in Sewies cxtth the Stan claxel Copacelos C, in ne te vatio oxmns: Hence {ox lasqes phase angles 2, Needed! és vewy loos, ahich és practcable Hence boiclge con be used -fos the coils catth high values. & Qr Q Deleclos Ox Ry ee Ag balance 2Zx =22.23 ahege 22 Ry Soc, j 2a2 Ro } 237 Rg; Rac toola [R= Yoo, | [Ric ticote ] = Ry QRx doe _ SR tiwlxRy = RRs (i [len Course Code: ALA14 ECE Department Saimin Equating ‘seal £ iraginasy Ri Rac tHe =Ra Rg § Bes alee, Soluing fos La & Rx coe hove Re = iz GR, 3aO Ri [orLecir,] nes = RyRy 1 CORP ei Le tbe = RyRy bet O*R2¢,2 Le = RyRy cy subsléleule lx ta equation 0 Rc = Co? bre C,7 2, Ra 7 Q: CCR, the fea 23 appears in the expression (65 both Lc 6 Re This irdicoles thal the bridge os feayuency senselive Course Code: A1414 ECE Department Seaman Advantages of Hays Bscclge LT és best scuifable fos the Measasernent of éecluctance evith high @ , typically epecles thor 10 Pe HE gives veey sémple expression 15 0 Liclors trfesns of Clements in the bacdge 3. TE weqperi8es vesyloro Value Resislos R, @ inductance . Orcs advantage TE &s only Suilable fos measusement ‘of high @ éedactane Consicles expdess (On fs unkradn inckiclance Ly ~ Paks +f] be neglected Bat for loos @measuseents (H1g2) turn és significant, hence connot be neglected: Hence Hays lowelge es nol suitable bs the meaSusement of log incctarces. eob: Fend the Sexies equivalent incluclance ¢ wescstonce of the nekwosk that uses Hays bxcalge fo mall caith the follo xing boéclges nails {recy Ry = [kn Cd 2006 wd /s,, R, =1OKR , R=2kO ,CsIMF to meaSuse high fos high @ tndlaclances 5 CH/4%) fete can eh 2 Rx- RR RG =G-86KO + Lee RR Domi Dl Hota ep Course Code: A1414 ECE Department Course Code: A1414 ECE Department Schesing bscalge A Ves ienposlan! bridge used fox the precésion Measurement of capaciloss € thees insulating propenties & Schesing's bacelge. the slorckascl Capacilos Cy 6 Standard ais capacitor houing Vesy Stable Value. Fos balance, the geneval equation es A2%&=B2Zz, 3 22.239, = 2x heve Zoe = Rog ~Shocae ,2eR: 232 Yc, : Ye de tsocr y t : - i _ j (Rec - orc) = Ra (Secs) ( R, Hoc) Ri [oc Cy Eaqyuating Beal g ienaginasy R= Bag Ce IC Ca Ro ECE Department Course Code: AL414 pocwes foctos: the ‘powesferctos of the Senies RC Combioation Sdefined as the toséne of the phase angle of the cxcuit f= eax PF cha Be Fos phase angles vesy cbselo 40°, the seaclance “s almost equal lo impedlance .. pef= Ra eRe = ORG % (da) Lossangle : Fes a Seses combination of Rx &Cx, the angle belwseer the vollage acess the Sexiescombinalion £ voltage. acess the capacilos Cx % called loss angle § The ——~— 9 T Feo fg tang= IR, _ CORKC, i X= CORK CK RT . Ha) -™! +1 tawr$»60/83.Cq) Ree) p- nt) Vv (S&) Gs ): wong ate BAC) Rey ‘ tor §:0(BG) (22). CRC Dest padion fockys (0): Foo Re-Cy “Sendes cisely cb es colangent -of the phaseangle bx: D= cot bx eh Fg) Oe LT Ry The quality faclos Q és seciptocal of ‘chssepation clos Qeaeg [org] Course Code: A1a14 ECE Department Sousces of Esvoss in Boidge cscuits. cx howe assumed in ous clesivation of basic ciscuit seledionships that a becalge consists of lurepecl tenpedance units Connected only by the corses that ose plced én the ciscudt {06 making connections: thes idlealized! Conclifion exists én bsicke cescuits to a lessexs 06 geades extent: the élealized assangpnent aaciks fails coell if the foeqyuency isla, if component impedances ase rofl hegh § of accusocy olestsed es rot hegh: Bat io practice these ae certain factoss ‘which cxe have not considlesed yet & these complicate the behavious of bwiclge cescuits Some qf these factoss ase Steoy couplings belween one bsielge ase Ganothes & for elerments to gfound. these teary couplings woolly the balance conditions reoking a clefincle bolance tenpossible JO May Teac! fo false balance. Steaxy. corcluctance elfecls due to éroperfecl tosulaton matual- iedaclance effecls due bo moqnelic Coupling belseen \axtous components of the baidlge Stray Copacctance effects due lo vleclsosfatic feels between corcluctoss uf diffesert polentials. Course Code: A1414 ECE Department aroun SeSidues in components eg the existence of Small omound of seneies, cncluctance ow Shunt capacitance én nominally bon reactive sesislons. Techneqyues used. ‘fox Reducing ERs08S : (601) sousbney tase of high Qpualets Components : highaccubacy ., ménimen of P - Bacdlge layout St ~Beante Rs 3. Sensélivety WS, | elitr see Cr Sway conolaclenee Cl ai ee bsialge components § other preces of appatalus tay be rainfed on insuleding “tarcls S: Eckly curssert effeds: creces may “sesall dlie to versiation to the value of Slorclacls,, eshich may occas because wf éeckiced! eskly cusserts tthe Slancloxd cesistons inducless. Ta osdesto avwoel seach ewsoss the presence ‘of lasge Conclucking tragses nea the bséclge Network % avocclecl. PECautions To be faken cohen using a bstolge The leads shoul be cowefullys lovcl out co gach 0 way that roloops os long lengths enclusing tagnetic Flux axe Prockxec! cxith consequent “teary inckuclance &sxcts: taith a lasgely the self capacitance ‘of the leccls’ & mowe empottant than theis inductance, to they Should! be -

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