Various types Of DNA

Recombination
Presented to:
Dr. Tanzeela Riaz

Presented by:
Aiman Nisar
L1S16BSMR0013
 Introduction
• “the rearrangement of genetic material, especially by crossing over in
chromosomes or by the artificial joining of segments of DNA from
different organisms”.

• Occurs in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

 Types
1. General or homologous recombination
2. Site-specific recombination
3. Illegitimate or non-homologous
4. Replicative recombination
5. Mitotic recombination
 1. Homologous/General Recombination
• Occurs between homologous chromosomes
• Both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
• Explaining models:
1. Holiday Model
2. Double strand break model
Double strand break model
 1. Homologous Recombination
(OVERVIEW)
• RecBCD Complex:
• Exonuclease function (One chromosome remains intact, other has a double stranded break).
• Helicase activity (moves along chromosome and opens it up, reaches chi site)
• 3’ overank formed
• Rec A:
• Completely covers one strand
• Makes chiasma of other strand
 1. Homologous Recombination
(OVERVIEW)
• RuvAB complex helps in branch migration
• RuvC cleave chiasma junction
• DNA Ligase seals nick
 2. Site Specific Recombination
• This is observed between particular, very short, sequences, usually
containing similarities.
• Occurs in bacteriophages, bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes
• Involves one enzyme only:
• Recombinase (either serine or tyrosine)
 2. Site specific DNA Recombination
(OVERVIEW)
• Recombinase:
• binds at RRS(Recombinase Recoginition Sites) present on both chromosomes
• has OH- at the end that acts as nucleophile and interacts with phosphodiester
bond of DNA
• forms nick by cleaving between TAGC
• swaps the segments
 2. Site specific DNA Recombination
(OVERVIEW)
• Serine Recombinase makes double stranded breaks in both
chromosomes

• Tyrosine Recombinase makes double stranded breaks in each

recombinant strands of both chromosomes
 3. Non-homologous/Illegitimate
Recombination
• This type occurs between DNA molecules that are not necessarily
similar.
• In bacteria and the yeast integration of such DNA into the genome
requires substantial sequence similarity between incoming DNA and
the recipient site.
• However, cells of other fungi, higher plants, and animals are able to
integrate foreign DNA into their chromosomes with little or no
sequence similarity.
 3. Non-homologous/Illegitimate Recombination
(OVERVIEW)
• Ku70,80 protein complex
• recognizes site of broken DNA
• Forms “DNA binding component” of DNA Dependent Protein Kinase(DNA-PK)
• Encircles DNA preventing it from binding with unbroken DNA

• Polymerases synthesize new DNA

• Nucleases cleave and clean ends
• XRCC4 stabilize DNA Ligase4
 4. Replicative Recombination/Replicative
Transposition
• Generates a new copy of a segment of DNA.
• Many transposable elements use a process of replicative
recombination to generate a new copy of the transposable element at
a new location.
• Copy and paste method
 5. Mitotic Recombination
• This doesn’t actually happen during mitosis, but during interphase
• The process is similar to that in meiotic recombination, and has its
possible advantages
• But it’s usually harmful and can result in tumors.
• This type of recombination is increased when cells are exposed to
radiation.
Thank You For Your Attention 