Mathematics in the Modern World – UNIT 2

Mathematical Language
& Symbols

Department of Mathematics and Physics

University of Santo Tomas

Prepared by Eugenio Cedric T. Corro

and Xandro Alexi A. Nieto
Language
Language
Language
Language

谢谢 xie xie
Language

안녕하세요
annyeonghaseyo
Language

ฉันรั กคุณ
chan rák khun

ผมรั กคุณ
phom rák khun

สวยมาก
suay mák
Language
IS MATHEMATICS A
LANGUAGE?
Do you get these “nerd” jokes?
Do you get these “nerd” jokes?
What is a language?

Language (n.): a
systematic means of
communicating ideas or
feelings by the use of
conventional symbols,
sounds, or marks having
understood meaning
What is a language?
What is a language?

± ∞ ∅
𝒙 𝛉, 𝛃, 𝛜, 𝛔
What is a language?

∀ ‘for every”

∃ “there exists”
∴ “therefore”
෍ 𝒙 , ෑ 𝒑 𝒙 , න 𝒇(𝒙) ,
sum, product, integral
Language is growing.
Language is growing

3x3x3x3x3 𝟑 𝟓

ෑ𝟑
𝒊=𝟏
Phrase vs
Sentence
 Phrase
a group of words that expresses a concept

Sentence
a group of words that are put together to
mean something
Expressions
vs
Equations
Expression
a group of number or variable
with or without mathematical operation

Equation
a group of number or variable
with or without mathematical operation
separated by an equal sign
Expression vs Equation

Expression
Sum of two numbers

𝑥+𝑦
Expression vs Equation

Expression Equation
Sum of two numbers Sum of two numbers is 8.

𝑥+𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 =8
Translate the
following to
mathematical
expressions
/equations.
English words to mathematics

English phrase/sentence Mathematical symbols

Product of two numbers
Three more than twice a number
Two less than half a number is 15.
The sum of three distinct numbers is at
least 10.
He owns at most eight cars.
The price of the house increased by 8%.
Each kid gets one-eighth of the cake.
English words to mathematics

English phrase/sentence Mathematical symbols

Product of two numbers 𝐴×𝐵 or 𝐴𝐵
Three more than twice a number
Two less than half a number is 15.
The sum of three distinct numbers is at
least 10.
He owns at most eight cars.
The price of the house increased by 8%.
Each kid gets one-eighth of the cake.
English words to mathematics

English phrase/sentence Mathematical symbols

Product of two numbers 𝐴×𝐵 or 𝐴𝐵
Three more than twice a number 2𝑥 + 3
Two less than half a number is 15.
The sum of three distinct numbers is at
least 10.
He owns at most eight cars.
The price of the house increased by 8%.
Each kid gets one-eighth of the cake.
English words to mathematics

English phrase/sentence Mathematical symbols

Product of two numbers 𝐴×𝐵 or 𝐴𝐵
Three more than twice a number 2𝑥 + 3
Two less than half a number is 15. 1
𝑦 − 2 = 15
2
The sum of three distinct numbers is at
least 10.
He owns at most eight cars.
The price of the house increased by 8%.
Each kid gets one-eighth of the cake.
English words to mathematics

English phrase/sentence Mathematical symbols

Product of two numbers 𝐴×𝐵 or 𝐴𝐵
Three more than twice a number 2𝑥 + 3
Two less than half a number is 15. 1
𝑦 − 2 = 15
2
The sum of three distinct numbers is at 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ≥ 10
least 10.
He owns at most eight cars.
The price of the house increased by 8%.
Each kid gets one-eighth of the cake.
English words to mathematics

English phrase/sentence Mathematical symbols

Product of two numbers 𝐴×𝐵 or 𝐴𝐵
Three more than twice a number 2𝑥 + 3
Two less than half a number is 15. 1
𝑦 − 2 = 15
2
The sum of three distinct numbers is at 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ≥ 10
least 10.
He owns at most eight cars. 𝐶≤8
The price of the house increased by 8%.
Each kid gets one-eighth of the cake.
English words to mathematics

English phrase/sentence Mathematical symbols

Product of two numbers 𝐴×𝐵 or 𝐴𝐵
Three more than twice a number 2𝑥 + 3
Two less than half a number is 15. 1
𝑦 − 2 = 15
2
The sum of three distinct numbers is at 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ≥ 10
least 10.
He owns at most eight cars. 𝐶≤8
The price of the house increased by 8%. 𝑃𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑑 + 0.08 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑑
Each kid gets one-eighth of the cake.
English words to mathematics

English phrase/sentence Mathematical symbols

Product of two numbers 𝐴×𝐵 or 𝐴𝐵
Three more than twice a number 2𝑥 + 3
Two less than half a number is 15. 1
𝑦 − 2 = 15
2
The sum of three distinct numbers is at 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ≥ 10
least 10.
He owns at most eight cars. 𝐶≤8
The price of the house increased by 8%. 𝑃𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑑 + 0.08 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑑
Each kid gets one-eighth of the cake. 1
𝐾= 𝐶
8
Expression or Equation?

Classify.

(1) The product of two numbers

(2) The sum of three integers is greater than 11.
(3) Half of the sum of 23 and 88
(4) The sum of two numbers is half their product.
(5) 2𝑥 − 3
(6) 𝑥=1
3𝑦
(7) 𝑥+
2
(8) 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 5𝑥
Characteristics of math language

• Precise
- able to make very fine distinctions

• Concise
- able to say things briefly

• Powerful
- able to express complex thoughts with
relative ease
Mathematics in the Modern World – UNIT 2

SETS
Mathematics in the Modern World – UNIT 2

collection of objects,
called as elements

SETS
Set Notation

S
ROSTER
METHOD
1
2
3 𝑺 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓
4
5
Set Notation

𝑺 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓

1∈𝑆 means “1 is an element of set 𝑆”

while

6∉𝑆 means “6 is NOT an element of set 𝑆”

Set Notation

𝑺 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, …

𝑆 also contains 6,7,8, and so on – all positive integers

Set Notation

𝑻 = … , −𝟑, −𝟐, −𝟏

𝑇 also contains -4,-5,-6, and so on – all negative integers

Set Notation

𝒁 = … , −𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, …

𝑍 also contains all integers

Set Notation

What if I want to know the set containing

ALL real numbers between 0 and 1
(including 0 and 1)?

???
Set Notation

What if I want to know the set containing

ALL real numbers between 0 and 1
(including 0 and 1)?
Set-builder
notation
𝑆 = 𝑥 | 𝑥 ≥ 0 𝐴𝑁𝐷 𝑥 ≤ 1
“such that”

“𝑆 contains all 𝑥’s such that 𝑥 is greater than or equal to 0 AND

𝑥 is less than or equal to 1”
Set Notation

What if I want to know the set containing

ALL real numbers between 0 and 1
(including 0 and 1)?
𝑆 = 𝑥|0≤𝑥 ≤1

“𝑆 contains all 𝑥’s such that 𝑥 is greater than or equal to 0 AND

𝑥 is less than or equal to 1”
Some known sets

Empty set ∅ or

Set of natural numbers ℕ = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …

Set of integers ℤ = … , −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, …

Using sets

Describe each set.

• {Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday,

Friday, Saturday}
• {A, E, I, O, U}
• {Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars}
• {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
• {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …}
• {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13}
• {1, 4, 9, 16, 25}
Using sets

Write in set notation.

• Months with 31 days

• Colors of the rainbow
• Dog breeds that lay egg
• Three core Thomasian values
Subset

Set NOTATION:

1,2,3 ⊆ {1,2,3,4,5}

{1,2,3} is a subset of {1,2,3,4,5}

Subset
Proper subset

A proper subset of a set S is a subset of S but

not equal to set S. Notation: ⊂

Ex. S = {1,2,3,4,5}; A = {1,2,3,4,5}; B = {1,2,3}

Set A is a subset of set S but not a proper subset of set S

→ A ⊆ S BUT A ⊄ S

Set B is a proper subset of set S → B ⊂ S

Subset (Examples and Nonexamples)

{1,2,3,4,5} is a subset of {1,2,3,4,5}.

{1,2} is a proper subset of {1,2,3,4,5}.

{6,7} is not a subset of {1,2,3,4,5}.

{1,3,6} is not a subset of {1,2,3,4,5}.

The empty set, ∅, is a subset of 1,2,3,4,5 .

Complement of a set

NOTATIONS: 𝐴 – any set

𝐴′ – the complement of set 𝐴

𝐴′ The set 𝐴′ contains

elements in the
universal set which
𝐴 are not contained
in set 𝐴.
Complement of a set (Examples)

Universal set → 𝐔 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0}

If 𝐴 = 1,4,5,6 , then 𝐴′ = {2,3,7,8,9,0}.

If 𝐵 = {1,2,3}, then 𝐵 ′ = {4,5,6,7,8,9,0}.

If 𝐶 = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}, then 𝐶 ′ = ∅
Set operation (Union)

The union of sets A and B, denoted by U, is the

set that contains all the elements that belong to A
or to B or to both.
A  B = x x  A or x  B

U
A B

A B
Set operation (Union)

Union of 𝐴 and 𝐵 EXAMPLE:

𝑨∪𝑩
Let 𝐴 = {1,3,4,5}
𝐵 = {3,4,7,8}.
𝐴 𝐵
Then
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1,3,4,5,7,8}
Set operation (Intersection)

The intersection of sets A and B, denoted by ∩,

Is the set of elements common to both A and B.
A  B =  x x  A and x  B
Set operation (Intersection)

Intersection of 𝐴 and 𝐵 EXAMPLE:

𝑨∩𝑩
Let 𝐴 = {1,3,4,5}
𝐴 𝐵 𝐵 = {3,4,7,8}.

Then
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {3,4}
LAST EXAMPLE:

Let U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12}
A = 1,3,5,7,9,10
B = {1,2,3,5,7}
C = {2,4,6,7,8}
What is A∩(B∪C)’?
LAST EXAMPLE:

Let U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12}
A = 1,3,5,7,9,10
B = {1,2,3,5,7}
C = {2,4,6,7,8}
Begin with B∪ C.
B∪ C = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
Then (B∪ C)’ = {9,10,11,12}
So A∩(B∪ C)’ = {9,10}
LAST EXAMPLE:

Let U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12}
A = 1,3,5,7,9,10
B = {1,2,3,5,7}

Prove (A∩B)’ = (A’∪B’) and

(A∪B)’ = (A’∩B’)
 Mathematics in the Modern World – UNIT 2

Functions & Relations

Department of Mathematics and Physics

University of Santo Tomas

Prepared by: Myla Detecio

 Functions
FUCNTIONS

A function is a relation such that each element

of the domain is paired with exactly one element
of the range.

The notation f: A→B is used to denote a function

with domain A and range B; f(x) = y means that f
transform x (which must be an element of A) into
y (which must be an element of B).

MMW - MED 65
Definition
Let f : A → B be a function from A to B.

A f B Remark
For each pair of
1 a
distinct points of
2 b A, their images in
3 c f are distinct.
d

- This is a function.
- One-to-one relation. 66
Definition
Let f : A → B be a function from A to B.

A f B Remark
1 a If every element
2 of B is the image
b
3 of some elements
c of A under f.
4 d
5

- This is a function.
- Many-to-one relation. 67
Definition
Let f : A → B be a function from A to B.

A f B
1 a
2 Remark
b Every element of
3 c A has a unique
4 d image in B.

- This is a function.
- One-to-one relation. 68
How about this?

A f B
1 a
2 b
3 c
4 d
e
- This is NOT a function.
- One-to-many relation.
69
How about this?

A f B
1 a
2 b
3 c
4 d

- This is NOT a function.

- Many-to-many relation.
70
Vertical Line Test
- You can use the vertical line test to determine
whether a relation is a function.
- The graph is
a function if
the vertical
line does not
intersects the
graph more
than once.

71