SAINT MARY'S UNIVERSITY

School of Teacher Education and Humanities

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
Social Sciences and Philosophy Department

Name: _____________________________________ Class Time and Day____________ Date _________

Exercise 4.1
INSTRUCTIONS: Answer the following items. Avoid writing beyond the required lines. Write neatly and
cleanly. Avoid too much erasures. Identify the premise(s) and conclusion of the following arguments. List the
premises from the more to less universal propositions (universal to particular/general to specific), and write
both premises and conclusion in the form of single propositions omitting indicators, emphatic expressions
and unnecessary remarks. Restate if necessary for clarity sake. Be guided by the examples given above.
1. I’m sure that Karla will go to Baguio because her sister Karina will go to Baguio, and Karla always goes
with her sister Karina. Karla and Karina are very close to each other.
PREM: _______________________________________________________________________
PREM: _______________________________________________________________________
CONC: _______________________________________________________________________
2. Kelly has been the topnotcher of his class since his first year in high school. He has maintained such a
record despite his involvement in extra-curricular activities. We may therefore expect that he will be high
school valedictorian this year because it is always the case that consistent topnotchers become the class
valedictorian.

PREM: _______________________________________________________________________
PREM: _______________________________________________________________________
CONC: _______________________________________________________________________
3. Katrina and Kaye have no brother in their family. Inasmuch as Kirk is the husband of Katrina and
whoever is the husband of Katrina is Kaye’s brother-in-law, it follows that Kirk is Kaye’s brother-in-law.

PREM: _______________________________________________________________________
PREM: _______________________________________________________________________
CONC: _______________________________________________________________________
4. Electric consumption soars during summer because people tend to stay more at home and make
maximum use of cooling appliances. But my family will be away for two weeks. For the reason that no
one will be using the electricity in our house, my electric bill will be low this month.

PREM: _______________________________________________________________________
PREM: _______________________________________________________________________
CONC: _______________________________________________________________________
5. Since Karl has been appointed farm overseer, Karl is responsible for hiring workers in the farm, because,
in this farm, the farm overseer is responsible for hiring workers. This power has been delegated to the
overseer ever since the landowner went abroad.

PREM: _______________________________________________________________________
PREM: _______________________________________________________________________
CONC: _______________________________________________________________________

PHILO 1 (Logic and critical thinking) HAROLD J. PADILLA

hpadilla18@smu.edu.ph / 0916-178-6551
 SAINT MARY'S UNIVERSITY
School of Teacher Education and Humanities
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
Social Sciences and Philosophy Department

Exercise 4.2
INSTRUCTIONS: Answer the following items. Avoid writing beyond the required lines. Write
neatly and cleanly. Avoid too much erasures.
I. Give the three opposite propositions of the following propositions (contradictory first, contrary/subcontrary
second, and subaltern third – in this order) and their corresponding truth-values given the truth-value of
the original proposition. Follow the example in no. 1.
1. None who is a soldier is a coward. (T)
Some soldiers are cowards. (F)
1. _______________________________
All soldiers are cowards. (F)
2. _______________________________
Some soldiers are not cowards. (T)
3. _______________________________
2. There are Muslim Filipinos. (F) 4. All love affairs are successful affairs. (F)
1. ________________________________ 1. ____________________________________
2. ________________________________ 2. ____________________________________
3. ________________________________ 3. ____________________________________
3. All men are not angels. (F) 5. Not all instructors are inefficient persons. (T)
1. ________________________________ 1. ____________________________________
2. ________________________________ 2. ____________________________________
3. ________________________________ 3. ____________________________________

II. Determine the type of opposition and the truth-value of the second proposition given the truth-value of the
first proposition.
Types of Opposition Truth-value

1. If Filipinos are not all grafters is true, then there are Filipinos
who are grafters is…
2. If several people are weak-hearted is true, then all people
have weak hearts is…
3. If no Filipinos are corrupt is true, then a few Filipinos do not
commit corruption is…
4. If most books are not good companions is true, then every
book is a good companion is…
5. If whatever is a bee has wings is true, then none of the bees
are winged is …
6. If no poor are needy is false, then whoever is poor is needy
is…
Exercise 4.3

PHILO 1 (Logic and critical thinking) HAROLD J. PADILLA

hpadilla18@smu.edu.ph / 0916-178-6551
 SAINT MARY'S UNIVERSITY
School of Teacher Education and Humanities
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
Social Sciences and Philosophy Department

INSTRUCTIONS: Answer the following items. Avoid writing beyond the required lines. Write neatly and cleanly.
Avoid too much erasures.
I. Determine the validity of the following oppositional arguments following the standard strategy (not the short-cut
technique) as discussed above. Follow the format as illustrated.
1. Only fierce creatures are lions. Lions are known to be the king of the jungle. Therefore, most lions are fierce.
P: ____________________________________________________________________________________________

C: ____________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________: _______________

2. Since there are daring men who are pirates, not every daring man is a pirate. Being involved in any kind of piracy
requires some degree of boldness and courage. However, some are involved only to do it out of dire need of
money.

P: _____________________________________________________________________________________________

C: _____________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________: _______________

3. If it is false that if one is a fortune-teller, then one is not telling the truth, certainly, it is doubtful to say that a couple
of them tells the truth. Whatever palm readers, tarot card and crystal ball readers, psychics, astrologers, diviners,
augurs, necromancers say about the future is subject to doubt and when it happens, it is a matter of coincidence.

P: __________________________________________________________________________________

C: __________________________________________________________________________________

________________________: _______________

4. It is not true that whoever is a human being can be an angel for the reason that it is not possible for
one to be both a man and an angel is true. Human beings are embodied while angels are pure spirits.

P: __________________________________________________________________________________

C: __________________________________________________________________________________
________________________: _______________

PHILO 1 (Logic and critical thinking) HAROLD J. PADILLA

hpadilla18@smu.edu.ph / 0916-178-6551
 SAINT MARY'S UNIVERSITY
School of Teacher Education and Humanities
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
Social Sciences and Philosophy Department

Exercise 4.4
INSTRUCTIONS: Answer the following items. Avoid writing beyond the required lines. Write
neatly and cleanly. Avoid too much erasures.
I. Determine the converses of the following propositions. Write the letter pattern first in the left box and
write the equivalent proposition in the right box. Follow the example below.
1. No one can be both an alien and a citizen at the same time.
EE No citizens are aliens.
2. There are self-supporting students.

3. Whatever is a vine is a plant.

4. Few students perform in their academics.

5. Only a systematic body of certain and proven knowledge can be a science.

6. If an applicant is a non-graduate, then he is not qualified.

II. Determine the obverses of the following propositions. Write the letter pattern first in the left box and write
the equivalent proposition in the right box.
1. Any good politician is nonpartisan.

2. Men are not all doctors.

3. There are residents who do not know how to relate with others.

4. All except mortal beings are infinite.

III. Determine the contraposits of the following propositions. Write the letter pattern first in the left box and
write the equivalent proposition in the right box.
1. All but malnourished children are children of developed countries.

2. If one is a good student, he must be conscientious.

3. Almost all unrecovered artifacts are deemed unimportant.

4. Most animals with horns are not carnivores.

Exercise 4.5
PHILO 1 (Logic and critical thinking) HAROLD J. PADILLA
hpadilla18@smu.edu.ph / 0916-178-6551
 SAINT MARY'S UNIVERSITY
School of Teacher Education and Humanities
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
Social Sciences and Philosophy Department

INSTRUCTIONS: Answer the following items. Avoid writing beyond the required lines. Write neatly and
cleanly. Avoid too much erasures. Determine the validity of the following eductive arguments following the
standard strategy (not the short-cut technique) as discussed above. Follow the format as illustrated.
1. Commodus cannot accept that Maximus will take the throne of his father Marcus Aurelius because
according to tradition it is impossible for a person to be both an emperor and not royal-blooded. We
may therefore conclude that not anyone who has no royal blood can be an emperor.

P: __________________________________________________________________________________

C: __________________________________________________________________________________

________________________: _______________
2. As I looked into the crates, I found out that a few mangoes are not ripe; which means that few
mangoes are unripe. It has been a week already since they were kept and covered for ripening.

P: __________________________________________________________________________________

C: __________________________________________________________________________________

________________________: _______________
3. If every fungus is a plant, then nothing which is not a plant is a fungus or we may also say that
whatever is a non-plant is a non-fungus.

P: __________________________________________________________________________________

C: __________________________________________________________________________________

C: __________________________________________________________________________________

________________________: _______________ & ________________________: _______________

4. Few birds are peacocks. Peacocks are tagged to be one of the many endangered species of birds.
Thus, there are animals which are not peacocks that are not birds.

P: __________________________________________________________________________________

C: __________________________________________________________________________________

________________________: _______________

PHILO 1 (Logic and critical thinking) HAROLD J. PADILLA

hpadilla18@smu.edu.ph / 0916-178-6551