ENSAYO CRITICO

PRESENTADO AL DOCENTE:

CARLOS HERNÁN VALENCIA GUZMÁN

PRESENTADO POR:

MICHAEL ALEXANDERORTIZ RODRIGUEZ ID: 21309

LUIS CARLOS OVIEDO SERRANO ID: 9087

FUNDACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA UNIAGRARIA

INGENIERÍA CIVIL

FISICA CALOR Y ONDAS

FEBRERO 2020
 PLANETARY MOTION LAWS

For many years, people believed that the earth was the center of the universe, that the earth
didn't move and that the planets, the sun, the moon, and stars moved in spheres around the
earth. Astronomers such as Copernicus and Galileo suggested that a sun was the center of
the Solar System, which offered a better way to understand the movements of these objects
in the sky. But people were not ready to accept that the Earth was not the center of the
universe.

Johan Kepler a German astronomer who lived between 1571 and 1630. He introduced three
important laws about the motion of the planets; guided by the study of the law of universal
gravitation, the concept of conservation of angular momentum, and the work of his
professor, Tycho Brahe, who described the orbits of the planets around the Sun; proving
that this theory could explain the motion of planets.

KEPLER LAWS KINEMATIC DESCRIPTION OF PLANETARY MOTION

1. THE PLANETS DESCRIBE ELLIPTICAL ORBITS, WITH THE SUN IN ONE OF THEIR FOCI.

In the first law, Kepler established that all the planets in our Solar System moved in
elliptical orbits, with the Sun in a focus. An ellipse is a closed flat curve that looks like a
stretched circle.
The distance of the planet or orbiting body varies from the Sun. Thus, we know as
perihelion the minimum distance between the Sun and a planet and aphelion is the longest
distance that separates the Sun from the planet.

2. THE POSITION VECTOR OF ANY PLANET WITH RESPECT TO THE SUN SWEEPS OUT EQUAL
AREAS OF THE ELLIPSE AT EQUAL TIMES

(This proposition is called the law of areas). Kepler's second law is based on the speed of
the object as it follows its orbit. This means that the speed of the planet is not constant:

 When a planet is far from the Sun, it moves more slowly;

 When a planet is close to the Sun it moves faster.
3. THE SQUARES OF THE PERIODS OF REVOLUTION ARE PROPORTIONAL TO THE CUBES OF
THE AVERAGE DISTANCES OF THE PLANETS FROM THE SUN.

Kepler's third law states that the time it takes for an object to go around can be expressed
by the equation with k being a constant of proportionality).

LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITY

The law of universal gravitation is a classical physical law that describes the gravitational
interaction between different bodies with mass. It was presented by Isaac Newton in his
book Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, where he
establishes for the first time a quantitative relationship (deduced empirically from
observation) of the force with which two objects with mass are attracted. Thus, Newton
deduced that the force with which two bodies of different mass are attracted only depends
on the value of their masses and the square of the distance that separates them. It is also
observed that the force acts in such a way that it is as if the whole mass of each of the
bodies is concentrated only in its center, i.e. it is as if these objects are only one point,
which allows to reduce enormously the complexity of interactions between complex bodies.
Thus, with all of this it turns out that the law of Universal Gravitation predicts that the force
exerted between two bodies of masses Mt and Ms separated by a distance is proportional to
the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance, that is:

F = It is the modulus of the force exerted between both bodies, and its direction is on the
axis that joins both bodies.
G = It is the constant of the Universal Gravitation.
R = Position vector of the earth with respect to the sun

That is, the more massive the bodies and the closer they are to each other, the more strongly
they will be attracted.
In understanding the application of the procedure that should be applied to the formulation,
it is possible to obtain the physical model of the trajectory of the earth around the sun, using
only the concepts enunciated by Newton, and using only intermediate level mathematical
tools.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 (Trayectoria de la órbita terrestre alrededor del sol) Scientia Et Technica, vol. XII,
núm. 31, agosto, 2006, pp. 241-246 Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira.
 http://revistas.utp.edu.co/index.php/revistaciencia/article/view/6435/3631.
 https://www.fisic.ch/contenidos/gravitaci%C3%B3n-universal-de-newton/leyes-de-
keppler/.