Arab International University

Faculty of Dentistry

General chemistry
Reactions in Aqueous Solution
Acids and Bases
Chapter 4 & Chapter 15-The fourth lecture

Dr. Hourieh Alkadi 1

2
 Acidity dissociation constant, Ka

pK
Ka =-logK
l Ka
- Large Ka (strong acid)
- Small Ka (weak acid) pKa =-logKa
- Acids
A id strength
t th are normally
ll expressed
d
using pKa values rather than Ka
Strong Acid, large Ka but smaller pKa,Weak Acid, small Ka but larger pKa

Hydrogen compounds of the halogens are all strong acids with the
exception of HF (because only partly ionized in aqueous
3
solution,
base dissociation constant Ka: acid dissociation constant
H2O + NH3NH4++OH- Kb: base dissociation constant
[NH4+][OH-] pKa:- logarithms of Ka pKa =-logKa
Kb =
[NH3] pKb: - logarithms ok Kb pKb =-logKb

Which of the following acids has the lowest pH? A. HA

B. HST
0.1 M HBO, pKa = 2.43 C. HMO
0.1 M HA, pKa = 4.55 D. HBO
0.1 M HMO, pKa = 8.23 E. pure water
0.1 M HST, pKa = 11.89
pure water

Which of the following liquids contains the

strongest acid? A. HE
B. HA
0.1 M HA, pH = 6.85 C. HJ
0.1 M HD, pH = 7.22
D. HD
0.1 M HE, pH = 8.34
0.1 M HJ, pH = 11.88 E
E. pure wate
pure water
4
 Types of acids
Monoprotic acids (one step dissociation)
HCl H+ + Cl- St
Strong electrolyte,
l t l t strong
t acid
id

HNO3 H+ + NO3- Strong electrolyte, strong acid

CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO- Weak electrolyte, weak acid

Diprotic acids (two steps dissociations)

H2SO4 H+ + HSO4- Strong electrolyte, strong acid

HSO4- H+ + SO42- Weak electrolyte,

electrolyte weak acid

Triprotic acids (three steps dissociations)

H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4- Weak electrolyte, weak acid

H2PO4- H+ + HPO42- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
HPO42-
2 H+ + PO43-
3
Weak electrolyte, weak acid
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 Oxidation-Reduction (REDOX) reactions
Originally oxidation was assigned to the combination of an element with oxygen to give
an oxide and reduction was the reverse.
2Na 2Na+ + 2e-
Today, a much broader definition is given:
loss of electron(s) for oxidation Cl2 + 2e-  2Cl-
gain of electron(s) for reduction 2Na + Cl2 2Na+ + 2Cl-
Thus redox reactions are electron

transfer reactions.
A redox reaction is therefore a reaction in which
changes in oxidation numbers occur.

( electron
(are l t transfer
t f reactions)??
ti )?? 2Mg (s) + O2 (g) 2MgO (s)
2Mg 2Mg2+ + 4e- Oxidation half-reaction (give or lose e-)
O2 + 4e- 2O2- Reduction half reaction (take or gain e-)
half-reaction
2Mg + O2 + 4e- 2Mg2+ + 2O2- + 4e-
6
2Mg + O2 2MgO
 Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq
q) ZnSO4 (aq
q) + Cu (s)
Zn Zn2+ + 2e- Zn is oxidized Zn is the reducing agent

Cu2+ + 2e- Cu Cu2+ is reduced Cu2+ is the oxidizing agent

Copper wire reacts with silver nitrate to form silver metal.

What is the oxidizing agent in the reaction?

Cu (s) + 2AgNO3 (aq) Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2Ag (s)

Cu Cu2+ + 2e- Cu is oxidized Cu is the reducing agent

g+ + 1e-
Ag Ag g+ is reduced
g Ag g+ is the oxidizing
Ag g agent
g

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 Oxidation number
The charge the atom would have in a molecule (or an ionic compound) if electrons were
completely transferred.
Valence electrons are the electrons that participate in forming chemical bonds.
Oxidation state is a number used to designate ( ‫ )تعيين‬how oxidized an atom is in a compound
or molecule.
4 electrons are in the outer shell of carbon
carbon, they can participate in bonding (valence number
is 4)

1. Free elements (uncombined state) have an oxidation

number
b off zero.
Na, Be, K, Pb, H2, O2, P4 = 0
2. In monatomic ions, the oxidation number is equal to
the charge on the ion.

Li+, Li = +1; Fe3+, Fe = +3; O2-, O = -2

3 The oxidation number of oxygen is usually –2
3. 2. In H2O2
and O22- it is –1.
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4. The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 except when
it is bonded to metals in binary compounds. In these
cases, its oxidation number is –1.

+1 IIA metals are +2 and fluorine

5 Group IA metals are +1,
5.
is always –1.

6. The sum of the oxidation numbers of all the atoms in a

molecule or ion is equal to the charge on the
molecule or ion
ion.
HCO3-
Oxidation numbers of all O = -2
2 H = +1
the elements in HCO3- ?
3x(-2) + 1 + ? = -1
C = +4 9
 IF7
Oxidation numbers of all
the elements in the F = -1
following ?
7x( 1) + ? = 0
7x(-1)
I = +7

K2Cr2O7
NaIO3
Na = +1 O = -2 O = -2 K = +1
3x(-2) + 1 + ? = 0 7x(-2) + 2x(+1) + 2x(?) = 0
I = +5 Cr = +6
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HO
O
C-C
O OH Oxidation Numbers:
Oxalic Acid
( Try these)
O-2, O2- , NaH NO2 , N2O, NO, O2-2

H2S, Na2SO3, NH4Cl, KMnO4, Na2S2O3 NH4+

CO2, H2C2O4 , NH3 H2O2 NaOCl (Cl =+1),

NaClO3
Li2O (oxide), Li2O2 (peroxide), LiO2 (superoxide), OF2
-2 -1 -1/2 +2
HNO2, Nitrous acid, HNO3, Nitric acid, H3PO3,
Phosphor s acid,
Phosphorus acid H3PO4, Phosphoric acid
acid, H2SO4,
Sulfuric acid, H2SO3 , Sulfurous acid.
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Types of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

1-Combination Reaction
A+B C
0 0 +4
4 -2
2
S + O2 SO2
Reduction : (Cl) +5 -1= + 6
[ ClO3- ] + 6 e- ---->
> [ Cl- ] + 3/2 O2
2-Decomposition Reaction Oxidation :(O) - 6 0 = - 6
[ ClO3- ] ----> [ Cl- ] + 3/2 O2 + 6 e-
C A+B

+1 +5 -2 +1 -1 0
2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
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3-Combusation Reactions

2Mg (s) + O2 (g) 2MgO (s)

4-Displacement Reaction
A + BC AC + B
Examples

0 +1 +2 0
Sr + 2H2O Sr(OH)2 + H2 4-1Hydrogen Displacement
+4 0 0 +2
TiCl4 + 2Mg Ti + 2MgCl2 4-2 Metal Displacement

0 -1 -1 0
Cl2 + 2KBr 2KCl + Br2 4-3 Halogen Displacement

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 Activity series of metals in aqueous solution

Metal Oxidation reaction

Li Li(s) Li+(aq) + e-
K React with cold water to
Ba produce H
2
Ease of ooxidation increaases

Na
Ca
Mg
Al
React with steam
Mn to produce H2
Zn
Cr
Fe
Cd
Co
React with acids to
Ni
Produce H2
Sn
E

Pb
H H2(g) 2H +(aq) + 2e
Cu Do not react with water
Agg or acids to produce H2
Hg
Pt 14
Au
The Activity Series for Metals

Displacement
p Reaction
M + BC AC + B
M iis metal
t l
BC is acid or H2O
B is H2
Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2
Pb + 2H2O Pb(OH)2 + H2
Because Pb can react with strong
g
acid to produce H2 but not with
water 15
 4-3
4 3 Halogen Displacement

F2>Cl2>Br2>I2
The power of these elements as oxidizing agents decreases as we
move down group 7A from fluorine to iodine. Fluorine is so
reactive that it is also attacks water; thus these reactions cannot be
carried out in aqueous solutions. On the other hand, molecular
chlorine can displace bromide and iodide ions (bellow it) in
aqueous solutions. The following halogen displacement equations
are:
Red ction reaction
Reduction
X2 + 2e- 2X-
oxidizing agents 16
5-Disproportionation Reaction
(one element
oxidized and reduced at the same time
with different ratios)
Element is simultaneously oxidized and reduced.
0 +1 -1
Cl2 +2NaOH
+2N OH N
NaClO
ClO + N
NaCl
Cl + H2O
Which of these chemical equations describes a disproportionation
reaction?

A. 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g)  4CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)

B. 2KBr(aq) + Cl2(g)  2KCl(aq) + Br2(l)
C. 2H2O2(aq)  2H2O(l) + O2(g)
D. CaBr2(aq) + H2SO4(aq)  CaSO4(s) + 2HBr(g)
E. 2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq)  Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g)

Oxygen: -1
1 to -2
2 Reduced
Oxygen: -1 to zero Oxidized 17
 Classify the following reactions.

Ca2+
2 + CO 2-
3
2 CaCO3 Precipitation

NH3 + H+ NH4+ Acid Base

Acid-Base

Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 Redox ((H2 Displacement)

p )

Ca + F2 CaF2 Redox (Combination)

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