Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Problem 8.1: Given: Find: Solution
Problem 8.1: Given: Find: Solution
1 [Difficulty: 1]
Solution:
V⋅ D π 2
The basic equations are Re = Recrit = 2300 Q= ⋅D ⋅V
ν 4
2
−5 m
The given data is D = 125⋅ mm From Table A.10 ν = 2.29 × 10 ⋅
s
Q
⋅D
π 2
⋅D Recrit⋅ π⋅ ν ⋅ D 3
4 −3m
Hence Recrit = or Q = Q = 5.171 × 10
ν 4 s
For turbulent flow Lmin = 25⋅ D Lmin = 3.13 m Lmax = 40⋅ D Lmax = 5.00 m
Problem 8.2 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 8.3 [Difficulty: 3]
Find: Flow rate for turbulence in each section; Which become fully developed
Solution:
2
−5 m
From Table A.10 ν = 1.69 × 10 ⋅
s
V⋅ D Q D Re⋅ π⋅ ν⋅ D
Re = = ⋅ or Q=
ν π 2 ν 4
⋅D
4
Then the flow rates for turbulence to begin in each section of pipe are
Recrit⋅ π⋅ ν⋅ D1 3
Q1 = −4m
4 Q1 = 7.63 × 10
s
Recrit⋅ π⋅ ν⋅ D2 3
Q2 = −4m
4 Q2 = 4.58 × 10
s
Recrit⋅ π⋅ ν⋅ D3 3
Q3 = −4m
4 Q3 = 3.05 × 10
s
Hence, smallest pipe becomes turbulent first, then second, then the largest.
For pipe 3 Re3 = 2300 Llaminar = 0.06⋅ Re3 ⋅ D3 Llaminar = 1.38 m Llaminar < L: Fully developed
or, for turbulent, Lmin = 25⋅ D3 Lmin = 0.25 m Lmax = 40⋅ D3 Lmax = 0.4 m Lmax/min < L: Fully developed
⎛ 4⋅ Q3 ⎞
For pipes 1 and 2 Llaminar = 0.06⋅ ⎜ ⋅ D1 Llaminar = 1.38 m Llaminar < L: Fully developed
π⋅ ν⋅ D1
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 4⋅ Q3 ⎞
Llaminar = 0.06⋅ ⎜ ⋅ D2 Llaminar = 1.38 m Llaminar < L: Fully developed
π⋅ ν⋅ D2
⎝ ⎠
For pipe 2 Re2 = 2300 Llaminar = 0.06⋅ Re2 ⋅ D2 Llaminar = 2.07 m Llaminar > L: Not fully developed
or, for turbulent, Lmin = 25⋅ D2 Lmin = 1.23⋅ ft Lmax = 40⋅ D2 Lmax = 0.6 m
⎛ 4 ⋅ Q2 ⎞
For pipes 1 and 3 L1 = 0.06⋅ ⎜ ⋅ D1 L1 = 2.07⋅ m Llaminar > L: Not fully developed
π⋅ ν⋅ D1
⎝ ⎠
L3min = 25⋅ D3 L3min = 0.25⋅ m L3max = 40⋅ D3 L3max = 0.4 m
For pipe 1 Re1 = 2300 Llaminar = 0.06⋅ Re1 ⋅ D1 Llaminar = 3.45 m Llaminar > L: Not fully developed
or, for turbulent, Lmin = 25⋅ D1 Lmin = 2.05⋅ ft Lmax = 40⋅ D1 Lmax = 1.00 m
For pipes 2 and 3 L2min = 25⋅ D2 L2min = 1.23⋅ ft L2max = 40⋅ D2 L2max = 0.6 m
Find: Plots of average velocity and volume and mass flow rates for turbulence for air and water
Solution:
V⋅ D
The basic equations are Re = Recrit = 2300
ν
2 2
kg −5 m kg −6 m
From Tables A.8 and A.10 ρair = 1.23⋅ νair = 1.45 × 10 ⋅ ρw = 999 ⋅ νw = 1.14 × 10 ⋅
3 s 3 s
m m
Recrit⋅ ν
For the average velocity V=
D
2 2
−5 m m
2300 × 1.45 × 10 ⋅ 0.0334⋅
s s
Hence for air Vair = Vair =
D D
2 2
−6 m m
2300 × 1.14 × 10 ⋅ 0.00262 ⋅
s s
For water Vw = Vw =
D D
2 Recrit⋅ ν
π 2 π π⋅ Recrit⋅ ν
For the volume flow rates Q = A⋅ V = ⋅D ⋅V = ⋅D ⋅ = ⋅D
4 4 D 4
2 2
π −5 m m
Hence for air Qair = × 2300 × 1.45⋅ 10 ⋅ ⋅D Qair = 0.0262⋅ ×D
4 s s
2 2
π −6 m m
For water Qw = × 2300 × 1.14⋅ 10 ⋅ ⋅D Qw = 0.00206 ⋅ ×D
4 s s
Finally, the mass flow rates are obtained from volume flow rates
kg
mair = ρair⋅ Qair mair = 0.0322⋅ ×D
m⋅ s
kg
mw = ρw⋅ Qw mw = 2.06⋅ ×D
m⋅ s
These results can be plotted in Excel as shown below in the next two pages
From Tables A.8 and A.10 the data required is
D (m) 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.05 1.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0
V air (m/s) 333.500 33.350 3.335 0.667 3.34E-02 1.33E-02 6.67E-03 4.45E-03 3.34E-03
V w (m/s) 26.2 2.62 0.262 5.24E-02 2.62E-03 1.05E-03 5.24E-04 3.50E-04 2.62E-04
3
Q air (m /s) 2.62E-06 2.62E-05 2.62E-04 1.31E-03 2.62E-02 6.55E-02 1.31E-01 1.96E-01 2.62E-01
Q w (m 3/s) 2.06E-07 2.06E-06 2.06E-05 1.03E-04 2.06E-03 5.15E-03 1.03E-02 1.54E-02 2.06E-02
m air (kg/s) 3.22E-06 3.22E-05 3.22E-04 1.61E-03 3.22E-02 8.05E-02 1.61E-01 2.42E-01 3.22E-01
m w (kg/s) 2.06E-04 2.06E-03 2.06E-02 1.03E-01 2.06E+00 5.14E+00 1.03E+01 1.54E+01 2.06E+01
1.E+02
V (m/s)
Velocity (Air)
Velocity (Water)
1.E+00
1.E-02
1.E-04
1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01
D (m )
Flow Rate for Turbulence in a Pipe
1.E+01
1.E-01
Q (m3/s)
1.E-05
1.E-07
1 .E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01
D (m)
1.E+00
m flow (kg/s)
1.E-04
1.E-06
1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01
D (m)
Problem 8.5 [Difficulty: 4] Part 1/2
Problem 8.5 [Difficulty: 4] Part 2/2
Problem 8.6 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 8.7 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 8.8 [Difficulty: 3]
Problem 8.9 [Difficulty: 3]
D p1
F
a
L
Given: Piston cylinder assembly
Solution:
3 3
Q a ⋅ ∆p π⋅ D⋅ a ⋅ ∆p
Basic equation = Q= (from Eq. 8.6c; we assume laminar flow and verify
l 12⋅ μ⋅ L 12⋅ μ⋅ L this is correct after solving)
F 4⋅ F
For the system ∆p = p 1 − p atm = =
A 2
π⋅ D
2
4 ⎛ 1 × 12⋅ in ⎞
∆p = × 4500⋅ lbf × ⎜ 4⋅ in 1⋅ ft ∆p = 358 ⋅ psi
π ⎝ ⎠
lbf ⋅ s − 3 lbf ⋅ s
At 120 oF (about 50oC), from Fig. A.2 μ = 0.06 × 0.0209⋅ μ = 1.25 × 10 ⋅
2 2
ft ft
3 2 2 3 3
1 ⋅ ft
⎞ × 358 ⋅ lbf × 144 ⋅ in ×
× 4 ⋅ in × ⎛⎜ 0.001 ⋅ in ×
π ft 1 − 5 ft in
Q = × Q = 1.25 × 10 ⋅ Q = 0.0216⋅
12 ⎝ 12⋅ in ⎠
in
2
1 ⋅ ft
2
1.25 × 10
−3
lbf ⋅ s
2 ⋅ in s s
3 2
Q Q 1 − 5 ft 1 1 ⎛ 12⋅ in ⎞ ft
Check Re: V= = V = × 1.25 × 10 × × × ⎜ 1⋅ ft V = 0.143 ⋅
A a ⋅ π⋅ D π s .001⋅ in 4 ⋅ in ⎝ ⎠ s
2 2
V⋅ a −5 ft − 4 ft
Re = ν = 6 × 10 × 10.8 ν = 6.48 × 10 ⋅ (at 120 oF, from Fig. A.3)
ν s s
ft 1 ⋅ ft s
Re = 0.143 ⋅ × 0.001 ⋅ in × × Re = 0.0184 so flow is very much laminar
s 12⋅ in −4 2
6.48 × 10 ft
The speed of the piston is approximately
3 2
Q 4 − 5 ft ⎛ 1 × 12⋅ in ⎞ − 4 ft
Vp = Vp = × 1.25 × 10 × ⎜ 4 ⋅ in 1 ⋅ ft Vp = 1.432 × 10 ⋅
⎛ π⋅ D2 ⎞ π s ⎝ ⎠ s
⎜
⎝ 4 ⎠
The piston motion is negligible so our assumption of flow between parallel plates is reasonable
Problem 8.10 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 8.11 [Difficulty: 2]
y
2h
x
Find: Shear stress on upper plate; Volume flow rate per width
Solution:
⎡ ⎛ y ⎞ ⎤⎥
2 2
du h dp
Basic equation τyx = μ⋅ u(y) = − ⋅ ⋅ ⎢1 − ⎜h (from Eq. 8.7)
dy 2⋅ μ dx ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
2
−h 2⋅ y ⎞
⋅⎛−
dp dp
τyx = ⋅
Then 2 dx ⎜ 2 = −y⋅ dx
⎝ h ⎠
1⋅ m 3 N
At the upper surface y=h τyx = −1.5⋅ mm × × 1.25 × 10 ⋅ τyx = −1.88Pa
1000⋅ mm 2
m ⋅m
h
⌠
⎡
h ⋅ b dp ⎮ ⎛ y ⎞ ⎤⎥ dy
⌠ h 2 2 3
⌠ 2⋅ h ⋅ b dp
The volume flow rate is Q = ⎮ u dA = ⎮ u ⋅ b dy = − ⋅ ⋅⎮ ⎢1 − ⎜h Q= − ⋅
⌡ ⌡
−h 2⋅ μ dx ⎮
⌡ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦ 3⋅ μ dx
−h
3 2 2
1⋅ m
× ⎛⎜ 1.5⋅ mm × ⎞ × 1.25 × 103⋅ N × m
Q 2 Q −6 m
=− = −5.63 × 10
b 3 ⎝ 1000⋅ mm ⎠ 2
m ⋅m
0.5⋅ N⋅ s b s
Problem 8.12 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
3
Q a ⋅ ∆p
Basic equation = This is the equation for pressure-driven flow between parallel plates; for a small gap a,
l 12⋅ μ⋅ L the flow between the piston and cylinder can be modeled this way, with l = πD
N⋅ s − 3 lbf ⋅ s
From Fig. A.2, SAE10 oil at 20oF is μ = 0.1⋅ or μ = 2.089 × 10 ⋅
2 2
m ft
12⋅ μ⋅ L⋅ Q 4
Hence, solving for ∆p ∆p = ∆p = 2.133 × 10 ⋅ psi
3
π⋅ D⋅ a
π 2
A force balance for the piston involves the net pressure force F = ∆p⋅ A = ∆p⋅ ⋅D and the weight W = M⋅ g
4
2
π⋅ D ∆p 5
Hence M = ⋅ M = 8331⋅ slug M = 2.68 × 10 ⋅ lb
4 g
2 2
Q ft −4 m − 3 ft
Note the following Vave = Vave = 2.55⋅ ν = 10 ⋅ ν = 1.076 × 10 ⋅
a ⋅ π⋅ D s s s
a⋅ Vave
Hence an estimate of the Reynolds number in the gap is Re = Re = 0.198
ν
This is a highly viscous flow; it can be shown that the force on the piston due to this motion is much less than that due to ∆p!
4⋅ Q ft
Note also that the piston speed is Vpiston = Vpiston = 0.00255 ⋅
2 s
π⋅ D
Solution:
3
⋅ ⎛⎜
Basic equation Q h dp ⎞
=−
l 12⋅ μ ⎝ dx ⎠
gal
Available data F = 1000⋅ lbf l = 1 ⋅ ft (F is the load on width l) p i = 35⋅ psi Q = 2.5⋅ per ft
hr
N⋅ s − 4 lbf ⋅ s
212 °F = 100 °C At 100 oC from Fig. A.2, for SAE 10-30 μ = 0.01⋅ μ = 2.089 × 10 ⋅
2 2
m ft
For a laminar flow (we will verify this assumption later), the pressure gradient is constant
2⋅ x ⎞
p ( x ) = p i⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 − where p i = 35 psi is the inlet pressure (gage), and x = 0 to W/2
⎝ W⎠
⌠
Hence the total force in the y direction due to pressure is F = l ⋅ ⎮ p dx where b is the pad width into the paper
⌡
W
⌠2
2⋅ x ⎞
p i⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 −
⎮ 1
F = 2⋅ l⋅ ⎮ dx F= ⋅ p i⋅ l⋅ W
⌡ ⎝ W⎠ 2
0
2 F
This must be equal to the applied load F. Hence W = ⋅ W = 0.397 ⋅ ft
pi l
2 2
−5 m − 4 ft Q
From Fig. A.3 ν = 1.2⋅ 10 ⋅ ν = 1.29 × 10 ⋅ Re = Re = 0.72
s s ν⋅ l
so flow is very laminar
Problem 8.16 [Difficulty: 3]
Problem 8.17 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
Assumption (1) eliminates time variations in any fluid property. Assumption (2) eliminates space variations in density. Assumption
(3) states that there is no z component of velocity and no property variations in the z direction. All terms in the z component of the
Navier–Stokes equation cancel. After assumption (4) is applied, the continuity equation reduces to ∂v/∂y = 0. Assumptions (3) and (4)
also indicate that ∂v/∂z = 0 and ∂v/∂x = 0. Therefore v must be constant. Since v is zero at the solid surface, then v must be zero
everywhere. The fact that v = 0 reduces the Navier–Stokes equations further, as indicated by (5). Hence for the y direction
∂p
= ρg
∂y
which indicates a hydrostatic variation of pressure. In the x direction, after assumption (6) we obtain
∂ 2u ∂p
µ 2 − =0
∂y ∂x
Integrating twice
1 ∂p 2 c1
u= y + y + c2
2 µ ∂x µ
To evaluate the constants, c1 and c2, we must apply the boundary conditions. At y = 0, u = 0. Consequently, c2 = 0. At y = a, u = 0.
Hence
1 ∂p 2 c1
0= a + a
2 µ ∂x µ
which gives
1 ∂p
c1 = − a
2 µ ∂x
and finally
a 2 ∂p ⎡⎛ y ⎞ ⎛ y ⎞⎤
2
u= ⎢⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
2 µ ∂x ⎢⎣⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ a ⎠⎥⎦
Problem 8.18 [Difficulty: 4]
Problem 8.19 [Difficulty: 5]
Problem 8.20 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 8.21 [Difficulty: 3]
Given: Laminar velocity profile of power-law fluid flow between parallel plates
Find: Expression for flow rate; from data determine the type of fluid
Solution:
1 ⎡⎢ n+ 1⎤
⎥
n⋅ h ⎢ ⎥
n n
u = ⎛⎜ ⋅
h ∆p ⎞ ⎛y⎞
⋅ ⋅ 1− ⎜h
⎝ k L ⎠ n + 1 ⎢⎣
The velocity profile is ⎥⎦
⎝ ⎠
h h
⌠ ⌠
The flow rate is then Q = w⋅ ⎮ u dy or, because the flow is symmetric Q = 2 ⋅ w⋅ ⎮ u dy
⌡ ⌡
−h 0
⌠
⎮ n+ 1 ⎡⎢ 2⋅ n+ 1⎤
⎥
⎮
⎛y⎞
n ⎢ n ⎥
⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞
⎮ 1− n y
The integral is computed as ⎜h dy = y ⋅ ⎢1 − ⎥⎦
⎮ ⎝ ⎠ ⎣ 2⋅ n + 1 ⎝ h ⎠
⌡
1 1
⎡ 2⋅ n+ 1⎤
n
n⋅ h ⎢ ⎥ n 2
Q = 2 ⋅ w⋅ ⎛⎜ ⋅
h ∆p ⎞
⋅ h ⋅ ⎢1 −
n n
⎥ ⎛ h ⋅ ∆p ⎞ ⋅ 2 ⋅ n⋅ w⋅ h
Using this with the limits ⋅ ⋅ ( 1) Q= ⎜k L
⎝ k L ⎠ n + 1 ⎣ 2⋅ n + 1 ⎦ ⎝ ⎠ 2⋅ n + 1
The data is
dp (kPa) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Q (L/min) 0.451 0.759 1.01 1.15 1.41 1.57 1.66 1.85 2.05 2.25
1
1
n 2
⎛ h ⋅ ∆p ⎞ ⋅ 2 ⋅ n⋅ w⋅ h or n
This must be fitted to Q= ⎜ Q = k ⋅ ∆p
⎝ k L ⎠ 2⋅ n + 1
We can fit a power curve to the data
10.0
Data
Q (L/min)
1.0
Q = 0.0974dp0.677
2
R = 0.997
0.1
10 dp (kPa) 100
Solution:
ft ft
Given data d = 0.2⋅ in U1 = 5⋅ U2 = 2⋅
s s
Using the analysis of Section 8.2, the sum of forces in the x direction is
⎡ ∂ dy ⎛ dy ⎞⎤ ⎛ dx ⎞
⎢τ + τ ⋅ − ⎜ τ − ∂ τ ⋅ ⎥ ⋅ b ⋅ dx + ⎜ p − ∂ p ⋅ − p + ∂ p ⋅ ⋅ b ⋅ dy = 0
dx
⎣ ∂y 2 ⎝ ∂y 2 ⎠⎦ ⎝ ∂x 2 ∂x 2 ⎠
2
dτ dp d u
Simplifying = =0 or μ⋅ =0
dy dx 2
dy
Integrating twice u = c1 ⋅ y + c2
ft U1 + U2 −1
Boundary conditions: u ( 0 ) = −U1 c2 = −U1 c2 = −5 u ( y = d ) = U2 c1 = c1 = 420 s
s d
( )
y
Hence u ( y ) = U1 + U2 ⋅ − U1 u ( y ) = 420 ⋅ y − 5 u in ft/s, y in ft
d
⎡ U + U ⋅ y − U ⎤ dx = b⋅ ⎛⎜ 1
⌠ ⌠ ⌠
d
U + U2 d 2 ⎞
The volume flow rate is Q = ⎮ u dA = b ⋅ ⎮ u dy Q = b⋅ ⎮ ⎢( 1 )
2 d 1⎥ ⋅ − U1 ⋅ d
⌡ ⌡ ⎮
⌡ ⎣ ⎦ ⎝ d 2 ⎠
0
3
ft
Q s 7.48⋅ gal 60⋅ s Q gpm
= −.025⋅ × × = −11.2⋅
b ft 3 1 ⋅ min b ft
1 ⋅ ft
Problem 8.23 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 8.24 [Difficulty: 3]
Given: Properties of two fluids flowing between parallel plates; applied pressure gradient
Solution:
dp kPa N⋅ s N⋅ s
Given data =k k = −50⋅ h = 5 ⋅ mm μ1 = 0.1⋅ μ2 = 4 ⋅ μ1 μ2 = 0.4⋅
dx m 2 2
m m
(Lower fluid is fluid 1; upper is fluid 2)
Following the analysis of Section 8.2, analyse the forces on a differential CV of either fluid
⎡τ + dτ ⋅ dy − ⎛ τ − dτ ⋅ dy ⎞⎤ ⋅ dx⋅ dz + ⎡p − dp ⋅ dx − ⎛ p + dp ⋅ dx ⎞⎤ ⋅ dy⋅ dz = 0
⎢ dy 2 ⎜ ⎥ ⎢ dx 2 ⎜ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ dy 2 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ dx 2 ⎠⎦
dτ dp 2
d
Simplifying = =k so for each fluid μ⋅ u =k
dy dx 2
dy
Applying this to fluid 1 (lower fluid) and fluid 2 (upper fluid), integrating twice yields
k 2 k 2
u1 = ⋅ y + c1 ⋅ y + c2 u2 = ⋅ y + c3 ⋅ y + c4
2 ⋅ μ1 2 ⋅ μ2
We need four BCs. Three are obvious y = −h u1 = 0 (1) y=0 u 1 = u 2 (2) y=h u2 = 0 (3)
The fourth BC comes from the fact that the stress at the interface generated by each fluid is the same
du1 du2
y=0 μ1 ⋅ = μ2 ⋅ (4)
dy dy
k 2 k 2
Using these four BCs 0= ⋅ h − c1 ⋅ h + c2 c2 = c4 0= ⋅ h + c3 ⋅ h + c4 μ1 ⋅ c1 = μ2 ⋅ c3
2 ⋅ μ1 2 ⋅ μ2
k⋅ h (μ2 − μ1) k⋅ h
2
k⋅ h (μ2 − μ1)
c1 = ⋅ c4 = − c2 = c4 c3 = ⋅
2 ⋅ μ1 (μ2 + μ1) μ2 + μ1 2 ⋅ μ2 (μ2 + μ1)
1 m 1 m
c1 = −750 c2 = 2.5 c3 = −187.5 c4 = 2.5
s s s s
k ⎡ 2 (μ2 − μ1)⎤ k⋅ h
2
k ⎡ 2 (μ2 − μ1)⎤ k⋅ h
2
u1( y) = ⋅ ⎢y + y ⋅ h ⋅ ⎥− u2( y) = ⋅ ⎢y + y ⋅ h ⋅ ⎥−
2 ⋅ μ1
⎣ (μ2 + μ1)⎦ μ2 + μ1 2 ⋅ μ2
⎣ (μ2 + μ1)⎦ μ2 + μ1
2
k⋅ h m
u interface = − u interface = 2.5
μ2 + μ1 s
The plots of these velocity distributions can be done in Excel. Typical curves are shown below
2.5
y (mm)
− 2.5
−5
u (m/s)
Solution:
Using the analysis of Section 8.2, the sum of forces in the x direction is
⎡ ∂ dy ⎛ ∂ dy ⎞⎤ ⎛ ∂ dx ∂ dx ⎞
⎢τ + τ ⋅ − ⎜ τ − τ ⋅ ⎥ ⋅ b ⋅ dx + ⎜ p − p ⋅ − p + p ⋅ ⋅ b ⋅ dy = 0
⎣ ∂y 2 ⎝ ∂y 2 ⎠⎦ ⎝ ∂x 2 ∂x 2 ⎠
2
dτ dp d u
Simplifying = =0 or μ⋅ =0
dy dx 2
dy
Applying this to fluid 1 (lower fluid) and fluid 2 (upper fluid), integrating twice yields u 1 = c1 ⋅ y + c2 u 2 = c3 ⋅ y + c4
The fourth BC comes from the fact that the stress at the interface generated by each fluid is the same
du1 du2
y=h μ1⋅ = μ2⋅
dy dy
Hence c2 = 0
μ1 U
Hence c1⋅ h − U = −c3⋅ h = − ⋅ h ⋅ c1 c1 =
μ2 ⎛ μ1 ⎞
h⋅ ⎜ 1 +
⎝ μ2
⎠
U
Hence for fluid 1 (we do not need to complete the analysis for fluid 2) u1 = ⋅y
⎛ μ1 ⎞
h ⋅⎜1 +
ft
⎝ μ2
⎠
20⋅
s ft
Evaluating this at y = h, where u 1 = u interface u interface = u interface = 15⋅
⎛1 + 1 ⎞ s
⎜
⎝ 3⎠
Problem 8.26 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
For a distance R from the center of a disk spinning at speed ω
1⋅ m 2⋅ π⋅ rad 1⋅ min m
V = R⋅ ω V = 25⋅ mm × × 8500⋅ rpm × × V = 22.3⋅
1000⋅ mm rev 60⋅ s s
2
ρ⋅ V⋅ a V⋅ a −5 m
The gap Reynolds number is Re = = ν = 1.45 × 10 ⋅ from Table A.10 at 15oC
μ ν s
m −6 s
Re = 22.3⋅ × 0.25 × 10 ⋅m × Re = 0.384
s −5 2
1.45 × 10 ⋅m
The flow is definitely laminar
du V − 5 N⋅ s
The shear stress is then τ = μ⋅ = μ⋅ μ = 1.79 × 10 ⋅ from Table A.10 at 15oC
dy a 2
m
− 5 N⋅ s m 1
τ = 1.79 × 10 ⋅ × 22.3⋅ × τ = 1.60⋅ kPa
2 s −6
m 0.25 × 10 ⋅m
2 −5 2
T = τ⋅ A⋅ R with A = ( 5 ⋅ mm) A = 2.5 × 10 m
N −5 2 1⋅ m 2 ⋅ π⋅ rad 1 ⋅ min
P = τ⋅ A⋅ R⋅ ω P = 1600⋅ × 2.5 × 10 ⋅ m × 25⋅ mm × × 8500⋅ rpm × × P = 0.890 W
2 1000⋅ mm rev 60⋅ s
m
Problem 8.27 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
⎛ ∂ ⎞ ⎡⎢⎛ y ⎞ 2 y⎤
2
U⋅ y a
From Eq. 8.8, the velocity distribution is u= + ⋅⎜p ⋅ ⎜ − ⎥
a 2 ⋅ μ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎣⎝ a ⎠ a⎦
2
a ⎛∂ ⎞ ⎛ y
− ⎞
du U 1
The shear stress is τyx = μ⋅ = μ⋅ + ⋅ ⎜ p ⋅ 2⋅
dy a 2 ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎜ 2 a
a ⎝ ⎠
U a ∂ ∂ 2 ⋅ U⋅ μ
(a) For τyx = 0 at y = a 0 = μ⋅ + ⋅ p p =−
a 2 ∂x ∂x 2
a
U⋅ y
2
2 ⋅ U⋅ μ ⎡ y ⎞2 y⎤
2
⋅ ⎢⎛⎜ ⎛y⎞
a u y
The velocity distribution is then u= − ⋅ − ⎥ = 2⋅ − ⎜a
a 2⋅ μ
a
2 ⎣⎝ a ⎠ a⎦ U a ⎝ ⎠
U a ∂ ∂ 2 ⋅ U⋅ μ
(b) For τyx = 0 at y = 0 0 = μ⋅ − ⋅ p p =
a 2 ∂x ∂x 2
a
U⋅ y
2
2 ⋅ U⋅ μ ⎡ y ⎞2 y⎤
2
⋅ ⎢⎛⎜ ⎛y⎞
a u
The velocity distribution is then u= + ⋅ − ⎥ = ⎜
a 2⋅ μ
a
2 ⎣⎝ a ⎠ a⎦ U ⎝a⎠
0.50
0.25
0.00
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
u /U
Problem 8.28 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 8.29 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 8.30 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
2 ν1 2
m −3m
Given data h = 10⋅ mm θ = 60⋅ deg ν1 = 0.01⋅ ν2 = ν2 = 2 × 10
s 5 s
From Example 5.9 (or Exanple 8.3 with g replaced with gsinθ), a free body analysis leads to (for either fluid)
2 ρ⋅ g ⋅ sin( θ)
d
u =−
2 μ
dy
Applying this to fluid 1 (lower fluid) and fluid 2 (upper fluid), integrating twice yields
ρ⋅ g ⋅ sin( θ) 2 ρ⋅ g ⋅ sin( θ) 2
u1 = − ⋅ y + c1 ⋅ y + c2 u2 = − ⋅ y + c3 ⋅ y + c4
2 ⋅ μ1 2 ⋅ μ2
The third BC comes from the fact that there is no shear stress at the free surface
du2
y = 2⋅ h μ2 ⋅ =0 (3)
dy
The fourth BC comes from the fact that the stress at the interface generated by each fluid is the same
du1 du2
y=h μ1 ⋅ = μ2 ⋅ (4)
dy dy
Using these four BCs c2 = 0
ρ⋅ g ⋅ sin( θ) 2 ρ⋅ g ⋅ sin( θ) 2
− ⋅ h + c1 ⋅ h + c2 = − ⋅ h + c3 ⋅ h + c4
2 ⋅ μ1 2 ⋅ μ2
2 ⋅ ρ⋅ g ⋅ sin( θ) ⋅ h 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ g ⋅ sin( θ) ⋅ h (
2 μ2 − μ1 )
Hence, after some algebra c1 = c2 = 0 c3 = c4 = 3 ⋅ ρ⋅ g ⋅ sin( θ) ⋅ h ⋅
μ1 μ2 2 ⋅ μ1 ⋅ μ2
ρ⋅ g ⋅ sin( θ)
( )
2 ρ⋅ g ⋅ sin( θ) ⎡ (
2 μ2 − μ1 ) 2⎤
The velocity distributions are then u1 = ⋅ 4⋅ y⋅ h − y u2 = ⋅ ⎢3 ⋅ h ⋅ + 4⋅ y⋅ h − y ⎥
2 ⋅ μ1 2 ⋅ μ2 μ1
⎣ ⎦
g ⋅ sin( θ)
( )
2 g ⋅ sin( θ) ⎡ (
2 ν2 − ν1 ) 2⎤
u1 = ⋅ 4⋅ y⋅ h − y u2 = ⋅ ⎢3 ⋅ h ⋅ + 4⋅ y⋅ h − y ⎥
2 ⋅ ν1 2 ⋅ ν2 ν1
⎣ ⎦
(Note that these result in the same expression if ν1 = ν2, i.e., if we have one fluid)
2
3 ⋅ g ⋅ h ⋅ sin( θ) m
Evaluating either velocity at y = h, gives the velocity at the interface u interface = u interface = 0.127
2 ⋅ ν1 s
2 (3⋅ ν2 + ν1) m
Evaluating u 2 at y = 2h gives the velocity at the free surface u freesurface = g ⋅ h ⋅ sin( θ) ⋅ u freesurface = 0.340
2 ⋅ ν1 ⋅ ν2 s
u freesurface⋅ h
Note that a Reynolds number based on the free surface velocity is = 1.70 indicating laminar flow
ν2
The velocity distributions can be plotted in Excel.
11.000 0.168
12.000 0.204 16
13.000 0.236
14.000 0.263
15.000 0.287
16.000 0.306 12
17.000 0.321
18.000 0.331
19.000 0.338
20.000 0.340 8
0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
u (m/s)
Problem 8.31 [Difficulty: 2]
Find: Expression for shear stress; Maximum shear; volume flow rate/mm width; Reynolds number
Solution:
ρ⋅ g ⋅ sin( θ) ⎛ y
2⎞
From Example 5.9 u(y) = ⋅ ⎜ h⋅ y −
μ ⎝ 2 ⎠
du
For the shear stress τ = μ⋅ = ρ⋅ g ⋅ sin( θ) ⋅ ( h − y )
dy
2
kg m N⋅ s
τmax = 1.2 × 1000 × 9.81⋅ × sin( 15⋅ deg) × 0.007 ⋅ m × τmax = 21.3 Pa
3 2 kg⋅ m
m s
This stress is in the x direction on the wall
h
⌠
The flow rate is ⌠ ⌠
h ⎮ ρ⋅ g ⋅ sin( θ) ⎛ y
2⎞
ρ⋅ g ⋅ sin( θ) ⋅ w⋅ h
3
Q = ⎮ u dA = w⋅ ⎮ u ( y ) dy = w⋅ ⎮ ⋅ ⎜ h⋅ y − dy Q=
⌡ ⌡
0 ⎮
⌡
μ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 3⋅ μ
0
3 3
m mm
2 2
Q 1 kg m 3 m N⋅ s −4 s Q s
= × 1.2 × 1000 × 9.81⋅ × sin( 15⋅ deg) × ( 0.007 ⋅ m) × ⋅ = 2.18 × 10 = 217
w 3 3 2 1.60⋅ N⋅ s kg⋅ m m w mm
m s
3
mm
Q Q s 1 mm
The average velocity is V= = V = 217 ⋅ × V = 31.0⋅
A w⋅ h mm 7 ⋅ mm s
ρ⋅ V⋅ h
The gap Reynolds number is Re =
μ
2 2
kg mm m ⎛ 1⋅ m ⎞
Re = 1.2 × 1000 × 31⋅ × 7 ⋅ mm × × ⎜ 1000⋅ mm Re = 0.163
m
3 s 1.60⋅ N⋅ s ⎝ ⎠
The flow is definitely laminar
Problem 8.32 [Difficulty: 3]
Find: Shear stress on lower plate; Plot shear stress; Flow rate for pressure gradient; Pressure gradient for zero shear; Plot
Solution:
U⋅ y
2 ⎡ y ⎞2 y⎤
⋅ ⎢⎛⎜
a dp
From Section 8-2 u(y) = + ⋅ − ⎥
a 2 ⋅ μ dx ⎣⎝ a ⎠ a⎦
3
ft
a
y Q ⌠
a ⌠ y U⋅ a 1 ft 0.1 s
For dp/dx = 0 u = U⋅ = ⎮ u ( y ) dy = w⋅ ⎮ U⋅ dy = Q = × 5⋅ × ⋅ ft Q = 0.0208⋅
a l ⌡ ⎮ a 2 2 s 12 ft
0 ⌡
0
du μ⋅ U − 7 lbf ⋅ s
For the shear stress τ = μ⋅ = when dp/dx = μ = 3.79 × 10 ⋅ (Table A.9)
dy a 0 2
ft
The shear stress is constant - no need to plot!
2
− 7 lbf ⋅ s ft 12 ⎛ 1⋅ ft ⎞ −6
τ = 3.79 × 10 ⋅ × 5⋅ × × ⎜ 12⋅ in τ = 1.58 × 10 ⋅ psi
ft
2 s 0.1⋅ ft ⎝ ⎠
μ⋅ U
⋅ ⎛⎜
du dp y 1⎞
For non- zero dp/dx: τ = μ⋅ = + a⋅ −
dy a dx ⎝a 2⎠
⋅ ⎛⎜
U dp 1 1⎞ U a dp
At y = 0.25a, we get τ( y = 0.25⋅ a) = μ⋅ + a⋅ − = μ⋅ − ⋅
a dx ⎝4 2⎠ a 4 dx
lbf
2 2
dp 4 ⋅ μ⋅ U − 7 lbf ⋅ s ft ⎛ 12 ⎞ = 0.109 ⋅ ft = 7.58 × 10− 4 psi
Hence this stress is zero when = = 4 × 3.79 × 10 ⋅ × 5⋅ × ⎜ 0.1⋅ ft
dx
a
2
ft
2 s ⎝ ⎠ ft ft
0.1
0.075
y (in)
0.05
0.025
−4 −4 −4 −4
− 1× 10 0 1× 10 2× 10 3× 10
Find: Location and magnitude of maximum velocity; Volume flow in 10 s; Plot velocity and shear stress
Solution:
U⋅ y
2⎡ y ⎞2 y⎤
⋅ ⎢⎛⎜
b dp
From Section 8.2 u(y) = + ⋅ − ⎥
b 2 ⋅ μ dx ⎣⎝ b ⎠ b⎦
2
dp 2 ⋅ y
⋅ ⋅⎛ − ⎞=
du U b 1 U 1 dp
For u max set du/dx = 0 =0= + + ⋅ ⋅ (2⋅ y − b)
dy b 2 ⋅ μ dx ⎜ 2 a b 2 ⋅ μ dx
⎝b ⎠
b μ⋅ U
Hence u = u max at y= −
2 dp
b⋅
dx
N⋅ s lbf ⋅ s
From Fig. A.2 at 59 °F = 15⋅ °C μ = 4⋅ μ = 0.0835⋅
2 2
m ft
2
0.1⋅ in lbf ⋅ s ft 1 in ⋅ ft
y = + 0.0835⋅ × 2⋅ × × y = 0.0834⋅ in
2 2 s 0.1⋅ in 50⋅ lbf
ft
U⋅ y
2 ⎡ y ⎞2 y⎤
⋅ ⎢⎛⎜
b dp
Hence u max = + ⋅ − ⎥ with y = 0.0834⋅ in
b 2 ⋅ μ dx ⎣⎝ b ⎠ b⎦
2 2
50⋅ psi ⎛ 12⋅ in ⎞
2 ⎡⎛ .0834 ⎞ 2 ⎛ .0834 ⎞⎤
ft ⎛ .0834 ⎞ + 1 × ⎛ 0.1 ⋅ ft⎞ × ft
⎢⎜ ⎥
u max = 2 ⋅ × ⎜ 0.1 ⎜ × − × ⎜ 1 ⋅ ft × −⎜
s ⎝ ⎠ 2 ⎝ 12 ⎠ .0835 ⋅ lbf ⋅ s ft ⎝ ⎠ ⎣⎝ 0.1 ⎠ ⎝ 0.1 ⎠⎦
ft
u max = 2.083 ⋅
s
b
⌠
Q ⌠
b ⎮ ⎡ U⋅ y b 2 dp ⎡⎛ y ⎞ 2 y⎤⎤ b U⋅ bdp
3
=⎮ u ( y ) dy = w⋅ ⎮ ⎢ + ⋅ ⋅ ⎢⎜ − ⎥⎥ dy = − ⋅
w ⌡0 ⎮
⌡ ⎣ b 2 ⋅ μ dx ⎣⎝ b ⎠ b⎦⎦ 2 12⋅ μ dx
0
3 2 2
⎛ 0.1 ⋅ ft⎞ × 50⋅ psi ⎞ ⎛ 12⋅ in ⎞
× ⎛⎜ −
Q 1 ft 0.1 1 ft
= × 2⋅ × ⋅ ft − × ⎜ ×⎜
w 2 s 12 12 ⎝ 12 ⎠ .0835 ⋅ lbf ⋅ s ⎝ ft ⎠ ⎝ 1⋅ ft ⎠
3
ft
Q s Q gpm
= 0.0125 = 5.61⋅
w ft w ft
Q gpm 1 ⋅ min gal
Flow = ⋅ ∆t = 5.61⋅ × × 10⋅ s Flow = 0.935 ⋅
w ft 60⋅ s ft
2 ⎡ y ⎞2 y⎤
⋅ ⎢⎛⎜
b dp ⎡ ⎛ y ⎞
− 1⎤⎥
u y b dp du U
The velocity profile is = + ⋅ − ⎥ For the shear stress τ = μ⋅ = μ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ ⎢2 ⋅ ⎜
U b 2 ⋅ μ⋅ U dx ⎣⎝ b ⎠ b⎦ dy b 2 dx ⎣ ⎝ b ⎠ ⎦
The graphs below can be plotted in Excel
0.8
0.6
y/b
0.4
0.2
u/U
0.8
0.6
y/b
0.4
0.2
3 3 3 3
− 500 0 500 1× 10 1.5× 10 2× 10 2.5× 10
Find: Pressure gradient for no flow; plot velocity and stress distributions; also plot for u = U at y = a/2
Solution:
U⋅ y
2 ⎡ y ⎞2 y⎤ U⋅ a
3
⋅ ⎢⎛⎜ ⋅ ⎛⎜
a dp Q a dp U dp y 1⎞
Basic equations u(y) = + ⋅ − ⎥ (1) = − ⋅ (2) τ = μ⋅ + a⋅ − (3)
a 2 ⋅ μ dx ⎣⎝ a ⎠ a⎦ l 2 12⋅ μ dx a dx ⎝a 2⎠
m N⋅ s
Available data U = 1.5⋅ a = 5 ⋅ mm From Fig. A.2 for castor oil at 20oC μ = 1⋅
s 2
m
dp 6 ⋅ μ⋅ U N⋅ s m 1 dp kPa
From Eq 2 for Q = 0 = = 6 × 1⋅ × 1.5⋅ × = 360 ⋅
dx 2 2 s 2 dx m
a m ( 0.005 ⋅ m)
0.75
y/a
0.5
0.25
u (m/s)
0.75
y/a
0.5
0.25
The pressure gradient is adverse, to counteract the flow generated by the upper plate motion
U⋅ y
2 ⎡ y ⎞2 y⎤
⋅ ⎢⎛⎜
a dp
For u = U at y = a/2 we need to adjust the pressure gradient. From Eq. 1 u(y) = + ⋅ − ⎥
a 2 ⋅ μ dx ⎣⎝ a ⎠ a⎦
a ⎡⎢⎛ a ⎞ 2 a ⎤⎥
U⋅
a dp ⎢⎜ 2 2⎥
2
2 dp 4 ⋅ U⋅ μ N⋅ s m 1
U= + ⋅ ⋅ ⎢⎜ − =− = −4 × 1 ⋅ × 1.5⋅ ×
a ⎥⎦
Hence or
a 2 ⋅ μ dx ⎣⎝ a ⎠ dx 2 2 s 2
a m ( 0.005 ⋅ m)
dp kPa
= −240 ⋅
dx m
0.75
y/a
0.5
0.25
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
u (m/s)
0.75
y/a
0.5
0.25
The pressure gradient is positive to provide the "bulge" needed to satisfy the velocity requirement
Problem 8.35 [Difficulty: 3]
Find: Shear stress on lower plate; pressure gradient for zero shear stress at y/a = 0.25; plot velocity and shear stress
Solution:
U⋅ y
2 ⎡ y 2 y⎤ U⋅ a
3
⎞ −⋅ ⎢⎛⎜ ⋅ ⎛⎜
a dp Q a dp U dp y 1⎞
Basic equations u(y) = + ⋅ ⎥ (1) = − ⋅ (2) τ = μ⋅ + a⋅ − (3)
a 2 ⋅ μ dx ⎣⎝ a ⎠ a⎦ l 2 12⋅ μ dx a dx ⎝a 2⎠
gpm
Available data q = 1.5⋅ a = 0.05⋅ in 68°F = 20°C
ft
N⋅ s − 5 lbf ⋅ s
From Fig. A.2, Carbon tetrachloride at 20oC μ = 0.001 ⋅ μ = 2.089 × 10 ⋅
2 2
m ft
2⋅ Q 2⋅ q ft
From Eq. 2, for zero pressure gradient U= or U = U = 1.60⋅
a⋅ l a s
ft μ⋅ U −5
From Eq. 3, when y = 0, with U = 1.60 τyx = τyx = 5.58 × 10 ⋅ psi
s a
4 ⋅ μ⋅ U
⋅ ⎛⎜
U dp 1 1⎞ dp dp psi
For zero shear stress at y/a = 0.25, from Eq. 3 0 = μ⋅ + a⋅ − or = = 0.0536⋅
a dx ⎝4 2⎠ dx
a
2 dx ft
1
1
0.75
0.75
y/a
y/a
0.5 0.5
0.25 0.25
Find: Plot; find flow rate for maximum efficiency; explain curve
Solution:
q η
0.00 0.0% Efficiency of a Viscous Pump
0.05 7.30%
0.10 14.1% 35%
0.15 20.3% 30%
0.20 25.7%
0.25 30.0% 25%
η
For the maximum efficiency point we can use Solver (or alternatively differentiate)
q η The efficiency is zero at zero flow rate because there is no output at all
0.333 33.3% The efficiency is zero at maximum flow rate ∆p = 0 so there is no output
The efficiency must therefore peak somewhere between these extremes
Problem 8.41 [Difficulty: 5]
Problem 2.66
Problem 8.42 [Difficulty: 5] Part 1/2
Problem 8.42 [Difficulty: 5] Part 2/2
Problem 8.43 [Difficulty: 3]
Find: Time for the bearing to slow to 100 rpm; visocity of new fluid
Solution:
2
The given data is D = 35⋅ mm L = 50⋅ mm δ = 1 ⋅ mm I = 0.125 ⋅ kg⋅ m
N⋅ s
ωi = 500 ⋅ rpm ωf = 100 ⋅ rpm μ = 0.1⋅
2
m
D
The equation of motion for the slowing bearing is I⋅ α = Torque = −τ⋅ A⋅
2
where α is the angular acceleration and τ is the viscous stress, and A = π⋅ D⋅ L is the surface area of the bearing
U μ⋅ D⋅ ω
As in Example 8.2 the stress is given by τ = μ⋅ =
δ 2⋅ δ
3
μ⋅ π⋅ D ⋅ L
− ⋅t
4⋅ δ⋅ I
Integrating and using IC ω = ω0 ω( t) = ωi⋅ e
3
μ⋅ π⋅ D ⋅ L
− ⋅t
4⋅ δ⋅ I
The time to slow down to ω f = 10 rpm is obtained from solving ωf = ωi⋅ e
4 ⋅ δ⋅ I ⎛ ωf ⎞ 3
so t = − ⋅ ln⎜ Hence t = 1.19 × 10 s t = 19.9⋅ min
3
μ⋅ π⋅ D ⋅ L ⎝ ωi ⎠
For the new fluid, the time to slow down is t = 10⋅ min
4 ⋅ δ⋅ I ⎛ ωf ⎞
Rearranging the equation μ = − ⋅ ln⎜ kg
3 μ = 0.199 It is more viscous as it slows
π ⋅ D ⋅ L⋅ t ⎝ ωi ⎠ m⋅ s down the rotation in a
shorter time
Problem 8.44 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
The Navier-Stokes equations are (using the coordinates of Example 8.3, so that x is vertical, y is horizontal)
4 3
∂u ∂v ∂w
+ + =0 (5.1c)
∂x ∂y ∂z
1 4 5 3 4 3
⎛ ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ⎞ ∂p ⎛ ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ⎞
ρ ⎜⎜ + u + v + w ⎟⎟ = ρg x − + µ ⎜⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟⎟ (5.27a)
⎝ ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ∂x ⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠
1 4 5 3 6 4 5 3
⎛ ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v ⎞ ∂p ⎛∂ v ∂ v ∂ v⎞ 2 2 2
ρ ⎜⎜ + u + v + w ⎟⎟ = ρg y − + µ ⎜⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟⎟ (5.27b)
⎝ ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ∂y ⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠
1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
⎛ ∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w ⎞ ∂p ⎛∂ w ∂ w ∂ w⎞ 2 2 2
ρ ⎜⎜ +u +v +w ⎟⎟ = ρg z − + µ ⎜⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟⎟ (5.27c)
⎝ ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ∂z ⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠
Assumption (1) eliminates time variations in any fluid property. Assumption (2) eliminates space variations in density. Assumption
(3) states that there is no z component of velocity and no property variations in the z direction. All terms in the z component of the
Navier–Stokes equation cancel. After assumption (4) is applied, the continuity equation reduces to ∂v/∂y = 0. Assumptions (3) and (4)
also indicate that ∂v/∂z = 0 and ∂v/∂x = 0. Therefore v must be constant. Since v is zero at the solid surface, then v must be zero
everywhere. The fact that v = 0 reduces the Navier–Stokes equations further, as indicated by (5). Hence for the y direction
∂p
=0
∂y
which indicates the pressure is a constant across the layer. However, at the free surface p = patm = constant. Hence we conclude that p
= constant throughout the fluid, and so
∂p
=0
∂x
In the x direction, we obtain
∂ 2u
µ + ρg = 0
∂y 2
Integrating twice
1 c
u=− ρgy 2 + 1 y + c2
2µ µ
To evaluate the constants, c1 and c2, we must apply the boundary conditions. At y = 0, u = 0. Consequently, c2 = 0. At y = a, du/dy =
0 (we assume air friction is negligible). Hence
1
τ (y = δ ) = µ
du c1
=− ρgδ + =0
dy y =δ
µ µ
which gives
c1 = ρgδ
and finally
ρg 2 ⎡ ⎛ y ⎞ 1 ⎛ y ⎞ ⎤
2
1 ρg
u=− ρgy +
2
y= δ ⎢⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
2µ µ µ ⎢⎣⎝ δ ⎠ 2 ⎝ δ ⎠ ⎥⎦
Problem 8.45 [Difficulty: 3]
Problem 8.46 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
du
Basic equations: Bingham fluid: τyx = τy + μp ⋅
dy
dτyx
Use the analysis of Example 8.3, where we obtain a force balance between gravity and shear stresses: = −ρ⋅ g
dy
kg
The given data is τy = 40⋅ Pa ρ = 1000⋅
3
m
From the force balance equation, itegrating τyx = −ρ⋅ g ⋅ y + c and we have boundary condition τyx( y = δ) = 0
τy −3
Hence the maximum thickness is δ = δ = 4.08 × 10 m δ = 4.08 mm
ρ⋅ g
Problem 8.47 [Difficulty: 4]
Governing equation:
The Navier-Stokes equations are
4 3
∂u ∂v ∂w
+ + =0 (5.1c)
∂x ∂y ∂z
1 4 5 3 4 3
⎛ ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ⎞ ∂p ⎛ ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ⎞
ρ⎜
⎜ + u + v + w ⎟ = ρ x
g − + µ ⎜⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟⎟ (5.27a)
⎝ ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎟⎠ ∂x ⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠
1 4 5 3 6 4 5 3
⎛ ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v ⎞ ∂p ⎛ ∂ 2v ∂ 2v ∂ 2v ⎞
ρ ⎜⎜ + u + v + w ⎟⎟ = ρg y − + µ ⎜⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟⎟ (5.27b)
⎝ ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ∂y ⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠
1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
⎛ ∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w ⎞ ∂p ⎛∂ w ∂ w ∂ w⎞
2 2 2
ρ ⎜⎜ +u +v +w ⎟⎟ = ρg z − + µ ⎜⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟⎟ (5.27c)
⎝ ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ∂z ⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠
Assumption (1) eliminates time variations in any fluid property. Assumption (2) eliminates space variations in density. Assumption
(3) states that there is no z component of velocity and no property variations in the z direction. All terms in the z component of the
Navier–Stokes equation cancel. After assumption (4) is applied, the continuity equation reduces to ∂v/∂y = 0. Assumptions (3) and (4)
also indicate that ∂v/∂z = 0 and ∂v/∂x = 0. Therefore v must be constant (except of course in a more realistic model v ≠ 0 near the
transition. Since v is zero at the solid surface, then v must be zero everywhere. The fact that v = 0 reduces the Navier–Stokes
equations further, as indicated by (5). Hence for the y direction
∂p
=0
∂y
which indicates the pressure is a constant across the flow. Hence we conclude that p is a function at most of x.
∂p ∂ 2u
0=− +µ 2 (1)
∂x ∂y
Integrating this twice for the first region
1 dp 2 c1
u1 = y + y + c2
2 µ dx 1 µ
dp
where denotes the pressure gradient in region 1. Note that we change to regular derivative as p is a function of x only. Note that
dx 1
⎛ ∂p ⎞ ⎛ ∂ 2u ⎞
Eq 1 implies that we have a function of x only ⎜ ⎟ and a function of y only ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ that must add up to be a constant (0); hence
⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂y ⎠
EACH is a constant! This means that
dp p
= const = s
dx 1 L1
To evaluate the constants, c1 and c2, we must apply the boundary conditions. We do this separately for each region.
1 dp 2 c1
0= h1 + h1 + U
2 µ dx 1 µ
so
1 dp µU
c1 = − h1 −
2 dx 1 h1
Hence, combining results
⎛ y ⎞
u1 =
1 dp
2 µ dx 1
( )
y 2 − h1 y + U ⎜⎜ − 1⎟⎟
⎝ h1 ⎠
⎛ y ⎞
u2 =
1 dp
2 µ dx
(y 2
)
− h2 y + U ⎜⎜ − 1⎟⎟
2 ⎝ h2 ⎠
where
dp p
= const = − s
dx 2 L2
h1 h2
1 dp 3 Uh1 1 dp 3 Uh2
q = ∫ u1dy = ∫ u 2 dy = − h1 − =− h2 −
0 0
12 µ dx 1 2 12µ dx 2 2
Hence
1 p s 3 Uh1 1 p s 3 Uh2
h1 + =− h2 +
12µ L1 2 12µ L2 2
or
6 µU (h2 − h1 )
ps =
⎛ h13 h23 ⎞
⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟
⎝ L1 L2 ⎠
Problem 8.48 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 8.49 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 8.50 [Difficulty: 3]
0.01
N⋅ s
μ
2
m −3
1× 10
−4
1× 10
− 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
T (C)
3.00 3
−5m −6m
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
L L
Qmax T1 = 5.07 × 10 Qmax T1 = 182 Qmax T2 = 3.12 × 10 Qmax T2 = 11.2
s hr s hr
200
150
Q (L/hr)
100
50
− 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
T (C)
Problem 8.51 [Difficulty: 2]
d
p1 D
F
L
Solution:
4
π⋅ ∆p⋅ d
Basic equation Q= (Eq. 8.13c; we assume laminar flow and verify this is correct after solving)
128⋅ μ ⋅ L
F 4⋅ F
For the system ∆p = p 1 − p atm = =
A 2
π⋅ D
2
4 ⎛ 1 × 12⋅ in ⎞
∆p = × 7.5⋅ lbf × ⎜ 0.375⋅ in 1⋅ ft ∆p = 67.9⋅ psi
π ⎝ ⎠
− 5 lbf ⋅ s − 4 lbf ⋅ s
At 68oF, from Table A.7 μH2O = 2.1 × 10 ⋅ μ = 5⋅ μH2O μ = 1.05 × 10 ⋅
2 2
ft ft
2 4 2
144 ⋅ in 1 ⋅ ft 12⋅ in
× ⎛⎜ 0.005 ⋅ in × ⎞ ×
π lbf ft 1
Q = × 67.9⋅ × × ×
128
in
2
1 ⋅ ft
2 ⎝ 12⋅ in ⎠
1.05 × 10
−4
lbf ⋅ s
1 ⋅ in 1 ⋅ ft
3 3 3
− 7 ft − 3 in in
Q = 8.27 × 10 ⋅ Q = 1.43 × 10 ⋅ Q = 0.0857⋅
s s min
3 2 2
Q Q 4 − 7 ft ⎛ 1 ⎞ × ⎛ 12⋅ in ⎞ ft
Check Re: V= = V = × 8.27 × 10 × ⎜ .005⋅ in ⎜ V = 6.07⋅
A π⋅ d
2 π s ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 1⋅ ft ⎠ s
4
ρ⋅ V⋅ d slug
Re = ρ = 1.94⋅ (assuming saline is close to water)
μ 3
ft
2
slug ft 1 ⋅ ft ft slug⋅ ft
Re = 1.94⋅ × 6.07⋅ × 0.005 ⋅ in × × × Re = 46.7
3 s 12⋅ in −4 2
ft 1.05 × 10 ⋅ lbf ⋅ s s ⋅ lbf Flow is laminar
Problem 8.52 [Difficulty: 3]
Find: "Resistance" of tube; maximum flow rate and pressure difference for which electrical analogy holds for
(a) kerosine and (b) castor oil
Solution:
The given data is L = 250 ⋅ mm D = 7.5⋅ mm
The governing equation for the flow rate for laminar flow in a tube is Eq. 8.13c
4
π⋅ ∆p⋅ D
Q=
128 ⋅ μ⋅ L
128 ⋅ μ⋅ L
or ∆p = ⋅Q (2)
4
π⋅ D
By analogy, current I is represented by flow rate Q, and voltage V by pressure drop ∆p.
Comparing Eqs. (1) and (2), the "resistance" of the tube is
128 ⋅ μ⋅ L
R=
4
π⋅ D
The "resistance" of a tube is directly proportional to fluid viscosity and pipe length, and strongly dependent on the inverse
of diameter
ρ⋅ V⋅ D
The analogy is only valid for Re < 2300 or < 2300
μ
Q
ρ⋅ ⋅D
π 2
⋅D
4 2300⋅ μ⋅ π⋅ D
Writing this constraint in terms of flow rate < 2300 or Qmax =
μ 4⋅ ρ
The corresponding maximum pressure gradient is then obtained from Eq. (2)
2
128 ⋅ μ⋅ L 32⋅ 2300⋅ μ ⋅ L
∆pmax = ⋅ Qmax =
4 3
π⋅ D ρ⋅ D
Substituting values
3
−5m l
(a) For kerosine Qmax = 1.84 × 10 Qmax = 1.10⋅ ∆pmax = 65.0⋅ Pa
s min
3
−3m l
(b) For castor oil Qmax = 1.62 × 10 Qmax = 97.3⋅ ∆pmax = 1.30⋅ MPa
s min
The analogy fails when Re > 2300 because the flow becomes turbulent, and "resistance" to flow is then no longer linear with flow
rate
Problem 8.53 [Difficulty: 3]
Problem 8.54 [Difficulty: 3]
Problem 8.56 [Difficulty: 4] Part 1/2
Problem 8.56 [Difficulty: 4] Part 2/2
Problem 8.57 [Difficulty: 4]
Problem 8.52
8.56
Problem 8.58 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
π∆pR 4 8µLQ
The flow rate of a fully developed pressure-driven flow in a pipe is Q = . Rearranging it, one obtains ∆p = . For a
8µL πR 4
flow rate Q = 10µl / min , L=1 cm, µ = 1.0 × 10 −3 Pa.s , and R = 1 mm,
8 10 ×10 −9 m 3 0.01 m
∆p = × × × × 4 ×1.0 ×10 −3 Pa.s = 0.00424 Pa
π 60 s 1×10 −12
m
Similarly, the required pressure drop for other values of R can be obtained.
∆p 8µL
The hydraulic resistance Rhyd = = . Substituting the values of the viscosity, length and radius of the tube, one obtains the
Q πR 4
value of the hydraulic resistance.
(3) To achieve a reasonable flow rate in microscale or nanoscale channel, a very high pressure difference is required since ∆p is
proportional to R−4. Therefore, the widely used pressure-driven flow in large scale systems is not appropriate in microscale or
nanoscale channel applications. Other means to manipulate fluids in microscale or nanoscale channel applications are required.
Problem 8.59 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
∆p
Basic equation: Rhyd =
Q
∆p 8µ z2 1 8µ z2 1
Rhyd =
Q
= ∫
π 1 r
z 4
dz = ∫
π 1 (ri + αz ) 4
z
dz
8µ z 1
=
π ∫
0 (ri + αz ) 4
d (ri + αz )
8µ 1 8µ −3
=− (ri + αz ) −3 0z = − [(ri + αz ) −3 − ri ]
πα 3 3πα
8µ ⎡ 1 1⎤
Rhyd = − ⎢ − ⎥
3πα ⎣ (ri + αz ) 3 ri 3 ⎦
Problem 8.60 [Difficulty: 4]
Given: Relationship between shear stress and deformation rate; fully developed flow in a cylindrical blood vessel
Solution:
Similar to the Example Problem described in Section 8.3, based on the force balance, one obtains
r dp
τ rx = (1)
2 dx
This result is valid for all types of fluids, since it is based on a simple force balance without any assumptions about fluid rheology.
Since the axial pressure gradient in a steady fully developed flow is a constant, Equation (1) shows that τ = 0 < τc at r = 0. Therefore,
there must be a small region near the center line of the blood vessel for which τ < τc. If we call Rc the radial location at which τ = τc,
the flow can then be divided into two regions:
du
τ = τc + µ (2)
dr
r < Rc: τ = 0 < τc.
We first determine the velocity profile in the region r > Rc. Substituting (1) into (2), one obtains:
r dp du
= τc + µ (3)
2 dx dr
Using equation (3) and the fact that du/dr at r = Rc is zero, the critical shear stress can be written as
Rc dp
= τc . (4)
2 dx
Rearranging eq. (4), Rc is
dp
Rc = 2τ c / . (5)
dx
Inserting (4) into (3), rearranging, and squaring both sides, one obtains
du 1 dp
µ = [r − 2 rRc + Rc ] (6)
dr 2 dx
Integrating the above first-order differential equation using the non-slip boundary condition, u = 0 at r = R:
1 dp ⎡ 2 8 ⎤
u=− (R − r 2 ) − Rc ( Rc − r 3 / 2 ) + 2 Rc ( R − r )⎥ for Rc ≤ r ≤ R
3/ 2
⎢
4µ dx ⎣ 3 ⎦
(7)
In the region r < Rc, since the shear stress is zero, fluid travels as a plug with a plug velocity. Since the plug velocity must match the
velocity at r = Rc, we set r = Rc in equation (7) to obtain the plug velocity:
u=−
1 dp 2
4µ dx
[ ]
( R − Rc ) + 2 Rc ( R − Rc ) for r ≤ Rc
2
(8)
The flow rate is obtained by integrating u(r) across the vessel cross section:
R Rc R
Q = ∫ u (r )2πrdr = ∫ u (r )2πrdr + ∫ u (r )2πrdr
0 0 Rc
πR 4 dp ⎡ 16 Rc 4 Rc 1 ⎛ Rc ⎞ ⎤
4 (9)
=− ⎢1 − + − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
8µ dx ⎣⎢ 7 R 3 R 21 ⎝ R ⎠ ⎦⎥
dp
Given R = 1mm = 10-3 m, µ = 3.5 cP = 3.5×10-3 Pa⋅s, and τc = 0.05 dynes/cm2 = 0.05×10-1 Pa, and = −100 Pa / m .
dx
dp
From eq. (5), Rc = 2τ c /
dx
2 × 0.05 10 ×10 −6 N / m 2
Rc = = 0.1mm
100 Pa / m
dp
Substituting the values of R, µ, Rc, and into eq. (9),
dx
Solution:
According to equation (8.10), we can write the governing equation for Non-Newtonian fluid velocity in a circular tube
r ∂p c1
n
⎛ du ⎞
τ rx = k ⎜ ⎟ = +
⎝ dr ⎠ 2 ∂x r (1)
However, as for the Newtonian fluid case, we must set c1 = 0 as otherwise we’d have infinite stress at r = 0. Hence, equation (1)
becomes
r ∂p
n
⎛ du ⎞
k⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ dr ⎠ 2 ∂x (2)
1
⎛ 1 ∂p ⎞ n
1
1 1+
u =⎜ ⎟ r n + c2 (3)
⎝ 2k ∂x ⎠ ⎛1 + 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ n⎠
1
⎛ 1 ∂p ⎞ n
1
1 1+
c 2 = −⎜ ⎟ R n (4)
⎝ 2k ∂x ⎠ ⎛1 + 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ n⎠
1
n ⎛ 1 ∂p ⎞ n ⎛⎜ n ⎞
n +1 n +1
u (r ) = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ r − R n ⎟
(n + 1) ⎝ 2k ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ⎟
⎠
(5)
1
n ⎛ 1 ∂p ⎞ n ⎛ n ⎞
n +1 n +1
R
Q = ∫ udA == ∫ 2πr ⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ r − R n ⎟⎟dr
A 0 (n + 1) ⎝ 2k ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
(6)
Hence
1 R 1
2nπ ⎛ 1 ∂p ⎞ n ⎡ n r2 n ⎤
3 n +1 n +1 3 n +1
2nπ ⎛ 1 ∂p ⎞ n n ⎛ n 1⎞
Q= ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ r n
− R ⎥ = ⎜ ⎟ R ⎜ − ⎟
(n + 1) ⎝ 2k ∂x ⎠ ⎣ 3n + 1 2 ⎦ 0 (n + 1) ⎝ 2k ∂x ⎠ ⎝ 3n + 1 2 ⎠ (7)
Simplifying
1
3 n +1
nπ ⎛ 1 ∂p ⎞ n
Q=− ⎜ ⎟ R n
(3n + 1) ⎝ 2k ∂x ⎠ (8)
πa 4 ∂p
When n = 1, then k = µ, and Q=−
8µ ∂x , just like equation (8.13b) in the textbook.
1
n +1
Q Q n ⎛ 1 ∂p ⎞ n
V = = 2 =− ⎜ ⎟ R n
A πR (3n + 1) ⎝ 2k ∂x ⎠ (9)
n
⎡ ⎤
∂p Q(3n + 1) ⎥
= −2k ⎢
∂x ⎢ 3 n +1
⎥ (10)
⎣ nπR n ⎦
Substituting Q = 1µL/min= 1 × 10-9/60 m3/s, R = 1mm = 10-3 m, and n = 0.5 into eq.(10):
0.5
⎡ 10 −9 ⎤
∂p ⎢ (3(0.5) + 1) ⎥
= −2k ⎢ 60 3(0.5 )+1 ⎥ = −325k Pa/m for n = 0.5 (11)
∂x ⎢ 0.5π 0.5 ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
Similarly, the required pressure gradients for n = 1 and n = 1.5 can be obtained:
∂p
= −42.4k Pa/m, for n = 1
∂x (12)
∂p
≈ −5.42k Pa/m, for n = 1.5
∂x (12)
Obviously, the magnitude of the required pressure gradient increases as n decreases. Among the three types of fluids (pseudoplastic
for n = 0.5, Newtonian for n = 1, and dilatant for n = 1.5), the dilatant fluid requires the lowest pressure pump for the same pipe
length.
Problem 8.62 [Difficulty: 2]
Given: Fully developed flow in a pipe; slip boundary condition on the wall
Solution:
Similar to the example described in Section 8.3, one obtained
r 2 ∂p
u= + c2 (1)
4 µ ∂x
∂u
u =l (2)
∂r
and one obtains
R 2 ∂p ⎛ l ⎞
c2 = ⎜ 2 − 1⎟ (3)
4 µ ∂x ⎝ R ⎠
Substituting c2 into Eq.(1), one obtains
1 ∂p 2
u=−
4µ ∂x
(
R − r 2 + 2lR ) (4)
R πR 4 ∂p ⎡ l⎤
Q = ∫ u 2πrdr = − ⎢1+ 4 ⎥
0 8µ ∂x ⎣ R⎦ (5)
∂p
Substituting R = 10 µm, µ = 1.84 x 10-5 N⋅s/m2, mean free path l = 68 nm, and − = 1.0×106 Pa/m into eq. (5),
∂x
Given: Fully developed flow, velocity profile, and expression to calculate the flow rate
Solution:
⎛ ∂ 2 u ∂ 2 u ⎞ ∂p
For the fully developed flow, the N-S equations can be simplified to µ ⎜⎜ 2 + 2 ⎟⎟ = = constant (1)
⎝ ∂y ∂z ⎠ ∂x
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ∂p
Substituting the trial solution in equation (1), one obtains − 2µu 0 ⎜ 2 + 2 ⎟ = (2)
⎝a b ⎠ ∂x
a 2b 2 ∂p
Rearrange it and one obtains u0 = − (3)
2 µ (a + b ) ∂x
2 2
2π 1
The flow rate is Q = ∫ u ( y, z )dydz = ab ∫ ∫ ρu ( ρ , φ )dρdφ (4)
0 0
2π 1 1
Substituting u ( ρ ,φ ) = u 0 (1 − ρ ) into Eq. (4) and integrating twice:
2
Q = ab ∫ ∫ ρu (1 − ρ
0
2
)dρdφ = πabu0 (5)
0 0 2
1 πa 3b 3 ∂p
Q = πabu0 = − (6)
Substituting u0 into (5), one obtains 2 4 µ (a + b ) ∂x
2 2
For a channel with an elliptic cross-section with a = R and b = 1.5R, from equation (6), one has
29 ⎛ πR 4 ∂p ⎞
Q pipe = ⎜− ⎟.
104 ⎜⎝ µ ∂x ⎟⎠
Problem 8.64 [Difficulty: 2]
Given: The expression of hydraulic resistance of straight channels with different cross sectional shapes
Solution:
Based on the expressions of hydraulic resistance listed in the table, one obtains
8 1 8 1×10 −3 × 10 × 10 −3 Pa ⋅ s × m
Rhyd = µL 4 = = 0.254 ×1012 Pa ⋅ s/m 3
π a π (1×10 ) −4 4
m 4
Comparing the values of the hydraulic resistances, a straight channel with a circular cross section is the most energy efficient to pump
fluid with a fixed volumetric flow rate; the triangle is the worst.
Problem 8.65 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
N⋅ s N⋅ s
Given data D = 5 ⋅ mm L = 5⋅ m ∆p = −5 ⋅ MPa μ1 = 0.5⋅ μ2 = 5 ⋅
2 2
m m
From Section 8-3 for flow in a pipe, Eq. 8.11 can be applied to either fluid
2
r ⎛ ∂ ⎞ c1
u= ⋅⎜
p + ⋅ ln( r) + c2
4 ⋅ μ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ μ
D D
We need four BCs. Two are obvious r= u2 = 0 (1) r= u1 = u2 (2)
2 4
The third BC comes from the fact that the axis is a line of symmetry
du1
r= 0 =0 (3)
dr
The fourth BC comes from the fact that the stress at the interface generated by each fluid is the same
D du1 du2
r= μ1 ⋅ = μ2 ⋅ (4)
4 dr dr
2 2 2
⎛ D⎞ ⎛ D⎞ ⎛ D⎞
⎜2 ⎜4 ⎜
⎝ ⎠ ⋅ ∆p + c3 ⋅ ln⎛ D ⎞ + c = 0 ⎝ ⎠ ⋅ ∆p + c1 ⋅ ln⎛ D ⎞ + c = ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⋅ ∆p + c3 ⋅ ln⎛ D ⎞ + c
Using these four BCs ⎜ 4 ⎜ 2 ⎜ 4
4 ⋅ μ2 L μ2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 4 ⋅ μ1 L μ1 ⎝ 4 ⎠ 4 ⋅ μ2 L μ2 ⎝ 4 ⎠
c1 D ∆p 4 ⋅ c1 D ∆p 4 ⋅ c3
lim =0 ⋅ + = ⋅ +
r → 0 μ1 ⋅ r 8 L D 8 L D
(Note that these result in the same expression if µ 1 = µ 2, i.e., if we have one fluid)
2 2
3 ⋅ D ⋅ ∆p
× ( 0.005 ⋅ m) × ⎛ −5 × 10 ⋅ ⎞× m × 1
3 2 6 N m
u interface = − u interface = − u interface = 0.234
64⋅ μ2 ⋅ L 64 ⎜ 2 5 ⋅ N⋅ s 5 ⋅ m s
⎝ m ⎠
2
(
D ⋅ ∆p⋅ μ2 + 3 ⋅ μ1 ) 2
⎞ × 5 + 3 × 0.5 ⋅ m × 1 u
× ( 0.005 ⋅ m) × ⎛ −5 × 10 ⋅
1 2 6 N m
u max = − u max = − max = 1.02 s
64⋅ μ1 ⋅ μ2 ⋅ L 64 ⎜ 2 5 × .5 N⋅ s 5 ⋅ m
⎝ m ⎠
2.5
Inner fluid
2 Outer fluid
r (mm)
1.5
0.5
Velocity (m/s)
Solution:
Basic equation (Eq. 4.18a)
π⋅ D
2 2
π⋅ D ( p2 − p1)⋅ D ∆p⋅ D
p1⋅ + τw⋅ π⋅ D⋅ L − p 2 ⋅ =0 or τw = =−
4 4 4⋅ L 4⋅ L
3
1 12
τw = − × 750 ⋅ psi × τw = −3.13⋅ psi
4 15
Since τw is negative it acts to the left on the fluid, to the right on the pipe wall
Problem 8.67 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
Basic equation (Eq. 4.18a)
Here p1 is again the tank pressure and p 2 is the pressure at the pipe exit; the pipe exit pressure is p atm = 0 kPa gage. Hence
2
π⋅ D
Fpipe = Fglue = −τw⋅ π⋅ D⋅ L = ⋅ p1
4
We conclude that in each case the force on the glue is the same! When the cap is on the glue has to withstand the tank pressure;
when the cap is off, the glue has to hold the pipe in place against the friction of the fluid on the pipe, which is equal in magnitude
to the pressure drop.
π 2 lbf
Fglue = × ( 3 ⋅ in) × 30⋅ Fglue = 212 ⋅ lbf
4 2
in
Problem 8.68 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
∂ kPa ∂ kPa
Given data p 1 = −4.5⋅ p 2 = −11⋅ D = 30⋅ mm
∂x m ∂x m
R ∂ D ∂
τw = − ⋅ p = − ⋅ p
2 ∂x 4 ∂x
D ∂
τw1 = − ⋅ p 1 τw1 = 33.8 Pa
4 ∂x
D ∂
τw2 = − ⋅ p 2 τw2 = 82.5 Pa
4 ∂x
Because both flows are at the same nominal flow rate, the higher pressure drop must correspond to the turbulent flow, because, as
indicated in Section 8-4, turbulent flows experience additional stresses. Also indicated in Section 8-4 is that for both flows the
shear stress varies from zero at the centerline to the maximums computed above at the walls.
The stress distributions are linear in both cases: Maximum at the walls and zero at the centerline.
Problem 8.69 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
Basic equation (Eq. 4.18a)
Since τw < 0, it acts to the left on the fluid, to the right on the channel wall
Problem 8.70 [Difficulty: 3]
Problem 8.71 [Difficulty: 1]
Solution:
V πD 4 ρg ⎛ h ⎞
Basic equation: Q = = ⎜1 + ⎟ (Volume flow rate)
t 128µ ⎝ L ⎠
where Q is the volumetric flow rate, V flow volume, t is the time of flow, D is the diameter of the funnel stem, ρ is the density of the
pitch, µ is the viscosity of the pitch, h is the depth of the pitch in the funnel body, and L is the length of the funnel stem.
Assumption: Viscous effects above the stem are negligible and the stem has a uniform diameter.
kg
h = 75mm L = 29mm ρ = 1.1×103
m3
V 4.7 × 10 −5 m 3 m3
Calculate the flow rate: Q= = = 3.702 × 10 −14
t 17708day × 24hour × 3600s s
day hour
πD 4 ρg ⎛h⎞
µ= ⎜1 + ⎟
128Q ⎝ L ⎠
4
⎛ m ⎞ 3 kg m
π × (9.4mm )4 × ⎜ ⎟ ×1.1× 10 3 × 9.81 2
⎝ 1000mm ⎠ m s ⎛ 75mm ⎞ N × s 2
µ= ⎜1 + ⎟×
⎝ 29mm ⎠ kg × m
3
−14 m
128 × 3.702 ×10
s
N ⋅s
µ = 2.41×108
m2
Compare this to the viscosity of water, which is 10-3 N·s/m2!
Relate this equation to 8.13c for flow driven by a pressure gradient:
π∆pD 4 πD 4 ∆p
Q= = × .
128µL 128µ L
For this problem, the pressure (∆p) is replaced by the hydrostatic force of the pitch.
Consider the pressure variation in a static fluid.
dp ∆p ∆p
= − ρg = − ρg = = .
dz ∆z L + h
Replacing the term in 8.13c
πD 4 ∆p πD 4 ρg × (L + h ) πD 4 ⎛ h⎞
Q= × = × = × ρg × ⎜1 + ⎟
128µ L 128µ L 128µ ⎝ L⎠
V πD 4 ρg ⎛ h ⎞
Hence Q= = ⎜1 + ⎟
t 128µ ⎝ L ⎠
Find: Trendlines for each set; values of n for each set; plot
Solution:
1.0
u/U
0.1
0.01 0.10 1.00
y/R
At Re = 50,000 At Re = 500,000
Solution:
α=
∫ A
ρ V 3dA
(8.26b)
m& V 2
From Section 8-2, for flow between parallel plates
⎡ ⎛ ⎞ ⎤ 3 ⎡ ⎛ y ⎞ ⎤
2 2
u = umax ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = V ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
y
⎢ ⎜a ⎟ ⎥ 2 ⎢ ⎜a ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
3
since umax = V .
2
Substituting
a a
α= A
m& V 2
= A
ρV A V 2
= ∫ ⎜ ⎟
A A⎝V ⎠
dA =
wa ∫a ⎜⎝ V ⎟⎠ wdy = a ∫0 ⎜⎝ V ⎟⎠ dy
−
2
Then
2 a ⎛ u ⎞ ⎛ umax ⎞ ⎛⎜ y ⎞⎟ ⎛ 3 ⎞
3 3 31
= ⎜ ⎟ ∫ (1 − η 2 ) dη
1
α= ∫ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜
3
⎟ d⎜
a 2 0 ⎝ umax ⎠ ⎝ V ⎠ a ⎟ ⎝2⎠ 0
⎝ 2⎠
y
where η =
a
2
Evaluating,
(1 − η )
2 3
= 1 − 3η 2 + 3η 4 − η 6
The integral is then
31 3 1
∫0 (1 − 3η + 3η − η )dη = ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎡ 3 5 1 7 ⎤ 27 16
α =⎜ ⎟ 2 4 6
⎢⎣η − η + 5 η − 7 η ⎥⎦ = 8 35 = 1.54
3
⎝2⎠ 0
Problem 8.77 [Difficulty: 3]
Problem 8.78 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution: ⌠
⎮ 3
⎮ ρ⋅ V dA
⌡
Equation 8.26b is α=
2
mrate⋅ Vav
where V is the velocity, mrate is the mass flow rate and Vav is the average velocity
1
n
V = U⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 − ⎞
r
For the power-law profile (Eq. 8.22)
⎝ R⎠
2.
For the mass flow rate mrate = ρ⋅ π⋅ R ⋅ Vav
2 2 3
Hence the denominator of Eq. 8.26b is mrate⋅ Vav = ρ⋅ π⋅ R ⋅ Vav
⌠
⎮ 3
⌠ ⎮ n
ρ⋅ V dA = ⎮ ρ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ r⋅ U ⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 − ⎞ dr
⎮ 3 3 r
We next must evaluate the numerator of Eq. 8.26b
⎮
⌡ ⎮ ⎝ R⎠
⌡
R
⌠ 3
⎮
⎮ n 2 2 3
⎮ ρ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ r⋅ U ⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 −
3 r⎞ dr = 2⋅ π⋅ ρ⋅ R ⋅ n ⋅ U
⎮
⌡ ⎝ R⎠ ( 3 + n) ⋅ ( 3 + 2⋅ n)
0
r dr
To integrate substitute m=1− dm = −
R R
Then r = R⋅ ( 1 − m) dr = −R⋅ dm
R
⌠ 3 0
⎮ ⌠ 3
⎮
⎮ n ⎮
ρ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ r⋅ U ⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 − ⎞ dr = −⎮ ρ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ R⋅ ( 1 − m) ⋅ m ⋅ R dm
⎮ 3 r n
⎮
⌡ ⎝ R⎠ ⌡
1
0
1
⌠
⎮ ⎛ 3 3 ⎞
+1
⌠ ⎮ ⎜
⎮ 3 n n
Hence
⎮ ρ⋅ V dA = ⎮ ρ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ R⋅ ⎝ m − m ⎠ ⋅ R dm
⌡ ⌡
0
⌠ 2 2
2 ⋅ R ⋅ n ⋅ ρ⋅ π⋅ U
3
⎮ 3
⎮ ρ⋅ V d A =
⌡ ( 3 + n) ⋅ ( 3 + 2⋅ n)
⌠
⎮ 3 2 2
2⋅ R ⋅ n ⋅ ρ⋅ π⋅ U
3
⎮ ρ⋅ V dA
⌡ ( 3+ n) ⋅ ( 3+ 2⋅ n)
Putting all these results together α= =
2 2 3
mrate⋅ Vav ρ⋅ π⋅ R ⋅ Vav
3 2
⎛ U ⎞ ⋅ 2⋅ n
α= ⎜V
⎝ av ⎠ ( 3 + n) ⋅ ( 3 + 2⋅ n )
To plot α versus ReVav we use the following parametric relations
Vav 2
2⋅ n
= (Eq. 8.24)
U ( n + 1) ⋅ ( 2⋅ n + 1)
Vav
ReVav = ⋅ ReU
U
3 2
⎛ U ⎞ ⋅ 2⋅ n
α= ⎜V (Eq. 8.27)
⎝ av ⎠ ( 3 + n) ⋅ ( 3 + 2⋅ n )
A value of ReU leads to a value for n; this leads to a value for Vav/U; these lead to a value for ReVav and α
The plots of α, and the error in assuming α = 1, versus ReVav can be done in Excel.
1.08
Alpha
1.05
1.03
1.00
1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07
Re Vav
7.5%
Error
5.0%
2.5%
0.0%
1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07
Re Vav
Problem 8.79 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ h
1 2 lT
Basic equation ⎜ ρ⋅ g + α⋅ + z 1 − ⎜ ρ⋅ g + α⋅ + z 2 = g = HlT
⎝ 2 ⋅ g ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⋅ g ⎠
2 2
p1 − p2 V1 − V2
Then HlT = + + z1 − z2
ρ⋅ g 2⋅ g
( )
3 2 2 2
kg⋅ m
+ × 1.75 − 3.5 ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞ ×
3 N m s 1 2 2 m s
HlT = ( 70 − 45) × 10 ⋅ × × × + ( 2.25 − 3 ) ⋅ mHlT = 1.33 m
m
2 1000⋅ kg 2
s ⋅N
9.81⋅ m 2 ⎝ s ⎠ 9.81 ⋅m
2
m N⋅ s N⋅ m
In terms of energy/mass h lT = g ⋅ HlT h lT = 9.81⋅ × 1.33⋅ m × h lT = 13.0⋅
2 kg⋅ m kg
s
Problem 8.80 [Difficulty: 2]
Find: Head loss for horizontal pipe; inlet pressure for different alignments; slope for gravity feed
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞
1 2
The basic equation between inlet (1) and exit (2) is ⎜ρ + α ⋅
1 2 + g ⋅ z 1 − ⎜ + α ⋅
2 2 + g ⋅ z 2 = h lT (8.29)
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ρ ⎠
m kg N⋅ s
Given or available data D = 75⋅ mm V = 5⋅ ρ = 999 ⋅ μ = 0.001 ⋅
s 3 2
m m
p1 − p2 J
Equation 8.29 becomes h lT = h lT = 275 ⋅
ρ kg
For an inclined pipe with the same flow rate, the head loss will be the same as above; in addition we have the following new data
z1 = 0 ⋅ m z2 = 15⋅ m
For a declining pipe with the same flow rate, the head loss will be the same as above; in addition we have the following new data
z1 = 0 ⋅ m z2 = −15⋅ m
For a gravity feed with the same flow rate, the head loss will be the same as above; in addition we have the following new data
p 1 = 0 ⋅ kPa (Gage)
h lT
Equation 8.29 becomes z2 = z1 − z2 = −28.1 m
g
Problem 8.81 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ h
1 2 lT
Basic equation ⎜ ρ⋅ g + α⋅ 2⋅ g + z1 − ⎜ ρ⋅ g + α⋅ 2 ⋅ g + z2 = g = HlT
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
(
2⋅ p1 − p2 )
Then
2 2
V2 − V1 = 2 ⋅ V1 ( )2 − V12 = 3⋅ V12 = ρ
( )
+ 2 ⋅ g ⋅ z1 − z2 − 2 ⋅ g ⋅ HlT
2 ⎡ (p1 − p2) ⎤
V1 = ⋅⎢ + g ⋅ ( z1 − z2 ) − g ⋅ HlT⎥
3 ⎣ ρ ⎦
⎡ 3
kg⋅ m 9.81⋅ m ⎤
× ⎢50 × 10 ⋅ × 1 ⋅ m⎥
2 3 N m m m
V1 = × × + × ( −2 ) ⋅ m − 9.81⋅ V1 = 3.70
3 ⎢ 2 1000⋅ kg 2 2 2 ⎥ s
⎣ m s ⋅N s s ⎦
Problem 8.82 [Difficulty: 2]
Given: A given piping system and volume flow rate with two liquid choices.
Solution:
⎛ P1 V2 ⎞ ⎛P V2 ⎞
Governing equation: ⎜⎜ + α1 1 + gz1 ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ 2 + α 2 2 + gz 2 ⎟⎟ = hlT
⎝ρ 2 ⎠ ⎝ρ 2 ⎠
2 2
LV V
hlT = hl + hlm = f +K
D 2 2
Assumption: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible 3) Neglect elevation effects 4)Neglect velocity effects
LV2 V2
∆P = ρf + ρK
D 2 2
From Table A.8 it is seen that hot water has a lower density and lower kinematic viscosity than cold water.
The lower density means that for a constant minor loss coefficient (K) and velocity the pressure loss due to minor losses will be less
for hot water.
The lower kinematic viscosity means that for a constant diameter and velocity the Reynolds number will increase. From Figure 8.13 it
is seen that increasing the Reynolds number will either result in a decreased friction factor (f) or no change in the friction factor. This
potential decrease in friction factor combined with a lower density for hot water means that the pressure loss due to major losses will
be less for hot water as well.
Solution:
(
2 ⋅ g ⋅ z1 − z2 )
Basic equation from Example 8.7 V2 =
f ⋅ ⎛⎜ + 8⎞ + 1
L
⎝D ⎠
where L = 680 ⋅ ft D = 4 ⋅ in z1 − z2 = 80⋅ ft
ft
With f = 0.0308, we obtain V2 = 8.97⋅ and Q = 351 gpm
s
ft 1 ft
We need to recompute with f = 0.035 V2 = 2 × 32.2⋅ × 80⋅ ft × V2 = 8.42⋅
0.035 ⋅ ⎛⎜ + 8⎞ + 1
2 680 s
s
4
⎜
⎝ 12 ⎠
2
π⋅ D
Hence Q = V2 ⋅ A = V2 ⋅
4
2
ft π ⎛ 4 ⋅ ft⎞ × 7.48⋅ gal × 60⋅ s
Q = 8.42⋅ × × ⎜ 12 Q = 330 ⋅ gpm
s 4 ⎝ ⎠ 1 ⋅ ft
3 1 ⋅ min
Given: Increased friction factor for water tower flow, and reduced length
Solution:
(
2 ⋅ g ⋅ z1 − z2 )
Basic equation from Example 8.7 V2 =
f ⋅ ⎛⎜ + 8⎞ + 1
L
⎝D ⎠
ft 1 ft
We need to recompute with f = 0.04 V2 = 2 × 32.2⋅ × 80⋅ ft × V2 = 9.51⋅
0.035 ⋅ ⎛⎜ + 8⎞ + 1
2 530 s
s
4
⎜
⎝ 12 ⎠
2
π⋅ D
Hence Q = V2 ⋅ A = V2 ⋅
4
2
ft π ⎛ 4 ⋅ ft⎞ × 7.48⋅ gal × 60⋅ s
Q = 9.51⋅ × × ⎜ 12 Q = 372 ⋅ gpm
s 4 ⎝ ⎠ 1 ⋅ ft
3 1 ⋅ min
(From Table G.2 1 ft3 = 7.48 gal)
Problem 8.85 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 8.86 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
⎛ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛ p V2
2 ⎞ h
⎜ 1 ⎜ 2 lT
Basic equation + α⋅ + z1 − + α⋅ + z2 = = HlT
⎜ ρ ⋅g 2 ⋅ g ⎜ ρ ⋅g 2 ⋅ g g
⎝ oil ⎠ ⎝ oil ⎠
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) α at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) SG = 0.9 (Table A.2)
p1 − p2
Then HlT = + z1 − z2
SGoil⋅ ρH2O⋅ g
3 2
3 N 1 m kg⋅ m s
HlT = ( 8250 − 350 ) × 10 ⋅ × × × × + ( 45 − 115 ) ⋅ m HlT = 825 m
2 0.9 1000⋅ kg 2 9.81⋅ m
m s ⋅N
2
m N⋅ s kN⋅ m
In terms of energy/mass h lT = g ⋅ HlT h lT = 9.81⋅ × 825 ⋅ m × h lT = 8.09⋅
2 kg⋅ m kg
s
Problem 8.87 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 8.88 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ h
1 2 lT
Basic equation ⎜ ρ⋅ g + α⋅ + z 1 − ⎜ ρ⋅ g + α⋅ + z 2 = g = HlT
⎝ 2 ⋅ g ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⋅ g ⎠
L kg
Given or available data Q = 10⋅ D = 15⋅ mm ∆p = 85⋅ kPa ρ = 999 ⋅
min 3
m
2 h lT
∆p m
The basic equation reduces to h lT = h lT = 85.1 HlT = HlT = 8.68 m
ρ 2 g
s
Problem 8.89 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 8.90 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V3
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V4
2 ⎞ h
3 4 lT
Basic equations ⎜ ρ⋅ g + α⋅ + z 3 − ⎜ ρ⋅ g + α⋅ + z 4 = g = HlT for flow from 3 to 4
⎝ 2 ⋅ g ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⋅ g ⎠
⎛⎜ p V3
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ ∆h
3 2 pump
⎜ ρ⋅ g + α⋅ 2⋅ g + z3 − ⎜ ρ⋅ g + α⋅ 2 ⋅ g + z2 = = Hpump for flow from 2 to 3
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ g
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) α at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) V2 = V3 = V4 (constant area pipe)
p3 − p2
Then for the pump Hpump =
ρ⋅ g
3 2
3 N m kg⋅ m s
Hpump = ( 450 − 150 ) × 10 ⋅ × × × Hpump = 30.6 m
2 1000⋅ kg 2 9.81⋅ m
m s ⋅N
2
m N⋅ s N⋅ m
In terms of energy/mass h pump = g ⋅ Hpump h pump = 9.81⋅ × 30.6⋅ m × h pump = 300 ⋅
2 kg⋅ m kg
s
p3 − p4
For the head loss from 3 to 4 HlT = + z3 − z4
ρ⋅ g
3 2
3 N m kg⋅ m s
HlT = ( 450 − 0 ) × 10 ⋅ × × × + ( 0 − 35) ⋅ m
2 1000⋅ kg 2 9.81⋅ m HlT = 10.9 m
m s ⋅N
2
m N⋅ s N⋅ m
In terms of energy/mass h lT = g ⋅ HlT h lT = 9.81⋅ × 10.9⋅ m × h lT = 107 ⋅
2 kg⋅ m kg
s
Problem 8.91 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
∆p Pa kg
Given data D = 75⋅ mm = 0.075 ⋅ mrate = 0.075 ⋅
L m s
kg − 4 N⋅ s
From Appendix A ρ = 1000⋅ μ = 4 ⋅ 10 ⋅
3 2
m m
The governing equations between inlet (1) and exit (2) are
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞
1 2
⎜ ρ + α1⋅ 2 + g ⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α2 ⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 = h l (8.29)
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2
L V
hl = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.34)
D 2
2⋅ D (p1 − p2) 2 ⋅ D ∆p
Hence Eqs. 8.29 and 8.34 become f = ⋅ = ⋅
2 ρ 2 L
L⋅ V ρ⋅ V
mrate m
For the velocity V = V = 0.017
π 2 s
ρ⋅ ⋅D
4
2 ⋅ D ∆p
Hence f = ⋅ f = 0.0390
2 L
ρ⋅ V
ρ⋅ V⋅ D
The Reynolds number is Re = Re = 3183
μ
(From Eq. 8.37, at this Reynolds number the friction factor for a smooth pipe is f = 0.043; the friction factor computed above thus
indicates that, within experimental error, the flow corresponds to turbulent flow in a smooth pipe)
Problem 8.92 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 8.93 [Difficulty: 3]
e/D = 0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0005 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.05
Re f0
1.00E+04 0.0310 0.0311 0.0313 0.0318 0.0327 0.0342 0.0383 0.0440 0.0534 0.0750
2.50E+04 0.0244 0.0247 0.0250 0.0258 0.0270 0.0291 0.0342 0.0407 0.0508 0.0731
5.00E+04 0.0208 0.0212 0.0216 0.0226 0.0242 0.0268 0.0325 0.0395 0.0498 0.0724
7.50E+04 0.0190 0.0195 0.0200 0.0212 0.0230 0.0258 0.0319 0.0390 0.0494 0.0721
1.00E+05 0.0179 0.0185 0.0190 0.0204 0.0223 0.0253 0.0316 0.0388 0.0493 0.0720
2.50E+05 0.0149 0.0158 0.0167 0.0186 0.0209 0.0243 0.0309 0.0383 0.0489 0.0717
5.00E+05 0.0131 0.0145 0.0155 0.0178 0.0204 0.0239 0.0307 0.0381 0.0488 0.0717
7.50E+05 0.0122 0.0139 0.0150 0.0175 0.0201 0.0238 0.0306 0.0380 0.0487 0.0716
1.00E+06 0.0116 0.0135 0.0148 0.0173 0.0200 0.0237 0.0305 0.0380 0.0487 0.0716
5.00E+06 0.0090 0.0124 0.0140 0.0168 0.0197 0.0235 0.0304 0.0379 0.0487 0.0716
1.00E+07 0.0081 0.0122 0.0139 0.0168 0.0197 0.0235 0.0304 0.0379 0.0486 0.0716
5.00E+07 0.0066 0.0120 0.0138 0.0167 0.0196 0.0234 0.0304 0.0379 0.0486 0.0716
1.00E+08 0.0060 0.0120 0.0137 0.0167 0.0196 0.0234 0.0304 0.0379 0.0486 0.0716
e/D = 0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0005 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.05
Re f
1.00E+04 0.0309 0.0310 0.0312 0.0316 0.0324 0.0338 0.0376 0.0431 0.0523 0.0738
2.50E+04 0.0245 0.0248 0.0250 0.0257 0.0268 0.0288 0.0337 0.0402 0.0502 0.0725
5.00E+04 0.0209 0.0212 0.0216 0.0226 0.0240 0.0265 0.0322 0.0391 0.0494 0.0720
7.50E+04 0.0191 0.0196 0.0200 0.0212 0.0228 0.0256 0.0316 0.0387 0.0492 0.0719
1.00E+05 0.0180 0.0185 0.0190 0.0203 0.0222 0.0251 0.0313 0.0385 0.0490 0.0718
2.50E+05 0.0150 0.0158 0.0166 0.0185 0.0208 0.0241 0.0308 0.0381 0.0488 0.0716
5.00E+05 0.0132 0.0144 0.0154 0.0177 0.0202 0.0238 0.0306 0.0380 0.0487 0.0716
7.50E+05 0.0122 0.0138 0.0150 0.0174 0.0200 0.0237 0.0305 0.0380 0.0487 0.0716
1.00E+06 0.0116 0.0134 0.0147 0.0172 0.0199 0.0236 0.0305 0.0380 0.0487 0.0716
5.00E+06 0.0090 0.0123 0.0139 0.0168 0.0197 0.0235 0.0304 0.0379 0.0486 0.0716
1.00E+07 0.0081 0.0122 0.0138 0.0168 0.0197 0.0234 0.0304 0.0379 0.0486 0.0716
5.00E+07 0.0065 0.0120 0.0138 0.0167 0.0196 0.0234 0.0304 0.0379 0.0486 0.0716
1.00E+08 0.0059 0.0120 0.0137 0.0167 0.0196 0.0234 0.0304 0.0379 0.0486 0.0716
Re Error (%)
1.00E+04 0.29% 0.36% 0.43% 0.61% 0.88% 1.27% 1.86% 2.12% 2.08% 1.68%
2.50E+04 0.39% 0.24% 0.11% 0.21% 0.60% 1.04% 1.42% 1.41% 1.21% 0.87%
5.00E+04 0.63% 0.39% 0.19% 0.25% 0.67% 1.00% 1.11% 0.98% 0.77% 0.52%
7.50E+04 0.69% 0.38% 0.13% 0.35% 0.73% 0.95% 0.93% 0.77% 0.58% 0.38%
1.00E+05 0.71% 0.33% 0.06% 0.43% 0.76% 0.90% 0.81% 0.64% 0.47% 0.30%
2.50E+05 0.65% 0.04% 0.28% 0.64% 0.72% 0.66% 0.48% 0.35% 0.24% 0.14%
5.00E+05 0.52% 0.26% 0.51% 0.64% 0.59% 0.47% 0.31% 0.21% 0.14% 0.08%
7.50E+05 0.41% 0.41% 0.58% 0.59% 0.50% 0.37% 0.23% 0.15% 0.10% 0.06%
1.00E+06 0.33% 0.49% 0.60% 0.54% 0.43% 0.31% 0.19% 0.12% 0.08% 0.05%
5.00E+06 0.22% 0.51% 0.39% 0.24% 0.16% 0.10% 0.06% 0.03% 0.02% 0.01%
1.00E+07 0.49% 0.39% 0.27% 0.15% 0.10% 0.06% 0.03% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01%
5.00E+07 1.15% 0.15% 0.09% 0.05% 0.03% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00%
1.00E+08 1.44% 0.09% 0.06% 0.03% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
0.100
f0
e/D = 0
0.010 e/D = 0.0001
e/D = 0.0002
e/D = 0.0005
e/D = 0.001
e/D = 0.002
e/D = 0.005
e/D = 0.01
e/D = 0.02
e/D = 0.05
0.001
1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08
Re
Problem 8.94 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
Using the add-in function Friction factor from the web site
e/D = 0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0005 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.04
Re f
500 0.1280 0.1280 0.1280 0.1280 0.1280 0.1280 0.1280 0.1280 0.1280 0.1280
1.00E+03 0.0640 0.0640 0.0640 0.0640 0.0640 0.0640 0.0640 0.0640 0.0640 0.0640
1.50E+03 0.0427 0.0427 0.0427 0.0427 0.0427 0.0427 0.0427 0.0427 0.0427 0.0427
2.30E+03 0.0473 0.0474 0.0474 0.0477 0.0481 0.0489 0.0512 0.0549 0.0619 0.0747
1.00E+04 0.0309 0.0310 0.0312 0.0316 0.0324 0.0338 0.0376 0.0431 0.0523 0.0672
1.50E+04 0.0278 0.0280 0.0282 0.0287 0.0296 0.0313 0.0356 0.0415 0.0511 0.0664
1.00E+05 0.0180 0.0185 0.0190 0.0203 0.0222 0.0251 0.0313 0.0385 0.0490 0.0649
1.50E+05 0.0166 0.0172 0.0178 0.0194 0.0214 0.0246 0.0310 0.0383 0.0489 0.0648
1.00E+06 0.0116 0.0134 0.0147 0.0172 0.0199 0.0236 0.0305 0.0380 0.0487 0.0647
1.50E+06 0.0109 0.0130 0.0144 0.0170 0.0198 0.0235 0.0304 0.0379 0.0487 0.0647
1.00E+07 0.0081 0.0122 0.0138 0.0168 0.0197 0.0234 0.0304 0.0379 0.0486 0.0647
1.50E+07 0.0076 0.0121 0.0138 0.0167 0.0197 0.0234 0.0304 0.0379 0.0486 0.0647
1.00E+08 0.0059 0.0120 0.0137 0.0167 0.0196 0.0234 0.0304 0.0379 0.0486 0.0647
1.000
0.100
f
e/D =
0 0.0001
0.010 0.0002 0.0005
0.001 0.002
0.005 0.01
0.02 0.04
0.001 Re
1.0E+02 1.0E+03 1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.0E+08
Problem 8.95 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 8.96 [Difficulty: 3]
e/D = 0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0005 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.05
Re f0
1.00E+04 0.0309 0.0310 0.0311 0.0315 0.0322 0.0335 0.0374 0.0430 0.0524 0.0741
2.50E+04 0.0244 0.0245 0.0248 0.0254 0.0265 0.0285 0.0336 0.0401 0.0502 0.0727
5.00E+04 0.0207 0.0210 0.0213 0.0223 0.0237 0.0263 0.0321 0.0391 0.0495 0.0722
7.50E+04 0.0189 0.0193 0.0197 0.0209 0.0226 0.0254 0.0316 0.0387 0.0492 0.0720
1.00E+05 0.0178 0.0183 0.0187 0.0201 0.0220 0.0250 0.0313 0.0385 0.0491 0.0719
2.50E+05 0.0148 0.0156 0.0164 0.0183 0.0207 0.0241 0.0308 0.0382 0.0489 0.0718
5.00E+05 0.0131 0.0143 0.0153 0.0176 0.0202 0.0238 0.0306 0.0381 0.0488 0.0717
7.50E+05 0.0122 0.0137 0.0148 0.0173 0.0200 0.0237 0.0305 0.0381 0.0488 0.0717
1.00E+06 0.0116 0.0133 0.0146 0.0172 0.0199 0.0236 0.0305 0.0380 0.0488 0.0717
5.00E+06 0.0090 0.0123 0.0139 0.0168 0.0197 0.0235 0.0304 0.0380 0.0487 0.0717
1.00E+07 0.0081 0.0122 0.0139 0.0168 0.0197 0.0235 0.0304 0.0380 0.0487 0.0717
5.00E+07 0.0066 0.0120 0.0138 0.0167 0.0197 0.0235 0.0304 0.0380 0.0487 0.0717
1.00E+08 0.0060 0.0120 0.0138 0.0167 0.0197 0.0235 0.0304 0.0380 0.0487 0.0717
e/D = 0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0005 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.05
Re f
1.00E+04 0.0309 0.0310 0.0312 0.0316 0.0324 0.0338 0.0376 0.0431 0.0523 0.0738
2.50E+04 0.0245 0.0248 0.0250 0.0257 0.0268 0.0288 0.0337 0.0402 0.0502 0.0725
5.00E+04 0.0209 0.0212 0.0216 0.0226 0.0240 0.0265 0.0322 0.0391 0.0494 0.0720
7.50E+04 0.0191 0.0196 0.0200 0.0212 0.0228 0.0256 0.0316 0.0387 0.0492 0.0719
1.00E+05 0.0180 0.0185 0.0190 0.0203 0.0222 0.0251 0.0313 0.0385 0.0490 0.0718
2.50E+05 0.0150 0.0158 0.0166 0.0185 0.0208 0.0241 0.0308 0.0381 0.0488 0.0716
5.00E+05 0.0132 0.0144 0.0154 0.0177 0.0202 0.0238 0.0306 0.0380 0.0487 0.0716
7.50E+05 0.0122 0.0138 0.0150 0.0174 0.0200 0.0237 0.0305 0.0380 0.0487 0.0716
1.00E+06 0.0116 0.0134 0.0147 0.0172 0.0199 0.0236 0.0305 0.0380 0.0487 0.0716
5.00E+06 0.0090 0.0123 0.0139 0.0168 0.0197 0.0235 0.0304 0.0379 0.0486 0.0716
1.00E+07 0.0081 0.0122 0.0138 0.0168 0.0197 0.0234 0.0304 0.0379 0.0486 0.0716
5.00E+07 0.0065 0.0120 0.0138 0.0167 0.0196 0.0234 0.0304 0.0379 0.0486 0.0716
1.00E+08 0.0059 0.0120 0.0137 0.0167 0.0196 0.0234 0.0304 0.0379 0.0486 0.0716
The error can now be computed
e/D = 0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0005 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.05
Re Error (%)
1.00E+04 0.01% 0.15% 0.26% 0.46% 0.64% 0.73% 0.55% 0.19% 0.17% 0.43%
2.50E+04 0.63% 0.88% 1.02% 1.20% 1.22% 1.03% 0.51% 0.11% 0.14% 0.29%
5.00E+04 0.85% 1.19% 1.32% 1.38% 1.21% 0.84% 0.28% 0.00% 0.16% 0.24%
7.50E+04 0.90% 1.30% 1.40% 1.35% 1.07% 0.65% 0.16% 0.06% 0.17% 0.23%
1.00E+05 0.92% 1.34% 1.42% 1.28% 0.94% 0.52% 0.09% 0.09% 0.18% 0.22%
2.50E+05 0.84% 1.33% 1.25% 0.85% 0.47% 0.16% 0.07% 0.15% 0.19% 0.21%
5.00E+05 0.70% 1.16% 0.93% 0.48% 0.19% 0.00% 0.13% 0.18% 0.20% 0.20%
7.50E+05 0.59% 0.99% 0.72% 0.30% 0.07% 0.07% 0.16% 0.18% 0.20% 0.20%
1.00E+06 0.50% 0.86% 0.57% 0.20% 0.01% 0.10% 0.17% 0.19% 0.20% 0.20%
5.00E+06 0.07% 0.17% 0.01% 0.11% 0.15% 0.18% 0.19% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20%
1.00E+07 0.35% 0.00% 0.09% 0.15% 0.18% 0.19% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20%
5.00E+07 1.02% 0.16% 0.18% 0.19% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20%
1.00E+08 1.31% 0.18% 0.19% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20%
0.100
f
e/D = 0
0.010 e/D = 0.0001
e/D = 0.0002
e/D = 0.0005
e/D = 0.001
e/D = 0.002
e/D = 0.005
e/D = 0.01
e/D = 0.02
e/D = 0.05
0.001
1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08
Re
Problem 8.97 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ V2
2
1 2
Basic equations ⎜ρ + α ⋅ + g ⋅ z 1 − ⎜ + α ⋅ + g ⋅ z 2 = h lm h lm = K⋅ Q = V⋅ A
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ρ 2 ⎠ 2
3
L m kg
Available data Q = 25⋅ Q = 0.025 D1 = 75⋅ mm D2 = 37.5⋅ mm p 1 = 500⋅ kPa ρ = 999⋅
s s 3
m
2
o ⎛ D2 ⎞ ⎛ 37.5 ⎞ 2
A2
For an included angle of 150 and an area ratio =⎜ =⎜ = 0.25 we find from Table 8.3 K = 0.35
A1
⎝ D1 ⎠ ⎝ 75 ⎠
⎛⎜ p V1 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p 2
2
V2 ⎞
2
V2
2
1 4⋅ Q 4⋅ Q
Hence the energy equation becomes ⎜ ρ + 2 − ⎜ ρ + 2 = K⋅ 2 with V1 = V2 =
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ π⋅ D1
2
π⋅ D2
2
2
8 ⋅ ρ⋅ Q ⎡ ( 1 + K) 1 ⎤
p 2 = p 1 − ⋅ ⎡( 1 + K) ⋅ V2 − V1 ⎤ = p 2 −
ρ 2 2
⋅⎢ − ⎥
2 ⎣ ⎦ 2 ⎢ 4 4⎥
π
⎣ D2 D1
⎦
2
⎛ m ⎞
3 2
p 2 = 500 × 10 ⋅
3 N
−
8
× 999 ⋅
kg
× ⎜ 0.025 ⋅ × ⎡( 1 + 0.35) ×
1
−
1 ⎤ × N⋅ s p = 170 ⋅ kPa
2 2 3 ⎝ s ⎠ ⎢ 4 4⎥ kg⋅ m 2
m π m ⎣ ( 0.0375⋅ m) ( 0.075 ⋅ m) ⎦
Repeating the above analysis for an included angle of 180 o (sudden contraction) K = 0.41
2
⎛ m ⎞
3 2
p 2 = 500 × 10 ⋅
3 N
−
8
× 999 ⋅
kg
× ⎜ 0.025 ⋅ × ⎡( 1 + 0.41) ×
1
−
1 ⎤ × N⋅ s p = 155 ⋅ kPa
2 2 3 ⎝ s ⎠ ⎢ 4 4⎥ kg⋅ m 2
m π m ⎣ ( 0.0375⋅ m) ( 0.075 ⋅ m) ⎦
Problem 8.98 [Difficulty: 3]
Problem 8.99 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ V2
2
1 2
Basic equations ⎜ρ + α⋅ + g ⋅ z 1 − ⎜ + α⋅ + g ⋅ z 2 = h lm h lm = K⋅ Q = V⋅ A
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ρ 2 ⎠ 2
⎛⎜ p V1 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p 2
2
V2 ⎞
2
V2
2
1
⎜ ρ + 2 − ⎜ ρ + 2 = K⋅ 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
A2
From continuity V1 = V2 ⋅ = V2 ⋅ AR
A1
⎛⎜ p V2 ⋅ AR ⎞ ⎛⎜ p 2
2 2
V2 ⎞
2
V2
2
Hence 1
⎜ρ + −⎜ + = K⋅
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ρ 2 ⎠ 2
(
2⋅ p1 − p2 ) 2
⎛ D2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 2
Solving for V 2 V2 = AR = ⎜ =⎜ = 0.25 so from Fig. 8.14 K = 0.4
(
ρ⋅ 1 − AR + K
2 ) ⎝ D1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
2 3
lbf ⎛ 12⋅ in ⎞ × ft 1 slug⋅ ft ft
Hence V2 = 2 × 0.5⋅ × ⎜ 1 ⋅ ft × × V2 = 7.45⋅
in
2 ⎝ ⎠ 1.94 ⋅ slug ( 2
1 − 0.25 + 0.4) lbf ⋅ s
2 s
2
π⋅ D2
Q = V2 ⋅ A2 = ⋅ V2
4
2 3 3
π ⎛ 1 ⋅ ft⎞ × 7.45⋅ ft Q = 0.0406⋅ ft ft
Q = × ⎜ 12 Q = 2.44⋅ Q = 18.2⋅ gpm
4 ⎝ ⎠ s s min
Problem 8.100 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ V1
2
1 2
Basic equations ⎜ ρ + α⋅ 2 + g⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 = h lm h lm = K⋅ 2 Q = V⋅ A ∆p = ρH2O⋅ g ⋅ ∆h
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) α at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) Horizontal
Hence the energy equation becomes
⎛⎜ p V1 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p 2
2
V2 ⎞
2
V1
2
1
⎜ ρ + 2 − ⎜ ρ + 2 = K⋅ 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
A1
From continuity V2 = V1 ⋅ = V1 ⋅ AR
A2
⎛⎜ p V1 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p 2
2
V1 ⋅ AR ⎞
2 2
V1
2
Hence 1
⎜ρ + 2 −⎜ρ + = K⋅
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
(
2⋅ p2 − p1 ) 2
⎛ D1 ⎞ ⎛ 75 ⎞ 2
Solving for V 1 V1 = AR = ⎜ =⎜ = 0.111 so from Fig. 8.14 K = 0.8
(
ρ⋅ 1 − AR − K
2 ) ⎝ D2 ⎠ ⎝ 225 ⎠
2
kg m 5 N⋅ s
Also p 2 − p 1 = ρH2O⋅ g ⋅ ∆h = 1000⋅ × 9.81⋅ × ⋅m × = 49.1⋅ Pa
3 2 1000 kg⋅ m
m s
3
N m 1 kg⋅ m m
Hence V1 = 2 × 49.1⋅ × × × V1 = 20.6
m
2 1.23⋅ kg (1 − 0.1112 − 0.8) 2
N⋅ s
s
2 2 3 3
π⋅ D1 π ⎛ 75 ⋅ m⎞ × 20.6⋅ m m m
Q = V1 ⋅ A1 = ⋅ V1 Q = × ⎜ 1000 Q = 0.0910⋅ Q = 5.46⋅
4 4 ⎝ ⎠ s s min
Problem 8.101 [Difficulty: 4]
Solution:
Given data D1 = 45⋅ mm D2 = 22.5⋅ mm
The governing equations between inlet (1) and exit (2) are
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞
1 2
⎜ ρ + α1⋅ 2 + g ⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α2 ⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 = h l (8.29)
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2
V2
where h l = K⋅ (8.40a)
2
2
For the sudden contraction
π 2 π 2
V1 ⋅ ⋅ D1 = V2 ⋅ ⋅ D2 = Q ⎛ D1 ⎞
4 4 or V2 = V1 ⋅ ⎜
⎝ D2 ⎠
ρ⋅ V1 ⎡⎛ D ⎞ 4
2 ⎤
⎢ 1 ⎥
∆p = ⋅ ⎜
⎢ D ( 1 + K) −
so 1
2 ⎥
⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
For the pressure drop we can use the manometer equation
∆p = ρ⋅ g ⋅ ∆h
ρ⋅ V1 ⎡⎛ D ⎞ 4
2 ⎤
⎢ 1 ⎥
ρ⋅ g ⋅ ∆h = ⋅ ⎜
⎢ D ( 1 + K) −
Hence 1
2 ⎥
⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
⎡⎛ D 4
2 ⎤
ρ ⎢ 1⎞
Q ⎥
In terms of flow rate Q ρ⋅ g ⋅ ∆h = ⋅ ⋅ ⎜ ( 1 + K) − 1
2 2 ⎢ D2 ⎥
⎛ ⋅D ⎞
π 2 ⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎦
⎜ 1
⎝4 ⎠
⎡⎛ D ⎞ 4
2 ⎤
8⋅ Q ⎢ 1 ⎥
or g ⋅ ∆h = ⋅ ⎜ ( 1 + K) − 1
2 4 ⎢ D2 ⎥
π ⋅ D1 ⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎦
2 4
g ⋅ π ⋅ D1
where k=
⎡⎛ D ⎞ 4 ⎤
⎢ 1 ⎥
8⋅ ⎜
⎢ D ( 1 + K) − 1
⎥
⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
2
⎛ D2 ⎞
For K, we need the aspect ratio AR AR = ⎜ AR = 0.25
⎝ D1 ⎠
50
Q (L/mm)
40
30
20
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Dh (mm)
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2 2
1 2 L V2 V2
Basic equations ⎜ρ + α⋅ + g ⋅ z 1 − ⎜ + α⋅ + g ⋅ z 2 = h lT h lT = h l + h lm = f ⋅ ⋅ + K⋅ Q = V⋅ A
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ρ 2 ⎠ D 2 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) α at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) L << so ignore hl 5) Reentrant
3
m
Available data D1 = 100 ⋅ mm D2 = 50⋅ mm Q = 0.01⋅ and from Table 8.2 K = 0.78
s
π 2 3 2 π 2 3 2
A1 = ⋅ D1 A1 = 7.85 × 10 mm A2 = ⋅ D2 A2 = 1.96 × 10 mm
4 4
Hence between the free surface (Point 1) and the exit (2) the energy equation becomes
2 2 2
p1 V1 V2 p2 V2
+ − − = K⋅
ρ 2 2 ρ 2
p1 − p2 ρ⋅ g ⋅ h
From continuity Q = V1 ⋅ A1 = V2 ⋅ A2 and also = = g⋅ h where h is the head loss
ρ ρ
2 2 2
⋅ ⎛⎜
⎞ − 1 ⋅ ⎛ Q ⎞ = K⋅ 1 ⋅ ⎛ Q ⎞
1 Q
Hence g⋅ h +
2 A1 2 ⎜ A2 2 ⎜ A2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2
⎛Q⎞
⎜A ⎡ ⎛ A2 ⎞ ⎤⎥
2
⎝ 2⎠ ⎢
Solving for h h = ⋅ 1+ K− ⎜ h = 2.27 m
2⋅ g ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ A1 ⎠ ⎦
Problem 8.103 [Difficulty: 4]
Find: Expression for minor head loss; compare with Fig. 8.15; plot
Solution:
We analyse the loss at the "sudden expansion" at the vena contracta
The governing CV equations (mass, momentum, and energy) are
Assume: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Uniform flow at each section 4) Horizontal: no body force 5) No
shaft work 6) Neglect viscous friction 7) Neglect gravity
⎛ pc 2⎞ ⎛ p2 2⎞
The energy equation becomes Qrate = ⎜ u c +
⎝ ρ ⎠
( ⎝
)
+ Vc ⋅ −ρ⋅ Vc⋅ Ac + ⎜ u 2 +
ρ
+ V2 ⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2
⎠
( )
2 2
Qrate Vc − V2 pc − p2
or (using Eq. 1) h lm = u 2 − u c − = + (3)
mrate 2 ρ
2 2
Vc − V2 Ac
Combining Eqs. 2 and 3 h lm =
2
+ Vc⋅
A2
(
⋅ V2 − Vc )
⎡ 2 2⎤
⎢
Vc ⎛ V2 ⎞ ⎥ 2 Ac ⎡⎛ V2 ⎞ ⎤
h lm = ⋅ 1− ⎜V + Vc ⋅ ⋅ ⎢⎜ − 1⎥
2 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ c⎠ ⎦ A2
⎣⎝ Vc ⎠ ⎦
Ac V2
From Eq. 1 Cc = =
A2 Vc
2
Vc
⋅ ⎛ 1 − Cc
2⎞
⎠ + Vc ⋅ Cc⋅ ( Cc − 1 )
2
Hence h lm =
2 ⎝
2
Vc
⋅ ⎛ 1 − C c + 2 ⋅ C c − 2 ⋅ C c⎞
2 2
h lm =
2 ⎝ ⎠
2
Vc
h lm =
2
(
⋅ 1 − Cc )2 (4)
2 2 2 2
V2 ⎛ V2 ⎞ Vc
Vc 2
But we have h lm = K⋅ = K⋅ ⋅⎜ = K⋅ ⋅ Cc (5)
2 2
⎝ ⎠
Vc 2
( 1 − Cc) 2
Hence, comparing Eqs. 4 and 5 K=
2
Cc
2
K= ⎛ 1 − 1⎞
So, finally ⎜C
⎝ c ⎠
3
⎛ A2 ⎞
where Cc = 0.62 + 0.38⋅ ⎜
⎝ A1 ⎠
This result,can be plotted in Excel. The agreement with Fig. 8.15 is reasonable.
0.5
0.4
0.3
K
0.2
0.1
AR
Problem 8.104 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2 2
1 2 L V2 V2
Basic equations ⎜ ρ + α⋅ 2 + g⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 = h lT h lT = h l + h lm = f ⋅ ⋅ + K⋅ Q = V⋅ A
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ D 2 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) α at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) L << so ignore hl 5) Reentrant
Hence between the free surface (Point 1) and the exit (2) the energy equation becomes
2 2 2
V1 V2 V2
+ g ⋅ z1 − = K⋅
2 2 2
A2
From continuity V1 = V2 ⋅
A1
2 2 2 2
V2 ⎛ A2 ⎞ V2 V2
Hence ⋅⎜ + g⋅ h − = K⋅
2
⎝ A1 ⎠ 2 2
2⋅ g⋅ h
Solving for V 2 V2 = and from Table 8.2 K = 0.78
⎡ ⎛ A2 ⎞ ⎤⎥
2
⎢
⎢1 + K − ⎜ A ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 1⎠ ⎦
m 1 m
Hence V2 = 2 × 9.81⋅ × 1⋅ m × V2 = 3.33
2 ⎡ 350 ⎞ ⎤
2 s
⎢1 + 0.78 − ⎛⎜
s
⎥
⎣ ⎝ 3500 ⎠ ⎦
2 3 3
m 2 ⎛ 1⋅ m ⎞ −3m m
Q = V2 ⋅ A2 Q = 3.33⋅ × 350 ⋅ mm × ⎜ 1000⋅ mm Q = 1.17 × 10 Q = 0.070 ⋅
s ⎝ ⎠ s min
The flow rate could be increased by (1) rounding the entrance and/or (2) adding a diffuser (both somewhat expensive)
Problem 8.105 [Difficulty: 3]
Problem 8.106 [Difficulty: 3]
Problem 8.107 [Difficulty: 3]
Find: Volume flow rate using hole; Using short pipe section; Using rounded edge
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2 2
1 2 L V2 V2
Basic equations ⎜ ρ + α⋅ 2 + g⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 = h lT h lT = hl + h lm = f ⋅ D ⋅ 2 + K⋅ 2 Q = V⋅ A
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Hence for all three cases, between the free surface (Point 1) and the exit (2) the energy equation becomes
2 2
V2 V2 2⋅ g ⋅ h
g ⋅ z1 − = K⋅ and solving for V 2 V2 =
2 2 (1 + K)
From Table 8.2 Khole = 0.5 for a hole (assumed to be square-edged) Kpipe = 0.78 for a short pipe (rentrant)
r 5⋅ mm
Also, for a rounded edge = = 0.2 > 0.15 so from Table 8.2 Kround = 0.04
D 25⋅ mm
m 1 m
Hence for the hole V2 = 2 × 9.81⋅ × 5⋅ m × V2 = 8.09
2 ( 1 + 0.5) s
s
3
m π 2 −3m L
Q = V2 ⋅ A2 Q = 8.09⋅ × × ( 0.025⋅ m) Q = 3.97 × 10 Q = 3.97⋅
s 4 s s
m 1 m
Hence for the pipe V2 = 2 × 9.81⋅ × 5⋅ m × V2 = 7.42
2 ( 1 + 0.78) s
s
3
m π 2 −3m L
Q = V2 ⋅ A2 Q = 7.42⋅ × × ( 0.025⋅ m) Q = 3.64 × 10 Q = 3.64⋅
s 4 s s
L
Hence the change in flow rate is 3.64 − 3.97 = −0.33⋅ The pipe leads to a LOWER flow rate
s
m 1 m L
Hence for the rounded V2 = 2 × 9.81⋅ × 5⋅ m × V2 = 9.71 Q = V2⋅ A2 Q = 4.77⋅
2 ( 1 + 0.04) s s
s
L
Hence the change in flow rate is 4.77 − 3.97 = 0.8⋅ The rounded edge leads to a HIGHER flow rate
s
Problem 8.108 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
Given data D1 = 100 ⋅ mm D2 = 150 ⋅ mm
2 2
V1 V1
h lm = K⋅
2
(
= Cpi − Cp ⋅
2
) (8.44)
1
and Cpi = 1 − (8.42)
2
AR
1
(a) K = 0.2 Cp = 1 − −K Cp = 0.602
2
AR
N D1
From Fig. 8.15 = 5.5 R1 = R1 = 50⋅ mm
R1 2
N = 5.5⋅ R1 N = 275 ⋅ mm
1
(b) K = 0.35 Cp = 1 − −K Cp = 0.452
2
AR
N
From Fig. 8.15 =3
R1
N = 3 ⋅ R1 N = 150 ⋅ mm
Problem 8.109 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution: 2 2
p2 − p1 V1 V1
( )
1
Basic equations Cp = (8.41) h lm = K⋅ = Cpi − Cp ⋅ (8.44) Cpi = 1 − (8.42)
1 2 2 2 2
⋅ ρ⋅ V1 AR
2
1 2
From Eq. 8.41 ∆p = p 2 − p 1 = ⋅ ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ Cp (1)
2
1
Combining Eqs. 8.44 and 8.42 we obtain an expression for the loss coefficient K K= 1− − Cp (2)
2
AR
The pressure recovery coefficient Cp for use in Eqs. 1 and 2 above is obtained from Fig. 8.15 once compute AR and the
dimensionless length N/R1 (where R1 is the inlet radius)
2
⎛ D2 ⎞ ⎛ 3.5 ⎞
2
The aspect ratio AR is AR = ⎜ AR = ⎜ 2 AR = 3.06
⎝ D1 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
D1 N
R1 = R1 = 1 ⋅ in Hence =6
2 R1
From Fig. 8.15, with AR = 3.06 and the dimensionless length N/R1 = 6, we find Cp = 0.6
3 2
Q 4 gal 1 ⋅ ft 1 ⋅ min ⎛ 1 ⎞ V = 76.6⋅ ft
To complete the calculations we need V1 V1 = V1 = × 750 ⋅ × × × ⎜ 2 1
π 2 π min 7.48⋅ gal 60⋅ s s
⋅ D1 ⎜ ⋅ ft
4 ⎝ 12 ⎠
1 2
We can now compute the pressure rise and loss coefficient from Eqs. 1 and 2 ∆p = ⋅ ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ Cp
2
2 2 2
lbf ⋅ s ⎛ 1 ⋅ ft ⎞
× ⎛⎜ 76.6⋅
1 slug ft ⎞
∆p = × 1.94⋅ × 0.6 × × ⎜ 12⋅ in ∆p = 23.7⋅ psi
2
ft
3 ⎝ s⎠ slug⋅ ft ⎝ ⎠
1 1
K= 1− − Cp K = 1− − 0.6 K = 0.293
2 2
AR 3.06
Problem 8.110 [Difficulty: 4]
Problem 8.111 [Difficulty: 4]
Find: Expression for minor head loss; compare with Fig. 8.15; plot
Solution:
The governing CV equations (mass, momentum, and energy) are
Assume: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Uniform flow at each section 4) Horizontal: no body force 5) No
shaft work 6) Neglect viscous friction 7) Neglect gravity
⎛ p1 2⎞ ⎛ p2 2⎞
The energy equation becomes Qrate = ⎜ u 1 +
⎝ ρ ⎠
(
+ V1 ⋅ −ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 + ⎜ u 2 +
⎝ ρ
)
+ V2 ⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2
⎠
( )
2 2
Qrate V1 − V2 p1 − p2
or (using Eq. 1) h lm = u 2 − u 1 − = + (3)
mrate 2 ρ
2 2
V1 − V2 A1
Combining Eqs. 2 and 3 h lm =
2
+ V1 ⋅
A2
(
⋅ V2 − V1 )
⎡ 2 2⎤
⎢
V1 ⎛ V2 ⎞ ⎥ 2 A1 ⎡⎛ V2 ⎞ ⎤
h lm = ⋅ 1− ⎜ + V1 ⋅ ⋅ ⎢⎜ − 1⎥
2 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ V1 ⎠ ⎦ A2
⎣⎝ V1 ⎠ ⎦
A1 V2
From Eq. 1 AR = =
A2 V1
2
Hence h lm =
V1
2
(
⋅ 1 − AR
2 ) + V12⋅AR⋅(AR − 1)
2
h lm =
V1
2
( 2 2
⋅ 1 − AR + 2 ⋅ AR − 2 ⋅ AR )
2 2
V1 2 V1
h lm = K⋅ = ( 1 − AR) ⋅
2 2
2
Finally K = ( 1 − AR)
This result, and the curve of Fig. 8.15, are shown below as computed in Excel. The agreement is excellent.
AR K CV K Fig. 8.15
0.0 1.00 1.00
0.1 0.81
0.2 0.64 0.60
0.3 0.49
0.4 0.36 0.38
0.5 0.25 0.25
0.6 0.16
0.7 0.09 0.10
0.8 0.04
0.9 0.01 0.01
1.0 0.00 0.00
K Fig. 8.15
0.5
0.3
0.0
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Area Ratio AR
Problem 8.112 [Difficulty: 3]
Problem 8.113 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞
1 2
The basic equation is ⎜ ρ + α1⋅ 2 + g⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α2⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 = h lT (8.29)
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2
V
h lT = h l + K ⋅
2
A1
The mass equation is V1⋅ A1 = V2⋅ A2 so V2 = V1⋅
A2
V2 = AR⋅ V1 (1)
2 2 2
p1 V1 p1 V1 V1
Equation 8.29 becomes + = + + K⋅
ρ 2 ρ 2 2
2
or (using Eq. 1)
∆p
ρ
=
p2 − p1
ρ
=
V1
2
(
⋅ 1 − AR − K
2 )
2 ⋅ ∆p
Solving for V1 V1 =
(
ρ⋅ 1 − AR − K
2 )
2 ⋅ ∆p
If the flow were frictionless, K = 0, so Vinviscid = < V1
(
ρ⋅ 1 − AR
2 )
Hence the flow rate indicated by a given ∆p would be lower
2
If the flow were frictionless, K = 0, so ∆pinvscid =
V1
2
(
⋅ 1 − AR )
2
2
compared to ∆p =
V1
2
(
⋅ 1 − AR − K
2 )
Hence a given flow rate would generate a larger ∆p for inviscid flow
Problem 8.114 [Difficulty: 4]
e
d
Flow
Find: Change in flow rate when short pipe section is added; Minimum pressure; Effect of frictionless flow
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2 2
1 2 L V2 V2
Basic equations ⎜ ρ + α⋅ 2 + g⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 = h lT h lT = hl + h lm = f ⋅ D ⋅ 2 + K⋅ 2 Q = V⋅ A
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) α at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) Vl << 5) L << so hl = 0
kg
Available data D2 = 25⋅ mm r = 0.02⋅ D2 D3 = 50⋅ mm r = 0.5⋅ mm z1 = 2.5⋅ m ρ = 999 ⋅
3
m
For a rounded edge, we choose the first value from Table 8.2 Knozzle = 0.28
Hence for the nozzle case, between the free surface (Point 1) and the exit (2) the energy equation becomes
2 2
V2 V2
g ⋅ z1 − = Knozzle⋅
2 2
2 ⋅ g ⋅ z1
Solving for V 2 V2 =
(1 + Knozzle)
m 1 m
Hence V2 = 2 × 9.81⋅ × 2.5⋅ m × V2 = 6.19
2 ( 1 + 0.28) s
s
3
m π 2 −3m L
Q = V2 ⋅ A2 Q = 6.19⋅ × × ( 0.025 ⋅ m) Q = 3.04 × 10 Q = 3.04
s 4 s s
When a small piece of pipe is added the energy equation between the free surface (Point 1) and the exit (3) becomes
2 2 2
V3 V2 V2
g ⋅ z1 − = Knozzle⋅ + Ke⋅
2 2 2
A2
From continuity V3 = V2 ⋅ = V2 ⋅ AR
A3
2 ⋅ g ⋅ z1
Solving for V 2 V2 =
⎛ AR2 + K ⎞
⎝ nozzle + Ke⎠
2
⎛ D2 ⎞ ⎛ 25 ⎞ 2
A2
We need the AR for the sudden expansion AR = =⎜ =⎜ = 0.25 AR = 0.25
A3
⎝ D3 ⎠ ⎝ 50 ⎠
From Fig. 8.15 for AR = 0.25 Ke = 0.6
2 ⋅ g ⋅ z1
V2 =
⎛ AR2 + K ⎞
⎝ nozzle + Ke⎠
m 1 m
Hence V2 = 2 × 9.81⋅ × 2.5⋅ m × V2 = 7.21
2
s (0.252 + 0.28 + 0.6) s
3
m π 2 −3m L
Q = V2 ⋅ A2 Q = 7.21⋅ × × ( 0.025 ⋅ m) Q = 3.54 × 10 Q = 3.54
s 4 s s
∆Q 3.54 − 3.04
Comparing results we see the flow increases from 3.04 L/s to 3.54 L/s = = 16.4⋅ %
Q 3.04
The flow increases because the effect of the pipe is to allow an exit pressure at the nozzle LESS than atmospheric!
The minimum pressure point will now be at Point 2 (it was atmospheric before adding the small pipe). The energy equation
between 1 and 2 is
⎛⎜ p V2 ⎞
2
V2
2
2
g ⋅ z1 − ⎜ + = Knozzle⋅
⎝ρ 2 ⎠ 2
⎡⎢ V2
2 ⎤⎥
Solving for p 2 p 2 = ρ⋅ ⎢g ⋅ z1 − ⋅ ( Knozzle + )⎦
1⎥
⎣ 2
⎡ 2 ⎤ lbf ⋅ s
2
× ⎛⎜ 7.21⋅
m⎞
× ⎢9.81⋅ × ( 0.28 + 1 )⎥ ×
kg m 1
Hence p 2 = 999 ⋅ × 2.5⋅ m − p 2 = −8.736 ⋅ kPa
3 ⎢ 2 2 ⎝ s ⎠ ⎥ slug⋅ ft
m ⎣ s ⎦
If the flow were frictionless the the two loss coeffcients would be zero. Instead of
2 ⋅ g ⋅ z1 2 ⋅ g ⋅ z1
Instead of V2 = we'd have V2 = which is larger
⎛ AR2 + K ⎞ 2
⎝ nozzle + Ke⎠ AR
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞
∑ ∑
Basic equations: 1 2
⎜ρ + α ⋅
1 2 + g ⋅ z 1 − ⎜ + α ⋅
2 2 + g ⋅ z 2 = h lT = hl + h lm (8.29)
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ρ ⎠
major minor
2 2 Le V2
ρ⋅ V⋅ D L V V
Re = hl = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.34) h lm = K⋅ (8.40a) h lm = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.40b)
μ D 2 2 D 2
⎛ e ⎞
64 1 ⎜ D 2.51
f = (8.36) (Laminar) = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + (8.37) (Turbulent)
Re f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2 2 2
V L V V
The energy equation (Eq. 8.29) becomes g ⋅ d − α⋅ = f⋅ ⋅ + K⋅
2 D 2 2
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞
Basic equations: 1 2
⎜ ρ + α1⋅ 2 + g⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α2⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 = h lT =
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ∑ hl +
∑ h lm (8.29)
major minor
2 2 Le V2
ρ⋅ V⋅ D L V V
Re = hl = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.34) h lm = K ⋅ (8.40a) h lm = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.40b)
μ D 2 2 D 2
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
= −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + (8.37) (Turbulent)
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) α at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) Velocity at free surface is <<
kg − 3 N⋅ s
The available data is D = 7.5⋅ mm L = 500 ⋅ mm From Table A.8 at 10oC ρ = 1000 μ = 1.3⋅ 10 ⋅
3 2
m m
Re = 10000 Kent = 0.5 (Table 8.2) Kexit = 1
3
ρ⋅ V⋅ D ρ⋅ Q⋅ D π⋅ μ⋅ D⋅ Re −5m l
From Re = Re = or Q = Q = 7.66 × 10 Q = 0.0766⋅
μ π 2 4⋅ ρ s s
⋅D
4
Q m
Hence V = V = 1.73
⎛ π⋅ D 2⎞ s
⎜
⎝ 4 ⎠
= −2 ⋅ log⎛⎜ ⎞
1 2.51
Assuming a smooth tube so f = 0.0309
f ⎝ Re⋅ f ⎠
2 2 2
L V V V
The energy equation (Eq. 8.29) becomes g⋅ d = f ⋅ ⋅ + Kent⋅ + Kexit ⋅
D 2 2 2
2
⋅ ⎛⎜ f ⋅ + Kent + Kexit⎞
V L
Solving for d d = d = 545 ⋅ mm
2⋅ g ⎝ D ⎠
Solution:
The basic equations for turbulent flow are
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞
1 2
⎜ρ + α ⋅
1 2 + g ⋅ z 1 − ⎜ + α ⋅
2 2 + g ⋅ z 2 = hl (8.29)
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ρ ⎠
⎛ e ⎞
L V
2
1 ⎜ D 2.51
hl = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.34) = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + (8.37)
D 2 f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
The given data is L = 250 ⋅ mm D = 7.5⋅ mm
− 3 N⋅ s kg kg
From Fig. A.2 and Table A.2 μ = 1.1 × 10 ⋅ ρ = 0.82 × 990 ⋅ = 812 ⋅ (Kerosene)
2 3 3
m m m
For an electrical resistor V = R⋅ I (1)
By analogy, current I is represented by flow rate Q, and voltage V by pressure drop ∆p . Comparing Eqs. (1) and (2), the
"resistance" of the tube is
∆p 8 ⋅ ρ⋅ f ⋅ L⋅ Q
R= =
Q 2 5
π ⋅D
The "resistance" of a tube is not constant, but is proportional to the "current" Q! Actually, the dependence is not quite linear,
because f decreases slightly (and nonlinearly) with Q. The analogy fails!
ρ⋅ V⋅ D
The analogy is hence invalid for Re > 2300 or > 2300
μ
Q
ρ⋅ ⋅D
π 2
⋅D
4 2300⋅ μ⋅ π⋅ D
Writing this constraint in terms of flow rate > 2300 or Q>
μ 4⋅ ρ
3
−5m
Flow rate above which analogy fails Q = 1.84 × 10
s
1.E+01
(10 Pa/m /s)
3
1.E-01
9
1.E-03
3
Q (m /s)
Problem 8.121 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞
∑ ∑
Basic equations: 1 2
⎜ ρ + α1⋅ 2 + g ⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α2 ⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 = h lT = hl + h lm (8.29)
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
major minor
2 2 Le V2
ρ⋅ V⋅ D L V V
Re = hl = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.34) h lm = K⋅ (8.40a) h lm = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.40b)
μ D 2 2 D 2
⎛ e ⎞
64 1 ⎜ D 2.51
f = (8.36) (Laminar) = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + (8.37) (Turbulent)
Re f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2 2 2
V L V V
The energy equation (Eq. 8.29) becomes g ⋅ d − α⋅ = f⋅ ⋅ + K⋅
2 D 2 2
2
⋅ ⎛⎜ α + f ⋅ + K⎞
V L
d=
2⋅ g ⎝ D ⎠
In Excel:
Required Reservoir Head versus Flow Rate
75
50
d (m)
25
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Q (L/min)
Problem 8.122 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution: ⎛ e ⎞
L V
2
64 1 ⎜ D 2.51
Basic equations hl = f ⋅ ⋅ f = Laminar = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + Turbulent
D 2 Re f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2 3
− 4 ft ft
Available data ν = 7.5⋅ 10 ⋅ L = 100 ⋅ ft D = 1 ⋅ in Q = 45⋅ gpm Q = 0.100
s s
3 2
Q 4⋅ Q 4 ft ⎛ 12 ⋅ 1 ⎞ ft
Here V= = V = × 0.1⋅ × ⎜ 1 ft V = 18.3⋅
A
π⋅ D
2 π s ⎝ ⎠ s
V⋅ D ft 1 s
Then Re = Re = 18.3⋅ × ⋅ ft × Re = 2033
ν s 12 −4 2
7.5 × 10 ⋅ ft
2
⎛ 18.3 ft ⎞
2 2 ⎜ 2
The flow is LAMINAR hl = f ⋅
L V
⋅ hl =
64 L V
⋅ ⋅ hl =
64
×
100
×
⎝ s⎠
h l = 6326⋅
ft
D 2 Re D 2 2033 1 2 2
s
12
When the diameter is reduced to D = 0.75⋅ in
3 2
Q 4⋅ Q 4 ft ⎛ 12 ⋅ 1 ⎞ ft
V= = V = × 0.1⋅ × ⎜ 0.75 ft V = 32.6⋅
A
π⋅ D
2 π s ⎝ ⎠ s
V⋅ D ft 0.75 s
Re = Re = 32.6⋅ × ⋅ ft × Re = 2717
ν s 12 −4 2
7.5 × 10 ⋅ ft
The flow is TURBULENT For drawn tubing, from Table 8.1 e = 0.000005⋅ ft
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0449
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2
⎛ 32.6 ft ⎞
2 ⎜ 2
hl = f ⋅
L V
⋅ h l = .0449 ×
100
×
⎝ s⎠
h l = 3.82 × 10 ⋅
4 ft
D 2 0.75 2 2
s
12
4
3.82 × 10 − 6326
The increase in loss is = 504 ⋅ % This is a HUGH increase! The main increase is because the
6326 diameter reduction causes the velocity to increase; the loss
goes as V2, and 1/D, so it increases very rapidly
Problem 8.123 [Difficulty: 4]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞
∑ ∑
Basic equations: 1 2
⎜ρ + α ⋅
1 2 + g ⋅ z 1 − ⎜ + α ⋅
2 2 + g ⋅ z 2 = h lT = hl + (8.29)
h lm
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ρ ⎠
major minor
2 2 Le V2
ρ⋅ V⋅ D L V V
Re = hl = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.34) h lm = K⋅ (8.40a) h lm = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.40b)
μ D 2 2 D 2
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
= −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + (8.37) (Turbulent)
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
From Section 8.7 Kent = 0.5 Lelbow45 = 16⋅ D Lelbow90 = 30⋅ D LGV = 8 ⋅ D
kg − 3 N⋅ s
From Table A.8 at 10oC ρ = 1000 μ = 1.3⋅ 10 ⋅
3 2
m m
3
π⋅ μ⋅ D⋅ Re −4m l Q m
Then Q = Q = 7.66 × 10 Q = 0.766 V = V = 17.3
4⋅ ρ s s ⎛ π⋅ D2 ⎞ s
⎜
⎝ 4 ⎠
V
2 ⎛ L Lelbow90 Lelbow45 LGV ⎞
Hence d = ⋅⎜1 + f ⋅ + 2⋅ f ⋅ + 2⋅ f ⋅ + f⋅ d = 79.6⋅ m
2⋅ g ⎝ D D D D ⎠
Unrealistic!
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2 2
1 2 L V1 V1
Basic equations ⎜ρ + α⋅ + g ⋅ z 1 − ⎜ + α⋅ + g ⋅ z 2 = h lT h lT = h l + h lm = f ⋅ ⋅ + Kexit ⋅
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ρ 2 ⎠ D 2 2
Hence the energy equation between Point 1 and the free surface (Point 2) becomes
⎛ p1 V2 ⎞ L V
2
V
2
⎜ + − ( g ⋅ z2 ) = f ⋅ ⋅ + Kexit ⋅
⎝ρ 2 ⎠ D 2 2
⎛ V
2
L V
2
V
2⎞
Solving for p 1 p 1 = ρ⋅ ⎜ g ⋅ z2 − + f⋅ ⋅ + Kexit ⋅
⎝ 2 D 2 2 ⎠
2
slug − 5 ft
From Table A.7 (68oF) ρ = 1.94⋅ ν = 1.08 × 10 ⋅
3 s
ft
V⋅ D ft 9 s 5
Re = Re = 10⋅ × ⋅ ft × Re = 6.94 × 10 Turbulent
ν s 12 −5 2
1.08 × 10 ⋅ ft
e
For commercial steel pipe e = 0.00015 ⋅ ft (Table 8.1) so = 0.000200
D
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Flow is turbulent: Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0150
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
⎛ L V
2⎞
For the exit Kexit = 1.0 so we find p 1 = ρ⋅ ⎜ g ⋅ z2 + f ⋅ ⋅
⎝ D 2 ⎠
⎡ 4 ⋅ mile 5280⋅ ft
2⎤ 2
p 1 = 1.94⋅
slug
× ⎢32.2⋅
ft
× 50⋅ ft + .0150 × × ×
1
× ⎛⎜ 10⋅
ft ⎞⎥ × lbf ⋅ s p 1 = 4.41 × 10 ⋅
4 lbf
p 1 = 306 ⋅ psi
3 ⎢ 2 0.75⋅ ft 1mile 2 ⎝ s ⎠ ⎥ slug⋅ ft 2
ft ⎣ s ⎦ ft
Problem 8.125 [Difficulty: 3]
Find: Plot elevation as a function of flow rate; fraction due to minor losses
Solution:
Required Head versus Flow Rate
L = 250 m
D = 50 mm 200
e/D = 0.003
K ent = 0.5 150
K exit = 1.0
∆z (m)
ν = 1.01E-06 m2/s
100
3
Q (m /s) V (m/s) Re f ∆z (m) h lm /h lT
0.0000 0.000 0.00E+00 0.000 50
0.0005 0.255 1.26E+04 0.0337 0.562 0.882%
0.0010 0.509 2.52E+04 0.0306 2.04 0.972%
0
0.0015 0.764 3.78E+04 0.0293 4.40 1.01%
0.0000 0.0025 0.0050 0.0075 0.0100
0.0020 1.02 5.04E+04 0.0286 7.64 1.04% 3
Q (m /s)
0.0025 1.27 6.30E+04 0.0282 11.8 1.05%
0.0030 1.53 7.56E+04 0.0279 16.7 1.07%
0.0035 1.78 8.82E+04 0.0276 22.6 1.07%
0.0040 2.04 1.01E+05 0.0275 29.4 1.08% Minor Loss Percentage versus Flow Rate
0.0045 2.29 1.13E+05 0.0273 37.0 1.09%
1.2%
0.0050 2.55 1.26E+05 0.0272 45.5 1.09%
0.0055 2.80 1.39E+05 0.0271 54.8 1.09%
0.0060 3.06 1.51E+05 0.0270 65.1 1.10% 1.1%
0.0065 3.31 1.64E+05 0.0270 76.2 1.10%
0.0070 3.57 1.76E+05 0.0269 88.2 1.10% h lm /h lT
0.0075 3.82 1.89E+05 0.0269 101 1.10% 1.0%
0.0080 4.07 2.02E+05 0.0268 115 1.11%
0.0085 4.33 2.14E+05 0.0268 129 1.11%
0.0090 4.58 2.27E+05 0.0268 145 1.11% 0.9%
0.0095 4.84 2.40E+05 0.0267 161 1.11%
0.0100 5.09 2.52E+05 0.0267 179 1.11%
0.8%
0.0000 0.0025 0.0050 0.0075 0.0100
3
Q (m /s)
Problem 8.126 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2 ⎛ Le V2 ⎞
1 2 L V
Basic equations ⎜ρ
⎝
+ α⋅
2
+ g ⋅ z 1 − ⎜
⎠ ⎝ρ
+ α⋅
2
+ g ⋅ z 2
⎠
= h h
lT lT = h l + h lm = f ⋅ ⋅
D 2
+
∑ ⎜f ⋅ ⋅
⎝ D 2⎠
Minor
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) α is approximately 1 4) Ignore additional length of elbows
3 2
L Q 4⋅ Q 4 L 0.001 ⋅ m 1 ⋅ min ⎛ 1 ⎞ V = 2.97 m
For a flow rate of Q = 350 ⋅ V= = V = × 350 ⋅ × × × ⎜ 0.05⋅ m
min A
π⋅ D
2 π min 1⋅ L 60⋅ s ⎝ ⎠ s
2
−6 m V⋅ D m s 5
For water at 20oC ν = 1.01 × 10 ⋅ Re = Re = 2.97⋅ × 0.05⋅ m × Re = 1.47 × 10
s ν s −6 2
1.01 × 10 ⋅m
e −4
Flow is turbulent. From Table 8.1 e = 0.15⋅ mm = 6.56 × 10
D
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0201
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2 2 Le
For Case (a) L = 5.25 + 2.5 ⋅ m L = 5.81 m Two 45o miter bends (Fig. 8.16), for each = 13
D
p1 p2 2 Le V 2
L V
Hence the energy equation is − = f⋅ ⋅ + 2⋅ f ⋅ ⋅
ρ ρ D 2 D 2
2
V ⎛L Le ⎞
Solving for ∆p ∆p = p 1 − p 2 = ρ⋅ f ⋅ ⋅ ⎜ + 2⋅
2 ⎝D D⎠
2 2
kg
× .0201 × ⎛⎜ 2.97⋅
m⎞ ⎛ 5.81 + 2⋅ 13⎞ × N⋅ s
∆p = 1000⋅ × ⎜ 0.05 ∆p = 25.2⋅ kPa
m
3 ⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ kg⋅ m
Le
For Case (b) L = ( 5.25 + 2.5) ⋅ m L = 7.75 m One standard 90o elbow (Table 8.4) = 30
D
p1 p2 2 Le V2
L V
Hence the energy equation is − = f⋅ ⋅ + f⋅ ⋅
ρ ρ D 2 D 2
2
V ⎛L Le ⎞
Solving for ∆p ∆p = p 1 − p 2 = ρ⋅ f ⋅ ⋅⎜ +
2 ⎝D D⎠
2 2
kg
× .0201 × ⎛⎜ 2.97⋅
m⎞ ⎛ 7.75 + 30⎞ × N⋅ s
∆p = 1000⋅ × ⎜ 0.05 ∆p = 32.8⋅ kPa
m
3 ⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ kg⋅ m
Le
For Case (c) L = ( 5.25 + 2.5) ⋅ m L = 7.75 m Three standard 90o elbows, for each = 30
D
p1 p2 2 Le V 2
L V
Hence the energy equation is − = f⋅ ⋅ + 3⋅ f ⋅ ⋅
ρ ρ D 2 D 2
2
V ⎛L Le ⎞
Solving for ∆p ∆p = p 1 − p 2 = ρ⋅ f ⋅ ⋅ ⎜ + 3⋅
2 ⎝D D⎠
2 2
kg
× .0201 × ⎛⎜ 2.97⋅
m⎞ ⎛ 7.75 + 3 × 30⎞ × N⋅ s
∆p = 1000⋅ × ⎜ 0.05 ∆p = 43.4⋅ kPa
m
3 ⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ kg⋅ m
Hence we conclude Case (a) is the best and Case (c) is the worst
Problem 8.127 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2 ⎛ Le V2 ⎞
1 2 L V
Basic equations ⎜ ρ + α⋅ 2 + g⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 = h lT h lT = hl + h lm = f ⋅ D ⋅ 2 +
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ∑ ⎜f ⋅ ⋅
⎝ D 2⎠
Minor
4 ⋅ a⋅ b
Dh =
2⋅ (a + b)
Q ft 4 ⋅ a⋅ b
Hence V = V = 15.6⋅ and Dh = Dh = 1.15⋅ ft
a⋅ b s 2⋅ ( a + b)
ρ⋅ V⋅ Dh 5
Re = Re = 1.18 × 10
μ
= −2 ⋅ log⎛⎜ ⎞
1 2.51
For a smooth duct so f = 0.017
f ⎝ Re⋅ f ⎠
2
L V
Hence ∆p = f ⋅ ⋅ ρ⋅ ∆p = 0.031 ⋅ psi
Dh 2
∆p
or, in in water h = h = 0.848 ⋅ in
ρw⋅ g
Problem 8.128 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞
∑ ∑
Basic equations: 1 2
⎜ ρ + α1⋅ 2 + g ⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α2 ⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 = h lT = hl + h lm (8.29)
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
major minor
2 2 Le V2
ρ⋅ V⋅ D L V V
Re = hl = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.34) h lm = K⋅ (8.40a) h lm = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.40b)
μ D 2 2 D 2
⎛ e ⎞
64 1 ⎜ D 2.51
f = (8.36) (Laminar) = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + (8.37) (Turbulent)
Re f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
The energy equation (Eq. 8.29) becomes for the circuit ( 1 = pump inlet, 2 = pump outlet)
p1 − p2 L V
2
V
2
V
2
V
2⎛L Lelbow Lvalve ⎞
= f⋅ ⋅ + 4 ⋅ f ⋅ Lelbow⋅ + f ⋅ Lvalve⋅ or ∆p = ρ⋅ f ⋅ ⋅⎜
+ 4⋅ +
ρ D 2 2 2 2 ⎝D D D ⎠
In Excel:
Required Pressure Head for a Circuit
1200
1000
Dp (kPa)
800
600
400
200
0
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
Q (m3/s)
Problem 8.129 [Difficulty: 3]
c
h
LA
d e
LB
Find: Required average speed; Estimate feasibility of constant head tank; Pressure drop over 5 m
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ LA VA
2
LB VB
2
1 2
Basic equations ⎜ ρ + α⋅ 2 + g⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 = h lT h lT = h A + h B = fA⋅ ⋅ + fB⋅ ⋅
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ DA 2 DB 2
5
We wish to have ReB = 10
VB⋅ DB ReB⋅ ν 2
−6 m
Hence, from ReB = VB = and for water at 20oC ν = 1.01 × 10 ⋅
ν DB s
2
5 −6 m 1 m
VB = 10 × 1.01 × 10 ⋅ × VB = 4.04
s 0.025 ⋅ m s
2 2
⎛ DB ⎞ m ⎛ 2.5 ⎞ m
We will also need VA = VB⋅ ⎜ VA = 4.04⋅ × ⎜ 5 VA = 1.01
⎝ DA ⎠ s ⎝ ⎠ s
VA⋅ DA m s 4
ReA = ReA = 1.01⋅ × 0.05⋅ m × ReA = 5 × 10
ν s −6 2
1.01 × 10 ⋅m
⎛ e ⎞
⎜ D
= −2.0⋅ log⎜
1 A 2.51 ⎟
For tube A Given + fA = 0.0210
fA ⎜ 3.7 ReA⋅ fA
⎝ ⎠
⎛ e ⎞
⎜ D
= −2.0⋅ log⎜
1 B 2.51 ⎟
For tube B Given + fB = 0.0183
fB ⎜ 3.7 ReB⋅ fB
⎝ ⎠
Applying the energy equation between Points 1 and 3
2 2 2
VB LA VA LB VB
(
g ⋅ LA + h −) 2
= fA⋅ ⋅
DA 2
+ fB⋅ ⋅
DB 2
2
VB ⎛ LB ⎞
⋅ ⎜ 1 + fB⋅ − g⋅ h
2 DB
Solving for LA LA =
⎝ ⎠
⎛ fA VA
2⎞
⎜
⎜g − ⋅
DA 2
⎝ ⎠
2
× ⎛⎜ 4.04⋅
m⎞
× ⎛⎜ 1 + 0.0183 × ⎞ − 9.81⋅ m × 0.5⋅ m
1 20
2 ⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ 0.025 ⎠
s
2
LA = LA = 12.8 m
2
× ⎛⎜ 1.01⋅
m 0.0210 1 m⎞
9.81⋅ − ×
s
2 2 0.05⋅ m ⎝ s ⎠
⎛⎜ p VB ⎞ ⎛⎜ p 3
2
VB ⎞
2 2 2
2 L VB L VB
⎜ ρ + 2 − ⎜ ρ + 2 = fB⋅ D ⋅ 2 or ∆p = ρ⋅ fB⋅ ⋅
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ B DB 2
2 2
5⋅ m N⋅ s
× ⎛⎜ 4.04⋅
kg 0.0183 m⎞
∆p = 1000⋅ × × × ∆p = 29.9⋅ kPa
m
3 2 0.025 ⋅ m ⎝ s ⎠ kg⋅ m
Problem 8.130 [Difficulty: 3] Part 1/2
Problem 8.130 [Difficulty: 3] Part 2/2
Problem 8.131 [Difficulty; 3]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞
1 2 4⋅ A
Basic equations ⎜ρ + α⋅ + g ⋅ z 1 − ⎜ + α⋅ + g ⋅ z 2 = hl Dh = e = 0 (Smooth)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ρ 2 ⎠ Pw
3
Q ft 1 ⋅ min 1 ft
But we have V= V = 1250⋅ × × V = 20.8⋅
A min 60⋅ s 2 s
1 ⋅ ft
2
− 4 ft slug
From Table A.9 ν = 1.62 × 10 ⋅ ρ = 0.00234 ⋅ at 68oF
s 3
ft
V⋅ Dh ft s 5
Hence Re = Re = 20.8⋅ × × Dh = 1.284 × 10 ⋅ Dh (Dh in ft)
ν s −4 2
1.62 × 10 ⋅ ft
4⋅ A 4 2
For a round duct Dh = D = Dh = × 1 ⋅ ft Dh = 1.13⋅ ft
π π
4⋅ A 4⋅ b⋅ h 2 ⋅ h ⋅ ar b
For a rectangular duct Dh = = = where ar =
Pw 2⋅ ( b + h) 1 + ar h
b 2 b⋅ h A A 2 ⋅ ar
But h= so h = = or h= and Dh = ⋅ A
ar ar ar ar 1 + ar
⎛ e ⎞
⎜ D 2
1 h 2.51 ∆p f V ∆p − 3 lbf
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0167 = ρ⋅ ⋅ = 7.51 × 10 ⋅
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠ L Dh 2 L
ft
3
2 ⋅ ar 5 1 5
ar = 1 Dh = ⋅ A Dh = 1 ⋅ ft Re = 1.284 × 10 ⋅ ⋅ Dh Re = 1.28 × 10
1 + ar ft
⎛ e ⎞
Given
⎜ D 2
1 h 2.51 ∆p f V ∆p − 3 lbf
= −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0171 = ρ⋅ ⋅ = 8.68 × 10 ⋅
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠ L Dh 2 L
ft
3
−3 −3
8.68 × 10 − 7.51 × 10
Hence the square duct experiences a percentage increase in pressure drop of = 15.6⋅ %
−3
7.51 × 10
2 ⋅ ar 5 1 5
ar = 2 Dh = ⋅ A Dh = 0.943 ⋅ ft Re = 1.284 × 10 ⋅ ⋅ Dh Re = 1.21 × 10
1 + ar ft
⎛ e ⎞
⎜ Dh 2
1 2.51 ∆p f V ∆p − 3 lbf
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0173 = ρ⋅ ⋅ = 9.32 × 10 ⋅
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠ L Dh 2 L
ft
3
−3 −3
9.32 × 10 − 7.51 × 10
Hence the 2 x 1 duct experiences a percentage increase in pressure drop of = 24.1⋅ %
−3
7.51 × 10
2 ⋅ ar 5 1 5
ar = 3 Dh = ⋅ A Dh = 0.866 ⋅ ft Re = 1.284 × 10 ⋅ ⋅ Dh Re = 1.11 × 10
1 + ar ft
⎛ e ⎞
⎜ Dh 2
1 2.51 ∆p f V ∆p lbf
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0176 = ρ⋅ ⋅ = 0.01⋅
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠ L Dh 2 L
ft
3
−3
0.01 − 7.51 × 10
Hence the 3 x 1 duct experiences a percentage increase in pressure drop of = 33.2⋅ %
−3
7.51 × 10
Note that f varies only about 7%; the large change in ∆p/L is primarily due to the 1/Dh factor
Problem 8.132 [Difficulty: 4]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2
1 2 L V
Basic equations ⎜ρ + α ⋅ + g ⋅ z 1 − ⎜ + α ⋅ + g ⋅ z 2 = hl hl = f ⋅ ⋅
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ρ 2 ⎠ D 2
2
⎛ p1 ⎞ ⎛ p2 ⎞ L V
⎜ + g ⋅ z1 − ⎜ + g ⋅ z2 = f ⋅ ⋅
⎝ρ ⎠ ⎝ρ ⎠ D 2
3
Q 4⋅ Q 4 m 1 m
Here V= = V= × 0.015⋅ × V = 7.64
A 2 π s 2 s
π⋅ D ( 0.05⋅ m)
In this problem we can compute directly f and Re, and hence obtain e/D
⎛ p1 − p2
2⋅ D ⎞
Solving for f f = ⋅⎜ + g ( z1 − z2 )
L⋅ V ⎝ ⎠
2 ρ
2
−6 m V⋅ D m s 5
From Table A.8 (20oF) ν = 1.01 × 10 ⋅ Re = Re = 7.64⋅ × 0.05⋅ m × Re = 3.78 × 10
s ν s −6 2
1.01 × 10 ⋅m
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Flow is turbulent: = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ +
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
⎛ − 1 ⎞
⎜ 2⋅ f 2.51 e
Solving for e e = 3.7⋅ D⋅ ⎜ 10 − e = 0.507 mm = 0.0101
⎝ Re⋅ f ⎠ D
e
New pipe (Table 8.1) e = 0.15⋅ mm = 0.003
D
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ +
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
f = 0.0326
⎡ L V
2⎤
In this problem
⎣
(
∆p = p 1 − p 2 = ρ⋅ ⎢g ⋅ z2 − z1 + f ⋅ ⋅
D 2
) ⎥
⎦
⎡ 2⎤ 2
Hence
∆pnew = 1000⋅
kg
× ⎢9.81⋅
m
× ( −40⋅ m) +
0.0326
×
40
× ⎛⎜ 7.64⋅
m⎞ ⎥ × N⋅ s ∆pnew = 369 ⋅ kPa
3 ⎢ 2 2 0.05 ⎝ s ⎠ ⎥ kg⋅ m
m ⎣ s ⎦
As power is ∆pQ and Q is constant, the power reduction is the same as the above percentage!
Problem 8.133 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2 ⎛ V2 ⎞
1 2 L V
Basic equations ⎜ρ
⎝
+ α ⋅
2
+ g ⋅ z 1 − ⎜
⎠ ⎝ρ
+ α ⋅
2
+ g ⋅ z 2 = h lT
⎠
h lT = h l + h lm = f ⋅ ⋅
D 2
+
∑ ⎜ K⋅
⎝ 2⎠
Minor
Hence the energy equation between Point 1 at the supply and the nozzle exit (Point n); let the velocity in the hose be V
2 2 2 2
p1 Vn L V V Vn
ρ
−
2
= f⋅ ⋅
D 2
+ Ke + 4⋅ Kc ⋅
2
(
+ Kn ⋅
2
)
2 3
⎛ D ⎞ ⋅V Q 4⋅ Q 4 ft 1 ft
From continuity Vn = ⎜D and V= = V= × 0.75⋅ × V = 15.3⋅
A 2 π s 2 s
⎝ 2⎠ π⋅ D ⎛ 1 ⋅ ft ⎞
⎜4
⎝ ⎠
⎡⎢ L ⎛ D ⎞ ⋅ 1 + K ⎤⎥
2 4
ρ⋅ V
Solving for p 1 p1 =
2 ⎢ D
⋅ f⋅
+ Ke + 4⋅ Kc + ⎜D ( n)⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦
2
slug − 5 ft
From Table A.7 (68oF) ρ = 1.94⋅ ν = 1.08 × 10 ⋅
3 s
ft
V⋅ D ft 3 s 5
Re = Re = 15.3⋅ × ⋅ ft × Re = 3.54 × 10 Turbulent
ν s 12 −5 2
1.08 × 10 ⋅ ft
e
For the hose = 0.004
D
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Flow is turbulent: Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0287
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
⎡⎢ ⎛ 3 ⎞ × ( 1 + 0.02)⎤⎥ × lbf ⋅ s
2 4 2
× ⎛⎜ 15.3⋅
1 slug ft ⎞ 250
p1 = × 1.94⋅ × 0.0287 ×
⎢
+ 0.5 + 4 × 0.5 + ⎜1 ⎥ slug⋅ ft
2
ft
3 ⎝ s⎠ 1 ⎝ ⎠
⎢⎣ 4
⎥⎦
4 lbf
p 1 = 2.58 × 10 ⋅ p 1 = 179 ⋅ psi
2
ft
Problem 8.134 [Difficulty: 4]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞
∑ ∑
Basic equations: 1 2
⎜ρ + α ⋅
1 2 + g ⋅ z 1 − ⎜ + α ⋅
2 2 + g ⋅ z 2 = h lT = hl + h lm (8.29)
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ρ ⎠
major minor
2 2 Le V2
ρ⋅ V⋅ D L V V
Re = hl = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.34) h lm = K ⋅ (8.40a) h lm = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.40b)
μ D 2 2 D 2
⎛ e ⎞
64 1 ⎜ D 2.51
f = (8.36) (Laminar) = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + (8.37) (Turbulent)
Re f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
The energy equation (Eq. 8.29) becomes
2 2 2
V L V V
g ⋅ H − α⋅ = f⋅ ⋅ + K⋅
2 D 2 2
2
⋅ ⎛⎜ α + f ⋅ + K⎞
V L
H=
2⋅ g ⎝ D ⎠
In Excel:
Computed results:
The flow rates are realistic, and could easily be measured using a tank/timer system
The head required is also realistic for a small-scale laboratory experiment
Around Re = 2300 the flow may oscillate between laminar and turbulent:
Once turbulence is triggered (when H > 0.353 m), the resistanc e to flow increases
requiring H >0.587 m to maintain; hence the flow reverts to la minar, only to trip over
again to turbulent! This behavior will be visible: the exit flow will switch back and
forth between smooth (laminar) and chaotic (turbulent)
0.75
H (m)
0.50
Laminar
0.25 Turbulent
0.00
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Re
Problem 8.135 [Difficulty: 3]
Problem 8.136 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2
1 2 L V
Basic equations ⎜ ρ + α ⋅ 2 + g ⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α ⋅ 2 + g ⋅ z2 = h l hl = f ⋅ ⋅
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ D 2
2
− 5 ft
From Table A.7 (68oF) ν = 1.08 × 10 ⋅ (for water, but close enough)
s
V⋅ D ft 0.2 s 4
Re = Re = 11.5⋅ × ⋅ ft × Re = 1.775 × 10
ν s 12 −5 2
1.08 × 10 ft
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0272
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2
slug ft 1 lbf ⋅ s lbf
Then p grav = −1.94⋅ × 32.2⋅ × ⋅ ft × p grav = −31.2⋅ p grav = −0.217 ⋅ psi
3 2 2 slug⋅ ft 2
ft s ft
2 2
lbf ⋅ s
× ⎛⎜ 11.5⋅
slug 6 1 ft ⎞ lbf
and p fric = −1.94⋅ × 0.0272 × × × p fric = −105 ⋅ p fric = −0.727 ⋅ psi
ft
3 0.2 2 ⎝ s⎠ slug⋅ ft
ft
2
p fric p grav
Hence the fraction due to friction is = 77⋅ % and gravity is = 23⋅ %
p fric + p grav p fric + p grav
These results will vary depending on assumptions, but it seems friction is significant!
Problem 8.137 [Difficulty: 4]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2 2
1 2 L V V
Basic equations ⎜ ρ + α⋅ 2 + g⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 = h l hl = f ⋅ ⋅ h lm = Kent⋅
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ D 2 2
2 ⋅ g ⋅ ( ∆z + h )
Solving for V V= (1)
L
f⋅ + Kent + 1
D
⎛ e ⎞
V⋅ D 1 ⎜ D 2.51
We also have Re = (2) In addition = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + (3)
ν f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
Equations 1, 2 and 3 form a set of simultaneous equations for V, Re and f, which we can solve iteratively
2 ⋅ g ⋅ ( ∆z + h ) m V⋅ D 4
Make a guess for f f = 0.1 then V = V = 0.852 Re = Re = 2.13 × 10
L s ν
f⋅ + Kent + 1
D
using Eq 3, at this Re f = 0.0382
2 ⋅ g ⋅ ( ∆z + h ) m V⋅ D 4
Then, repeating V = V = 1.37 Re = Re = 3.41 × 10
L s ν
f⋅ + Kent + 1
D
using Eq 3, at this Re f = 0.0371
2 ⋅ g ⋅ ( ∆z + h ) m V⋅ D 4
Then, repeating V = V = 1.38 Re = Re = 3.46 × 10
L s ν
f⋅ + Kent + 1
D
2 3
π⋅ D −4m l
The flow rate is then Q = V⋅ Q = 6.79 × 10 Q = 0.679
4 s s
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2
1 2 L V
Basic equations ⎜ ρ + α⋅ 2 + g⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 = h l hl = f ⋅ ⋅
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ D 2
kg − 3 N⋅ s
Available data L = 200 ⋅ m D = 75⋅ mm e = 2.5⋅ mm ∆p = 425 ⋅ kPa ρ = 1000⋅ μ = 1.76⋅ 10 ⋅
3 2
m m
Hence the energy equation becomes
p1 p2 2
∆p L V
− = = f⋅ ⋅
ρ ρ ρ D 2
2 ⋅ D⋅ ∆p k 2 ⋅ D⋅ ∆p m
Solving for V V= V= (1) k = k = 0.565
L⋅ ρ⋅ f f L⋅ ρ s
ρ⋅ V⋅ D ρ⋅ D 4 s
We also have Re = or Re = c⋅ V (2) where c = c = 4.26 × 10
μ μ m
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51 (3)
In addition = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ +
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
k ft 4
Make a guess for f f = 0.1 then V = V = 5.86⋅ Re = c⋅ V Re = 7.61 × 10
f s
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51 k ft 5
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0573 V = V = 7.74⋅ Re = c⋅ V Re = 1.01 × 10
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠ f s
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51 k ft 5
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0573 V = V= ⋅ Re = c⋅ V Re = 1.01 × 10
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠ f s
2 3
π⋅ D m l
The flow rate is then Q = V⋅ Q = 0.0104 Q = 10.42 Q = 165 ⋅ gpm
4 s s
Solution:
⎛ p1 V2 ⎞ ⎛p V2 ⎞
Basic equations: ⎜⎜ + α 1 1 + gz1 ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ 2 + α 2 2 + gz 2 ⎟⎟ = hlT
⎝ρ 2 ⎠ ⎝ ρ 2 ⎠
LV2 V2 1 ⎛e/ D 2.51 ⎞
hlT = hl + hlm = f +K = −2.0 log⎜ + ⎟ Q = VA
D 2 2 ⎜ 3.7 Re f ⎟
f ⎝ ⎠
V1 2 V2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible 3) Neglect minor losses 4) α1 = α2 2
2 2
e
Given data p1 = 200 kPa gage D = 0.019 m z 2 = 15 m =0 L = 23 m
D
p1 LV2
The energy equation becomes: − gz 2 = f
ρ D 2
⎛p ⎞
2 ⋅ D ⋅ ⎜⎜ 1 − g ⋅ z 2 ⎟⎟
Solving for V: V = ⎝ρ ⎠ V =
k
(1)
f ⋅L f
⎛p ⎞
2 ⋅ D ⋅ ⎜⎜ 1 − g ⋅ z 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ρ ⎠ = 2 × 0.019 m × ⎛⎜ 200,000 N × m × kg ⋅ m − 9.81 m × 15 m ⎞⎟ × 1
3
k= ⎜ ⎟ 23 m
L ⎝ m 2 999 kg N ⋅ s 2 s2 ⎠
m
k = 0.296
s
ρ ⋅V ⋅ D ρ⋅D
We also have Re = or Re = c ⋅ V (2) where c=
µ µ
kg m⋅s s
Assuming water at 20oC (ρ = 999 kg/m3, µ = 1 x 10-3 kg/(m·s)): c = 999 × 0.019 m × = 18981
m 3
1 × 10 kg
-3
m
1 ⎛ 2.51 ⎞
In addition: = −2.0 log⎜ ⎟ (3)
⎜ Re f ⎟
f ⎝ ⎠
k m
Make a guess for f f = 0.015 then V = = 2.42 Re = c ⋅ V = 4.59 × 10 4
f s
1 ⎛ 2.51 ⎞ k m
Given = −2.0 log⎜ ⎟ f = 0.0213 V = = 2.03 Re = c ⋅ V = 3.85 × 10 4
⎜ Re f ⎟ s
f ⎝ ⎠ f
1 ⎛ 2.51 ⎞ k m
Given = −2.0 log⎜ ⎟ f = 0.0222 V = = 1.99 Re = c ⋅ V = 3.77 × 10 4
⎜ Re f ⎟ s
f ⎝ ⎠ f
1 ⎛ 2.51 ⎞ k m
Given = −2.0 log⎜ ⎟ f = 0.0223 V = = 1.98 Re = c ⋅ V = 3.76 × 10 4
⎜ Re f ⎟ s
f ⎝ ⎠ f
π m m3
Q1 = × (0.019) m × 1.98 =
−4
The flowrate is then:
2 2
5.61 × 10
4 s s
e
Given data p1 = 300 kPa gage D = 0.0127 m z 2 = 15 m = 0.05 L = 16 m
D
The analysis for Option 2 is identical to Option 1:
p1 LV2
The energy equation becomes: − gz 2 = f
ρ D 2
⎛p ⎞
2 ⋅ D ⋅ ⎜⎜ 1 − g ⋅ z 2 ⎟⎟
Solving for V: V = ⎝ρ ⎠ V =
k
(4)
f ⋅L f
⎛p ⎞
2 ⋅ D ⋅ ⎜⎜ 1 − g ⋅ z 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ρ ⎠ = 2 × 0.0127 m × ⎛⎜ 300,000 N × m × kg ⋅ m − 9.81 m × 15 m ⎞⎟ × 1
3
k= ⎜ ⎟ 16 m
L ⎝ m 2 999 kg N ⋅ s 2 s2 ⎠
m
k = 0.493
s
ρ ⋅V ⋅ D ρ⋅D
We also have Re = or Re = c ⋅ V (5) where c=
µ µ
kg m⋅s s
c = 999 × 0.0127 m × = 12687.3
m 3
1 × 10 kg
-3
m
1 ⎛e/ D 2.51 ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
In addition: = −2.0 log⎜ + ⎟ = −2.0 log⎜ 0.05 + 2.51 ⎟ (6)
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 3.7 Re f ⎟
f ⎝ 3.7 Re f ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
k m
Make a guess for f f = 0.07 then V = = 1.86 Re = c ⋅ V = 2.36 × 10 4
f s
1 ⎛ 0.05 2.51 ⎞ k m
Given = −2.0 log⎜ + ⎟ f = 0.0725 V = = 1.83 Re = c ⋅ V = 2.32 × 10 4
⎜ 3.7 Re f ⎟ s
f ⎝ ⎠ f
1 ⎛ 0.05 2.51 ⎞ k m
Given = −2.0 log⎜ + ⎟ f = 0.0725 V = = 1.83 Re = c ⋅ V = 2.32 × 10 4
⎜ ⎟
f ⎝ 3.7 Re f ⎠ f s
π
3
m −4 m
Q2 = × (0.0127 ) m × 1.83 = 2.32 × 10
2 2
The flowrate is then: Option 1 is 2.42 times more effective!
4 s s
p1 LV2
The energy equation becomes: − gz 2 = f
ρ D 2
⎛p ⎞
2 D⎜⎜ 1 − gz 2 ⎟⎟
or: f =
1 ⎝ρ ⎠
V L
For Option 1:
⎛ kg m3 1 ⎞
⎜ 2.51 × 1 × 10 −3 × × ⎟
⎜ m ⋅ s 999 kg 0.019 m ⎟
⎜ ⎟
V = −2.0 log⎜ 23 m 1 ⎟
× ×
⎜ 2 × 0.019 m ⎛ N m3 kg ⋅ m m ⎞⎟
⎜⎜ ⎜⎜ 200,000 2 × × − 9.81 2 × 15 m ⎟⎟ ⎟
⋅ ⎠ ⎟⎠
2
⎝ ⎝ m 999 kg N s s
⎛ 2 × 0.019 m ⎛ N m3 kg ⋅ m m ⎞ ⎞⎟
×⎜ × ⎜⎜ 200,000 2 × × − 9 . 81 × 15 m ⎟⎟
⎜ 23 m ⎝ m 999 kg N ⋅ s 2 s2 ⎠ ⎟⎠
⎝
m
V = 1.98
s
and:
π m m3
× (0.019) m 2 × 1.98 = 5.61 × 10 − 4
2
Q1 =
4 s s
e
Given data p1 = 300 kPa gage D = 0.0127 m z 2 = 15 m = 0.05 L = 16 m
D
The analysis for Option 2 results in the same equations as used in Option 1 once again giving:
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ 2 D⎛⎜ p1 − gz 2 ⎞⎟ ⎟
⎜ e / D 2.51µ ⎟⎜ ⎜ρ ⎟⎟
V = −2.0 log⎜ +
L ⎝ ⎠
⎟⎜ ⎟
⎜ 3.7 ρD ⎛ p1 ⎞ ⎟⎜ L ⎟
2 D⎜⎜ − gz 2 ⎟⎟
⎜ ⎝ ρ ⎟⎜
⎠ ⎠⎝ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 0.05 kg m3 1 ⎞
⎜ + 2.51 × 1 × 10 −3 × × ⎟
⎜ 3.7 m ⋅ s 999 kg 0.0127 m ⎟
⎜ ⎟
V = −2.0 log⎜ 16 m 1 ⎟
× ×
⎜ 2 × 0.0127 m ⎛ N m 3
kg ⋅ m m ⎞⎟
⎜⎜ ⎜⎜ 300,000 2 × × − 9.81 2 × 15 m ⎟⎟ ⎟
999 kg N ⋅ s ⎠ ⎟⎠
2
⎝ ⎝ m s
⎛ 2 × 0.0127 m ⎛ N m3 kg ⋅ m m ⎞ ⎞⎟
×⎜ × ⎜⎜ 300,000 2 × × − 9. 81 × 15 m ⎟⎟
⎜ 16 m ⎝ m 999 kg N ⋅ s 2 s2 ⎠ ⎟⎠
⎝
m
V = 1.83
s
π m m3
× (0.0127 ) m 2 × 1.83
2
The flowrate is then: Q2 = = 2.32 × 10 − 4
4 s s
Problem 8.141 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
⎛ p1 V1 2 ⎞ ⎛ p2 V 22 ⎞
Basic equations: ⎜
⎜ ρ + α 1 2 + gz1 ⎟ − ⎜ ρ + α 2 2 + gz 2 ⎟⎟ = hlT
⎟ ⎜
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
LV 2
V 2
1 ⎛e/ D 2.51 ⎞
hlT = hl + hlm = f +K = −2.0 log⎜ + ⎟ Q = VA
D 2 2 ⎜ ⎟
f ⎝ 3.7 Re f ⎠
V1 2 V2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible 3) Neglect minor losses 4) α1 = α2 2
2 2
lbf lbf
Given data p1 = 60 gage z1 = 0 ft D = 0.625 in p2 = 0 gage
in 2 in 2
e
z 2 = 20.5 ft =0 L = 50 ft
D
p1 LV2
The energy equation becomes: − gz 2 = f
ρ D 2
⎛p ⎞
2 ⋅ D ⋅ ⎜⎜ 1 − g ⋅ z 2 ⎟⎟
Solving for V: V = ⎝ρ ⎠ V =
k
(1)
f ⋅L f
⎛p ⎞
2 ⋅ D ⋅ ⎜⎜ 1 − g ⋅ z 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ρ ⎠ = 2 × 0.625 in × ft × ⎛⎜ 60 lbf × 144 in × ft slug ⋅ ft ⎞
2 3
ft 1
k= ⎜ × − 32.2 2 × 20.5 ft ⎟⎟ ×
L 12 in ⎝ in 2
ft 2
1.94 slug lbf ⋅ s 2
s ⎠ 50 ft
ft
k = 2.81
s
ρ ⋅V ⋅ D ρ⋅D
We also have Re = or Re = c ⋅ V (2) where c=
µ µ
Assuming water at 68oF (ρ = 1.94 slug/ft3, µ = 2.1 x 10-5 lbf·s/ft2):
slug ft ft 2 lbf ⋅ s 2 s
c = 1.94 × 0 . 625 in × × × = 4811.5
ft 3
12 in 2.1 × 10 lbf ⋅ s slug ⋅ ft
-5
ft
1 ⎛ 2.51 ⎞
In addition: = −2.0 log⎜ ⎟ (3)
⎜ Re f ⎟
f ⎝ ⎠
k ft
Make a guess for f f = 0.015 then V = = 22.94 Re = c ⋅ V = 1.1 × 10 5
f s
1 ⎛ 2.51 ⎞ k ft
Given = −2.0 log⎜ ⎟ f = 0.0177 V = = 21.12 Re = c ⋅ V = 1.02 × 10 5
⎜ Re f ⎟ s
f ⎝ ⎠ f
1 ⎛ 2.51 ⎞ k ft
Given = −2.0 log⎜ ⎟ f = 0.0179 V = = 21.0 Re = c ⋅ V = 1.01 × 10 5
⎜ Re f ⎟ s
f ⎝ ⎠ f
π
× (5) ft 2 = 49.1 ft 3
2
Volume pool = 2.5 ft ×
4
p1 LV2
The energy equation becomes: − gz 2 = f
ρ D 2
⎛p ⎞
2 D⎜⎜ 1 − gz 2 ⎟⎟
or: f =
1 ⎝ρ ⎠
V L
⎛ lbf ⋅ s ft 3 slug ⋅ ft 1 12 in ⎞
⎜ 2.51 × 2.1 × 10 −5 × × × × ⎟
⎜ ft 2
1.94 slug lbf ⋅ s 2
0.625 in ft ⎟
⎜ ⎟
V = −2.0 log⎜ 50 ft 12 in 1 ⎟
× × ×
⎜ 2 × 0.625 in ft ⎛ lbf 144 in 2 ft 3
slug ⋅ ft ft ⎞ ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎜⎜ 60 2 × × × − 32.2 2 × 20.5 ft ⎟⎟ ⎟
1.94 slug lbf ⋅ s ⎠ ⎟⎠
2 2
⎝ ⎝ in ft s
⎛ 2 × 0.625 in ft ⎛ lbf 144 in 2 ft 3 slug ⋅ ft ft ⎞ ⎞⎟
×⎜ × × ⎜⎜ 60 2 × × × − 32 .2 × 20 .5 ft ⎟⎟
⎜ 50 ft 12 in ⎝ in ft 2 1.94 slug lbf ⋅ s 2 s2 ⎠ ⎟⎠
⎝
ft
V = 21.0
s
and:
π ft ft 3
× (0.052) ft 2 × 21.0
2
Q = = 0.0447
4 s s
π
× (5) ft 2 = 49.1 ft 3
2
Volume pool = 2.5 ft ×
4
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2 2
1 2 L V V
Basic equations ⎜ ρ + α ⋅ 2 + g ⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α ⋅ 2 + g ⋅ z2 = h l hl = f ⋅ ⋅ h lm = Kent ⋅
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ D 2 2
Solving for V 2⋅ g⋅ H
V=
L (1)
f⋅ + Kent + 1
D
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51 V⋅ D
We also have = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + (2) Re = (3)
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠ ν
m V⋅ D 4
Make a guess for V V = 1⋅ Then Re = Re = 5.00 × 10
s ν
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
and = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0286
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ H m
Then V = V = 5.21
L s
f⋅ + Kent + 1
D
V⋅ D 5
Repeating Re = Re = 2.61 × 10
ν
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
and = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0267
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ H m
Then V = V = 5.36
L s
f⋅ + Kent + 1
D
V⋅ D 5
Repeating Re = Re = 2.68 × 10
ν
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
and = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0267
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ H m
Then V = V = 5.36
L s
f⋅ + Kent + 1
D
3
π 2 m l
Hence Q = ⋅D ⋅V Q = 0.0105 Q = 10.5⋅
4 s s
m V⋅ D 4
Make a guess for V V = 1⋅ Then Re = Re = 5.00 × 10
s ν
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
and = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0286
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ H m
Then V = V = 3.89
2⋅ L s
f⋅ + Kent + 1
D
V⋅ D 5
Repeating Re = Re = 1.95 × 10
ν
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
and = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0269
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ H m
Then V = V = 4.00
2⋅ L s
f⋅ + Kent + 1
D
V⋅ D 5
Repeating Re = Re = 2.00 × 10
ν
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
and = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0268
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ H m
Then V = V = 4.00
2⋅ L s
f⋅ + Kent + 1
D
3
π 2 −3m l
Hence Q = ⋅D ⋅V Q = 7.861 × 10 Q = 7.86⋅
4 s s
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2
1 2 L V
Basic equations ⎜ρ + α⋅ + g ⋅ z 1 − ⎜ + α⋅ + g ⋅ z 2 = hl hl = f ⋅ ⋅
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ρ 2 ⎠ D 2
2 ⋅ D⋅ g ⋅ h 2 ⋅ D⋅ g k
Solving for V V= = V= (1)
L⋅ f f f
m m
k= 2 ⋅ D⋅ g k = 2 × 0.05⋅ m × 9.81⋅ k = 0.99
2 s
s
V⋅ D D
We also have Re = or Re = c⋅ V (2) where c=
ν ν
s 4 s
c = 0.05⋅ m × c = 4.95 × 10 ⋅
−6 2 m
1.01 × 10 ⋅m
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51 (3)
In addition = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ +
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
k m 5
Make a guess for f f = 0.01 then V = V = 9.90 Re = c⋅ V Re = 4.9 × 10
f s
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ +
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
k m 5
f = 0.0264 V = V = 6.09 Re = c⋅ V Re = 3.01 × 10
f s
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ +
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
k m 5
f = 0.0266 V = V = 6.07 Re = c⋅ V Re = 3.00 × 10
f s
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ +
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
k m 5
f = 0.0266 V = V = 6.07 Re = c⋅ V Re = 3.00 × 10
f s
2 3
π⋅ D m
The flow rate is then Q = V⋅ Q = 0.0119⋅
4 s
3
m
0.0119⋅
Q s 100 ⋅ cm 60⋅ s cm
The downpour rate is then = × × = 0.143 ⋅ The drain can handle 0.143 cm/min
Aroof 2 1⋅ m 1 ⋅ min min
500 ⋅ m
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞
Governing equations: 1 2
⎜ ρ + α1⋅ 2 + g ⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α2 ⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 = h lT =
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ∑ hl +
∑ h lm (8.29)
major minor
2 2 Le V2
ρ⋅ V⋅ D L V V
Re = hl = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.34) h lm = K⋅ (8.40a) h lm = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.40b)
μ D 2 2 D 2
⎛ e ⎞
64 1 ⎜ D 2.51
f = (8.36) (Laminar) = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + (8.37) (Turbulent)
Re f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
The energy equation (Eq. 8.29) becomes for flow in a tube
2
L V
p 1 − p 2 = ∆p = ρ⋅ f ⋅ ⋅
D 2
This cannot be solved explicitly for velocity V, (and hence flow rate Q) because f depends on V; solution for a given relative
roughness e/D requires iteration (or use of Solver)
Flow Rate versus Tube Relative Roughness
for fixed Dp
8
6
3
Q (m /s)
4
x 10 4
0
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
e/D
It is not possible to roughen the tube sufficiently to slow the flow down to a laminar flow for this ∆p. Even a relative roughness of
0.5 (a physical impossibility!) would not work.
Problem 8.150 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞
Governing equations: 1 2
⎜ρ
⎝
+ α ⋅
1 2 + g ⋅ z 1 − ⎜
⎠ ⎝ρ
+ α ⋅
2 2 + g ⋅ z 2 = h lT =
⎠ ∑ hl +
∑ h lm (8.29)
major minor
2 2 Le V2
ρ⋅ V⋅ D L V V
Re = hl = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.34) h lm = K⋅ (8.40a) h lm = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.40b)
μ D 2 2 D 2
⎛ e ⎞
64 1 ⎜ D 2.51
f = (8.36) (Laminar) = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + (8.37) (Turbulent)
Re f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
The energy equation (Eq. 8.29) becomes for flow in a tube
2
L V
p 1 − p 2 = ∆p = ρ⋅ f ⋅ ⋅
D 2
This cannot be solved explicitly for velocity V, (and hence flow rate Q) because f depends on V; solution for a given L requires
iteration (or use of Solver)
Flow Rate vs Tube Length for Fixed Dp
10.0
Laminar
Q (m3/s) Turbulent
4
x 10 1.0
0.1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
L (km)
The "critical" length of tube is between 15 and 20 km. For this range, the fluid is making a transition between laminar and
turbulent flow, and is quite unstable. In this range the flow oscillates between laminar and turbulent; no consistent solution is
found (i.e., an Re corresponding to turbulent flow needs an f assuming laminar to produce the ∆p required, and vice versa!) More
realistic numbers (e.g., tube length) are obtained for a fluid such as SAE 10W oil (The graph will remain the same except for scale)
Problem 8.151 [Difficulty: 5]
Find: Effect of pipe roughness and pipe length on flow rate; Plot
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞
Governing equations: 1 2
⎜ ρ + α1⋅ 2 + g ⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α2 ⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 = h lT =
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ∑ hl +
∑ h lm (8.29)
major minor
2 2 Le V2
ρ⋅ V⋅ D L V V
Re = hl = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.34) h lm = K⋅ (8.40a) h lm = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.40b)
μ D 2 2 D 2
⎛ e ⎞
64 1 ⎜ D 2.51
f = (8.36) (Laminar) = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + (8.37) (Turbulent)
Re f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
The energy equation (Eq. 8.29) becomes for this flow (see Example 8.5)
⎛ L V
2⎞
p pump = ∆p = ρ⋅ ⎜ g ⋅ d + f ⋅ ⋅
⎝ D 2 ⎠
We need to solve this for velocity V, (and hence flow rate Q) as a function of roughness e, then length L. This cannot be solved
explicitly for velocity V, (and hence flow rate Q) because f depends on V; solution for a given relative roughness e/D or length L
requires iteration (or use of Solver)
0.020
0.015
3
Q (m /s)
0.010
0.005
0.000
0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05
e/D
0.010
Q (m3/s)
0.005
0.000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
L (m)
Problem 8.152 [Difficulty: 4]
Find: Height of water tower; Maximum flow rate; Pressure gage reading
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞
Governing equations: 1 2
⎜ ρ + α1⋅ 2 + g ⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α2 ⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 = h lT =
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ∑ hl +
∑ h lm(8.29)
major minor
2 Le V2
ρ⋅ V⋅ D L V
Re = hl = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.34) h lm = 0.1⋅ h l h lm = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.40b)
μ D 2 D 2
⎛ e ⎞
64 1 ⎜ D 2.51
f = (8.36) (Laminar) = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + (8.37) (Turbulent)
Re f ⎝ 3.7 Re ⋅ f ⎠
For no flow the energy equation (Eq. 8.29) applied between the water tower free surface (state 1; height H) and pressure gage is
p2 p2
g⋅ H = or H= (1)
ρ ρ⋅ g
The energy equation (Eq. 8.29) becomes, for maximum flow (and α = 1)
2 2
⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 + 1.1⋅ f ⋅
V V L⎞
g⋅ H − = h lT = ( 1 + 0.1) ⋅ h l or g⋅ H = (2)
2 2 ⎝ D⎠
p2 2 2
⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 + 1.1⋅ ρ⋅ f ⋅
V V L⎞
g⋅ H − + = h lT = ( 1 + 0.1) ⋅ h l p 2 = ρ⋅ g ⋅ H − ρ⋅ (3)
ρ 2 2 ⎝ D⎠
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2
1 2 L V
Basic equations ⎜ρ + α⋅ + g ⋅ z 1 − ⎜ + α⋅ + g ⋅ z 2 = h lT h lT = f ⋅ ⋅ + h lm
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ρ 2 ⎠ D 2
Hence the energy equation applied between the tank free surface (Point 1) and the tube exit (Point 2, z = 0) becomes
2 2 2 2
V2 V L V V Le V2
g ⋅ z1 − = g ⋅ z1 − = f⋅ ⋅ + Kent⋅ + f⋅ ⋅
2 2 D 2 2 D 2
R Le Le
For the bend =9 so from Fig. 8.16 = 28 for a 90o bend so for a 180 o bend = 56
D D D
2⋅ g⋅ h
Solving for V V= (1) and h = 2.5⋅ m
⎡ ⎛ L Le ⎞⎤
⎢1 + Kent + f ⋅ ⎜ + ⎥
⎣ ⎝ D D ⎠⎦
The two lengths are Le = 56⋅ D Le = 2.8 m L = ( 0.6 + π⋅ 0.45 + 2.5) ⋅ m L = 4.51 m
V⋅ D D
We also have Re = or Re = c⋅ V (2) where c=
ν ν
2
−6 m s 4 s
From Table A.7 (15oC) ν = 1.14 × 10 ⋅ c = 0.05⋅ m × c = 4.39 × 10 ⋅
s −6 2 m
1.14 × 10 ⋅m
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51 (3) e = 0.0015⋅ mm (Table 8.1)
In addition = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ +
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0164
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ h m 5
V = V = 3.43 Re = c⋅ V Re = 1.50 × 10
⎡ ⎛ L Le ⎞⎤ s
⎢1 + Kent + f ⋅ ⎜ + ⎥
⎣ ⎝ D D ⎠⎦
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0168
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ h m 5
V = V = 3.40 Re = c⋅ V Re = 1.49 × 10
⎡ ⎛L Le ⎞⎤ s
⎢1 + Kent + f ⋅ ⎜ + ⎥
⎣ ⎝ D D ⎠⎦
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0168
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ h m 5
V = V = 3.40 Re = c⋅ V Re = 1.49 × 10
⎡ ⎛L Le ⎞⎤ s
⎢1 + Kent + f ⋅ ⎜ + ⎥
⎣ ⎝ D D ⎠⎦
The minimum pressure occurs at the top of the curve (Point 3). Applying the energy equation between Points 1 and 3
⎛⎜ p V3
2 ⎞ ⎛ p3 V2 ⎞ 2 2 Le V2
3 L V V
g ⋅ z1 − ⎜ + + g ⋅ z3 = g ⋅ z1 − ⎜ + + g ⋅ z3 = f ⋅ ⋅ + Kent⋅ + f⋅ ⋅
⎝ρ 2 ⎠ ⎝ρ 2 ⎠ D 2 2 D 2
Le π × 0.45 ⎞
where we have = 28 for the first 90o of the bend, and L = ⎛⎜ 0.6 + ⋅m L = 1.31 m
D ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎡ 2
V ⎡ ⎛ L Le ⎞⎤⎤
⎣
( )
p 3 = ρ⋅ ⎢g ⋅ z1 − z3 −
2 ⎣
⋅ ⎢1 + Kent + f ⋅ ⎜ + ⎥⎥
⎝ D D ⎠⎦⎦
⎡ 2 ⎤
⎢ ⎛ 3.4⋅ m ⎞ ⎥
kg ⎢
⎜ 2
p 3 = 1000⋅
m
× 9.81⋅ × ( −0.45⋅ m) −
⎝ s⎠ ⎡ ⎛
⋅ ⎢1 + 0.78 + 0.0168⋅ ⎜
1.31 ⎞⎤ ⎥ N⋅ s p = −20.0⋅ kPa
+ 28 ⎥ ×
3 ⎢ ⎠⎦⎥⎦ kg⋅ m
3
2 2 ⎣ ⎝ 0.05
m ⎣ s
Problem 8.154 [Difficulty: 4]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2 2
1 2 L V V
Basic equations ⎜ρ + α⋅ + g ⋅ z 1 − ⎜ + α⋅ + g ⋅ z 2 = h lT h lT = f ⋅ ⋅ + Kent⋅
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ρ 2 ⎠ D 2 2
Hence the energy equation applied between the tank free surface (Point 1) and the pipe exit (Point 2, z = 0) becomes
2 2 2 2
V2 V L V V
g ⋅ z1 − = g ⋅ z1 − = f⋅ ⋅ + Kent⋅
2 2 D 2 2
2⋅ g⋅ h
Solving for V V= (1)
⎛1 + K + f ⋅ L ⎞
⎜ ent
⎝ D⎠
V⋅ D D
We also have Re = or Re = c⋅ V (2) where c=
ν ν
2 2
−6 m − 5 ft D s
From Table A.7 (20oC) ν = 1.01 × 10 ⋅ ν = 1.09 × 10 c = c = 7665⋅
s s ν ft
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51 (3)
In addition = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ +
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ h m
Make a guess for f f = 0.01 then V = V = 2.98
⎛1 + K + f ⋅ L⎞ s
⎜ ent
⎝ D⎠
4
Re = c⋅ V Re = 7.49 × 10
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0389
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ h m 4
V = V = 2.57 Re = c⋅ V Re = 6.46 × 10
⎛1 + K + f ⋅ L ⎞ s
⎜ ent
⎝ D⎠
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0391
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ h m 4
V = V = 2.57 Re = c⋅ V Re = 6.46 × 10
⎛1 + K + f ⋅ L ⎞ s
⎜ ent
⎝ D⎠
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0391
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ h m 4
V = V = 2.57 Re = c⋅ V Re = 6.46 × 10
⎛1 + K + f ⋅ L ⎞ s
⎜ ent
⎝ D⎠
Note that we could use Excel's Solver for this problem
2 3
π⋅ D ft
The flow rate is then Q = V⋅ Q = 0.0460 Q = 20.6⋅ gpm
4 s
2⋅ g⋅ h m 4
Make a guess for f f = 0.01 then V = V = 3.21 Re = c⋅ V Re = 8.07 × 10
⎛1 + K + f ⋅ L⎞ s
⎜ ent
⎝ D⎠
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0389
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ h m 4
V = V = 2.71 Re = c⋅ V Re = 6.83 × 10
⎛1 + K + f ⋅ L⎞ s
⎜ ent
⎝ D⎠
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0390
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ h m 4
V = V = 2.71 Re = c⋅ V Re = 6.82 × 10
⎛1 + K + f ⋅ L⎞ s
⎜ ent
⎝ D⎠
2 3
π⋅ D ft
The flow rate is then Q = V⋅ Q = 0.0485 Q = 21.8⋅ gpm
4 s
r
For a rounded entrance, from Table 8.2 = 0.2 Kent = 0.04
D
2⋅ g⋅ h
Make a guess for f f = 0.01 then V =
⎛1 + K + f ⋅ L ⎞
⎜ ent
⎝ D⎠
m 4
V = 3.74 Re = c⋅ V Re = 9.41 × 10
s
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0388
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ h m 4
V = V = 3.02 Re = c⋅ V Re = 7.59 × 10
⎛1 + K + f ⋅ L⎞ s
⎜ ent
⎝ D⎠
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0389
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ h m 4
V = V = 3.01 Re = c⋅ V Re = 7.58 × 10
⎛1 + K + f ⋅ L⎞ s
⎜ ent
⎝ D⎠
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0389
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ h m 4
V = V = 3.01 Re = c⋅ V Re = 7.58 × 10
⎛1 + K + f ⋅ L⎞ s
⎜ ent
⎝ D⎠
In summary: Renentrant: Q = 20.6⋅ gpm Square-edged: Q = 21.8⋅ gpm Rounded: Q = 24.2⋅ gpm
Problem 8.155 [Difficulty: 4]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2 2
1 2 L V V
Basic equations ⎜ ρ + α⋅ 2 + g⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 = h lT h lT = f ⋅ ⋅ + Kent⋅
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ D 2 2
Hence the energy equation applied between the tank free surface (Point 1) and the pipe exit (Point 2, z = 0) becomes
2 2 2 2
V2 V L V V
g ⋅ z1 − = g ⋅ z1 − = f⋅ ⋅ + Kent⋅
2 2 D 2 2
2⋅ g⋅ H
Solving for V V= (1)
⎛1 + K + f ⋅ L ⎞
⎜ ent
⎝ D⎠
V⋅ D D
We also have Re = or Re = c⋅ V (2) where c=
ν ν
2 2
−6 m − 5 ft D s
From Table A.7 (20oC) ν = 1.01 × 10 ⋅ ν = 1.09 × 10 c = c = 7665⋅
s s ν ft
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51 (3)
In addition = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ +
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
Equations 1, 2 and 3 form a set of simultaneous equations for V, Re and f
2⋅ g⋅ H m
Make a guess for f f = 0.01 then V = V = 3.85
⎛1 + K + f ⋅ L ⎞ s
⎜ ent
⎝ D⎠
4
Re = c⋅ V Re = 9.67 × 10
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0388
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ H m 4
V = V = 3.32 Re = c⋅ V Re = 8.35 × 10
⎛1 + K + f ⋅ L ⎞ s
⎜ ent
⎝ D⎠
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0389
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ H m 4
V = V = 3.32 Re = c⋅ V Re = 8.35 × 10
⎛1 + K + f ⋅ L ⎞ s
⎜ ent
⎝ D⎠
2 3
π⋅ D ft
The flow rate is then Q = V⋅ Q = 0.0594 Q = 26.7⋅ gpm
4 s
2⋅ g⋅ H m 5
Make a guess for f f = 0.01 then V = V = 4.14 Re = c⋅ V Re = 1.04 × 10
⎛1 + K + f ⋅ L⎞ s
⎜ ent
⎝ D⎠
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0387
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ H m 4
V = V = 3.51 Re = c⋅ V Re = 8.82 × 10
⎛1 + K + f ⋅ L⎞ s
⎜ ent
⎝ D⎠
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0388
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ H m 4
V = V = 3.51 Re = c⋅ V Re = 8.82 × 10
⎛1 + K + f ⋅ L⎞ s
⎜ ent
⎝ D⎠
2 3
π⋅ D ft
The flow rate is then Q = V⋅ Q = 0.0627 Q = 28.2⋅ gpm
4 s
r
For a rounded entrance, from Table 8.2 = 0.2 Kent = 0.04
D
2⋅ g⋅ H
Make a guess for f f = 0.01 then V =
⎛1 + K + f ⋅ L ⎞
⎜ ent
⎝ D⎠
m 5
V = 4.83 Re = c⋅ V Re = 1.22 × 10
s
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0386
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ H m 4
V = V = 3.90 Re = c⋅ V Re = 9.80 × 10
⎛1 + K + f ⋅ L ⎞ s
⎜ ent
⎝ D⎠
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0388
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ H m 4
V = V = 3.89 Re = c⋅ V Re = 9.80 × 10
⎛1 + K + f ⋅ L ⎞ s
⎜ ent
⎝ D⎠
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0388
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ H m 4
V = V = 3.89 Re = c⋅ V Re = 9.80 × 10
⎛1 + K + f ⋅ L ⎞ s
⎜ ent
⎝ D⎠
In summary: Renentrant: Q = 26.7⋅ gpm Square-edged: Q = 28.2⋅ gpm Rounded: Q = 31.3⋅ gpm
Problem 8.156 [Difficulty: 5]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2
1 2 L V
Basic equations ⎜ ρ + α⋅ 2 + g⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 = h l hl = f ⋅ ⋅
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) α is approximately 1 4) Ignore minor loss at entrance (L >>; verify later)
3
Available data L = 1⋅ m D = 15⋅ mm e = 0.2⋅ mm Vol = 30⋅ m
Hence the energy equation applied between the tank free surface (Point 1) and the hose exit (Point 2, z = 0) becomes
2 2 2
V2 V L V
g ⋅ z1 − = g ⋅ z1 − = f⋅ ⋅
2 2 D 2
2⋅ g⋅ h
Solving for V V= (1) and h = 10⋅ m initially
⎛1 + f ⋅ L ⎞
⎜
⎝ D⎠
V⋅ D D
We also have Re = or Re = c⋅ V (2) where c=
ν ν
2
−6 m D s
From Fig. A.2 (20oC) ν = 1.8 × 10 ⋅ c = c = 8333
s ν m
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
In addition = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + (3)
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ h
V =
m 4
⎛1 + f ⋅ L ⎞ V = 10.8 Re = c⋅ V Re = 9.04 × 10
⎜ s
⎝ D⎠
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51 2⋅ g⋅ h m 4
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0427 V = V = 7.14 Re = c⋅ V Re = 5.95 × 10
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠ ⎛1 + f ⋅ L⎞ s
⎜
⎝ D⎠
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51 2⋅ g⋅ h m 4
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0427 V = V = 7.14 Re = c⋅ V Re = 5.95 × 10
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠ ⎛1 + f ⋅ L⎞ s
⎜
⎝ D⎠
L
Note that we could use Excel's Solver for this problem Note: f⋅ = 2.8 Ke = 0.5 h lm < h l
D
2 3
π⋅ D −3m l
The flow rate is then Q = V⋅ Q = 1.26 × 10 Q = 1.26⋅
4 s s
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51 2⋅ g⋅ h m 4
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0430 V = V = 5.04 Re = c⋅ V Re = 4.20 × 10
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠ ⎛1 + f ⋅ L ⎞ s
⎜
⎝ D⎠
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51 2⋅ g⋅ h m 4
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0430 V = V = 5.04 Re = c⋅ V Re = 4.20 × 10
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠ ⎛1 + f ⋅ L⎞ s
⎜
⎝ D⎠
2 3
π⋅ D −4m l
The flow rate is then Q = V⋅ Q = 8.9 × 10 Q = 0.890 ⋅
4 s s
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51 2⋅ g⋅ h m 4
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0444 V = V = 2.23 Re = c⋅ V Re = 1.85 × 10
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠ ⎛1 + f ⋅ L⎞ s
⎜
⎝ D⎠
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51 2⋅ g⋅ h m 4
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0444 V = V = 2.23 Re = c⋅ V Re = 1.85 × 10
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠ ⎛1 + f ⋅ L ⎞ s
⎜
⎝ D⎠
2 3
π⋅ D −4m l
The flow rate is then Q = V⋅ Q = 3.93 × 10 Q = 0.393 ⋅
4 s s
Initially we have dQ/dt = -1.26L/s, then -.890 L/s, then -0.393 L/s. These occur at h = 10 m, 5 m and 1 m. The corresponding
volumes in the tank are then Q = 30,000 L, 15,000 L, and 3,000 L3. Using Excel we can fit a power trendline to the dQ/dt versus Q
data to find, approximately
1
dQ 2
= −0.00683 ⋅ Q where dQ/dt is in L/s and t is s. Solving this with initial condition Q = -1.26 L/s when t = 0 gives
dt
∆p L V 2 ∆p ρf V 2
= f or =
ρ D 2 L D 2 D= 1 in
2 e= 0.00015 ft
∆p ⎛ ∆p ⎞ ⎛ Q0 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ν = 2
L ⎝ L ⎠0 ⎜⎝ Q ⎟⎠
"Old school": 1.08E-05 ft /s
ρ = 1.94 slug/ft
3
∆p (old
Q (gpm) Q (ft3/s) V (ft/s) Re f ∆p (psi/ft)
school) (psi)
1.25 0.00279 0.511 3940 0.0401 0.00085 0.00085
1.50 0.00334 0.613 4728 0.0380 0.00122 0.00115
1.75 0.00390 0.715 5516 0.0364 0.00166 0.00150
2.00 0.00446 0.817 6304 0.0350 0.00216 0.00189
2.25 0.00501 0.919 7092 0.0339 0.00274 0.00232
2.50 Flow0.00557
Rate versus1.021Pressure 7881 Drop 0.0329 0.00338 0.00278
2.75 0.00613 1.123 8669 0.0321 0.00409 0.00328
20 3.00 0.00668 1.226 9457 0.0314 0.00487 0.00381
3.25 0.00724 1.328 10245 0.0307 0.00571 0.00438
18 3.50 0.00780 1.430 11033 0.0301 0.00663 0.00498
3.75 0.00836 1.532 11821 0.0296 0.00761 0.00561
16 4.00 0.00891 1.634 12609 0.0291 0.00865 0.00628
4.25 0.00947 1.736 13397 0.0286 0.00977 0.00698
14 4.50 0.01003 1.838 14185 0.0282 0.01095 0.00771
4.75 0.01058 1.940 14973 0.0278 0.01220 0.00847
12
Flow (gpm)
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2 2
1 2 L V V
Basic equations ⎜ρ + α⋅ + g ⋅ z 1 − ⎜ + α⋅ + g ⋅ z 2 = hl hl = f ⋅ ⋅ h lm = Kent⋅
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ρ 2 ⎠ D 2 2
Solving for V 2⋅ g⋅ H
V=
L (1)
f⋅ + Kent + 1
D
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51 V⋅ D
We also have = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + (2) Re = (3)
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠ ν
m V⋅ D 4
Make a guess for V V = 1⋅ Then Re = Re = 5.00 × 10
s ν
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
and = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0286
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ H m
Then V = V = 5.21
L s
f⋅ + Kent + 1
D
V⋅ D 5
Repeating Re = Re = 2.61 × 10
ν
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
and = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0267
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ H m
Then V = V = 5.36
L s
f⋅ + Kent + 1
D
V⋅ D 5
Repeating Re = Re = 2.68 × 10
ν
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
and = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0267
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2⋅ g⋅ H m
Then V = V = 5.36
L s
f⋅ + Kent + 1
D
3
π 2 m l
Hence Q = ⋅D ⋅V Q = 0.0105 Q = 10.5⋅
4 s s
This is the flow rate we require in the second pipe (of length 2L)
2 2 3
2 ⋅ L V2
1 V2 m
( 2
)
g ⋅ z1 − z2 − ⋅ V2 = f ⋅
D
⋅
2
2
+ Kent⋅
2
and V2 = V z1 − z2 = H Q = 0.0105
s
2
2⋅ L
⋅ ⎛⎜ f ⋅ + Kent + 1⎞
V
Hence H= (4)
2⋅ g ⎝ D ⎠
Q m
We must make a guess for D (larger than the other pipe) D = 0.06⋅ m Then we have V = V = 3.72
π 2 s
⋅D
4
V⋅ D 5
Then Re = Re = 2.23 × 10
ν
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
and = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0256
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2
V ⎛ 2⋅ L
Using Eq 4 to find H Hiterate = ⋅⎜f ⋅ + Kent + 1⎞ Hiterate = 7.07 m But H = 10 m
2⋅ g ⎝ D ⎠
Hence the diameter is too large: Only a head of Hiterate = 7.07 m would be needed to generate the flow. We make D smaller
Q m
Try D = 0.055 ⋅ m Then we have V = V = 4.43
π 2 s
⋅D
4
V⋅ D 5
Then Re = Re = 2.43 × 10
ν
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
and = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0261
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2
⋅ ⎛⎜ f ⋅ + Kent + 1⎞
V 2⋅ L
Using Eq 4 to find H Hiterate = Hiterate = 10.97 m But H = 10 m
2⋅ g ⎝ D ⎠
Hence the diameter is too small: A head of Hiterate = 10.97 m would be needed. We make D slightly larger
Q m
Try D = 0.056 ⋅ m Then we have V = V = 4.27
π 2 s
⋅D
4
V⋅ D 5
Then Re = Re = 2.39 × 10
ν
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
and = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0260
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2
V ⎛ 2⋅ L
Using Eq 4 to find H Hiterate = ⋅⎜f ⋅ + Kent + 1⎞ Hiterate = 10.02 m But H = 10 m
2⋅ g ⎝ D ⎠
Hence the diameter is too large A head of Hiterate = 10.02 m would be needed. We can make D smaller
Q m
Try D = 0.05602 ⋅ m Then we have V = V = 4.27
π 2 s
⋅D
4
V⋅ D 5
Then Re = Re = 2.39 × 10
ν
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
and = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0260
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2
V ⎛ 2⋅ L
Using Eq 4 to find H Hiterate = ⋅⎜f ⋅ + Kent + 1⎞ Hiterate = 10 m But H = 10 m
2⋅ g ⎝ D ⎠
m
Hence we have D = 0.05602 m D = 56.02 ⋅ mm V = 4.27
s
3 3
m π 2 m
Check Q = 0.0105 ⋅ D ⋅ V = 0.0105
s 4 s
Problem 8.162 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2
1 2 L V2
Basic equations ⎜ρ + α⋅ + g ⋅ z 1 − ⎜ + α⋅ + g ⋅ z 2 = hl hl = f ⋅ ⋅
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ρ 2 ⎠ D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) α at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) Ignore minor losses
The flow rate is low and it's oil, so try assuming laminar flow. Then, from Eq. 8.13c
1
4
128⋅ μ ⋅ Q⋅ L ⎛ 128⋅ μ ⋅ Q⋅ L ⎞
∆p = or D= ⎜ π⋅ ∆p
π⋅ D
4 ⎝ ⎠
lbf ⋅ s
0.0209⋅
2
− 2 N⋅s ft − 4 lbf ⋅ s
For SAE 10W oil at 100 oF (Fig. A.2, 38oC) μ = 3.5 × 10 ⋅ × μ = 7.32 × 10 ⋅
2 N⋅s 2
m 1⋅ ft
2
m
1
4
⎡ 128 − 4 lbf ⋅ s
3 2
1⋅ ft ⎞ ⎤⎥
2
D = ⎢ × ⎛⎜
ft in
Hence × 7.32 × 10 × 0.02⋅ × 165⋅ ft × D = 0.0407⋅ ft D = 0.488⋅ in
⎢π 2 s ( 3000 − 2750) ⋅ lbf ⎝ 12⋅ in ⎠ ⎥
⎣ ft ⎦
3 2
Q 4⋅ Q 4 ft ⎛ 12 ⋅ 1 ⎞ ft
Check Re to assure flow is laminar V= = V= × 0.02⋅ × ⎜ 0.488 ft V = 15.4⋅
A
π⋅ D
2 π s ⎝ ⎠ s
SG oil⋅ ρH2O⋅ V⋅ D
From Table A.2 SG oil = 0.92 so Re =
μ
2 2
slug ft 0.488 ft lbf ⋅ s
Re = 0.92 × 1.94⋅ × 15.4⋅ × ⋅ ft × × Re = 1527
3 s 12 −4 slug ⋅ ft
ft 7.32 × 10 lbf ⋅ s
Hence the flow is laminar, Re < 2300. The minimum diameter is 0.488 in, so 0.5 in ID tube should be chosen
Problem 8.163 [Difficulty: 4]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2 2 2
1 2 L V2 V2 Le V2
Basic equations ⎜ ρ + α ⋅ 2 + g ⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α ⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 = h lT h lT = h l + hlm = f ⋅ D ⋅ 2 + Kent ⋅ 2 + f ⋅ D ⋅ 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Hence for flow between the free surface (Point 1) and the pump inlet (2) the energy equation becomes
2 2 2 2
p2 V2 p2 V L V V Le V2
− − g ⋅ z2 − =− − g ⋅ z2 − = f⋅ ⋅ + Kent ⋅ + f ⋅ ⋅ and p = ρ⋅ g ⋅ h
ρ 2 ρ 2 D 2 2 D 2
2
V ⎡ ⎛L Le ⎞ ⎤
Solving for h 2 = p 2/ρg h 2 = −z2 − ⋅ ⎢f ⋅ ⎜ + + Kent⎥ (1)
2⋅ g ⎣ ⎝ D D⎠ ⎦
Le
From Table 8.2 Kent = 0.78 for rentrant, and from Table 8.4 two standard elbows lead to = 2 × 30 = 60
D
2
−6 m
We also have e = 0.046 ⋅ mm (Table 8.1) ν = 1.51 × 10 ⋅ (Table A.8)
s
3
L −3m
and we are given Q = 6⋅ Q = 6 × 10 z2 = 3.5⋅ m L = ( 3.5 + 4.5) ⋅ m L = 8 m h 2 = −6 ⋅ m
s s
Equation 1 is tricky because D is unknown, so V is unknown (even though Q is known), L/D and Le/D are unknown, and Re and
hence f are unknown! We COULD set up Excel to solve Eq 1, the Reynolds number, and f, simultaneously by varying D, but here
we try guesses:
4⋅ Q m V⋅ D 5
D = 2.5⋅ cm V = V = 12.2 Re = Re = 2.02 × 10
2 s ν
π⋅ D
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0238
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2
V ⎡ ⎛L Le ⎞ ⎤
h 2 = −z2 − ⋅ ⎢f ⋅ ⎜ + + Kent⎥ h 2 = −78.45 m but we need -6 m!
2⋅ g ⎣ ⎝ D D⎠ ⎦
4⋅ Q m V⋅ D 5
D = 5 ⋅ cm V = V = 3.06 Re = Re = 1.01 × 10
2 s ν
π⋅ D
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0219
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2
V ⎡ ⎛L Le ⎞ ⎤
h 2 = −z2 − ⋅ ⎢f ⋅ ⎜ + + Kent⎥ h 2 = −6.16 m but we need -6 m!
2⋅ g ⎣ ⎝ D D⎠ ⎦
4⋅ Q m V⋅ D 4
D = 5.1⋅ cm V = V = 2.94 Re = Re = 9.92 × 10
2 s ν
π⋅ D
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0219
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2
V ⎡ ⎛L Le ⎞ ⎤
h 2 = −z2 − ⋅ ⎢f ⋅ ⎜ + + Kent⎥ h 2 = −5.93 m
2⋅ g ⎣ ⎝ D D⎠ ⎦
To within 1%, we can use 5-5.1 cm tubing; this corresponds to standard 2 in pipe.
Problem 8.164 [Difficulty: 4]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2
1 2 L V 4⋅ A
Basic equations ⎜ρ + α⋅ + g ⋅ z 1 − ⎜ + α⋅ + g ⋅ z 2 = hl hl = f ⋅ ⋅ Dh =
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ρ 2 ⎠ Dh 2 Pw
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) α at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) Ignore minor losses
3
m
Available data Q = 1⋅ L = 100 ⋅ m ∆h = 25⋅ mm ar = 3 e = 0⋅ m
s
2
kg kg −5 m
ρH2O = 999 ⋅ ρ = 1.25⋅ ν = 1.41⋅ 10 ⋅
3 3 s (Table A.10)
m m
Hence for flow between the inlet (Point 1) and the exit (2) the energy equation becomes
p1 p2 2
∆p L V
− = = f⋅ ⋅
ρ ρ ρ Dh 2
2
4⋅ b⋅ h 2 ⋅ h ⋅ ar 2 ⋅ h ⋅ ar 2 b 2
For a rectangular duct Dh = = = and also A = b⋅ h = h ⋅ = h ⋅ ar
2⋅ ( b + h) h ⋅ ( 1 + ar) 1 + ar h
2 2 2
V ( 1 + ar) Q ( 1 + ar) ρ⋅ f ⋅ L⋅ Q ( 1 + ar) 1
Hence ∆p = ρ⋅ f ⋅ L⋅ ⋅ = ρ⋅ f ⋅ L⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅
2 2 ⋅ h ⋅ ar 2 2 ⋅ h ⋅ ar 4 3 5
2⋅ A ar h
1
5
⎡ ρ⋅ f ⋅ L⋅ Q2 ( 1 + ar) ⎤
Solving for h h=⎢ ⋅ ⎥ (1)
⎢ 4⋅ ∆p 3 ⎥
⎣ ar ⎦
Equation 1 is tricky because h is unknown, so Dh is unknown, hence V is unknown (even though Q is known), and Re and hence f
are unknown! We COULD set up Excel to solve Eq 1, the Reynolds number, and f, simmultaneously by varying h, but here we try
guesses:
1
5
⎡ ρ⋅ f ⋅ L⋅ Q2 ( 1 + ar)⎤
h = ⎢ ⎥ Q m
f = 0.01 ⋅ h = 0.180 m V = V = 10.3
⎢ 4 ⋅ ∆p 3 ⎥ 2 s
⎣ ar ⎦ h ⋅ ar
2 ⋅ h ⋅ ar V⋅ Dh 5
Dh = Dh = 0.270 m Re = Re = 1.97 × 10
1 + ar ν
⎛ e ⎞
⎜ D
1 h 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0157
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
1
5
⎡ ρ⋅ f ⋅ L⋅ Q2 ( 1 + ar)⎤
h = ⎢ ⎥ Q m
⋅ h = 0.197 m V = V = 8.59
⎢ 4 ⋅ ∆p 3 ⎥ 2 s
⎣ ar ⎦ h ⋅ ar
2 ⋅ h ⋅ ar V⋅ Dh 5
Dh = Dh = 0.295 m Re = Re = 1.8 × 10
1 + ar ν
⎛ e ⎞
⎜ D
1 h 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0160
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
1
5
⎡ ρ⋅ f ⋅ L⋅ Q2 ( 1 + ar)⎤
h = ⎢ ⎥ Q m
⋅ h = 0.198 m V = V = 8.53
⎢ 4 ⋅ ∆p 3 ⎥ 2 s
⎣ ar ⎦ h ⋅ ar
2 ⋅ h ⋅ ar V⋅ Dh 5
Dh = Dh = 0.297 m Re = Re = 1.79 × 10
1 + ar ν
⎛ e ⎞
⎜ D
1 h 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0160
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
Q m
Hence h = 0.198 m h = 198 mm b = 2⋅ h b = 395 ⋅ mm V = V = 8.53
2 s
h ⋅ ar
2 ⋅ h ⋅ ar V⋅ Dh 5
Dh = Dh = 0.297 m Re = Re = 1.79 × 10
1 + ar ν
In this process h and f have converged to a solution. The minimum dimensions are 198 mm by 395 mm
Problem 8.165 [Difficulty: 4]
Problem 8.166 [Difficulty: 4]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2
1 2 L V 4⋅ A
Basic equations ⎜ρ + α⋅ + g ⋅ z 1 − ⎜ + α⋅ + g ⋅ z 2 = h h
l l = f ⋅ ⋅ Dh =
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ρ 2 ⎠ Dh 2 Pw
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) α at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) Ignore minor losses
2
slug − 4 ft slug
ρH2O = 1.94⋅ ν = 1.47⋅ 10 ⋅ ρ = 0.00247 ⋅ (Table A.9)
3 s 3
ft ft
Hence for flow between the inlet (Point 1) and the exit (2) the energy equation becomes
p1 p2 2
∆p L V lbf
− = = f⋅ ⋅ and ∆p = ρH2O⋅ g ⋅ ∆h ∆p = 3.90 ∆p = 0.0271⋅ psi
ρ ρ ρ Dh 2 2
ft
4⋅ h⋅ h 2
For a square duct Dh = =h and also A = h⋅ h = h
2⋅ ( h + h)
2 2 2
V Q ρ⋅ f ⋅ L⋅ Q
Hence ∆p = ρ⋅ f ⋅ L⋅ = ρ⋅ f ⋅ L⋅ =
2⋅ h 2 5
2⋅ h⋅ A 2⋅ h
1
5
⎛ ρ⋅ f ⋅ L⋅ Q2 ⎞
Solving for h h=⎜ (1)
⎝ 2⋅ ∆p ⎠
Equation 1 is tricky because h is unknown, so Dh is unknown, hence V is unknown (even though Q is known), and Re and hence f
are unknown! We COULD set up Excel to solve Eq 1, the Reynolds number, and f, simmultaneously by varying h, but here we try
guesses:
1
5
⎛ ρ⋅ f ⋅ L⋅ Q2 ⎞ Q ft
f = 0.01 h = ⎜ h = 1.15⋅ ft V = V = 19.0⋅
⎝ 2 ⋅ ∆p ⎠ h
2 s
V⋅ Dh 5
Dh = h Dh = 1.15⋅ ft Re = Re = 1.48 × 10
ν
⎛ e ⎞
⎜ Dh
1 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0174
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
1
5
⎛ ρ⋅ f ⋅ L⋅ Q2 ⎞ Q ft
h = ⎜ h = 1.28⋅ ft V = V = 15.2⋅
⎝ 2 ⋅ ∆p ⎠ h
2 s
V⋅ Dh 5
Dh = h Dh = 1.28⋅ ft Re = Re = 1.33 × 10
ν
⎛ e ⎞
⎜ Dh
1 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0177
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
1
5
⎛ ρ⋅ f ⋅ L⋅ Q2 ⎞ Q ft
h = ⎜ h = 1.28⋅ ft V = V = 15.1⋅
⎝ 2 ⋅ ∆p ⎠ h
2 s
V⋅ Dh 5
Dh = h Dh = 1.28⋅ ft Re = Re = 1.32 × 10
ν
⎛ e ⎞
⎜ D
1 h 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0177
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
Q ft
Hence h = 1.28⋅ ft Dh = h Dh = 1.28⋅ ft V = V = 15.1⋅
2 s
h
V⋅ Dh 5
Re = Re = 1.32 × 10
ν
In this process h and f have converged to a solution. The minimum dimensions are 1.28 ft square (15.4 in square)
Problem 8.167 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
Basic equations: ⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞
1 2 (8.29)
⎜ρ + α ⋅
1 2 + g ⋅ z 1 − ⎜ + α ⋅
2 2 + g ⋅ z 2 = hl
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ρ ⎠
2
ρ⋅ V⋅ D L V
Re = hl = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.34)
μ D 2
⎛ e ⎞
64 1 ⎜ D 2.51
f = (8.36) (Laminar) = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + (8.37) (Turbulent)
Re f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
The energy equation (Eq. 8.29) becomes for flow in a tube
2
L V
p 1 − p 2 = ∆p = ρ⋅ f ⋅ ⋅
D 2
This cannot be solved explicitly for velocity V (and hence flow rate Q), because f depends on V; solution for a given diameter D
requires iteration (or use of Solver)
Flow Rate versus Tube Diameter for Fixed Dp
0.8
0.6
3
Q (m /s) Laminar
4
x 10 0.4 Turbulent
0.2
0.0
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0
D (mm)
Problem 8.169 [Difficulty: 3] Part 1/2
Problem 8.169 [Difficulty: 3] Part 2/2
Problem 8.170 [Difficulty: 3]
Problem 8.171 [Difficulty: 4]
Problem 8.172 [Difficulty: 5] Part 1/2
Problem 8.151
Problem 8.172 [Difficulty: 5] Part 2/2
Problem 8.173 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p Vd
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p Vs
2 ⎞
d s Q 4⋅ Q
Basic equations h pump = ⎜ + + g ⋅ zd − ⎜ + + g ⋅ zs V= =
⎝ρ 2 ⎠ ⎝ρ 2 ⎠ A
π⋅ D
2
3 2
4 lbm 1 ⋅ slug ft ⎛ 12 ⋅ 1 ⎞ ft
For the outlet Vd = × 25⋅ × × × ⎜ 2 ft Vd = 18.3⋅ p d = 50⋅ psi
π s 32.2⋅ lbm 1.94⋅ slug ⎝ ⎠ s
2 2
pd − ps Vd − Vs
Then h pump = + and Wpump = mpump⋅ h pump
ρ 2
⎛⎜ p − p Vd − Vs ⎞
2 2
d s
Wpump = mpump⋅ ⎜ +
⎝ ρ 2 ⎠
Note that the software cannot render a dot, so the power is Wpump and mass flow rate is mpump!
⎡ lbf ⋅ s ⎤⎥
( )
2 3 2 2
1 ⋅ slug ⎛ 12⋅ in ⎞ × ft 2 ⎛ ft ⎞ 1 ⋅ hp
× ⎢( 50 − −2.5) ⋅
lbm lbf 1 2
Wpump = 25⋅ × × ⎜ 1 ⋅ ft + × 18.3 − 8.15 ⋅ ⎜s × ×
s 32.2⋅ lbm ⎢ 2 ⎝ ⎠ 1.94 ⋅ slug 2 ⎝ ⎠ slug ⋅ ft⎥ ft⋅ lbf
⎣ in ⎦ 550 ⋅
s
Wpump
Wpump = 5.69⋅ hp For an efficiency η = 70⋅ % Wrequired = Wrequired = 8.13⋅ hp
of η
Problem 8.174 [Difficulty: 1]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p Vd
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p Vs
2 ⎞
d s
Basic equations h pump = ⎜ + + g ⋅ zd − ⎜ + + g ⋅ zs
⎝ρ 2 ⎠ ⎝ρ 2 ⎠
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Uniform flow
pd − ps ∆p
Then h pump = = and Wpump = mpump⋅ h pump
ρ ρ
∆p ∆p
Wpump = mpump⋅ = ρ⋅ Q⋅
ρ ρ
ft⋅ lbf
Wpump = Q⋅ ∆p Wpump = 5615 Wpump = 10.2⋅ hp
s
Note that the software cannot render a dot, so the power is Wpump and mass flow rate is mpump!
Wpump
For an efficiency of η = 80 % Wrequired = Wrequired = 12.8⋅ hp
η
Problem 8.175 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ ∆p
1 2 pump
Basic equations ⎜ ρ + α⋅ 2 + g⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 + = h lT
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ρ
2 Le V2 2
L V V
hl = f ⋅ ⋅ h lm = f ⋅ ⋅ h lm = K⋅
D 2 D 2 2
From Section 8.8 Kent = 0.5 Lelbow90 = 30⋅ D Lelbow90 = 3.75 m LGV = 8 ⋅ D LGV = 1 m
kg − 3 N⋅ s
LAV = 150 ⋅ D LAV = 18.75 m ρ = 1000 μ = 1.3⋅ 10 ⋅ (Table A.8)
3 2
m m
Q m ρ⋅ V⋅ D 5
Hence V = V = 4.07 Re = Re = 3.918 × 10
⎛ π⋅ D 2⎞ s μ
⎜
⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
and Given = −2 ⋅ log⎜ + f = 0.0212
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
The loss is then
2 2
V ⎛ L Lelbow90 LGV LAV ⎞ m
h lT = ⋅⎜f ⋅
+ 7⋅ f ⋅ + 5⋅ f ⋅ + f⋅ + Kent h lT = 145
2 ⎝ D D D D ⎠ 2
s
p1 − p2 2 ∆ppump
V
The energy equation becomes
ρ
(
+ g ⋅ z1 − z2 −
2
)+
ρ
= h lT
2
V
(
∆ppump = ρ⋅ h lT + ρ⋅ g ⋅ z2 − z1 + ρ⋅
2
)
+ p2 − p1 ( ) ∆ppump = 150 ⋅ kPa
Problem 8.176 [Difficulty: 3]
Problem 8.177 [Difficulty: 3]
Problem 8.178 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2
1 2 L V
Basic equations ⎜ρ + α⋅ + g ⋅ z 1 − ⎜ + α⋅ + g ⋅ z 2 = hl hl = f ⋅ ⋅
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ρ 2 ⎠ D 2
kg − 3 N⋅ s 0.14
ρ = 1000 μ = 1.3⋅ 10 ⋅ (Table A.8) cost = (dollars)
3 2 kW⋅ hr
m m
Q m ρ⋅ V⋅ D 5
Then V = V = 1.47 Re = Re = 8.49 × 10
⎛ π⋅ D 2⎞ s μ
⎜
⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
so Given = −2 ⋅ log⎜ + f = 0.0131
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2
L V
The energy equation becomes ∆p = f ⋅ ⋅ ρ⋅ ∆p = 94.4⋅ kPa
D 2
Wpump
The required power is Power = Power = 84.9⋅ kW
ηp ⋅ ηm
d e f
c
Find: Design flow rate; nozzle exit velocity; pump power needed
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V3
2 ⎞ 2
2 3 L V2
Basic equations ⎜ ρ + α⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 − ⎜ ρ + α⋅ 2 + g⋅ z3 = h l hl = f ⋅ ⋅ for the hose
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ D 2
2 2
p3 V3 p4 V4
+ + g ⋅ z3 = + + g ⋅ z4 for the nozzle (assuming Bernoulli applies)
ρ 2 ρ 2
⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞
2 1
⎜ ρ + α⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 − ⎜ ρ + α⋅ 2 + g⋅ z1 = h pump for the pump
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
p2 − p3 2
∆p L V 2 ⋅ ∆p⋅ D
Hence for the hose = = f⋅ ⋅ or V=
ρ ρ D 2 ρ⋅ f ⋅ L
We need to iterate to solve this for V because f is unknown until Re is known. This can be done using Excel's Solver, but here:
2
kg −6 m
∆p = 750 ⋅ kPa L = 100 ⋅ m e = 0 D = 3.5⋅ cm ρ = 1000⋅ ν = 1.01 × 10 ⋅
3 s
m
2 ⋅ ∆p⋅ D m V⋅ D 5
Make a guess for f f = 0.01 V = V = 7.25 Re = Re = 2.51 × 10
ρ⋅ f ⋅ L s ν
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0150
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2 ⋅ ∆p⋅ D m V⋅ D 5
V = V = 5.92 Re = Re = 2.05 × 10
ρ⋅ f ⋅ L s ν
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0156
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2 ⋅ ∆p⋅ D m V⋅ D 5
V = V = 5.81 Re = Re = 2.01 × 10
ρ⋅ f ⋅ L s ν
⎛ e ⎞
1 ⎜ D 2.51
Given = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + f = 0.0156
f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2 ⋅ ∆p⋅ D m V⋅ D 5
V = V = 5.80 Re = Re = 2.01 × 10
ρ⋅ f ⋅ L s ν
2 3 3
π⋅ D π 2 m −3m m
Q = V⋅ A = ⋅V Q = × ( 0.035 ⋅ m) × 5.80⋅ Q = 5.58 × 10 Q = 0.335 ⋅
4 4 s s min
p3 V3
2
p4 V4
2
(
2⋅ p3 − p4 ) 2
For the nozzle + + g ⋅ z3 = + + g ⋅ z4 so V4 = + V3
ρ 2 ρ 2 ρ
3 2
kg⋅ m
+ ⎛⎜ 5.80⋅
3 N m m⎞ m
V4 = 2 × 700 × 10 ⋅ × × V4 = 37.9
m
2 1000⋅ kg 2
s ⋅N ⎝ s ⎠ s
⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ p2 − p1
For the pump 2 1
⎜ρ + α⋅ + g ⋅ z 2 − ⎜ + α⋅ + g ⋅ z 1 = h pump so h pump =
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ρ 2 ⎠ ρ
The pump power is Ppump = mpump⋅ h pump P pump and mpump are pump power and mass flow rate (software can't do a dot!)
(p2 − p1) −3 m
3
3 N
Ppump = ρ⋅ Q⋅
ρ
(
= Q⋅ p 2 − p 1 ) Ppump = 5.58 × 10 ⋅
s
× ( 1450 − 350 ) × 10 ⋅
2
Ppump = 6.14⋅ kW
m
Ppump 6.14⋅ kW
Prequired = Prequired = Prequired = 8.77⋅ kW
η 70⋅ %
Problem 8.180 [Difficulty: 4] Part 1/2
Problem 8.180 [Difficulty: 4] Part 2/2
Problem 8.181 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
3
m
Available data Q = 0.075 ⋅ H = 10⋅ m ηp = 85⋅ % ηm = 85⋅ %
s
kg 0.14
ρ = 999 ⋅ Cost = (dollars)
3 kW⋅ hr
m
Wpump
Power = Power = 10.2⋅ kW
ηp ⋅ ηm
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞
Governing equations: 1 2
⎜ρ
⎝
+ α ⋅
1 2 + g ⋅ z 1 − ⎜
⎠ ⎝ρ
+ α ⋅
2 2 + g ⋅ z 2 = h lT =
⎠ ∑ hl +
∑ h lm (8.29)
major minor
2 Le V2
ρ⋅ V⋅ D L V
Re = hl = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.34) h lm = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.40b)
μ D 2 D 2
⎛ e ⎞
64 1 ⎜ D 2.51
f = (8.36) (Laminar) = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + (8.37) (Turbulent)
Re f ⎝ 3.7 Re ⋅ f ⎠
The energy equation (Eq. 8.29) becomes for the circuit (1 = pump outlet, 2 = pump inlet)
p1 − p2 2 2 2
L V V V
= f⋅ ⋅ + 4 ⋅ f ⋅ Lelbow⋅ + f ⋅ Lvalve⋅
ρ D 2 2 2
2
V ⎛L Lelbow Lvalve ⎞
or ∆p = ρ⋅ f ⋅ ⋅⎜
+ 4⋅ + (1)
2 ⎝D D D ⎠
This must be matched to the pump characteristic equation; at steady state, the pressure generated by the pump just equals that
lost to friction in the circuit
4 2
∆p = 750 − 15 × 10 ⋅ Q (2)
Q⋅ ∆p
Power = (3)
η
In Excel:
Circuit and Pump Pressure Heads
1200
1000
800
Dp (kPa)
600
Circuit
400
Pump
200
0
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
3
Q (m /s)
Problem 8.184 Equations [Difficulty: 4]
Find: Flow rate, pressure drop, and power supplied; Effect of roughness
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2
ρ⋅ V⋅ D 1 2 L V
Re = ⎜ρ + α ⋅
1 2 + g ⋅ z 1 − ⎜ + α ⋅
2 2 + g ⋅ z 2 = h lT − ∆hpump h lT = f ⋅ ⋅
μ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ρ ⎠ D 2
⎛ e ⎞
64 1 ⎜ D 2.51
f = (Laminar) = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + (Turbulent)
Re f ⎝ 3.7 Re ⋅ f ⎠
The energy equation becomes for the system (1 = pipe inlet, 2 = pipe outlet)
2 2
L V L V
∆hpump = f ⋅ ⋅ or ∆ppump = ρ⋅ f ⋅ ⋅ (1)
D 2 D 2
This must be matched to the pump characteristic equation; at steady state, the pressure generated by the pump just equals that
lost to friction in the circuit
2
∆ppump = 145 − 0.1⋅ Q (2)
In Excel:
Pum p and Pipe Pressure Heads
Pipe (e = 0.5 in)
160
Pipe (e = 0.25 in)
120 Pump
Dp (psi)
80
40
0
10 15 20 25 30
3
Q (ft /s)
Problem 8.185 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2 2
1 2 L V V
⎜ ρ + α1⋅ 2 + g ⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α2 ⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 = h lT − ∆hfan h lT = f ⋅ ⋅ + K⋅
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ Dh 2 2
The energy equation becomes for the system (1 = duct inlet, 2 = duct outlet)
2 2
L V V
∆hfan = f ⋅ ⋅ + K⋅
Dh 2 2
2 2
ρ⋅ V 4⋅ A 4⋅ h
⋅ ⎛⎜ f ⋅ + K⎞
L
or ∆ppump = (1) where Dh = = =h
4⋅ h
2
⎝ Dh ⎠ Pw
This must be matched to the fan characteristic equation; at steady state, the pressure generated by the fan just equals that lost to
friction in the circuit
2
∆pfan = 1020 − 25⋅ Q − 30⋅ Q (2)
In Excel:
Fan and Duct Pressure Heads
2500
2000
Dp (Pa)
1500
1000 Duct
Fan
500
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
3
Q (m /s)
Problem 8.186 [Difficulty: 4] Part 1/2
Problem 8.186 [Difficulty: 4] Part 2/2
Problem 8.187 [Difficulty: 5]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2
1 2 L V
Governing equations: ⎜ ρ + α1⋅ 2 + g ⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α2 ⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 = h l (8.29) h lT = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.34)
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ D 2
⎛⎜ e ⎞
= −2.0⋅ log ⎜ ⎟
64 1 D 2.51
f = (Laminar) (8.36) + (Turbulent) (8.37)
Re 0.5 ⎜ 3.7 0.5
f ⎝ Re⋅ f ⎠
2
L V
The energy equation (Eq. 8.29) can be simplified to ∆p = ρ⋅ f ⋅ ⋅
D 2
This can be written for each pipe section
In addition we have the following contraints
Q0 = Q1 + Q4 (1) Q4 = Q2 + Q3 (2)
We have 5 unknown flow rates (or, equivalently, velocities) and five equations
In Excel:
Problem 8.188 [Difficulty: 5]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2
1 2 L V
Governing equations: ⎜ ρ + α1⋅ 2 + g ⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α2 ⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 = h l (8.29) h lT = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.34)
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ D 2
⎛⎜ e ⎞
= −2.0⋅ log ⎜ ⎟
64 1 D 2.51
f = (Laminar) (8.36) + (Turbulent) (8.37)
Re 0.5 ⎜ 3.7 0.5
f ⎝ Re⋅ f ⎠
2
L V
The energy equation (Eq. 8.29) can be simplified to ∆p = ρ⋅ f ⋅ ⋅
D 2
This can be written for each pipe section
In addition we have the following contraints
Q0 = Q1 + Q4 (1) Q4 = Q2 (2)
We have 4 unknown flow rates (or, equivalently, velocities) and four equations
In Excel:
Problem 8.189 [Difficulty: 5]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞ 2
1 2 L V
Basic equations ⎜ρ + α ⋅
1 2 + g ⋅ z 1 − ⎜ + α ⋅
2 2 + g ⋅ z 2 = hl h lT = f ⋅ ⋅
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ρ ⎠ D 2
⎛ e ⎞
64 1 ⎜ D 2.51
f = (Laminar) = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + (Turbulent)
Re f ⎝ 3.7 Re⋅ f ⎠
2
L V
The energy equation can be simplified to ∆p = ρ⋅ f ⋅ ⋅
D 2
2
LB VB
Pipe B (1.5 in branch) ∆pB = ρ⋅ fB⋅ ⋅ (2)
DB 2
2
LC VC
Pipe C (1 in branch) ∆pC = ρ⋅ fC⋅ ⋅ (3)
DC 2
2
LD VD
Pipe D (last section) ∆pD = ρ⋅ fD⋅ ⋅ (4)
DD 2
QA = QB + QC (6)
We have 4 unknown flow rates (or velocities) and four equations (5 - 8); Eqs 1 - 4 relate pressure drops to flow rates (velocities)
In Excel:
Problem 8.190 [Difficulty: 4]
Problem 8.191 [Difficulty: 5] Part 1/2
Problem 8.191 [Difficulty: 5] Part 2/2
Problem 8.192 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 8.193 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
Basic equation ( )
mactual = K⋅ At⋅ 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ p 1 − p 2 = K⋅ At⋅ 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ ∆p Note that mactual is mass flow rate (the
software cannot render a dot!)
⎛ Dt ⎞
For the flow coefficient K = K⎜ ReD1 ,
⎝ D1
⎠
2
kg −7 m
At 65oC,(Table A.8) ρ = 980 ⋅ ν = 4.40 × 10 ⋅
3 s
m
3
Q 4 1 L 0.001 ⋅ m m
V= V = × × 20⋅ × V = 1.13
A π 2 s 1⋅ L s
( 0.15⋅ m)
V⋅ D m s 5
ReD1 = ReD1 = 1.13⋅ × 0.15⋅ m × ReD1 = 3.85 × 10
ν s −7 2
4.40 × 10 ⋅m
Dt 75
β= β = β = 0.5
D1 150
2
⎛ mactual ⎞ 1 2
ρ⋅ Q ⎞ 1
2
= ⎛⎜ = ⋅ ⎛⎜
ρ Q ⎞
Then ∆p = ⎜ ⋅ ⋅
⎝ K⋅ At ⎠ 2⋅ ρ ⎝ K⋅ At ⎠ 2⋅ ρ 2 ⎝ K⋅ At ⎠
2
⎡ L 0.001 ⋅ m3 ⎤
× ⎢20⋅ × ⎥
1 kg 1 4 1
∆p = × 980 ⋅ × × × ∆p = 25.8⋅ kPa
2 3 ⎢ s 1⋅ L 0.624 π 2⎥
m ⎣ ( 0.075 ⋅ m) ⎦
Problem 8.194 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
⎛⎜ p V1
2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ p V2
2 ⎞
1 2
Basic equations: ⎜ ρ + α1⋅ 2 + g ⋅ z1 − ⎜ ρ + α2 ⋅ 2 + g⋅ z2 = h lT = hl + Σh lm(8.29)
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2 2
L V V
hl = f ⋅ ⋅ (8.34) h lm = K⋅ (8.40a)
D 2 2
⎛⎜ e ⎞
64 1 D 2.51
f = (Laminar) (8.36) = −2.0⋅ log ⎜ + ⎟ (Turbulent) (8.37)
Re 0.5 ⎜ 3.7 0.5
f ⎝ Re⋅ f ⎠
2
V
There are three minor losses: at the entrance; at the orifice plate; at the exit. For each h lm = K⋅
2
2
⋅ ⎛⎜ f ⋅ + Kent + Korifice + Kexit⎞
V L
The energy equation (Eq. 8.29) becomes (α = 1) g ⋅ ∆H = (1)
2 ⎝ D ⎠
(∆H is the difference in reservoir heights)
This cannot be solved for V (and hence Q) because f depends on V; we can solve by manually iterating, or by using Solver
The tricky part to this problem is that the orifice loss coefficient Korifice is given in Fig. 8.23 as a percentage of pressure differential
∆p across the orifice, which is unknown until V is known!
where K is the orifice flow coefficient, At is the orifice area, and ∆p is the pressure drop across the orifice
Equations 1 and 2 form a set for solving for TWO unknowns: the pressure drop ∆p across the orifice (leading to a value for Korifice)
and the velocity V. The easiest way to do this is by using Solver
In Excel:
Problem 8.195 [Difficulty: 2]
Given: Flow through a venturi meter (NOTE: Throat is obviously 3 in not 30 in!)
Solution:
C⋅ At C⋅ At
Basic equation mactual =
4
(
⋅ 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ p 1 − p 2 = ) 4
⋅ 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ ∆p Note that mactual is mass flow rate (the
1−β 1−β software cannot render a dot!)
For ReD1 > 2 x 105, 0.980 < C < 0.995. Assume C = 0.99, then check Re
Dt 3
β= β = β = 0.5
D1 6
2 2
mactual C⋅ At π⋅ C⋅ Dt π⋅ C⋅ Dt
Then Q= = ⋅ 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ ∆p = ⋅ 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ SGHg⋅ ρ⋅ g ⋅ ∆h = ⋅ 2 ⋅ SGHg⋅ g ⋅ ∆h
ρ 4 4 4
ρ⋅ 1 − β 4 ⋅ ρ⋅ 1 − β 4⋅ 1 − β
2 3
π ⎛ 1 ⋅ ft⎞ × 2 × 13.6 × 32.2⋅ ft × 1⋅ ft ft
Q = × 0.99 × ⎜4 Q = 1.49⋅
4 ⎝ ⎠ 2 s
4× 1 − 0.5 s
3
Q 4⋅ Q 4 1 ft ft
Hence V= = V = × × 1.49⋅ V = 7.59⋅
A 2 π 2 s s
π⋅ D1 ⎛ 1 ⋅ ft⎞
⎜2
⎝ ⎠
2
− 6 ft
At 75oF,(Table A.7) ν = 9.96 × 10 ⋅
s
V⋅ D1 ft 1 s 5
ReD1 = ReD1 = 7.59⋅ × ⋅ ft × ReD1 = 3.81 × 10
ν s 2 −6 2
9.96 × 10 ⋅ ft
3
ft
Thus ReD1 > 2 x 105. The volume flow rate is Q = 1.49⋅
s
Problem 8.196 [Difficulty: 2]
Solution:
C⋅ At C⋅ At
Basic equation mactual =
4
(
⋅ 2⋅ ρ⋅ p 1 − p 2 = ) 4
⋅ 2⋅ ρ⋅ ∆p Note that mactual is mass flow rate (the
1− β 1− β software cannot render a dot!)
For ReD1 > 2 x 105, 0.980 < C < 0.995. Assume C = 0.99, then check Re
slug
Available data D1 = 2⋅ in Dt = 1⋅ in ∆p = 25⋅ psi ρ = 1.94⋅
3
ft
Dt
β = β = 0.5 and assume C = 0.99
D1
mactual C⋅ At
Then Q= = ⋅ 2⋅ ρ⋅ ∆p
ρ 4
ρ⋅ 1 − β
2
π⋅ C⋅ Dt 2 ⋅ ∆p ft
3
Q = ⋅ Q = 0.340 Q = 152 ⋅ gpm
4 ρ s
4⋅ 1 − β
Q 4⋅ Q ft
Hence V= V = V = 15.6⋅
A 2 s
π⋅ D1
− 5 ft
2 V⋅ D1 5
At 68oF(Table A.7) ν = 1.08⋅ 10 ⋅ ReD1 = ReD1 = 2.403 × 10
s ν
Thus ReD1 > 2 x 105. The volume flow rate is Q = 152 ⋅ gpm
Problem 8.197 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 8.198 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
C⋅ At C⋅ At
Basic equation mactual =
4
(
⋅ 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ p 1 − p 2 = ) 4
⋅ 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ ∆p Note that mactual is mass flow rate (the
1−β 1−β software cannot render a dot!)
Assumptions: 1) Neglect density change 2) Use ideal gas equation for density
2
p lbf ⎛ 12⋅ in ⎞ × lbm⋅ R × 1 ⋅ slug ⋅ 1 − 3 slug
Then ρ= ρ = 60⋅ × ⎜ 1⋅ ft ρ = 9.53 × 10 ⋅
Rair⋅ T
in
2 ⎝ ⎠ 53.33 ⋅ ft⋅ lbf 32.2⋅ lbm ( 68 + 460 ) ⋅ R
ft
3
For incompressible flow V must be less than about 100 m/s or 330 ft/s at the throat. Hence
2
− 3 slug ft π ⎛ 1 ⋅ ft⎞ slug
mactual = ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 mactual = 9.53 × 10 × 330 ⋅ × × ⎜4 mactual = 0.154 ⋅
ft
3 s 4 ⎝ ⎠ s
Dt 3
β= β = β = 0.5
D1 6
∆p
Also ∆p = ρHg⋅ g ⋅ ∆h ∆h =
ρHg⋅ g
⎛ mactual ⎞
1
⋅⎜
4
2
( ) (1 − β4) ⋅⎛ mactual ⎞ 2
and in addition ∆p = ⋅ 1−β so ∆h = ⎜ C⋅ A
2⋅ ρ
⎝ C⋅ At ⎠ 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ ρHg⋅ g
⎝ t ⎠
For ReD1 > 2 x 105, 0.980 < C < 0.995. Assume C = 0.99, then check Re
(1 − 0.54) ×
2
ft
3 ⎡ft
3
slug 1 4 ⎛ 4 ⎞⎤
2
s
2
∆h = × × × ⎢0.154 × × ×⎜ ⎥ ∆h = 6.98⋅ in
2 −3 13.6⋅ 1.94⋅ slug 32.2⋅ ft ⎣ s 0.99 π ⎝ 1 ⋅ ft ⎠ ⎦
9.53 × 10 slug
Q 4 ⋅ mactual 4 ft
3
1 slug ft
Hence V= = V = × × × 0.154 V = 82.3⋅
A 2 π −3 2 s s
π⋅ ρ⋅ D1 9.53 × 10 slug ⎛ 1 ⋅ ft⎞
⎜2
⎝ ⎠
2
− 5 ft
At 68oF,(Table A.7) ν = 1.08 × 10 ⋅
s
V⋅ D1 ft 1 s 6
ReD1 = ReD1 = 82.3⋅ × ⋅ ft × ReD1 = 3.81 × 10
ν s 2 −5 2
1.08 × 10 ⋅ ft
slug
Thus ReD1 > 2 x 105. The mass flow rate is mactual = 0.154 ⋅ and pressure ∆h = 6.98⋅ in Hg
s
Problem 8.199 [Difficulty: 3]
Problem 8.200 [Difficulty: 3]
Solution:
C⋅ At C⋅ At Note that mactual is mass flow rate (the
Basic equation mactual =
4
( )
⋅ 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ p 1 − p 2 =
4
⋅ 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ ∆p
software cannot render a dot!)
1−β 1−β
For ReD1 > 2 x 105, 0.980 < C < 0.995. Assume C = 0.99, then check Re
Available data D1 = 100 ⋅ mm Dt = 50⋅ mm p 1g = 200 ⋅ kPa C = 0.99 (Asumption - verify later)
p atm = 101 ⋅ kPa p v = 1.23⋅ kPa Steam tables - saturation pressure at 10oC
2
kg −6 m
ρ = 1000⋅ ν = 1.3⋅ 10 ⋅ (Table A.8)
3 s
m
2 2
π⋅ Dt 2
π⋅ D1 2
Then At = At = 1963⋅ mm A1 = A1 = 7854⋅ mm
4 4
Dt
β = β = 0.5
D1
The smallest allowable throat pressure is the saturation pressure pt = pv p t = 1.23 kPa
C⋅ At kg
Then mrate = ⋅ 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ ∆p mrate = 49.2
4 s
1−β
mrate 3
m
Q = Q = 0.0492
ρ s
Q m
V1 = V1 = 6.26
A1 s
V1 ⋅ D1 5
Check the Re Re1 = Re1 = 4.81 × 10
ν
3
m L
Thus ReD1 > 2 x 105. The volume flow rate is Q = 0.0492 Q = 49.2
s s
Problem 8.201 [Difficulty: 1]
V 1, A 1 V 2, A 2
Solution:
2 2
p2 − p1 p1 V1 p2 V2
Basic equations Cp = + + g ⋅ z1 = + + g ⋅ z2 Q = V⋅ A
1 2 ρ 2 ρ 2
⋅ ρ⋅ V1
2
Assumptions: 1) All the assumptions of the Bernoulli equation 2) Horizontal flow 3) No flow separation
2 2 2 2 2
p2 − p1 V1 V2⎛ A1 ⎞ V1 V1
From Bernoulli = − = − ⋅⎜ using continuity
ρ 2 2 2 2
⎝ A2 ⎠
⎡ V 2 V 2 ⎛ A ⎞ 2⎤ 2
p2 − p1 ⎢ 1
1 1 1 ⎥ ⎛ A1 ⎞
Cp = = ⋅ − ⋅⎜ ⎜A
⎥=1−
Hence
⎢
⋅ V1 ⎣ ⎝ A2 ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ 2⎠
1 2 1 2 2 2
⋅ ρ⋅ V1
2 2
1
Finally Cp = 1 − which is Eq. 8.42.
2
AR
This result is not realistic as a real diffuser is very likely to have flow separation
Problem 8.202 [Difficulty: 4] Part 1/2
Problem 8.202 [Difficulty: 4] Part 2/2
Problem 8.203 [Difficulty: 3]
Problem 8.204 [Difficulty: 5] Part 1/2
Problem 8.204 [Difficulty: 5] Part 2/2
Problem 8.205 [Difficulty: 5] Part 1/2
Problem 8.205 [Difficulty: 5] Part 2/2