CANALS

There are two types of canals: waterways and aqueducts.

Waterways are the navigable parts of a body of water, and can be located within a bay or
open sea, can connect two or more waterbodies, or may even form networks within a
city.

EXAMPLES OF WATERWAYS

1. SUEZ CANAL
2. KIEL CANAL
3. PANAMA CANAL

The 193.30 km (120 miles)-

long Suez Canal is an
artificial sea-level waterway
located in Egypt and connects
the Mediterranean Sea with
the Gulf of Suez, a northern
branch of the Red Sea.

When it opened, the Suez

Canal was only 25 feet deep,
72 feet wide at the bottom,
and 200 to 300 feet wide at the surface.

Length: 98.6 km. In 1895, the

present-day Kiel Canal was
officially opened by Emperor
William II as the Kaiser
Wilhelm Canal. The name was
changed in 1948 to Nord-
Ostsee-Kanal (North Sea to Baltic Sea Canal). Internationally, it is usually referred to as
the Kiel Canal.

The Kiel Canal is located at the root of the Jutland Peninsula near the border between
Germany and Denmark. It is formally called the North Sea-Baltic Sea Canal (Nord-
Ostsee Kanal) and is ranked among the world's three major canals with the Suez and
Panama Canals.

PANAMA CANAL

LENGTH: 82 KM

The Panama Canal is an

artificial waterway in Panama
that connects the Atlantic
Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

AQUEDUCTS

What is an aqueduct?

An aqueduct is a watercourse constructed to carry water from a source to a distribution

point far away. In modern engineering, the term aqueduct is used for any system of pipes,
ditches, canals, tunnels, and other structures used for this purpose. Aqueducts were used
in ancient Greece, ancient Egypt, and ancient Rome.

Aqueducts are used exclusively to transport water for drinking, agriculture, and
hydroelectric power. It is a structure that looks like a bridge and that is used to carry
water over a valley or also it is a pipe or channel that is used to bring water to an area.
The Romans constructed aqueducts throughout their Republic and later Empire, to bring
water from outside sources into cities and towns. Aqueduct water supplied public
baths, latrines, fountains, and private households; it also supported mining operations,
milling, farms, and gardens.

Aqueducts moved water through gravity alone, along a slight overall downward gradient
within conduits of stone, brick, or concrete; the steeper the gradient, the faster the flow.
Most conduits were buried beneath the ground and followed the contours of the terrain;
obstructing peaks were circumvented or, less often, tunneled through. Where valleys or
lowlands intervened, the conduit was carried on bridgework, or its contents fed into high-
pressure lead, ceramic, or stone pipes and siphoned across. Most aqueduct systems
included sedimentation tanks, which helped to reduce any water-borne
debris. Sluices and castella aquae (distribution tanks) regulated the supply to individual
destinations. In cities and towns, the run-off water from aqueducts scoured the drains and
sewers.

Based on discharge there are five types of canals:

1. Main Canal.
2. Branch canal.
3. Major distributary
4. Minor distributary
5. Watercourse or field channel
 Canals having discharge greater than 10 m3/sec are called as main canals. A main
canal carries discharge directly from river. It carries water from rivers (dams) and
feed to branch canals, distributaries. They do not supply water directly to fields.
 A branch canal usually carries a discharge of more than 5 m3/s but less than 20 m3/s.
It takes off from a branch canal but sometimes may take off from the main canal.
Distributaries supply water to the fields through outlets.
 Major distributary canal takes off from the branch canal or in some cases from
the main canal. They supply water to minor distributaries and field channels.
A canal is said to be major distributary when its discharge lies between 0.25 m3/sec
to 5 m3/sec.
 Minor distributary canal takes off from major distributaries and sometimes directly
from branch canals depending upon the discharge of canals. Their discharge is
generally below 0.25 m3/sec. These canals supply water to the field channels.
 The discharge in watercourses is less than 0.25 m3/sec. A field channel either
take off from a significant distributary or minor- it solely depends on which extent the
irrigation will happen. In a few cases, it also takes off water from the branch canal for
the field.

PIPELINES

What is a pipeline?

Pipelines are a long pipe, typically underground, for conveying water, oil, gas, etc. over
long distances.

TYPES OF PIPE:

1. Cement Pipes

2. Metallic Pipes

3. Plastic Pipes
Cement Pipes

Asbestos cement pipe, also commonly referred to as transite pipe, was contructed from
cement and asbestos fibers. It was highly resistant to corrosion and was widely used in
drainage systems and gas lines. An asbestos cement “collar” was attached as a way of
fitting two sections of pipe together.

Metallic Pipes
 Metallic piping is made of steel and iron, such as unfinished, black(lacquer) steel,
carbon steel, galvanized steel, brass and ductile iron. Iron based piping is subject to
corrosion if used within a highly oxygenated water stream.

Plastic Pipes

Plastic Pipe is a tubular section, or hollow cylinder, made of plastic. It is usually, but not
necessarily, of circular cross-section, used mainly to convey substances which can flow
liquids and gases(fluids), slurries, powders and masses of small soils.

PVC piping is used for:

 Drain-waste-vent (DWV).
 Sewers.
 Water mains.
 Water service lines.
 Irrigation.
 Conduit.
 Various industrial installations.

PVC pipe system can be produced in a lot of colors and you could easily
recognition it after take a look:
 White for DWV and some low pressure applications.
 White, blue, and dark gray for cold water piping.
 Green for sewer service.
 Dark gray for industrial pressure applications.
 Advantages of plastic pipes:
 Plastic pipes are light in weight, tough, resistant to chemical attack and
available in large lengths.
 They reduce the cost of handling, transportation and installation.
 Less number of joints facilitates the speed and reduces chances of
leakage.
 They are rust resistant.
 These pipes have good elastic properties.
 Their adaptability to earth movements is superior.
 Smooth internal surface of the pipes offers less friction.

Disadvantages of plastic pipes:

 Due to their non-decomposing property, plastic pipes are not installed in
high temperature.
 They are easily cracked.
 At higher temperatures, the strength of plastic pipes reduces.
REFERENCES:

https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/canal.html

https://www.google.com/search?biw=1093&bih=486&ei=Y7mMXY3jJ5nr-
QbAq4DQCQ&q=what+is+canal+and+its+types&oq=what+is+canal&gs_l=psy-
ab.1.3.0i356l4j0i71l4.0.0..6939...0.1..0.0.0.......0......gws-wiz.1n8El3QTmII