8-2 Vectors in The Coordinate Plane: Esolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

ANSWER:

8-2 Vectors in the Coordinate Plane
;8 ≈ 17.9
Find the component form and magnitude of 3. A(10, −2), B(3, −5)
with the given initial and terminal points.
1. A(−3, 1), B(4, 5) SOLUTION:
First, find the component form.
SOLUTION:

Next, find the magnitude. Substitute x2 − x1 = −7 and

y2 − y 1 = −3 into the formula for the magnitude of a
Next, find the magnitude. Substitute x2 − x1 = 7 and
vector in the coordinate plane.
y2 − y 1 = 4 into the formula for the magnitude of a
ANSWER:
ANSWER: ; ≈ 7.6
; ≈ 8.1 4. A(−2, 7), B(−9, −1)

SOLUTION:
2. A(2, −7), B(−6, 9)
SOLUTION:

Next, find the magnitude. Substitute x2 − x1 = −7 and
y2 − y 1 = −8 into the formula for the magnitude of a
Next, find the magnitude. Substitute x2 − x1 = −8 and vector in the coordinate plane.
ANSWER:
; ≈ 10.6
5. A(−5, −4), B(8, −2)

ANSWER:
SOLUTION:
;8 ≈ 17.9
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3. A(10, −2), B(3, −5)
SOLUTION:
ANSWER: ANSWER:
; ≈ 10.6 ;5
5. A(−5, −4), B(8, −2) 7. A(2.5, −3), B(−4, 1.5)

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
First, find the component form. First, find the component form.

Next, find the magnitude. Substitute x2 − x1 = 13 and Next, find the magnitude. Substitute x2 − x1 = −6.5
y2 − y 1 = 2 into the formula for the magnitude of a and y 2 − y 1 = 4.5 into the formula for the magnitude
vector in the coordinate plane. of a vector in the coordinate plane.
ANSWER: ANSWER:
; ≈ 13.2 ; ≈ 7.9
6. A(−2, 6), B(1, 10) 8. A(−4.3, 1.8), B(9.4, −6.2)
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

Next, find the magnitude. Substitute x2 − x1 = 3 and
Next, find the magnitude. Substitute x2 − x1 = 13.7
and y 2 − y 1 = −8 into the formula for the magnitude
of a vector in the coordinate plane.
ANSWER:
;5 ANSWER:
; ≈ 15.9
7. A(2.5, −3), B(−4, 1.5)
SOLUTION: 9. A ,B
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
; ≈ 15.9
9. A ,B 10. A , B(−1, 7)
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Next, find the magnitude. Substitute x2 − x1 = Next, find the magnitude. Substitute x2 − x1 =
and y 2 − y 1 = into the formula for the and y 2 − y 1 = into the formula for the

magnitude of a vector in the coordinate plane. magnitude of a vector in the coordinate plane.
ANSWER: ANSWER:
Find each of the following for f = ,g=

10. A , B(−1, 7)
, and h = .
11. 4h – g
SOLUTION:
First, find the component form. SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
Next, find the magnitude. Substitute x2 − x1 =
and y 2 − y 1 = into the formula for the 12. f + 2h

magnitude of a vector in the coordinate plane. SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
8-2 Vectors in the Coordinate Plane ANSWER:
12. f + 2h 16. h – 4f + 5g
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
13. 3g – 5f + h
17. 4g − 3f + h
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
ANSWER: ANSWER:
14. 2f + g – 3h 18. 6h + 5f − 10g

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
19. PHYSICS In physics, force diagrams are used to
15. f – 2g – 2h show the effects of all the different forces acting
upon an object. The following force diagram could
SOLUTION:
represent the forces acting upon a child sliding down
a slide.
ANSWER:
16. h – 4f + 5g
a. Using the blue dot representing the child as the
SOLUTION: origin, express each force as a vector in component
form.
b. Find the component form of the resultant vector
representing the force that causes the child to move
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SOLUTION:
representing the force is .
ANSWER:
8-2 ANSWER:
Vectors in the Coordinate Plane a. f = ,n= ,w=
b.
19. PHYSICS In physics, force diagrams are used to Find a unit vector u with the same direction as

show the effects of all the different forces acting v.
upon an object. The following force diagram could 20. v =
represent the forces acting upon a child sliding down
a slide. SOLUTION:
a. Using the blue dot representing the child as the

origin, express each force as a vector in component
form.
representing the force that causes the child to move
down the slide.
SOLUTION:
a. Since the blue dot represents the child as the
origin, the rectangular components for a force will be
the horizontal and vertical components of the force.
ANSWER:
The force of friction is applying 9 newtons of force
to the left parallel to the x-axis and 10 newtons of u=
force up parallel to the y-axis. Thus, .

Normal force is applying 76 newtons of force to the 21. v =
right parallel to the x-axis and 84 newtons of force
SOLUTION:
up parallel to the y-axis. Thus, .
Weight is applying 170 newtons of force down
parallel to the y-axis. Thus, .

b. To find the component form of the resultant
vector representing the force that causes the child to
move down the slide, find the sum of the three force
vectors, or f + n + w.

The component form of the resultant vector

representing the force is .
ANSWER:
a. f = ,n= ,w=
b.
Find a unit vector u with the same direction as

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20. v =
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
u=
8-2 Vectors in the Coordinate Plane u=
21. v = 22. v =
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
u=
ANSWER:
23. v =
u=
SOLUTION:
22. v =
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
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ANSWER: Page 6
u= u=
ANSWER: ANSWER:
8-2 uVectors
= in the Coordinate Plane u=
23. v = 24. v =
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
u=
ANSWER:
u= 25. v =
SOLUTION:
24. v =
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
u=
ANSWER:
u= 26. v =
ANSWER: ANSWER:
8-2 uVectors
= in the Coordinate Plane u=
25. v = 26. v =
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
u=
ANSWER:
26. v = u=
SOLUTION:
27. v =
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
u=
ANSWER:
Let be the vector with the given initial and
u=
terminal points. Write as a linear
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
8-2 u =
Vectors in the Coordinate Plane i − 6j
27. v = 29. D(9, −6), E(−7, 2)

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
First, find the component form of .
Then rewrite the vector as a linear combination of

the standard unit vectors.
ANSWER:
−16i + 8j
ANSWER: 30. D(3, 11), E(−2, −8)
u= SOLUTION:
Let be the vector with the given initial and
terminal points. Write as a linear
combination of the vectors i and j.
28. D(4, −1), E(5, −7)
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
−5i − 19j
the standard unit vectors. 31. D(9.5, 1), E(0, −7.3)
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
i − 6j
29. D(9, −6), E(−7, 2)

SOLUTION: the standard unit vectors.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero ANSWER: Page 9
−9.5i − 8.3j
ANSWER: ANSWER:
−5i − 19j 9i − 2.4j
31. D(9.5, 1), E(0, −7.3) 33. D(−4, −6), E(9, 5)

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
First, find the component form of . First, find the component form of .
Then rewrite the vector as a linear combination of Then rewrite the vector as a linear combination of
the standard unit vectors. the standard unit vectors.
ANSWER: ANSWER:
−9.5i − 8.3j 13i + 11j
32. D(−3, −5.7), E(6, −8.1)
34.
SOLUTION:
First, find the component form of . SOLUTION:


ANSWER:
9i − 2.4j
33. D(−4, −6), E(9, 5)

SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
35. D(−3, 1.5), E(−3, 1.5)

SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
13i + 11j
ANSWER:
0
35. D(−3, 1.5), E(−3, 1.5) 36. COMMUTE To commute to school, Larisa leaves

her house and drives north on Pepper Lane for 2.4
SOLUTION: miles. She turns left on Cinnamon Drive for 3.1 miles
First, find the component form of . and then turns right on Maple Street for 5.8 miles.
Express Larisa’s commute as a linear combination of
unit vectors i and j.
SOLUTION:
Let Larisa’s house be located at the origin, (0, 0).
Make a drawing to represent Larisa’s commute and
Then rewrite the vector as a linear combination of find the coordinates of her destination.
ANSWER:
0
36. COMMUTE To commute to school, Larisa leaves
her house and drives north on Pepper Lane for 2.4
miles. She turns left on Cinnamon Drive for 3.1 miles
and then turns right on Maple Street for 5.8 miles.
Express Larisa’s commute as a linear combination of
unit vectors i and j.
SOLUTION: Drawing may not be to scale.
Let Larisa’s house be located at the origin, (0, 0).
Make a drawing to represent Larisa’s commute and
find the coordinates of her destination. The initial and terminal points of Larisa’s commute
are (0, 0) and (−3.1, 8.2), respectively. First, find the
component form of the vector representing Larisa’s
commute.


Larisa’s commute expressed as a linear combination
is –3.1i + 8.2j.

Drawing may not be to scale. ANSWER:

–3.1i + 8.2j

The initial and terminal points of Larisa’s commute 37. ROWING Nadia is rowing across a river at a
are (0, 0) and (−3.1, 8.2), respectively. First, find the speed of 5 miles per hour perpendicular to the shore.
component
eSolutions form ofbythe
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Cognero
The river has a current of 3 miles per hour heading
Page 11
commute. downstream.
a. At what speed is she traveling?
b. At what angle is she traveling with respect to the
ANSWER:
–3.1i + 8.2j Thus, Nadia is traveling at an angle of about 59° with
respect to the shore.
37. ROWING Nadia is rowing across a river at a
speed of 5 miles per hour perpendicular to the shore. ANSWER:
The river has a current of 3 miles per hour heading a. about 5.8 mph
downstream. b. about 59º
a. At what speed is she traveling?
b. At what angle is she traveling with respect to the Find the component form of v with the given
shore? magnitude and direction angle.
38. | v | = 12, θ = 60°
SOLUTION:
a. Nadia’s rowing can be represented by the vector SOLUTION:
and the current can be represented by the
vector .
ANSWER:
Add the vectors representing r and c to find the
resultant vector, v .
39. | v | = 4, θ = 135°
SOLUTION:
The speed at which Nadia is traveling is the
magnitude of v .
Thus, she is traveling at about 5.8 miles per hour.

b. Find θ by constructing a right triangle with the
given vectors and using the tangent ratio.
ANSWER:
40. | v | = 6, θ = 240°
SOLUTION:

Thus, Nadia is traveling at an angle of about 59° with
respect to the shore.
ANSWER:
a. about 5.8 mph ANSWER:
b. about 59º
Find the component form of v with the given

ANSWER:
40. | v | = 6, θ = 240° 43. | v | = 15, θ = 125°

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Find the direction angle of each vector to the
nearest tenth of a degree.
41. | v | = 16, θ = 330° 44. 3i + 6j
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
So, the direction angle of the vector is about 63.4°.
ANSWER:
42. | v | = 28, θ = 273°

SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
63.4º
ANSWER:
45. –2i + 5j
SOLUTION:
43. | v | = 15, θ = 125°
SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
8-2 63.4º
Vectors in the Coordinate Plane ANSWER:
111.8º
45. –2i + 5j 46. 8i – 2j
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Since the vector lies in Quadrant II, θ = 180° + Since the vector lies in Quadrant IV, θ = 360° +
(−68.2°) or about 111.8°. (−14.0°) or about 346.0°.
ANSWER: ANSWER:
111.8º
346.0º
46. 8i – 2j 47. –4i – 3j
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Since the vector lies in Quadrant IV, θ = 360° +

Since the vector lies in Quadrant III, θ = 180° +
(−14.0°) or about 346.0°.
36.9° or about 216.9°.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
346.0º
216.9º
8-2 ANSWER:
346.0º 216.9º
47. –4i – 3j 48.
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Since the vector lies in Quadrant III, θ = 180° + Since the vector lies in Quadrant II, θ = 180° +
36.9° or about 216.9°. (−60.9)° or about 119.1 °.
ANSWER: ANSWER:
216.9º 119.1º
48. 49.
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
So, the direction angle of the vector is 45°.
Since the vector lies in Quadrant II, θ = 180° +
(−60.9)° or about 119.1 °.
ANSWER:
45º
ANSWER: 50.
119.1º
8-2 ANSWER:
119.1º 45º
49. 50.
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
So, the direction angle of the vector is 45°.
33.7° or about 213.7°.
ANSWER:
45º
ANSWER:
50. 213.7º
SOLUTION:
51.
SOLUTION:

33.7° or about 213.7°.
(−69.4)° or about 290.6°.
ANSWER:
213.7º
51. ANSWER:
290.6º
8-2 ANSWER:
Vectors in the Coordinate Plane
213.7º
Since Maggie’s brother is pushing the sled to the left,
51. the component form of his force f2 is . Add
SOLUTION: the algebraic vectors representing f1 and f2 to find
the resultant force, vector v .

Find the magnitude of the resultant.

(−69.4)° or about 290.6°.
Find the resultant direction angle θ.

Since v lies in Quadrant II, θ = 180 + (−26.6) or
153.4°. Therefore, the resultant force on the sled is
about 520.8 newtons at an angle of about 153.4°
ANSWER: with the horizontal.
290.6º
ANSWER:
52. SLEDDING Maggie is pulling a sled with a force about 520.8 N; about 153.4°
of 275 newtons by holding its rope at a 58º angle.
Her brother is going to help by pushing the sled with 53. NAVIGATION An airplane is traveling due east
a force of 320 N. Determine the magnitude and with a speed of 600 miles per hour. The wind blows
direction of the total resultant force on the sled. at 85 miles per hour at an angle of S59°E.
SOLUTION:
Use the magnitude and direction of the force that a. Determine the speed of the airplane’s flight.
Maggie is using to pull the sled to write the force in b. Determine the angle of the airplane’s flight.
component form as f1. Let θ = 122° since θ is the SOLUTION:
direction angle that f1 makes with the positive x-axis. a. Since the airplane is traveling due east with a
speed of 600 miles per hour, the component form of
the speed v 1 is . Use the magnitude and the
direction of the wind v 2 to write this vector in
component form. Let θ = −31° since θ is the
Since Maggie’s brother is pushing the sled to the left,
direction angle that v 2 makes with the positive x-
the component form of his force f2 is . Add
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the algebraic vectors representing f1 and f2 to find
the resultant force, vector v .
a. Since the airplane is traveling due east with a achieve this resultant.
speed of 600 miles per hour, the component form of SOLUTION:
the speed v 1 is . Use the magnitude and the
The pilot’s final heading of 500 miles per hour in a
8-2 direction
Vectorsof in
the the
windCoordinate Planein
v 2 to write this vector direction of due west can be represented by the
component form. Let θ = −31° since θ is the vector . The final heading is the sum of
direction angle that v 2 makes with the positive x- the vector representing the initial course v 1 plotted
axis. by the pilot and the vector representing the wind v 2,
or r = v 1 + v 2.
Since the wind is blowing from the directed angle of
192°, it is blowing at an angle of 12° with the
horizontal.

Add the algebraic vectors representing v 1 and v 2 to
find the resultant velocity, vector r.

Find the magnitude of the resultant. Use the magnitude and direction of the wind to write
v 2 in component form.

The speed of the airplane’s flight is about 674.3
miles per hour.
Substitute the component forms of r and v 2 into r =
b. Find the resultant direction angle θ.
v 1 + v 2 and solve for v 1.

Since r lies in Quadrant IV, θ = 360 + (−3.7) or The component form of the initial course is
356.3°. Therefore, the angle of the airplane’s flight is .
about S86°E.
ANSWER: Find the magnitude of v 1.
a. about 674.3 mph
b. about S86°E
54. HEADING A pilot needs to plot a course that will
result in a velocity of 500 miles per hour in a
direction of due west. If the wind is blowing 100
miles per hour from the directed angle of 192°, find Find the resultant direction angle θ.
the direction and the speed the pilot should set to
achieve this resultant.
SOLUTION:
The pilot’s final heading of 500 miles per hour in a
direction of due west can be represented by the
vector . The final heading is the sum of
the vector representing the initial course v 1 plotted Since v 1 lies in Quadrant III, θ = 180 + 2.0 or about
182°. Thus, the pilot needs to plot a course of about
by the pilot and the vector representing the wind v 2,
598.2 miles per hour at a directed angle of 182°.
or r = v 1 + v 2.

Since v 1 lies in Quadrant III, θ = 180 + 2.0 or about Use the component form of the vector to find the
182°. Thus, the pilot needs to plot a course of about magnitude. Substitute x2 − x1 = 2 and y 2 − y 1 = 4
598.2 miles per hour at a directed angle of 182°. into the formula for the magnitude of a vector in the
coordinate plane.
ANSWER:
about 598.2 mph at a directed angle of 182°
Determine whether and with the initial

and terminal points given are equivalent. If so,
prove that = . If not, explain why not.
55. A(3, 5), B(6, 9), C(–4, –4), D(–2, 0)
SOLUTION:
Find the magnitude and direction of each vector.
For , find the component form. Next, find the direction angle of .

Use the component form of the vector to find the
magnitude. Substitute x2 − x1 = 3 and y 2 − y 1 = 4
into the formula for the magnitude of a vector in the
coordinate plane. No; and are not equivalent. The magnitude
and direction are not the same for both vectors, so
they are not equivalent.
ANSWER:
No; sample answer: The magnitude and direction are
not the same for both vectors, so they are not
equivalent.
Next, find the direction angle of .
56. A(–4, –5), B(–8, 1), C(3, –3), D(1, 0)

SOLUTION:
For , find the component form.


magnitude. Substitute x2 − x1 = −4 and y 2 − y 1 = 6
coordinate plane.

magnitude. Substitute x2 − x1 = 2 and y 2 − y 1 = 4

coordinate plane.

No; nd are not equivalent: The direction of
the two vectors is the same, but the magnitude is
different, so they are not equivalent.
ANSWER:
No; sample answer: The direction of the two vectors
is the same, but the magnitude is different, so they
are not equivalent.
Next, find the direction angle of . 57. A(1, –3), B(0, –10), C(11, 8), D(10, 1)
SOLUTION:

For , find the component form. Use the component form of the vector to find the
magnitude. Substitute x2 − x1 = −1 and y 2 − y 1 = −7
coordinate plane.

coordinate plane.




Manual - Powered by Cognero Use the component form of the vector to find the
eSolutions Page 20
No; nd are not equivalent: The direction of
the two vectors is the same, but the magnitude is into the formula for the magnitude of a vector in the
c. How long does it take them to travel from one
bank to the other if they head directly across the
river?
8-2 Vectors in the Coordinate Plane SOLUTION:
a. Diagram the situation.
coordinate plane.

Next, find the direction angle of . The speed of the raft is represented by the
magnitude of the resultant vector r. The resultant
vector r is the sum of the vector representing the
path of the raft v 1 and the vector representing the
current of the river v 2, or r = v 1 + v 2. Writing in
component form, and .
Substitute these vectors into r = v 1 + v 2 and solve
for r.
Yes; and are equivalent. The magnitude
and direction are the same for both vectors, so they
are equivalent.
ANSWER:

Yes; sample answer: The magnitude and direction Find the magnitude of r.
are the same for both vectors, so they are

equivalent.
58. RAFTING The Soto family is rafting across a river.

Suppose that they are on a stretch of the river that is
150 meters wide, flowing south at a rate of 1.0 meter
per second. In still water, their raft travels 5.0 So, the speed of the raft is about 5.1 meters per
meters per second. second.
a. What is the speed of the raft?
b. How far downriver will the raft land?
c. How long does it take them to travel from one b. The vectors representing the resultant, the path of
bank to the other if they head directly across the the raft, and the current of the river form a right
river? triangle.
SOLUTION:

Assuming the raft continues on the path represented
by r, a similar triangle can be formed using r and the
width of the river.

b. What are the speed and direction of the wind?
c. If the pilot increased the air speed of the plane to
500 miles per hour, what would be the resulting
8-2 Assuming
Vectorsthe
in raft
thecontinues on the path
Coordinate represented
Plane ground speed and direction of the plane?
by r, a similar triangle can be formed using r and the
width of the river. SOLUTION:
a. Sample answer: Draw a diagram to represent the
situation. If the initial bearing of the jet is N82°E but
is flying at a bearing of N79°E because of the wind,
the angle created by the two vectors is 3°.
Drawing is not to scale.

Using properties of similar triangles, = or x
= 30. So, the raft will land 30 meters downriver.

c. First, find the total distance d traveled by the raft
using the answer from part b and the Pythagorean
Theorem.
b. The resultant vector r for the ground speed of the
jet is the sum of the vector representing the air speed
of the jet v 1 and the vector representing the wind v 2,
or r = v 1 + v 2.

The total distance traveled by the raft is about 153
meters. If the raft traveled at a speed of 5.1 meters
per second, the time that it took the family to cross Use the air speed and bearing of the jet to write v 1
the river is = 30 seconds. in component form. Let θ = 8° since the bearing is
N82°E.
ANSWER:
a. about 5.1 m/s
b. 30 m
c. 30 s
Use the ground speed and bearing of the jet to write
59. NAVIGATION A jet is flying with an air speed of r in component form. Let θ = 11° since the bearing is
480 miles per hour at a bearing of N82°E. Because N79°E.
of the wind, the ground speed of the plane is 518
miles per hour at a bearing of N79°E.
a. Draw a diagram to represent the situation.
b. What are the speed and direction of the wind?
c. If the pilot increased the air speed of the plane to
500 miles per hour, what would be the resulting
ground speed and direction of the plane? Substitute the component forms of r and v 1 into r =
SOLUTION: v 1 + v 2 and solve for v 2.
a. Sample
eSolutions Manual -answer: Draw
Powered by a diagram
Cognero to represent the Page 22
situation. If the initial bearing of the jet is N82°E but
is flying at a bearing of N79°E because of the wind,

r v r=
8-2 Substitute
Vectorsthe incomponent forms of and 1 into
the Coordinate Plane
v 1 + v 2 and solve for v 2.

The component form of the wind is .

Find the magnitude of v 2. The directed angle of the jet is about 11°. Thus, the
jet is traveling at a resulting ground speed of about
538 miles per hour at a directed angle of about N79°
E.
ANSWER:
Find the resultant direction angle θ. a. Sample answer:
The directed angle of the wind is about 44°. Thus, b. about 46.1 mph; about N46°E
the wind is blowing about 46.1 miles per hour at a c. about 538 mph; about N79°E
bearing of about N46°E.
60. TRANSLATIONS You can translate a figure
c. Use the air speed and bearing of the jet to write along a translation vector by adding a to each
v 1 in component form. Let θ = 8° since the bearing x-coordinate and b to each y-coordinate. Consider
the triangles shown below.
is N82°E.

Substitute the component forms of v 1 and v 2 into r =
v 1 + v 2 and solve for r.
a. Describe the translation from ΔFGH to ΔF'G'H'
using a translation vector.
b. Graph ΔF'G'H' and its translated image
ΔF''G''H'' along .
c. Describe the translation from ΔFGH to
ΔF''G''H'' using a translation vector.
Find the magnitude of r.
SOLUTION:
a. Find the coordinates of F and F′. F(2, −1) and F′
(4, 4). Since a translation vector is added to
each vertex to obtain its image, write F′ as the sum
Find the resultant direction angle θ. of F and the translation vector. Then solve for a and
b.

So, 2 + a = 4 and −1 + b = 4. Thus, a = 2 and bPage
= 5.23

The directed angle of the jet is about 11°. Thus, the The translation vector is .
a. Find the coordinates of F and F′. F(2, −1) and F′
(4, 4). Since a translation vector is added to
8-2 each vertex to obtain its image,
Vectors in the Coordinate Plane write F′ as the sum
of F and the translation vector. Then solve for a and
b. So, 2 + a = 1 and −1 + b = −2. Thus, a = −1 and b =
−1. The translation vector is .
ANSWER:
a.
So, 2 + a = 4 and −1 + b = 4. Thus, a = 2 and b = 5. b.
The translation vector is .

b. Find the coordinates of F′, G′, and H′. F′(4, 4), G′
(4, 1), and H′(7, 1). Add the translation vector to
each coordinate.
c.
Given the initial point and magnitude of each

vector, determine a possible terminal point of
the vector.
61. (–1, 4);
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Substitute (−1, 4) and into the
formula for the magnitude of a vector and solve for
(x2, y 2).

Graph triangle and .
Let x = 0.

c. Find the coordinates F and F′′. F(2, −1) and F′′(1,
−2). Since a translation vector is added to
Solving −6 = y 2 − 4, y 2 = −2. So, a possible terminal
each vertex to obtain its image, write F′′ as the sum
of F and the translation vector. Then solve for a and point of the vector is (0, −2).
b.
ANSWER:
Sample answer: (0, –2)
62. (–3, –7); 10

So, 2 + a = 1 and −1 + b = −2. Thus, a = −1 and b = SOLUTION:
−1. The
eSolutions translation
Manual vector
- Powered by is
Cognero . Sample answer: Substitute (−3, −7) and 10 intoPage
the 24
ANSWER: (x2, y 2).
a. Use the tension and directed angle of each wire to
point of the vector is (0, −2). write the vectors representing each of the wires in
component form. For wire 1, the directed angle is
ANSWER:
180 − 51 or 129°, and for wire 3, the directed angle
8-2 Sample
Vectors in the
answer: Coordinate Plane
(0, –2) is 360 −39 or 321°.
wire 1:
62. (–3, –7); 10
SOLUTION:
wire 2:
Sample answer: Substitute (−3, −7) and 10 into the
(x2, y 2).
wire 3:

b. The resultant vector r is the sum of wire 1 v 1,
wire 2 v 2, and wire 3 v 3. Substitute the values found
in part a into r = v 1 + v 2 + v 3 and solve for r.
Let x = 5.
c. Find the magnitude of r.
Solving 6 = y 2 + 7, y 2 = −1. So, a possible terminal

point of the vector is (5, −1).
ANSWER:
Sample answer: (5, –1)
63. CAMERA A video camera that follows the action
at a sporting event is supported by three wires. The
tension in each wire can be modeled by a vector.
The resultant force is about 1157 newtons at a
directed angle of about 53.5°.
ANSWER:
a. wire 1: ; wire 2:
; wire 3:
b.
a. Find the component form of each vector.
c. about 1157 N; about 53.5°
acting on the camera. 64. FORCE A box is stationary on a ramp. Both
c. Find the magnitude and direction of the resulting gravity g and friction are being exerted on the box.
force. The components of gravity are shown in the
SOLUTION: diagram. What must be true of the force of friction
for this scenario to be possible?
a. Use the tension and directed angle of each wire to
write the vectors representing each of the wires in
component form. For wire 1, the directed angle is
180 − 51 or 129°, and for wire 3, the directed angle
is 360 −39 or 321°.
wire 1:
SOLUTION:
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero The friction force cannot be less than the componentPage 25
of gravity that is parallel to the ramp. If the friction
wire 2:
force is less than the component of gravity that is
ANSWER: ANSWER:
a. wire 1: ; wire 2: Sample answer: a = k b, where k is any real number
; wire 3: scalar.
8-2 b.
Vectors in the Coordinate Plane
c. about 1157 N; about 53.5° 66. CHALLENGE To pull luggage, Greg exerts a
force of 150 newtons at an angle of 58° with the
64. FORCE A box is stationary on a ramp. Both horizontal. If the resultant force on the luggage is 72
gravity g and friction are being exerted on the box. newtons at an angle of 56.7° with the horizontal,
The components of gravity are shown in the what is the magnitude of the resultant of Ffriction and
diagram. What must be true of the force of friction Fweight?
for this scenario to be possible?

SOLUTION:
The friction force cannot be less than the component
of gravity that is parallel to the ramp. If the friction
force is less than the component of gravity that is SOLUTION:
parallel to the ramp, the box would slide down the To find the magnitude of the resultant of Ffriction and
ramp.
Fweight, find Ffriction . The resultant force on the
ANSWER: luggage r is the sum of the vector representing the
The friction force cannot be less than the component force exerted by Greg v and the vectors
of gravity that is parallel to the ramp. representing the friction Ffriction and the weight of
65. REASONING If vectors a and b are parallel, the luggage Fweight, or r = v + Ffriction + Fweight.
write a vector equation relating a and b. Use the magnitude and direction of the resultant
force on the luggage to write r in component form.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Let and .
Find the directed angle for each vector.
Use the magnitude and direction of the force exerted

by Greg to write v in component form.
If a and b are parallel, then their directed angles

must be equal. Thus,
From the diagram, Fweight can be written as
.
Substitute the component forms of r, v , and Fweight
into r = v + Ffriction + Fweight and solve for Ffriction .
If = , then = for any real number k.
Thus, a = k b, where k is any real number scalar.
ANSWER:
Sample answer: a = k b, where k is any real number
scalar. The resultant of Ffriction and Fweight is
66. CHALLENGE To pull luggage, Greg exerts a
force of 150 newtons at an angle of 58° with the Find the magnitude of .
horizontal. If the resultant force on the luggage is 72
newtons at an angle of 56.7° with the horizontal, Page 26
what is the magnitude of the resultant of Ffriction and

F ?
Sample answer: If the initial point of a vector is (a,
The resultant of Ffriction and Fweight is b) and the vector has magnitude m, then the locus of
terminal points (x, y) are the points that satisfy the
Find the magnitude of . equation = m.

68. Writing in Math Explain how to find the direction
angle of a vector in the fourth quadrant.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: To find the direction angle of a
The magnitude of the resultant of Ffriction and Fweight vector in the fourth quadrant, use the vertical and
is about 78 newtons. horizontal components of the vector and the
ANSWER: trigonometric equation tan θ = to determine the

about 78 N angle that the vector makes with the positive x-axis.
Since the horizontal component will be positive and
67. REASONING If given the initial point of a vector the vertical component will be negative in the fourth
and its magnitude, describe the locus of points that quadrant, using the trigonometric equation will
represent possible locations for the terminal point. produce a negative value for θ. Add this value to
360° to find the direction angle of the vector in the
SOLUTION: fourth quadrant.
Sample answer: If the initial point of a vector is (a,
b) and the vector has magnitude m, then the locus of ANSWER:
terminal points (x, y) are the points that satisfy the Sample answer: To find the direction angle of a
equation = m. The locus of vector in the fourth quadrant, use the vertical and
terminal points (x, y) are the points that lie on the horizontal components of the vector and the
circle that has a center at (a, b) and a radius of m.
trigonometric equation tan θ = to determine the

Consider a vector with an initial point at the origin angle that the vector makes with the positive x-axis.
and a magnitude of m. Then add this value to 360° to find the direction
angle of the vector in the fourth quadrant.
The circle below is formed by the terminal points of
many vectors with this initial point and magnitude. 69. CHALLENGE The direction angle of is
(4y)°. Find x in terms of y.
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
ANSWER: PROOF Prove each vector property. Let a =

Sample answer: If the initial point of a vector is (a, ,b= , and c = .
b) and the vector has magnitude m, then the locus of 70. a + b = b + a
terminal points (x, y) are the points that satisfy the
SOLUTION:
equation = m.
68. Writing in Math Explain how to find the direction

angle
eSolutions of a -vector
Manual inbythe
Powered fourth
Cognero quadrant. Page 27
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: To find the direction angle of a
ANSWER:
PROOF Prove each vector property. Let a = 72. k(a + b) = k a + k b, where k is a scalar

,b= , and c = .
70. a + b = b + a SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
ANSWER: ANSWER:
71. (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
SOLUTION:
73. |k a| = | k| | a |, where k is a scalar
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
72. k(a + b) = k a + k b, where k is a scalar

SOLUTION:
74. TOYS Roman is pulling a toy by exerting a force

of 1.5 newtons on a string attached to the toy.
ANSWER: a. The string makes an angle of 52° with the floor.
Find the horizontal and vertical components of the
Page 28
force.
b. If Roman raises the string so that it makes a 78°
angle with the floor, what are the magnitudes of the
the vertical component is about 1.47 newtons.
ANSWER:
8-2 Vectors in the Coordinate Plane a. ≈0.92 N, ≈1.18 N
b. ≈0.31 N, ≈1.47 N
74. TOYS Roman is pulling a toy by exerting a force Write each pair of parametric equations in
of 1.5 newtons on a string attached to the toy. rectangular form.
a. The string makes an angle of 52° with the floor. 75. y = t2 + 2, x = 3t – 6
Find the horizontal and vertical components of the
force. SOLUTION:
b. If Roman raises the string so that it makes a 78° Solve for t.
angle with the floor, what are the magnitudes of the
horizontal and vertical components of the force?
SOLUTION:
Substitute for t.
The horizontal and vertical components of the force

form a right triangle. Use the sine or cosine ratios to
find the magnitude of each force.
ANSWER:

The horizontal component is about 0.92 newton and

the vertical component is about 1.18 newtons. 76. y = t2 – 5, x = 2t + 8
b. Repeat the process used in part a, but use an
SOLUTION:
angle of 78° instead of 52°.
Solve for t.

Substitute for t.
The horizontal component is about 0.31 newton and
the vertical component is about 1.47 newtons.
ANSWER:
a. ≈0.92 N, ≈1.18 N
b. ≈0.31 N, ≈1.47 N
Write each pair of parametric equations in

rectangular form.
75. y = t2 + 2, x = 3t – 6
ANSWER:
SOLUTION:
Solve for t.
77. y = 7t, x = t2 – 1
SOLUTION:
Substitute for t. Solve for t.
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
y = ±7
77. y = 7t, x = t2 – 1 78. UMBRELLAS A beach umbrella has an arch in

the shape of a parabola. Write an equation to model
SOLUTION: the arch, assuming that the origin and the vertex are
Solve for t. at the point where the pole and the canopy of the
umbrella meet. Express y in terms of x.

Substitute for t.
SOLUTION:
The standard form for a parabola that opens
2
vertically is (x − h) = 4p (y − k). If the vertex is at
ANSWER: 2
the origin, h = 0 and k = 0. The equation becomes x
y = ±7 = 4py . If the vertex of the umbrella is at the origin,
then the two tips of the umbrella occur at the points
78. UMBRELLAS A beach umbrella has an arch in (−4.5, −1.5) and (4.5, 1.5). Substitute one of these
the shape of a parabola. Write an equation to model points into the equation and solve for p .
the arch, assuming that the origin and the vertex are
at the point where the pole and the canopy of the
umbrella meet. Express y in terms of x.

To write an equation to model the arch in terms of y,
2
SOLUTION: substitute p = into x = 4py and solve for y.
The standard form for a parabola that opens
2
vertically is (x − h) = 4p (y − k). If the vertex is at
2
the origin, h = 0 and k = 0. The equation becomes x
= 4py . If the vertex of the umbrella is at the origin,
then the two tips of the umbrella occur at the points
(−4.5, −1.5) and (4.5, 1.5). Substitute one of these
points into the equation and solve for p .
ANSWER:
Decompose each expression into partial

fractions.

To write an equation to model the arch in terms of y, 79.
2
substitute p = into x = 4py and solve for y.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero SOLUTION: Page 30
Rewrite the expression as partial fractions with
constant numerators, A and B, and denominators that
Decompose each expression into partial
fractions.
8-2
79. Vectors in the Coordinate Plane
ANSWER:
SOLUTION:
are the linear factors of the original denominator.
80.
2
Multiply each side by the LCD, 2z + z 6. SOLUTION:

Group the like terms. are the linear factors of the original denominator.

Multiply each side by the LCD, .

Equate the coefficients on the left and right side of Group the like terms.
the equation to form two equations with 2 variables.
In other words, the coefficients of the z-terms on the
left side of the equation must equal the coefficients
of the z-terms on the right side.

Use any method to solve the new system.

Equate the coefficients on the left and right side of
the equation to form three equations with 3 variables.
In other words, the coefficients of the x-terms on the
of the x-terms on the right side.


Replace A and B with 3 and 1 in the partial fraction
decomposition.

ANSWER:



Replace A, B, and C with 6, –3 and 4 in the partial
fraction decomposition.
Replace A and B with 6 and 3 in the partial

fraction decomposition.
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
81.
SOLUTION:
Rewrite the expression as partial fractions with Verify each identity.
constant numerators, A and B, and denominators that 82. sin (θ + 180°) = –sin θ
are the linear factors of the original denominator.
SOLUTION:
2
Multiply each side by the LCD, x 9.

ANSWER:
Group the like terms.

83. sin (60° + θ) + sin (60° – θ) = cos θ

SOLUTION:
Equate the coefficients on the left and right side of
the equation to form two equations with 2 variables.

ANSWER:

ANSWER:

2 ln 7 – 2 ln 3
83. sin (60° + θ) + sin (60° – θ) = cos θ 86. ln 441
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
2 ln 3 + 2 ln 7
ANSWER:
87.
SOLUTION:
Express each logarithm in terms of ln 3 and ln

7.
84. ln 189
ANSWER:
SOLUTION: 2 ln 3 – 3 ln 7
Find each f (c) using synthetic substitution.

88. f (x) = 6x6 – 9x4 + 12x3 – 16x2 + 8x + 24; c = 6
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
3 ln 3 + ln 7
The remainder is 270,360. Therefore, f (6) = 270,360.
85. ln 5. ANSWER:
270,360
SOLUTION:
89. f (x) = 8x5 – 12x4 + 18x3 – 24x2 + 36x – 48, c = 4

SOLUTION:
The remainder is 5,984. Therefore, f (4) = 5,984.
ANSWER: ANSWER:
2 ln 7 – 2 ln 3 5984
86. ln 441 90. SAT/ACT If PR = RS, what is the area of triangle

PRS?
SOLUTION:
The remainder is 5,984. Therefore, f (4) = 5,984. The correct answer is B.
8-2 ANSWER:
5984 B
90. SAT/ACT If PR = RS, what is the area of triangle 91. REVIEW Dalton has made a game for his younger
PRS? sister’s birthday party. The playing board is a circle
divided evenly into 8 sectors. If the circle has a
radius of 18 inches, what is the approximate area of
one of the sectors?
F 4 in2
2
A 9 G 32 in
B 9 H 127 in2
2
C 18 J 254 in
D 18 SOLUTION:
E 36 Find the area of the circular board by substituting r =
2
18 into the formula for the area of a circle, A = πr .
SOLUTION:
If PR = RS, then RS = 6 and = 30° as shown.
The area of one of the 8 sectors is

square inches.
Therefore, = 120°. Using , PR, and RS, the The correct answer is H.
area of the triangle can now be found.
ANSWER:
H
92. Paramedics Lydia Gonzalez and Theo Howard are

moving a person on a stretcher. Ms. Gonzalez is
pushing the stretcher from behind with a force of
135 newtons at 58° with the horizontal, while Mr.
Howard is pulling the stretcher from the front with a
force of 214 newtons at 43° with the horizontal.
The correct answer is B.
What is the magnitude of the horizontal force
ANSWER: exerted on the stretcher?
A 228 N
B
B 260 N
91. REVIEW Dalton has made a game for his younger C 299 N
sister’s birthday party. The playing board is a circle D 346 N
divided evenly into 8 sectors. If the circle has a
radius of 18 inches, what is the approximate area of SOLUTION:
one of the sectors? Diagram the situation.
F 4 in2
2
G 32 in
H 127 in2
2
J 254 in
SOLUTION:
Find the area of the circular board by substituting r = Since Ms. Gonzalez and Mr. Howard are pushing
2 and pulling the stretcher in the same direction, the
18 into the formula for the area of a circle, A = πr . horizontal forces will both be positive. Calculate the
magnitudes of both horizontal forces x 1 and x 2.

The area of one of the 8 sectors is
square inches. stretcher is about 71.5 + 156.5 or 228 newtons.
The correct answer is H. The correct answer is A.
8-2 ANSWER:
H A
92. Paramedics Lydia Gonzalez and Theo Howard are 93. REVIEW Find the center and radius of the circle
moving a person on a stretcher. Ms. Gonzalez is 2 2
with equation (x – 4) + y – 16 = 0.
pushing the stretcher from behind with a force of F C(−4, 0); r = 4 units
135 newtons at 58° with the horizontal, while Mr. G C(−4, 0); r = 16 units
Howard is pulling the stretcher from the front with a H C(4, 0); r = 4 units
force of 214 newtons at 43° with the horizontal. J C(4, 0); r = 16 units
What is the magnitude of the horizontal force
exerted on the stretcher? SOLUTION:
A 228 N 2 2
Write the equation in standard form as (x − 4) + y
B 260 N
= 16. The circle has a center at (4, 0) and a radius of
C 299 N 4.
D 346 N The correct answer is H.
SOLUTION: ANSWER:
Diagram the situation. H
Since Ms. Gonzalez and Mr. Howard are pushing

and pulling the stretcher in the same direction, the
horizontal forces will both be positive. Calculate the
magnitudes of both horizontal forces x 1 and x 2.

The magnitude of the horizontal force exerted on the
stretcher is about 71.5 + 156.5 or 228 newtons.
The correct answer is A.
ANSWER:
A
93. REVIEW Find the center and radius of the circle

2 2
with equation (x – 4) + y – 16 = 0.
F C(−4, 0); r = 4 units
G C(−4, 0); r = 16 units
H C(4, 0); r = 4 units
J C(4, 0); r = 16 units
SOLUTION:
2 2
Write the equation in standard form as (x − 4) + y
= 16. The circle has a center at (4, 0) and a radius of
4.
The correct answer is H.
ANSWER:
H

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ANSWER:

; ≈ 8.1 4. A(−2, 7), B(−9, −1)

5. A(−5, −4), B(8, −2)

5. A(−5, −4), B(8, −2) 7. A(2.5, −3), B(−4, 1.5)

9. A ,B 10. A , B(−1, 7)

and y 2 − y 1 = into the formula for the and y 2 − y 1 = into the formula for the

Find each of the following for f = ,g=

and y 2 − y 1 = into the formula for the 12. f + 2h

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 3

14. 2f + g – 3h 18. 6h + 5f − 10g

19. PHYSICS In physics, force diagrams are used to Find a unit vector u with the same direction as

a. Using the blue dot representing the child as the

The component form of the resultant vector

Find a unit vector u with the same direction as

27. v = 29. D(9, −6), E(−7, 2)

Then rewrite the vector as a linear combination of

ANSWER: 30. D(3, 11), E(−2, −8)

29. D(9, −6), E(−7, 2)

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero ANSWER: Page 9

31. D(9.5, 1), E(0, −7.3) 33. D(−4, −6), E(9, 5)

Then rewrite the vector as a linear combination of

Then rewrite the vector as a linear combination of

33. D(−4, −6), E(9, 5)

35. D(−3, 1.5), E(−3, 1.5)

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 10

35. D(−3, 1.5), E(−3, 1.5) 36. COMMUTE To commute to school, Larisa leaves

Drawing may not be to scale. ANSWER:

Thus, she is traveling at about 5.8 miles per hour.

Find the component form of v with the given

40. | v | = 6, θ = 240° 43. | v | = 15, θ = 125°

42. | v | = 28, θ = 273°

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 13

Since the vector lies in Quadrant IV, θ = 360° +

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 14

Since the vector lies in Quadrant III, θ = 180° +

Since the vector lies in Quadrant IV, θ = 360° +

Determine whether and with the initial

56. A(–4, –5), B(–8, 1), C(3, –3), D(1, 0)

58. RAFTING The Soto family is rafting across a river.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 21

Drawing is not to scale.

The component form of the wind is .

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

Given the initial point and magnitude of each

c. Find the magnitude of r.

Solving 6 = y 2 + 7, y 2 = −1. So, a possible terminal

Use the magnitude and direction of the force exerted

If a and b are parallel, then their directed angles

what is the magnitude of the resultant of Ffriction and

ANSWER: trigonometric equation tan θ = to determine the

ANSWER: PROOF Prove each vector property. Let a =

68. Writing in Math Explain how to find the direction

PROOF Prove each vector property. Let a = 72. k(a + b) = k a + k b, where k is a scalar

72. k(a + b) = k a + k b, where k is a scalar

74. TOYS Roman is pulling a toy by exerting a force

The horizontal and vertical components of the force

The horizontal component is about 0.92 newton and

Write each pair of parametric equations in

77. y = 7t, x = t2 – 1 78. UMBRELLAS A beach umbrella has an arch in

Decompose each expression into partial

Use any method to solve the new system.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 31

8-2 Vectors in the Coordinate Plane