Experiment – 1

Aim: To get the knowledge of Resistor and calculation related for the
same.
Theory: Resistors are the most common electronic components. These
are passive elements. These are used in almost all the electrical
circuit. There are many different resistors available with their
principle job being to resist flow of the current through the electrical
circuit. These are made up of carbon film, metal film. The unit of
measurement of resistor is ohm (Ω). Mainly, resistors are of 2 types
fixed and variable.
The main function of the resistor is to resist the flow of
electrons/current through them.
The value of resistance of fixed resistor can’t be changed Whereas
the resistance value of variable resistor can be changed by rotating
the wiper attached on it.
The resistors are available in cylindrical shape and they have 4-5
color band on it. These color bands are used to calculate the
resistance of the resistor.

Calculating the resistance: The given table is used to calculate the

resistance of resistor based on the color bands shown on it.
Step 1: The first color band on the side where most of the color band
are shown is for the first digit.
Step 2: The second color band is to show the second digit of the value
for the 4 color band system but for 5 color band add remaining two
values as done before.
Step 3: The third color is to show the multiplier for the resistor’s
value if the value for the third color comes out to be 3 and previous
value is 56 then the final value after this step is: 56 x 103.
Step 4: Now comes to the last band it shows the tolerance of the
resistance. So it can be shown as +- t% (t is the value of tolerance).
Tolerance is used to show the range in between where the resistor
can show the resistance.

Carbon film resistor: These are cheap, easily available. Tolerance

value is about +-5%. Power rating are ½ W, ¼ W, 1/8 W.
Metal film resistor: These are used when high tolerance is needed
like +-0.05%.
Wire Wound resistor: These are made up of metal resistance wire and
because of this they can be manufactured to precise values. High
wattage resistors can be made by thick wire material.

Experiment – 2

Aim: To get the knowledge of Capacitor and calculation related for

the same.
Theory: Capacitor is also known as condenser. Capacitor is used to
store the charge. Capacitor is a passive element. The charge is stored
in form of electric field. Capacitor is used in many of the electrical
circuit and used as a basic unit.

Capacitance is the ability of the capacitor to store charge. Unit of

capacitance is Farads (F). Mostly microFarads is used (µF=10-6F).

Construction of a capacitor: The capacitor consists of 2 parallel

plates of metal separated by insulating material (air most of the time).
Most of the time capacitors are made by taking thin strips of metal.
Mathematical notations: The amount of charge across a capacitor is
given by Q = C*V; Q is the amount of charge, C is the capacitance of
the capacitor, V is the voltage drop across it. In proper manner I =
CdV/dt. Where I is current across capacitor.
Maximum working voltage: If the voltage across capacitor is too
high, the insulator between the plates fails to insulate and charge
passes from one plate to other. Capacitor are usually marked with the
maximum working voltage to avoid this situation.
Capacitor in series: Capacitor in series means 2 or more capacitor
connected in a single line.

After all the calculations 1/Ceq = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + … + 1/Cn

Capacitor in parallel: When capacitor are connected in parallel then
capacitance value is increased.
After all the calculations Ceq = C1 + C2 + … + Cn

Experiment – 3

Aim: To get the knowledge of Inductor and calculation related for the
same.
Theory: An inductor also called a coil or choke is a passive element
that stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows
through it. an inductor consists of an insulated wire wound into a coil
around a core.
Inductor only effects current when current is changing it’s value. The
unit of the inductance is henry (H).
Equation of Inductor: V = L dI/dt
L is the inductance, I is the current, V is the potential drop across
inductor.
Structure: It consist of a wire wound as a coil around a core. The
core consists of air filled hollow tube or solid material.
Inductance: The amount of inductance in Henries is determined by
following factors:
No of turns of wire wound around the coil.
Cross section area of coil.
Length of the coil tube.
The material of the coil.
Experiment – 4

Aim: To get the knowledge of ohm’s law and calculation related for
the same.
Theory: The law states that the current through a conductor between
2 points is directly proportional to the voltage across that two points.
V=I*R
V is the voltage drop across the conductor
I is the current passing through the conductor
R is the resistance of the conductor.
The curve of the V vs I is a constant line passing through origin.
Ohm’s law triangle: The equation of ohm’s law can be represented as
ohm’s law triangle, where V is at the top and I, R are below it. The
line that divides I and R indicates multiplication and the divider
between top and bottom indicates division. So,

V=I*R
I=V/R
R=V/I
Explanation of ohm’s law for resistance in series: The current in a
series circuit goes through every component in the circuit. Therefore,
all the components in a series connection carry the same current.
I = I1 + I2 + … + In
Req = R1 + R2 + … + Rn
Vs = V1 + V2 + … + Vn

From the circuit:

I = Vs / Req
Current through each resistor
R1 = V1 / I
R2 = V2 / I
Hence in series circuit, the current through each of the resistor is the
same and the voltage across the circuit is sum of the voltage across
each resistor.
Explanation of ohm’s law for resistance in parallel: The voltage
across each resistor connected in parallel is
same so that there will be same potential at
common points. The total current is the sum
total of the current through each branch of the
circuit.
V = V1 = V2 = V3
1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
IT = I1 + I2 + I3
From the circuit
Req = R1R2 / (R1 + R2)
IT = Vs / Req
The current through each branch is
I1 = Vs / R1
I2 = Vs / R2
Hence the voltage in a parallel circuit is same and total current is
sum total of all the current in each branch.
Explanation of non-ohmic devices: The non ohmic devices are those
which doesn’t obey ohm’s law i.e. their resistance is not constant, but
changes in accordance of the potential difference across them. In
these case V vs I curves are not constant. The resistance of these
devices is known dynamic resistance.
e.g. diode. Tungsten, thermistor etc.

The element in black circle is a non-ohmic device known as diode.

Submitted by:
Aakash Kumar
2K19/EC/003