DESIGN and Comparability of Helical and Spiral Vertical Axis Wind Rotor

DESIGN and Comparability of Helical and Spiral Vertical Axis Wind Rotor
DESIGN and Comparability of Helical and Spiral

Vertical Axis Wind Rotor
Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Wind turbines convert the wind's kinetic energy into electricity power through a Wind
turbines produce rotational motion, wind energy is readily converted into electrical
energy by connecting the turbine to an electric generator. The combination of wind
turbine and generator is sometimes referred as an aero generator. A step-up transmission
is usually required to match the relatively slow speed of the wind rotor to the higher
speed of an electric generator.
In India the interest in the windmills was shown in the last fifties and early sixties. Apart
from importing a few from outside, new designs were also developed, but it was not
sustained. It is only in the last few years that development work is going on in many
institutions. An important reason for this lack of interest in wind energy must be that
wind, in India area is relatively low and vary appreciably with the seasons. Data quoted
by some scientists that for India wind speed value lies between 5 kmph to 15-20 kmph.
These low and seasonal winds imply a high cost of exploitation of wind energy.
Calculations based on the performance of a typical windmill have indicated that a unit of
energy derived from a windmill will be at least several times more expensive than energy
derivable from electric distribution lines at the standard rates, provided such electrical
energy is at all available at the windmill site.
The above argument is not fully applicable in rural areas for several reasons. First electric
power is not available in many such areas due to the high cost of generation and
distribution to small dispersed users. Secondly there is possibility of reducing the cost of
the windmills by suitable design. Lastly, on small scales, the total first cost for serving a
felt need and low maintenance costs are more important than the unit cost of energy. The
last point is illustrated easily, dry cells provide energy at the astronomical cost of about
Rs.300 per kWh and yet they are in common use in both rural and urban areas. Wind
energy offers another source for pumping as well as electric power generation.

1.1 WINDMILLS
Different locations have various wind speeds. Some places, such as the British Isles, have
few inhabitants because of high wind speeds, yet they are ideal for wind generation. We
know that the world's largest wind farm is located in California, and the total wind power
generated there exceeds 1,400 MW of electricity. It is more high compare to the typical
nuclear power plant generates 1,000 MW.
We know that for windmills to operate there must be wind with efficient flow. Actually
there are two types of windmills they are Horizontal axis windmills and Vertical axis
windmills. The horizontal axis windmills have a horizontal rotor much like the classic
Dutch four-arm windmill. The horizontal axis windmills primarily rely on lift from the
wind. As stated in Bernoulli's Principle, "a fluid will travel from an area of higher
pressure to an area of lower pressure." It also states, "As the velocity of a fluid increases,
its density decreases." Based upon this principle, horizontal axis windmill blades have
been designed much like the wings of an airplane, with a curved top.
This design increases the velocity of the air on top of the blade thus decreasing its density
and causing the air on the bottom of the blade to go towards the top for creating lift. The
blades are angled on the axis as to utilize the lift in the rotation. The blades on modern
wind turbines are designed for maximum lift and minimal drag. Vertical axis windmills,
such as the Darrieus (built in 1930) use drag instead of lift. Drag is resistance to the wind,
like a brick wall. The blades on vertical axis windmills are designed to give resistance to
the wind and are as a result pushed by the wind. Windmills, both vertical and horizontal
axis, have many uses. Some of them are: hydraulic pump, motor, air pump, oil pump,
churning, creating friction, heat director, electric generator, Freon pump, and can also be
used as a centrifugal pump.
There are many types of windmills, such as the tower mill, sock mill, sail windmill, water
pump, spring mill, multi-blade, Darrieus, savonieus, cyclo-turbine, and the classic four-
arm windmill. All of the above windmills have their advantages. Some windmills, like
the sail windmill, are relatively slow moving, have a low tip speed ratio and low energy
efficient compared to the cyclo-turbine, but they are much cheaper.
1.2 BASIC COMPONENTS OF WIND ROTOR

The main components of a WIND ROTOR are shown in Fig., in block diagram form.
Summary of the system operation is as follows:
Fig 1(a); Block diagram of wind turbine
Aero turbines convert energy in moving air to rotary mechanical energy. In general, they
require pitch control and yaw control (only in the case of horizontal or wind axis
machines) for proper operation. The output of this generator is stored to the battery. From
battery the DC is converted in to AC by using the inverter. Yaw control. For localities
with the prevailing wind in one direction, the design of the turbine can be greatly
simplified. The rotor can be in a fixed orientation with the swept area perpendicular to
the predominant wind direction.
control signals for matching the electrical output to the wind energy The purpose of the
controller is to sense wind speed, wind direction, shafts speeds and torques at one or
more points, output power and generator temperature as necessary and appropriate input
and project the system from extreme conditions brought upon by strong winds electrical
faults, and the like. The physical embodiment for such an aero-generator is shown in a
generalized form. The sub-components of the windmill are:
1. Wind turbine or rotor
2. Wind mill head
3. Transmission and control, and
4. Supporting structure
1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

Wind turbines are not without environmental impact and their operation is not entirely
risk-free. Following are the main effects due to a wind turbine.
ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE
Interference with TV and other electromagnetic communication systems is a possibility
with wind turbines as it is with other tall structures. TV interference is most likely in
areas where there is a weak signal because of the distance from the transmitter, where
existing reception is none too good due to the surrounding hills and where the wind
turbine is exposed in good position to receive and scatter the signals. Dispensing with
aerials and sending TV signals by cable in areas that would otherwise be affected can
overcome interference.
NOISE
The noise produced by wind farms falls into two categories. The first type is a
mechanical noise from the gearbox, generating equipment and linkages and the second
type of aerodynamic in nature produced by the movement of the turbine blades. One
component of the latter is the broad band noise which ranges upto several kilo hertz and
the other is a low frequency noise of 15-20 Hz. Revolving blades generate noise which
can be heard in the immediate vicinity of the installation, but noise does not travel too
far.
1.4 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

The following are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Vertical Axis Wind Mill.
ADVANTAGES
1. The major advantage of this design is that the rotor blades can accept the wind
from any compass.
2. Another added advantage is that the machine can be mounted on the ground
eliminating tower structures and lifting of huge weight of machine assembly, i.e. it
can be operated close to the ground level.

3. Since this machine has vertical axis symmetry, it eliminates yaw control requirement
for its rotor to capture wind energy. Airfoil rotor fabrication costs are expected to be
reduced over conventional rotor blade costs.
ADVANTAGES OVER HORIZONTAL WINDMILLS
i. Lower construction cost as compared to HAWTs because there is no need to build
a massive tower structure to support the heavy HAWT blades and turbine
assembly.
ii. Easier to maintain as the moving parts are located near the ground.
iii. Lower wind start-up speeds than HAWTs. Typically, they start creating
electricity at 6mph. The effective cut-in speed can be made even lower by clever
funneling.
iv. Low height useful at locations where laws do not permit structures to be placed.
v. Hilltops, ridgelines and passes can have faster winds near the ground because the
wind is forced up a slope or funneled into a pass and into the path of
VAWTs situated close to the ground;
DISADVANTAGES
1. Rotor power output efficiency of a Giromill wind energy conversion system is

also somewhat lower than that of a conventional horizontal rotor.
2. Because a Giromill rotor is generally situated near ground proximity, it
may also experience lower velocity wind compared to a tower mounted
conventional wind energy conversion system of comparable projected
rotor disc area. This may yield less energy output.
3. The disadvantages are that producing efficient energy from winds takes
twice as much time. The turbines have to be installed on flat land and some
models require guide wires, which add more stress to the bottom of the
tower; and they have a low starting torque.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
1. Shraddha R Jogdhankar1 and S.D.Rahul Bhardwaj2 from Dept. Instrumentation

Technology, PDA College of Engineering, Gulbarga, India. presented a paper on
vertical axis wind mill generator and in this they discuss about Wind energy depends
upon natural terrains which have wind potential, though these terrains are not found even
in nature everywhere, but those which have, are the places that can be harnessed for high
potential power generation. Taking into consideration the geographical attributes of our
region, the vertical axis windmill will be efficient for power generation. The basic reason
for using VAWT is that, it does not consider the wind direction and operates at low wind
speed.
2. Vilas Warudkar*, Baijnath Ahirwar, Dharmendra Kumar Shah and Siraj Ahmed
Department of Mechanical Engineering Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology,
Bhopal, india. Presented a paper on DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT, FABRICATION
ANDTESTING OF SMALL VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINEUSING 7%
CAMBERED PLATE in this they discuss about design and develop a modified rotor for
low windy regions, to develop a self starting and more efficient wind turbine, which can
be used domestically; it is portable and easily fabricated with locally available materials.
3. Hau.E. Wind Turbines, Fundamentals, Technologies, Application, Economics, 2nd ed.;

Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2006.
4. Ahmed S. and Malvi C.S., Design development fabrication and testing of various small
vertical axis wind turbines, Research Link, 42 (A), 6, special Issue on NSRE at MITS
Gwalior, September, 94 – 100, (2007).
5. Bhaumik, T.; Gupta, R.: Performance measurement of a two-bladed helical savonius

rotor, IIT Madras, Chennai, 2010, India
6. Saha, U.-K.: Twisted bamboo bladed rotor for Savonius wind turbines, International

Journal of Solar Energy Society of India

CHAPTER 3
TYPES OF WINDTURBINES AND SELECTION OF VAWT
3.1 CLASSIFICATION
First, there are two broad classifications
Horizontal Axis wind rotors: The axis of rotation is horizontal and the aero turbine plane
is vertical facing the wind.
Vertical Axis wind rotors: The axis of rotation is vertical. The sails or blades may also be
vertical, as on the ancient Persian windmills, or nearly, so, as on the modern Derives
rotor machine.
Then, they are classified according to size as determine by their useful electrical power
output small Scale industries (up to 2 kW). These might be used on farms, remote
applications, and other places requiring relatively low power.
Medium Size Machines (2-100kW). These wind turbines may be used to supply less than
100 kW rated capacity, to several residence or local use.
Large Scale or Large Size Machines (100 kW and up). Large wind turbines are those of
100 kW rated capacity or greater. They are used to generate power for distribution in
central power girds. There are two sub classes:
(a) Single Generator at a single site.
(b) Multiple Generators sited at several places over an area.
iii. As per the type of output power, wind aero generators are classified as:
DC output
(a) DC generator
(b) Alternator rectifier
AC output
(a)Variable frequency, variable or constant voltage AC. (b)
Constant frequency, variable or constant voltage AC.
There have been many improvements to the windmill over the years. Windmills have
been equipped with air breaks, to control speed in strong winds. Some vertical axis

windmills have even been equipped with hinged blades to avoid the stresses at high wind
speeds. Some windmills, like the cycle-turbine, have been equipped with a vane that
senses wind direction and causes the rotor to rotate into the wind. Wind turbine
generators have been equipped with gearboxes to control shaft speeds. Wind turbines
have also been equipped with generators which convert shaft power into electrical power.
Many of the sails on windmills have also been replaced with propeller-like airfoils. Some
windmills can also stall in the wind to control wind speed. But above all of these
improvements, the most important improvement to the windmill was made in 1745 when
the fantail was invented. The fantail automatically rotates the sails into the wind.
Another variable in the productivity of a windmill is the wind speed. The wind speed is
measured by an anemometer.
Another necessity for a windmill is the tower. There are many types of towers. Some
towers have guy wire to support them and others don't. The towers without guy wires are
called freestanding towers. Now take into consideration about a tower is that it must
support the weight of the windmill along with the weight of the tower. Towers are also
subject to drag.
Fig 3(a). Horizontal axis wind rotor

3.2 VERTICAL AXIS WIND ROTOR

Vertical axis wind rotors can be either drag-or lift-based. The cup anemometer is an
example of a drag-based, vertical axis wind device. The drag on a cup is greater when its
concave side faces the wind which causes the device to rotate. Lift also plays a small
part, the cups crossing the wind experience a small lift because their convex surfaces
deflect the wind and causes a pressure reduction. The main virtue of the cup anemometer
is that it tends to rotate within a narrow range of TSR under all conditions, so its
rotational speed is closely proportional to wind speed. However, it cannot carry a load
with any efficiency; it has never been constructed on a large scale for use as a wind
turbine.
The Savories rotor works on a principle similar to that of the cup anemometer but is
adopted to produce shaft power. It also takes advantage of the lift generated as the curved
outer surfaces of its scoops cross the air flow. There are also a variety of so-called
Panamones, there are pure drag devices, in which one side of the rotor carries blades or
sails square to the wind, while other side produces reducing drag by shielding or furling
the blades. Because drag devices tend to run at TSR below unity (since their tips cannot
readily travel faster than the wind), they are inevitably less efficient than lift-dependent
devices. In addition, their high solidity makes them more material-intensive in relation to
the wind area ‘seen’ by the rotor.
FIG 3.(b). Line diagram of Vertical axis windmill

Hence following are the three distinct advantages of vertical axis wind turbines over
horizontal axis ones:
(1) They will react to wind from any direction and therefore do not need yawing
equipment to turn the rotor into the wind.
(2) They can require less structural support because heavy components (like gear box and
generator) can be located at ground level. This configuration also eases installation and
maintenance.
(3) Since the blades do not turn end over end, the rotor is not subjected to continuous
cyclic gravity loads. Fatigue induced by such action is a major consideration in the
design of large horizontal axis machines.
(4) Vertical axis wind turbines are rugged, quiet, omni-directional, and they do not create
as much stress on the support structure. They do not require as much wind to generate
power, thus allowing them to be closer to the ground. By being closer to the ground they
are easily maintained and can be installed on chimneys and similar tall structures.
(5) One of the best advantages is that the gearbox can be placed at the bottom of the
turbine, which is not possible in a horizontal turbine, so the top of the tower does not
carry all the weight.
3.3 TYPES OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND ROTORS
The following are some of the vertical axis windmills used for generating the power.
1. Savonieus type wind Rotor:
In this type of windmill the blades are in the form of semi cylindrical model. The
blades are attached to the shaft one opposite to another one. These models easy to
fabricate require specially designed blades and starting is more, for eliminating this S-
rotors are needed.

FIG 3.(c). Savories type VWAT
2. Darrieus type windmill: In Darrieus type windmill the blades are in the form of
semi circular sheets, those connected at top and bottom of the shaft. The wind mill
supported by wires those are fixed to ground for dominating balancing of windmill.
FIG 3.(d) Darrieus type VAWT

FIG. 3.(e). Giromill type VAWT
3. Various Vertical axis wind turbines:
FIG.3. (f). Various types of VAWR

CHAPTER 4
PART MODELING USING SOLIDWORKS

4.1 helical vertical axis wind rotor part model
4.1.1 Solid helical blades model which created by using solid works
Fig 4.1(a) helical blades
4.1.2 Solid helical blade connector model which created by using solid works
Fig 4.1(b) blades connector

4.1.3 Hallow rotating shaft for helical vertical axis wind rotor
Fig 4.1(c) hallow shaft
4.1.4 Tower pole for helical vertical wind rotor
Fig 4.1(d) tower pole
4.1.5 Complete assembly model of helical wind rotor
Fig 4.1(e) assembly of complete helical vertical wind rotor

4.2 Spiral vertical axis wind rotor part model
4.2.1 Spiral vertical axis blades
Fig 4.2(a) spiral blades
4.2.2 Spiral vertical axis wind rotor assembly model
Fig 4.2(b) assembly of complete spiral vertical wind rotor

CHAPTER 5
ANALYSIS OF VAWR
5.1 DESIGN 0F BLADES AND SHAFT
Design of wind turbine is a very important factor for producing power from windmill by
utilizing the total wind energy. Generally the following factors are considerable for
efficient running of turbine.
5.1.1 Number of Blades
Wind turbines can have one, two, or three (or more) blades. Reducing the number of
blades offers the potential to reduce the cost of the machine. However the less blades the
faster a turbine needs to rotate to achieve optimum energy capture. Faster rotating
machines produce more noise and are believed to have a greater visual impact. The
popularity of the three bladed concepts is largely due to it achieving optimum energy
capture while minimizing noise and visual impact.
5.1.2 Wind Turbine Size
We saw previously that the power produced by a wind turbine is directly proportional to
its swept area. Historically wind turbines have got bigger and bigger in order to achieve
greater and greater energy capture. Large modern turbines have a rated power of several
Megawatts.
5.1.3 Vertical / Horizontal
A wind turbine rotor may rotate on either a horizontal or a vertical axis. Both design
concepts are valid, however historically the horizontal axis design concept has achieved
far greater popularity. Today most (and certainty all large scale) wind turbines are
horizontal axis machines.
5.1.4 DESIGN OF BLADES

Design of the blades in any turbine is very important factor. In our Vertical Axis
Windmill we can use Structural Steel material for blades. The Blades are specially
designed for absorbing the total wind power i.e. aerodynamic force and easily rotating
any

direction. Three blades of equal dimensions, weight is designed. Two ends of the blade
are rigidly fixed to the rotor. The dimensions of the blades are as follows.
Specifications of Blade for HELICAL WIND ROTOR

Blade Material Structural Steel material
Length 900 mm
Thickness 3 mm
0
Slope Angle 80
Bend Angle 15°
Diameter 330mm
Specifications of Blade for SPIRAL WIND ROTOR
Blade material Structural Steel material
Length 850mm
Thickness 4mm
o
Slope angle 75
o
Bend angle 10
Diameter 280mm

FIG.5.1 (a). Rotor Blade of Helical Wind Rotor
FIG.5.1 (b). Rotor Blade of Spiral Wind Rotor

5.1.5 DESIGN OF SHAFT
FIG.5.1 (c). Shaft of Helical Wind Rotor
Shaft is a rotating member which transfers power from one point to another point.
Various shafts are available in the mechanical field for transmitting power. Those are
having less weight and strength. Generally shafts made with mild steel and cast iron.
The shaft in the vertical axis windmill directly attached with rotor shaft and generator
shaft. These shafts are able to easy to fabricate and with stand torque produced due to
rotary motion of the device. The shaft used for our wind mill is made with alloy steel
which is mostly used for pumping the water from ground level.
Specification of the Shaft for HELICAL WIND ROTOR
S Shaft Length 2286mm
S Shaft Diameter 30mm
Material Alloy steel

5.2 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS FOR SPIRAL WIND ROTOR
Static Structural analysis of blade is generally done to check whether it is sustainable or

not in the defined working environment. On the basis of calculated force, the analysis of
blade is done by using Structural steel metal as the blade material. The following figure
shows the analysis
Report:
Material = Structural steel metal
Units
5.2.1: TABLE 1
Unit System Metric (m, kg, N, °C, s, V, A)
Angle Degrees
Rotational Velocity rad/s
Model
Geometry Used For Material of SPIRAL WIND ROTOR
5.2.2: TABLE 2
Model > Geometry
Object Name Geometry
State Fully Defined
Definition
Source Unnamed.agdb
Type Design Modeler
Length Unit Millimeters
Element Control Program Controlled
Display Style Part Color
Bounding Box
Length X 5.3744e-002 m

Length Y 0.211 m
Length Z 5.4841e-002 m
Properties
Volume 1.4513e-005 m³
Mass 0.11392 kg
Statistics
Bodies 7
Active Bodies 7
Nodes 40104
Elements 19826
Preferences
Import Solid Bodies Yes
Import Surface Bodies Yes
Import Line Bodies Yes
Parameter Processing Yes
Personal Parameter Key DS
CAD Attribute Transfer No
Named Selection Processing No
Material Properties Transfer No
CAD Associativity Yes
Import Coordinate Systems No
Reader Save Part File No
Import Using Instances Yes
Do Smart Update No
Attach File Via Temp File No
Analysis Type 3-D
Mixed Import Resolution None
Enclosure and Symmetry Processing Yes

5.2.3: TABLE 3
Model > Geometry > Parts
Object Name Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid
State Meshed
Graphics Properties
Visible Yes
Transparency 1
Definition
Suppressed No
Material Structural Steel
Stiffness
Flexible
Behavior
Nonlinear
Yes
Material Effects
Bounding Box
1.0237e-002 4.5489e-002 4.5544e-002 1.7569e-002
Length X 5.e-003 m
m m m m
Length Y 0.19 m 3.e-002 m 1.5417e-002 m 8.e-002 m
1.0237e-002 4.3419e-002 4.3314e-002 4.2633e-002
Length Z 5.e-003 m
m m m m
Properties
7.2314e-006 3.7695e-007 1.7914e-006
Volume 7.6426e-007 m³
m³ m³ m³
5.6767e-002 2.9591e-003 1.4063e-002
Mass 5.9994e-003 kg
kg kg kg
-3.4945e- 1.6609e-019 -1.9708e- -3.557e-007 -2.3265e-
Centroid X
007 m m 007 m m 002 m
-9.2623e- 1.5024e-002 -7.1575e- 3.7158e-002 1.8032e-002
Centroid Y
002 m m 003 m m m
Centroid Z6.6607e-007 -3.1369e- -5.2672e- 4.3539e-007 -3.5005e-

m 016 m 007 m m 003 m

Moment of Inertia 1.0411e-004 2.2675e-007 9.0705e-006
8.142e-007 kg·m²
Ip1 kg·m² kg·m² kg·m²
Moment of Inertia 4.7586e-007 1.2384e-008 1.3768e-006 1.3769e-006 2.2668e-007
Ip2 kg·m² kg·m² kg·m² kg·m² kg·m²
Statistics
Nodes 10564 1684 6018 6092 5247
Elements 5697 814 2959 3016 2445
5.2.4: TABLE 4
Object Name Solid Solid
State Meshed
Graphics Properties
Visible Yes
Transparency 1
Definition
Suppressed No
Material Structural Steel
Stiffness Behavior Flexible
Nonlinear Material
Effects Yes
Bounding Box
Length X 4.1781e-002 m 3.2926e-002 m
Length Y 8.e-002 m
Length Z 2.0399e-002 m 3.0543e-002 m

Properties
Volume 1.7913e-006 m³ 1.7931e-006 m³
Mass 1.4062e-002 kg 1.4075e-002 kg

Centroid X 8.6159e-003 m 1.4653e-002 m

Centroid Y 1.7991e-002 m 1.801e-002 m
Centroid Z 2.1892e-002 m -1.8407e-002 m
5.2.6:
Moment of Inertia Ip1 8.9726e-006 kg·m² 8.9818e-006 kg·m² TABLE 6
Moment of Inertia Ip2 2.2725e-007 kg·m² 2.2677e-007 kg·m²
Statistics
Nodes 5248 5251
Elements 2446 2449
Connections
5.2.5: TABLE 5
Model > Connections
Object Name Connections
State Fully Defined
Auto Detection
Generate Contact On Update Yes
Tolerance Type Slider
Tolerance Slider 0.
Tolerance Value 5.6134e-004 m
Face/Face Yes
Face/Edge No
Edge/Edge No
Priority Include All
Same Body Grouping Yes
Revolute Joints Yes
Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Fixed Joints

Page 26 Yes
Transparency
Enabled Yes
Model > Connections > Contact Regions

Contact Contact Contact Contact Contact
Object Name
Region Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Region 5
State Fully Defined
Scope
Scoping Method Geometry Selection
Contact 2 Faces 1 Face
Target 2 Faces 1 Face
Contact Bodies Solid
Target Bodies Solid
Definition
Type Bonded
Scope Mode Automatic
Behavior Symmetric
Suppressed No
Advanced
Formulation Pure Penalty
Normal Stiffness Program Controlled
Update Stiffness Never
Thermal
Program Controlled
Conductance
Pinball Region Program Controlled
Meshing Procedure for SPIRAL WIND ROTOR
5.2.7: TABLE 7
Model > Mesh
Object Name Mesh
State Solved
Defaults

Physics Preference Mechanical

Relevance 0
Advanced
Relevance Center Coarse
Element Size Default
Shape Checking Standard Mechanical
Solid Element Midside Nodes Program Controlled
Straight Sided Elements No
Initial Size Seed Active Assembly
Smoothing Low
Transition Fast
Statistics
Nodes 40104
Elements 19826
5.2.8: TABLE 8
Model > Mesh > Mesh Controls
Patch Conforming
Object Name Method Body Sizing
State Fully Defined
Scope
Geometry 7 Bodies
Definition
Suppressed No
Method Tetrahedrons
Algorithm Patch Conforming
Element Midside Nodes Kept
Expansion Factor 1

Type Element Size
Element Size 2.e-003 m

Edge Behavior Curv/Proximity Refinement
Fig.5.2 (a): Meshing Of Spiral Wind Rotor

Static Structural Analysis for SPIRAL WIND ROTOR
5.2.9: TABLE 9
Model > Analysis
Object Name Static Structural
State Fully Defined
Definition
Physics Type Structural
Analysis Type Static Structural
Options
Reference Temp 22. °C
5.2.10: TABLE 10
Model > Static Structural > Analysis Settings
Object Name Analysis Settings
State Fully Defined
Step Controls
Number Of Steps 1.
Current Step Number 1.
Step End Time 1. s
Auto Time Stepping Program Controlled
Solver Controls
Solver Type Program Controlled
Weak Springs Program Controlled
Large Deflection Off
Inertia Relief Off
Nonlinear Controls
Force Convergence Program Controlled
Moment Convergence Program Controlled

Displacement
Program Controlled
Convergence
Rotation Convergence Program Controlled
Line Search Program Controlled
Output Controls
Calculate Stress Yes
Calculate Strain Yes
Calculate Results At All Time Points
Analysis Data Management
Future Analysis None
Save ANSYS db No
Delete Unneeded Files Yes
Nonlinear Solution No
5.2.11: TABLE 11
Model > Static Structural > Rotations
Object Name Rotational Velocity
State Fully Defined
Scope
Geometry All Bodies
Definition
Define By Components
X Component 0. rad/s (ramped)
Y Component 150. rad/s (ramped)
Z Component 0. rad/s (ramped)
X Coordinate 0. m
Y Coordinate 0. m
Z Coordinate 0. m

Suppressed No
5.2.12: TABLE 12
Model > Static Structural > Loads
Object Name Force
State Fully Defined
Scope
Geometry 1 Face
Definition
Type Force
X Component 0. N (ramped)
Y Component 0. N (ramped)
Z Component 981. N (ramped)
Suppressed No
Solution Process for the Analysis Done On SPIRAL WIND ROTOR
5.2.13: TABLE 13
Model > Static Structural > Solution
Object Name Solution
State Solved
Adaptive Mesh Refinement
Max Refinement Loops 1.
Refinement Depth 2.

5.2.14: TABLE 14
Model > Static Structural > Solution > Solution Information
Object Name Solution Information
State Solved
Solution Information
Solution Output Solver Output
Newton-Raphson Residuals 0
Update Interval 2.5 s
Display Points All
5.2.15: TABLE 15
Model > Static Structural > Solution > Results
Object Name Equivalent Stress Total Deformation
State Solved
Scope
Geometry 2 Faces All Bodies
Definition
Type Equivalent (von-Mises) Stress Total Deformation
Display Time End Time
Results
Minimum 5.1021e+005 Pa 1.7678e-006 m
Maximum 4.1009e+006 Pa 827.7 m
Minimum Occurs On Solid
Maximum Occurs On Solid
Information
Time 1. s
Load Step 1
Substep 1
Iteration Number 1

Material Data Used For SPIRAL WIND ROTOR
Structural Steel
5.2.16: TABLE 16
Structural Steel > Constants
Structural
Young's Modulus 2.e+011 Pa
Poisson's Ratio 0.3
Density 7850. kg/m³
Thermal Expansion 1.2e-005 1/°C
Tensile Yield Strength 2.5e+008Pa
Compressive Yield Strength 2.5e+008Pa
Tensile Ultimate Strength 4.6e+008Pa
Compressive Ultimate Strength 0. Pa
Thermal
Thermal Conductivity 60.5 W/m·°C
Specific Heat 434. J/kg·°C
Electromagnetics
Relative Permeability 10000
Resistivity 1.7e-007 Ohm·m
GRAPH 1
Structural Steel > Alternating Stress
5.2.17: TABLE 17

Structural Steel > Alternating Stress > Property Attributes

Interpolation Log-Log
Mean Curve Type Mean Stress
5.2.18: TABLE 18
Structural Steel > Alternating Stress > Alternating Stress Curve Data
Mean Value Pa
0.
5.2.19: TABLE 19
Structural Steel > Alternating Stress > Alternating Stress vs. Cycles
Cycles Alternating Stress Pa
10. 3.999e+009
20. 2.827e+009
50. 1.896e+009
100. 1.413e+009
200. 1.069e+009
2000. 4.41e+008
10000 2.62e+008
20000 2.14e+008
1.e+005 1.38e+008
2.e+005 1.14e+008
1.e+006 8.62e+007

GRAPH 2
Structural Steel > Strain-Life Parameters
5.2.20: TABLE 20
Structural Steel > Strain-Life Parameters > Property Attributes
Display Curve Type Strain-Life
5.2.21: TABLE 21
Structural Steel > Strain-Life Parameters > Strain-Life Parameters
Strength Coefficient Pa 9.2e+008
Strength Exponent -0.106
Ductility Coefficient 0.213
Ductility Exponent -0.47
Cyclic Strength Coefficient Pa 1.e+009
Cyclic Strain Hardening Exponent 0.2

Fig 5.2(b): Equivalent stresses in Spiral wind rotor

Fig 5.2(c): Total deformation in Spiral wind rotor
5.3 Structural Analysis for HELICAL WIND ROTOR
Static Structural analysis of blade is generally done to check whether it is sustainable or

not in the defined working environment. On the basis of calculated force, the analysis of
blade is done by using Structural steel metal as the blade material. The following figure
shows the analysis
Report:
Material = Structural steel metal
Units
5.3.1:TABLE 1
Unit System Metric (m, kg, N, °C, s, V, A)
Angle Degrees
Rotational Velocity rad/s
Model
GEOMETRY USED FOR HELICAL WIND ROTOR
5.3.2:TABLE 2
Model > Geometry
Object Name Geometry
State Fully Defined
Definition
Source Unnamed.agdb
Type Design Modeler
Length Unit Millimeters
Element Control Program Controlled

Display Style Part Color
Bounding Box
Length X 5.3744e-002 m
Length Y 0.211 m
Length Z 5.4841e-002 m
Properties
Volume 1.4513e-005 m³
Mass 2.322e-002 kg
Statistics
Bodies 7
Active Bodies 7
Nodes 40104
Elements 19826
Preferences
Import Solid Bodies Yes
Import Surface Bodies Yes
Import Line Bodies Yes
Parameter Processing Yes
Personal Parameter Key DS
CAD Attribute Transfer No
Named Selection Processing No
Material Properties Transfer No
CAD Associativity Yes
Import Coordinate Systems No
Reader Save Part File No
Import Using Instances Yes
Do Smart Update No

Attach File Via Temp File No

Analysis Type 3-D
Mixed Import Resolution None
Enclosure and Symmetry Processing Yes
5.3.3:TABLE 3
Object Name Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid
State Meshed
Graphics Properties
Visible Yes
Transparency 1
Definition
Suppressed No
Material Structural steel
Stiffness
Flexible
Behavior
Nonlinear
Yes
Material Effects
Bounding Box
1.0237e-002 4.5489e-002 4.5544e-002 1.7569e-002
Length X 5.e-003 m
m m m m
Length Y 0.19 m 3.e-002 m 1.5417e-002 m 8.e-002 m
1.0237e-002 4.3419e-002 4.3314e-002 4.2633e-002
Length Z 5.e-003 m
m m m m
Properties
7.2314e-006 3.7695e-007 1.7914e-006
Volume 7.6426e-007 m³
m³ m³ m³
1.157e-002 6.0313e-004 2.8663e-003
Mass 1.2228e-003 kg
kg kg kg
-3.4945e- 1.6609e-019 -1.9708e- -3.557e-007 -2.3265e-

007 m m 007 m m 002 m

Centroid Y -9.2623e- 1.5024e-002 -7.1575e- 3.7158e-002 1.8032e-002
002 m m 003 m m m
6.6607e-007 -3.1369e- -5.2672e- 4.3539e-007 -3.5005e-

Centroid Z
m 016 m 007 m m 003 m
Moment of Inertia 2.122e-005 4.6217e-008 1.8488e-006
1.6595e-007 kg·m²
Ip1 kg·m² kg·m² kg·m²
Statistics
Nodes 10564 1684 6018 6092 5247
Elements 5697 814 2959 3016 2445
5.3.4:TABLE 4
Object Name Solid Solid
State Meshed
Graphics Properties
Visible Yes
Transparency 1
Definition
Suppressed No
Material Structural steel metal
Stiffness Behavior Flexible
Nonlinear Material Effects Yes
Bounding Box
Length X 4.1781e-002 m 3.2926e-002 m

Length Y 8.e-002 m
Length Z 2.0399e-002 m 3.0543e-002 m
Properties
Volume 1.7913e-006 m³ 1.7931e-006 m³

Mass 2.866e-003 kg 2.8689e-003 kg
Centroid X 8.6159e-003 m 1.4653e-002 m
Centroid Y 1.7991e-002 m 1.801e-002 m
Centroid Z 2.1892e-002 m -1.8407e-002 m
Statistics
Nodes 5248 5251
Elements 2446 2449
Connections
5.3.5:TABLE 5
Model > Connections
Object Name Connections
State Fully Defined
Auto Detection
Generate Contact On Update Yes
Tolerance Type Slider
Tolerance Slider 0.
Tolerance Value 5.6134e-004 m
Face/Face Yes
Face/Edge No
Edge/Edge No
Priority Include All

Same Body Grouping Yes

Revolute Joints Yes
Fixed Joints Yes

Transparency
Enabled Yes
5.3.6:TABLE 6
Model > Connections > Contact Regions
Contact Contact Contact Contact Contact
Object Name
Region Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Region 5
State Fully Defined
Scope
Contact 2 Faces 1 Face
Target 2 Faces 1 Face
Contact Bodies Solid
Target Bodies Solid
Definition
Type Bonded
Scope Mode Automatic
Behavior Symmetric
Suppressed No
Advanced
Formulation Pure Penalty
Normal Stiffness Program Controlled
Update Stiffness Never
Thermal

Program Controlled
Conductance
Pinball Region Program Controlled
Meshing Procedure for HELICAL WIND ROTOR
5.3.7:TABLE 7
Model > Mesh
Object Name Mesh
State Solved
Defaults
Physics Preference Mechanical
Relevance 0
Advanced
Relevance Center Coarse
Element Size Default
Shape Checking Standard Mechanical
Solid Element Midside Nodes Program Controlled
Straight Sided Elements No
Initial Size Seed Active Assembly
Smoothing Low
Transition Fast
Statistics
Nodes 40104
Elements 19826
5.3.8: TABLE 8
Model > Mesh > Mesh Controls
Object NamePatch Conforming Method Body Sizing
State Fully Defined

Scope
Geometry 7 Bodies
Definition
Suppressed No
Method Tetrahedrons
Algorithm Patch Conforming
Element Midside Nodes Kept
Expansion Factor 1
Type Element Size
Element Size 2.e-003 m
Edge Behavior Curv/Proximity Refinement
Fig. 5.3(a): Meshing Of Helical Wind Rotor

Static Structural Analysis Procedure for HELICAL WIND ROTOR
5.3.9: TABLE 9
Model > Analysis
Object Name Static Structural
State Fully Defined
Definition
Physics Type Structural
Analysis Type Static Structural
Options
Reference Temp 22. °C
5.3.10:TABLE 10
Model > Static Structural > Analysis Settings
Object Name Analysis Settings
State Fully Defined
Step Controls
Number Of Steps 1.
Current Step Number 1.
Step End Time 1. s
Auto Time Stepping Program Controlled
Solver Controls
Solver Type Program Controlled
Weak Springs Program Controlled
Large Deflection Off
Inertia Relief Off
Nonlinear Controls

Force Convergence Program Controlled

Moment Convergence Program Controlled
Displacement Program Controlled
Convergence
Rotation
Program Controlled
Convergence
Line Search Program Controlled
Output Controls
Calculate Stress Yes
Calculate Strain Yes
Calculate Results At All Time Points
Analysis Data Management
Future Analysis None
Save ANSYS db No
Delete Unneeded
Yes
Files
Nonlinear Solution No
5.3.11: TABLE 11
Model > Static Structural > Rotations
Object Name Rotational Velocity
State Fully Defined
Scope
Geometry All Bodies
Definition
X Component 0. rad/s (ramped)
Y Component 150. rad/s (ramped)

Z Component 0. rad/s (ramped)
X Coordinate 0. m
Y Coordinate 0. m
Z Coordinate 0. m
Suppressed No
5.3.12:TABLE 12
Model > Static Structural > Loads
Object Name Force
State Fully Defined
Scope
Scoping Geometry
Method Selection
Geometry 1 Face
Definition
Type Force
X Component 0. N (ramped)
Y Component 0. N (ramped)
Z Component 981. N (ramped)
Suppressed No
Solution Procedure for HELICAL WIND ROTOR
5.3.13: TABLE 13
Model > Static Structural > Solution
Object Name Solution
State Solved

Adaptive Mesh Refinement

Max Refinement Loops 1.
Refinement Depth 2.
5.3.14: TABLE 14
Model > Static Structural > Solution > Solution Information
Object Name Solution Information
State Solved
Solution Information
Solution Output Solver Output
Newton-Raphson Residuals 0
Update Interval 2.5 s
Display Points All
5.3.15: TABLE 15
Model > Static Structural > Solution > Results
Object Name Equivalent Stress Total Deformation
State Solved
Scope
Geometry 2 Faces All Bodies
Definition
Type Equivalent (von-Mises) Stress Total Deformation
Display Time End Time
Results
Minimum 1.0483e+005 Pa 1.8574e-007 m
Maximum 8.2239e+005 Pa 423.82 m
Minimum Occurs On Solid
Maximum Occurs On Solid
Information
Time 1. s

Load Step 1
Substep 1
Iteration Number 1
Material Data Used For HELICAL WIND ROTOR
Structural steel
5.3.16: TABLE 16
Structural steel > Constants
Structural
Young's Modulus 3.88e+011 Pa
Poisson's Ratio 0.358
Density 1600. kg/m³
Thermal Expansion 1.2e-005 1/°C
Tensile Yield Strength 2.5e+008 Pa
Compressive Yield Strength 2.5e+008 Pa
Tensile Ultimate Strength 4.6e+008 Pa
Compressive Ultimate
0. Pa
Strength
Thermal
Thermal Conductivity 60.5 W/m·°C
Specific Heat 434. J/kg·°C
Electromagnetic
Relative Permeability 10000
1.7e-007
Resistivity
Ohm·m
GRAPH 3
Structural steel > Alternating Stress

5.3.17: TABLE 17
Structural steel> Alternating Stress > Property Attributes
Interpolation Log-Log
Mean Curve Type Mean Stress
5.3.18: TABLE 18
structural steel > Alternating Stress > Alternating Stress Curve Data
Mean Value Pa
0.
5.3.19: TABLE 19
structural steel > Alternating Stress > Alternating Stress vs. Cycles
Cycles Alternating Stress Pa
10. 3.999e+009
20. 2.827e+009
50. 1.896e+009
100. 1.413e+009
200. 1.069e+009

2000. 4.41e+008
10000 2.62e+008
20000 2.14e+008
1.e+005 1.38e+008
2.e+005 1.14e+008
1.e+006 8.62e+007
GRAPH 4
Structural steel > Strain-Life Parameters
5.3.20: TABLE 20
Structural steel > Strain-Life Parameters > Property Attributes
Display Curve Type Strain-Life
5.3.21: TABLE 21
Structural steel > Strain-Life Parameters > Strain-Life Parameters
Strength Coefficient Pa 9.2e+008
Strength Exponent -0.106
Ductility Coefficient 0.213

Ductility Exponent -0.47

Cyclic Strength Coefficient Pa 1.e+009
Cyclic Strain Hardening Exponent 0.2
Fig 5.3(b): Equivalent stresses in helical wind rotor

Fig 5.3(c): Total deformation in helical wind rotor
CHAPTER 6
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
6.1 POWER PRODUCED CALCULATIONS
K.E = ½ * m *v2
m=ρ*A*V
K.E = ½ ρ *A * V * V2
m = mass of air transverse
A =Area swept by the rotating blades of wind mill type generator
ρ = Density of air
V= Velocity of air
K.E = ½ *ρ *A * V3
A = π/4 * D2
K.E = ½ *ρ * π/4 * D2 * V3
If V=4 m/s
Power Produced
Pe = ρ * π * D 2 * V3
8
D=diameter of the blade=1.22m

ρ = Density of air=1.225 Kg/m3

V= Velocity of air = 4 m/sec
Pe = 1.2255 * π * 1.2222 * 43
8
Pe = 0.7160 * 43
Pe = 45.8w (For spiral type wind rotor)
Pe = 46.3w (for helical wind rotor)
TABLE 6.1.1: Power Calculated Values are tabulated below for spiral type wind
rotor at different wind velocities
Density of Diameter of constant velocity of

3
S.No Air(Kg/m ) Wing(m) value air(m/s) Power(w)
1 1.225 1.22 0.716 4 45.8
2 1.225 1.22 0.716 4.5 65.2
3 1.225 1.22 0.716 5 89.5
4 1.225 1.22 0.716 5.5 119.1
5 1.225 1.22 0.716 6 154.7
6 1.225 1.22 0.716 6.5 196.6
7 1.225 1.22 0.716 7 245.6
8 1.225 1.22 0.716 7.5 302.1
9 1.225 1.22 0.716 8 366.6
10 1.225 1.22 0.716 8.5 439.7
TABLE 6.1.2: Power Calculated Values are Tabulated below for helical type wind
rotor at different wind velocities
102
.1.0 Density of Diameter of constant velocity of
2.764 3
Air(Kg/m )
S.No rotor(m) value air(m/s) Power(w)
261.
655656 1 1.225 1.65 0.716 4 48.2
2 1.225 1.65 0.716 4.5 70.12
3 1.225
Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
1.65 Page 55 0.716 5 91.5
4 1.225 1.65 0.716 5.5 122.41
5 1.225 1.65 0.716 6 160.7
7 1.225 1.65 0.716 7 256.45

8 1.225 1.65 0.716 7.5 307.1
9 1.225 1.65 0.716 8 376.6
10 1.225 1.65 0.716 8.5 449.7
The vertical axis wind turbine is a small power generating unit with the help of free
source of wind energy. It is designed under consideration of household use. The analysis
results of the wind turbine governs that the design is under safe limit. It is checking in
analysis for worst condition working by using velocity 10 m/s.
6.2 CALCULATION OF DRAG FORCE AND WIND POWER:
Drag force for SPIRAL TYPE WIND ROTOR:
For the turbine

Chord length, cl=0.06m
Blade length, bl =0.44m
Coefficient of drag, Cd=2.00
(Usually for curved vane, Cd=2.30, we assumed for
this curved blade ,Cd=2 )
for 30OC consider =1.18 slug/m3
WIND POWER FOR SPIRAL TYPE WIND ROTOR:
Pw =½ ρ s v³
Where
V=wind velocity
Swept area, S=2RL
R=radius of the rotor=5.5cm
L= length of the blade=44.5cm

Table6.2.1: Calculated drag force & wind power

corresponding measured wind speed and rotor rpm
Wind speed(m/s) Rotor RPM Drag force (N) Wind power (watt)
2.8 48 0.24 1.20
4.4 75 0.60 4.64
5.5 90 0.94 9.07
6 112 1.12 11.77
GRAPH 5: GRAFF DRAWN BETWEEN WIND SPEED AND DRAG FORCE

FOR SPIRAL TYPE WIND ROTOR

GRAPH 6: GRAFF DRAWN BETWEEN ROTOR RPM AND WIND POWER FOR
SPIRAL TYPE WIND ROTOR
Drag force for HELICAL TYPE WIND ROTOR
For the turbine

Chord length, cl=0.22m
Blade length ,bl =0.64m
Coefficient of drag, Cd=2.00
(Usually for curved vane ,Cd=2.40 , we assumed for
this curved blade ,Cd=2 )
for 30OC consider =1.18 slug/m3
Wind power for HELICAL TYPE WIND ROTOR
Pw =½ ρ s v³
Where
V=wind velocity

Swept area, S=2RL

R=radius of the rotor=6.5cm
L= length of the blade=64.5cm
Table6.2.2: Calculated drag force & wind power

corresponding measured wind speed and rotor rpm
Wind speed(m/s) Rotor RPM Drag force (N) Wind power (watt)
2.8 48 0.28 1.35
4.4 75 0.62 5.12
5.5 90 0.98 9.54
6 112 1.24 12.77
GRAPH7: GRAFF DRAWN BETWEEN WIND SPEED AND DRAG FORCE FOR
HELICAL WIND ROTOR

GRAPH8: GRAFF DRAWN BETWEEN ROTOR RPM AND WIND POWER FOR
HELICAL WIND ROTOR
6.3 TOTAL DEFORMATION & EQUIVALENT STRESSES
Blade Material = Structural steel
Static Structural analysis results in spiral wind turbine
Total Deformation- Max= 24750 mm
Min = 7335.3 mm
Equivalent stress – Max= 216.4 Mpa
Min = 0.004647 Mpa
UTS = 310 Mpa
Static structural analysis results in garlove helical wind rotor
Total Deformation- Max= 8.277e5 mm

Min = 0.00176 mm
Equivalent stress - Max =4.1009 Mpa

Min = 0.51021 Mpa

TABLE 6.3.1Comparability between helical and spiral wind rotors
Description helical wind rotor Spiral wind rotor
Total deformation
Max 8.277e5 mm 24750 mm
Min 0.00176 mm 7335.3 mm
Equivalent stresses
Max 4.1009 Mpa 216.4 Mpa
Min 0.51021 Mpa 0.004647 Mpa
Velocity of working 10 m/s 6 m/s
Power produced 366w 425w
Drag force 1.30N 1.12N
Wind power 12.77 watt 11.63 watt

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
The following are the conclusions drawn from the present work
1. Different velocity of air has been sent through both the rotor blades but the helical wind
rotor has generated more power than the spiral type wind rotor.
2. For both the models drag force will take place but majority of the drag force will be on
helical wind rotor than the spherical wind rotor.
3. For common vertical wind turbines it needs more energy to get the rotation motion for
the blades, but here both spiral and helical wind turbine needs low velocity of air and
comparing both helical and spiral VAWR means, spiral wind rotor needs less velocity of
air than the helical wind rotor.
4. The overall deformation is more for the spiral wind rotor than the helical type wind rotor.
5. The spiral type wind rotor will have more equivalent stress than the helical wind rotor.

REFERENCE
1 Shraddha R Jogdhankar1 and S.D.Rahul Bhardwaj2 from Dept. Instrumentation

Technology, PDA College of Engineering, Gulbarga, India. presented a paper on
vertical axis wind mill generator and in this they discuss about Wind energy depends
upon natural terrains which have wind potential, though these terrains are not found even
in nature everywhere, but those which have, are the places that can be harnessed for high
potential power generation. Taking into consideration the geographical attributes of our
region, the vertical axis windmill will be efficient for power generation. The basic reason
for using VAWT is that, it does not consider the wind direction and operates at low wind
speed.
2 Vilas Warudkar*, Baijnath Ahirwar, Dharmendra Kumar Shah and Siraj Ahmed
Department of Mechanical Engineering Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology,
Bhopal, india. Presented a paper on DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT, FABRICATION
ANDTESTING OF SMALL VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINEUSING 7%
CAMBERED PLATE in this they discuss about design and develop a modified rotor for
low windy regions, to develop a self starting and more efficient wind turbine, which can
be used domestically; it is portable and easily fabricated with locally available materials.
3 Hau.E. Wind Turbines, Fundamentals, Technologies, Application, Economics, 2nd ed.;

Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2006.
4 Ahmed S. and Malvi C.S., Design development fabrication and testing of various small
vertical axis wind turbines, Research Link, 42 (A), 6, special Issue on NSRE at MITS
Gwalior, September, 94 – 100, (2007).
5 Bhaumik, T.; Gupta, R.: Performance measurement of a two-bladed helical savonius

rotor, IIT Madras, Chennai, 2010, India
6 Saha, U.-K.: Twisted bamboo bladed rotor for Savonius wind turbines, International

Journal of Solar Energy Society of India

DESIGN and Comparability of Helical and Spiral Vertical Axis Wind Rotor

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DESIGN and Comparability of Helical and Spiral Vertical Axis Wind Rotor

DESIGN and Comparability of Helical and Spiral

Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 1

Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 2

1.2 BASIC COMPONENTS OF WIND ROTOR

Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 3

Fig 1(a); Block diagram of wind turbine

1. Wind turbine or rotor

2. Wind mill head

3. Transmission and control, and

1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

1.4 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 5

1. Rotor power output efficiency of a Giromill wind energy conversion system is

Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 6

1. Shraddha R Jogdhankar1 and S.D.Rahul Bhardwaj2 from Dept. Instrumentation

3. Hau.E. Wind Turbines, Fundamentals, Technologies, Application, Economics, 2nd ed.;

5. Bhaumik, T.; Gupta, R.: Performance measurement of a two-bladed helical savonius

6. Saha, U.-K.: Twisted bamboo bladed rotor for Savonius wind turbines, International

Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 7

TYPES OF WINDTURBINES AND SELECTION OF VAWT

Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 8

Fig 3(a). Horizontal axis wind rotor

Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 9

3.2 VERTICAL AXIS WIND ROTOR

FIG 3.(b). Line diagram of Vertical axis windmill

Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 10

3.3 TYPES OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND ROTORS

Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 11

FIG 3.(c). Savories type VWAT

FIG 3.(d) Darrieus type VAWT

Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 12

FIG. 3.(e). Giromill type VAWT

3. Various Vertical axis wind turbines:

FIG.3. (f). Various types of VAWR

Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 13

PART MODELING USING SOLIDWORKS

Fig 4.1(a) helical blades

Fig 4.1(b) blades connector

Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 14

Fig 4.1(c) hallow shaft

4.1.4 Tower pole for helical vertical wind rotor

Fig 4.1(d) tower pole

4.1.5 Complete assembly model of helical wind rotor

Fig 4.1(e) assembly of complete helical vertical wind rotor

Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 15

4.2 Spiral vertical axis wind rotor part model

4.2.1 Spiral vertical axis blades

Fig 4.2(a) spiral blades

4.2.2 Spiral vertical axis wind rotor assembly model

Fig 4.2(b) assembly of complete spiral vertical wind rotor

Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 16

5.1.1 Number of Blades

5.1.2 Wind Turbine Size

5.1.3 Vertical / Horizontal

5.1.4 DESIGN OF BLADES

Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 17

Specifications of Blade for HELICAL WIND ROTOR

Bend Angle 15°

Specifications of Blade for SPIRAL WIND ROTOR

Blade material Structural Steel material

Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 18

FIG.5.1 (a). Rotor Blade of Helical Wind Rotor

FIG.5.1 (b). Rotor Blade of Spiral Wind Rotor