ISSN: 2014-1130 n.

º4 | invierno 2011 | 56-64 Alba sovietina Estrada Cárdenas 56

!"#$%&'#"()*+#,+-.%/,0)%1'#-)#"*/#"()*/#2#$-3%*/#"()*/#3-#!"#$%&!'$()%&

"#$"!%&'()*(+"!)%*,"-"!./,-)+"%!
0+('),%(*)!1"0#2'"#),34!5&+*1)##(),!(((!

-6786! 69! :;<=>9?7=;! <@7;! 76! A>! B;=C<;D>8;! E@6! B;FG6F?8;! H! :;<=>! F;! C@686F! 76<!
76C><>8;7!6F!9>!;D<>4!H>!E@6!I7G>!67!@F!7?7G6=>!6F!7J!=?7=;4!86!>E@J!E@6!7?!>?79>=;7!
=;=6FGKF6>=6FG6! 7@7! C><G67! 67! 7L9;! C><>! >F>9?M><9>74! C6<;! G6F?6F8;! 6F! B@6FG>! 7@!
G;G>9?8>8! B;=;! @F! G;8;4! B;=;! @F>! @F?8>8! ?F8?N?7?D96O! -6G6<=?F><! 9>! 67G<@BG@<>! 86! 9>!
;D<>!76<K4!C;<!G>FG;4!6FB;FG<><!9>7!@F?8>867!86!76FG?8;!E@6!>7?7G6F!>!9>!B;FN6<P6FB?>!
76=?LG?B>!;!>9!BL=;!76!?FG6<<69>B?;F>F!H!C;<!G>FG;!7?PF?:?B>F!9;7!7?PF;7!6F!9>!G;G>9?8>8O!
#>!67G<@BG@<>!86!9>!F;N69>!"#$%&!"'%()&!C;766!G<67!7?PF;7!C<?FB?C>967Q!.;=>9>4!568?>!
#@F>!H!168<;!1K<>=;O!*;8;7!9;7!86=K7!7?PF;7!76!7@C68?G>F!>!I7G;74!>@FE@6!G>=D?IF!76!
<69>B?;F>F!6FG<6!7JO!)F!67G6!G<>D>R;!F;7!6F:;B><6=;7!6F!69!7?PF;!9>!568?>!#@F>!H!>!9>7!
B;FF;G>B?;F67! E@6! G?6F6F! E@6! N6<! B;F! 9;! =>7B@9?F;4! 9;! :6=6F?F;4! 9>! :6<G?9?8>8! H! 9>!
=@6<G6!C><>!867B@D<?<!BL=;!6F!67G>!F;N69>4!86!;<?P6F!=6S?B>F;!;!=67G?M;4!E@68><;F!
P<>D>8;74!F;!B;F7B?6FG6=6FG64!>7C6BG;7!86!9>7!8;7!N?7?;F67!86!=@F8;!E@6!B;F:;<=>F!
>9!76<!=6S?B>F;O!!
#>!9@F>!67!@F>!B;F7G>FG6!6F!9>!F;N69>!86!168<;!1K<>=;4!9;!=>7B@9?F;!>C><6B6!
?86FG?:?B>8;! 6F! 8?BA;! <69>G;! B;F! =68?>! 9@F>! >@76FG6! ;! F;! 6N?86FG6! =?6FG<>7! 9;!
:6=6F?F;!B;F!9>!=68?>!9@F>!C<676FG6!;!6N?86FG64!86!G>9!=>F6<>!E@6!9;7!8;74!>9!@F?<764!
B;F:;<=>F!@F>!9@F>!B;=C96G>!H!<6=?G6F!>!:6<G?9?8>8!A@=>F>4!C;<!9;!E@6!9;7!PIF6<;74!
>@FE@6! 6F! @F! C<?=6<! =;=6FG;! >C><6B6F! B;=;! B;FG<><?;74! :?F>9=6FG6! 7;F!
B;=C96=6FG><?;7O!#>7!=68?>7!9@F>7!=>7B@9?F>7!76!B;FB<6G?M>F!6F!9;7!7J=D;9;7!86!D@6H4!
B>D>99;4! G;<;4! =><4! 99@N?>4! P>G;! H! 69! <>FBA;! 86! 168<;! 1K<>=;T! H! 9>7! =68?>! 9@F>7!
:6=6F?F>7! 76! B;FB<6G?M>F! 6F! 9>! 9@F>! F@6N>! ;! =68?>! 9@F>! 6N?86FG64! 6F! 76F;4!
=6F7G<@>B?LF! H! 6F! G?6<<>O! 1;F8<6=;7! B;=;! 6R6=C9;! 86! 9@F>! 996F>! E@6! <6=?G6! >!
:6<G?9?8>8!A@=>F>!@F!=;FL9;P;!869!C6<7;F>R6!86!%@7>F>!%>F!U@>FO!'6>=;7Q!!
)F! 69! =><! 7L9;! =6! 7I! D>V><! 867F@8>! W96! 8?R6! XYZ! I9! =6! 7?P@?L! XYZ! 867F@8;!
G>=D?IF!XYZ!)9!=><!=;R>!=?7!G;D?99;7!H!76!N>4!=;R>!=?7!<;8?99>7!H!=?7!=@79;7T!
<;86>!=?!B?FG@<>!B;F!7@!D<>M;!7@>N64!8>!N@69G>!7;D<6!=?7!76F;7T!76!>D<>M>!86!
 ISSN: 2014-1130 n.º4 | invierno 2011 | 56-64 Alba sovietina Estrada Cárdenas 57

=?!B@699;T!>C<?6G>!=?7!A;=D<;7O!)FG;FB67!=6!A@F8;!6F!I94!6FG6<>O!56!6FG<6P;!
>! I9! 6F! 7@! :@6<G6! D>G?<4! 6F! 7@! 7@>N6! C;766<4! 7?F! 86R><! C68>M;O! [W56! P@7G>!
D>V><=6! 6F! 69! =><! W96! 8?R6O\! 16<;! I9! F;! 9;! B;=C<6F86O! [3! >9! ;G<;! 8J>! 67G>D>!
;G<>!N6M!6F!69!=><4!C@<?:?BKF8;=6O!)FG<6PKF8;=6!>!7@7!;9>7O!],@9:;4!^___Q!`^a2
`^bc!
!
"FG67! E@6! G;8;4! <6B;<86=;7! E@6! 69! =><4! 76PdF! .A6N>9?6<4! 67Q! [%J=D;9;! 86! 9>!
8?FK=?B>!86!9>!N?8>O!*;8;!7>96!869!=><!H!G;8;!N@69N6!>!I9Q!9@P><!86!9;7!F>B?=?6FG;7!XOOOZ!
#;7!>FG?P@;7!P<?6P;7!H!<;=>F;7!;:<6BJ>F!>9!=><!7>B<?:?B?;7!86!B>D>99;7!H!G;<;74!7J=D;9;7!
G>=D?IF!I7G;7!86!:6B@F8?8>8\!].A6N>9?6<!H!eA66<D<>FG4!`ffgQ!hifcO!-6!=>F6<>!E@6!69!
=><! F;7! <6=?G64! >9! ?P@>9! E@6! 9>! 9@F>4! >! F>B?=?6FG;4! >! :6<G?9?8>8O! .;=;! G;8;! F>B6! 869!
=><4!I9!67!69!9@P><!8;F86!76!6FP6F8<>4!7J=D;9;!86!:6B@F8?8>8O!"86=K74!86D6=;7!G6F6<!
6F!B@6FG>!E@6!P<>B?>7!>!9>!9@F>!67!E@6!6S?7G6!9>!=><6>O!!
"A;<>!D?6F4!6F!9>!B?G>!>FG6<?;<!86!"#$%&!"'%()&!N6=;7!8;7!N6B67!9>!C<676FB?>!
=>7B@9?F>4!H>!E@6!69!=><!C6<7;F?:?B>!>!@F!A;=D<6!E@6!<6>9?M>!9>7!>BB?;F67!86!9>!B?G>4!67!
86B?<![=;R><\4![<;86><!9>!B?FG@<>\4![8><!N@69G>!7;D<6!9;7!76F;7\4![>D<>M><\4![>C<6G><\!>!
%@7>F>O!3!69!;G<;!A;=D<6!67!>E@69!E@6!67!?FN?G>8;!>9!=><4!67!86B?<4!>!A>B6<!9;!E@6!A>B6!
69! =><! ][W56! P@7G>! D>V><=6! 6F! 69! =><! W96! 8?R6\cO! -6! =>F6<>! E@6! 69! =><! 67GK!
B;=C96G>=6FG6!?86FG?:?B>8;!B;F!69!A;=D<64!C6<;!G>=D?IF!B;F!9>!=@R6<4!C;<E@6!699>!9;!
N6! B;=;! B;=C96=6FG><?;! >9! >86FG<>76! 6F! @F;! 6! ?FN?G><! >9! ;G<;O! "86=K74! 6F! 9>! B?G>!
N6=;7!G>=D?IF!BL=;!76!B;=C96G>!9>!9@F>!B@>F8;!76!8>!9>!@F?LF!6FG<6!69!A;=D<6!H!9>!
=@R6<4! 67! 86B?<4! 6FG<6! 9>! =@R6<2=68?>! 9@F>! 6N?86FG64! H! 69! A;=D<62=><! =68?>! 9@F>!
>@76FG6O!
&G<>!B?G>!86!@F?LF!86!=68?>7!9@F>7!E@6!F;7!<6=?G6!>!:6<G?9?8>8!67!9>!7?P@?6FG6Q!
[#;7!A;=D<67!XYZ!"F8>F!6F!P<@C;74!F>N6P>F8;!6F!9>!G?6<<>!>F6P>8>4!D>R;!9>!99@N?>!XYZ!
9?P>F8;!B;F!7@7!=>F;7!9>!=?9C>!H!G<>G>F8;!86!C<;G6P6<9>!C><>!E@6!B<6MB>!7?F!G<>D>R;\!
],@9:;4! ^__gQ! f^cO! )F! 9>! B?G>! >FG6<?;<! 6FB;FG<>=;7! 76?7! 7@7G>FG?N;7Q! A;=D<674! 99@N?>4!
P<@C;74!G?6<<>4!=>F;7!H!=?9C>4!86!9;7!B@>967![P<@C;7\!>9@86!>!A;=D<67!H![=>F;7\!>!@F>!
C><G6!86!I7G;74!C;<!9;!E@6!9>!B?G>!A>B6!<6:6<6FB?>!>!A;=D<674!99@N?>4!G?6<<>!H!=?9C>T!67!
86B?<4! >! 9>! >P<?B@9G@<>! ;! >! 9>! P6<=?F>B?LF! 86! 9>! G?6<<>! C;<! 9>! 99@N?>! B;F! 9>! >H@8>! 869!
A;=D<6O!*>FG;!9>!99@N?>!B;=;!9>!G?6<<>!H!69!B@9G?N;!]=>JMc!7;F!?86FG?:?B>8;7!B;F!9>!9@F>O!
[#>7!<69>B?;F67!6FG<6!9>!9@F>4!9>!99@N?>!H!9>!N6P6G>B?LF!A>DJ>F!7?8;!H>!;D76<N>8>7!>FG67!
869!867B@D<?=?6FG;!86!9>!>P<?B@9G@<>!XYZ!)9!9>M;!;<PKF?B;!6FG<6!9>!9@F>!H!9>!N6P6G>B?LF!
 ISSN: 2014-1130 n.º4 | invierno 2011 | 56-64 Alba sovietina Estrada Cárdenas 58

67! G>F! :@6<G6! E@6! @F! P<>F! Fd=6<;! 86! 8?;767! 86! 9>! :6<G?9?8>8! 7;F! >9! =?7=;! G?6=C;!
8?N?F?8>867! 9@F><67\! ])9?>864! `ffgQ! `gh! 2`gjcO! )7G;! E@6! 8?B6! 5?<B6>! )9?>86! 67! NK9?8;!
G>=D?IF!C><>!F@67G<>7!B@9G@<>7!C<6A?7CKF?B>74!H>!E@64!7;D<6!G;8;4!9>!9@F>!F@6N>!67!@F!
7J=D;9;!86!:6<G?9?8>8!A@=>F>!H!>P<><?>O!!
"A;<>!D?6F4!N;9N?6F8;!>!"#$%&!"'%()&4!9>!99@N?>!6F!G>FG;!E@6!P6<=?F>!>!9>!G?6<<>!
67! ?86FG?:?B>8>! B;F! 9;! =>7B@9?F;4! B;F! 69! 67C6<=>4! =?6FG<>7! 9>! G?6<<>! B;=;! 9>! E@6!
6FP6F8<>! 76! ?86FG?:?B>! B;F! 9;! :6=6F?F;O! "7J! E@6! 6F! 9>! B?G>! 86! 9>! F;N69>! 6FB;FG<>=;7!
8;7!=68?>7!9@F>7!F;!6N?86FG67Q!A;=D<67!H!99@N?>4!H!@F>!=68?>!9@F>!6N?86FG6!E@6!67!9>!
G?6<<>T!>7J!B;=;!>!9>!=?9C>!7?=D;9?M>F8;!69!C<;8@BG;!86!9>!:6B@F8>B?LF!;!9>!@F?LF!86!9>7!
8;7! =68?>7! 9@F>7! ;! 9>! 9@F>! B;=C96G>O! )7G>! @F?LF! 6F! @F! C<?FB?C?;! C><6B?6<>! F;! G6F6<!
F>8>! E@6! N6<! B;F! :6<G?9?8>8! A@=>F>4! 7?F! 6=D><P;4! 9>! 99@N?>! >C><6B6! 6F! 9>! F;N69>! 86!
"#$%&! "'%()&4! B;=;! @F>! B;F7G>FG64! B@>F8;! >9P@?6F! G?6F6! <69>B?;F67! 76S@>967T! H!
B@>F8;! 76! G<>G>! 86! <69>B?;F67! F;! >B6CG>8>7! ;! <6P@9><?M>8>7! 7;B?>9=6FG64! 9>! 99@N?>!
C@686!76<!=;G?N;!86!67C>FG;4!B;=;!6F!69!B>7;!86!9;7!?F8?;7!86!"C>FP;!E@6![G?6=D9>F!
86D>R;!86!7@7!=;R>8;7!kP>D>F67l!86!C>R>T!F;!86!:<J;!7?F;!86!G6=;<!XYZ\!],@9:;4!^___Q!
```c! >FG6! 9>! 99@N?>! E@6! B>6! 6F! .;=>9>! =?6FG<>7! %@7>F>! %>F! U@>F! G?6F6! <69>B?;F67!
76S@>967! B;F! 69! [P>G;\! E@6! F;! 9>! 86RL! 8;<=?<! H! E@6! [76! 9>! C>7L! A>B?6F8;! B?<B;4!
D<?FB>F8;! 86! XOOOZ! X7@7Z! C?67! >! X7@Z! B>D6M>! XYZ! =>@99>F8;! E@68?G;! B;=;! 7?! G@N?6<>!
A>=D<6! XYZ\! ],@9:;4! ^__gQ! fgc! H! >9! E@6! U@7G?F>! ?86FG?:?B>! B;F! $><G;9;=I! >9! 6FG<><! >9!
B@><G;! 86! I7G>T! C;<! 9;! E@6! 69! P>G;! 67! ?86FG?:?B>8;! B;F! 9>! =68?>! 9@F>! F;! 6N?86FG6! ;!
=>7B@9?F>!>9!>C><6B6<!B;=;!7@7G?G@G;!869!A;=D<6!E@6!:6B@F8>O!"7J4!867B@D<?=;7!BL=;!
9>!C<?=6<>!@F?LF!86!=68?>7!9@F>7!>9@86!G>=D?IF!>!9>!@F?LF!869!A;=D<6!B;F!9>!=@R6<O!
)9!G;<;!67!;G<;!7?PF;!E@64!>9!?P@>9!E@6!9>!99@N?>!H!69!P>G;4!<6:?6<6!>!9>7!<69>B?;F67!
76S@>9674!C@67!76!C<676FG>!6F!69!G6SG;!=;=6FG;7!>FG67!86!E@6!168<;!1K<>=;!N>H>!>!9>!
B>=>!B;F!BA>BA>!5><P><?G>O!->=?>F>!8?B6!67B@BA><![69!D<>=?8;!86!9;7!G;<;7!XOOOZ!k)7;7!
>F?=>967!F@FB>!8@6<=6F!XOOOZ!%;F!B;=;!69!8?>D9;4!E@6!7?6=C<6!>F8>!D@7B>F8;!>9=>7!
C><>!996NK<769>7!>9!(F:?6<F;l\!],@9:;4!^___Q!`abc4!8?B6!9>!=@R6<!E@6!>V;<>!67G><!6F!9@P><!
86!9>!=@R6<!E@6!67GK!B;F!69!>=;4!>9!B@>9!<69>B?;F>!B;F!69!G;<;4!69!D<>=?8;!H!69!?F:?6<F;4!
86!>E@J!E@6!69!G;<;4!6F!67G6!B;FG6SG;!=6S?B>F;4!B;?FB?8>!B;FQ!
X69Z!%J=D;9;!86!9>!:@6<M>4!86!9>!B;=D>G?N?8>8!N?<?94!86!9>!:?6<6M>4!C;<!7@!B><KBG6<!
>BG?N;!67GK!N?FB@9>8;!>9!W!%;94!H!C;<!7@!:6B@F8?8>8!>!9>!W!#@F>!]G>=D?IF!C;<E@6!
9;7! B@6<F;7! 869! G;<;! H! 86! 9>! W! N>B>! <6B@6<8>F! @F>! =68?>! #@F>c! XOOOZ! -6786! 9>!
 ISSN: 2014-1130 n.º4 | invierno 2011 | 56-64 Alba sovietina Estrada Cárdenas 59

C6<7C6BG?N>! C7?B;>F>9JG?B>! 69! G;<;! <6C<676FG>! 9>7! 6F6<PJ>7! >F?=>967! H! 9>!

76S@>9?8>8!6F!9;7!A@=>F;7O!]$6Bm6<4!`ffhQ!a`h2a`jc!
!
)F!69!F?N69!86!9;!7?=DL9?B;!C;8<J>=;7!D?6F!?86FG?:?B><!>9!7?PF;!86!9>!9@F>!@F?8;!>!
9>! :6<G?9?8>84! G>FG;! B;F! 9>! B;7=;N?7?LF! 869! =@F8;! ;BB?86FG>9! B;=;! B;F! 9>7!
B;7=;N?7?;F67! C<6B;9;=D?F>7T! 7?F! 6=D><P;4! 6F! 9>! F;N69>4! 9>! 9@F>! 8>8;<>! 86! 9>! N?8>4!
E@6!76!?86FG?:?B>!B;F!9>!G?6<<>4!B;F996N>!6F!7J!=?7=>!G>=D?IF!69!67C>B?;!86!9>!=@6<G64!
>86=K7!86!E@6!67!@F!9@P><!E@6!F;!76!?86FG?:?B>!B;F!69!G6<<;<!B;=;!9;!7;F!69!C@<P>G;<?;!
;!69!?F:?6<F;!6F!69!B<?7G?>F?7=;T!6F!9>!F;N69>!-;<;G6>!8?B6!nX6Z9!.?69;!C><>!=J!XYZ!67GK!
>E@J!8LF86!67G;H!>A;<>\!],@9:;4!^___Q!iic4!69!B6FG<;!86!9>!G?6<<>O!1;<!9;!E@6!9>!G?6<<>!76!
B;<<67C;F86! B;F! 9>! B;7=;N?7?LF! 869! =@F8;! C<6B;9;=D?F;T! C@67! 6F! 9>! B@9G@<>!
C@<IC6BA>4!C;<!6R6=C9;4!69!*+),#-.-/.+(%&4!69!=@F8;!7@DG6<<KF6;4!67GK!@D?B>8;!6F!69!
B6FG<;!86!9>!G?6<<>!].K<86F>74!^__aQ!h^c!H!67!>!8;F86!76!N>!>!N?N?<!867C@I7!86!9>!N?8>!6F!
69! =@F8;! H! 76! ?86FG?:?B>! B;F! 9;! C;7?G?N;4! >86=K7! 86! E@6! 67! G>=D?IF! 69! 9@P><! 8;F86!
F>B6F!G;8>7!9>7!:;<=>7!86!N?8>!E@6!C@6D9>F!69!C9>F6G>!G?6<<>Q![X#Z>!8?;7>!.@6<>@KC6<?!
B;FN6<G?8>! 6F! 9>! 67C;7>! 869! 8?;7! 869! .@=?6ABAdB@><;! C><?L! 9>! F>G@<>96M>! 6F! 7@7!
67C>98>7!67C><B?6F8;!9>!76=?99>!C;<!9>!G?6<<>\!].K<86F>74!^__aQ!h`cO!!
"7J!N6=;7!BL=;!-;<;G6>!?FN?6<G6!9;7!C>C6967!6FG<6!69!B?69;!H!9>!G?6<<>4!76PdF!9>!
N?7?LF!R@86;B<?7G?>F>4!H>!E@6!69!B?69;4!76PdF!I7G>4!F;7!<6=?G6!>!9;!D@6F;!;!>9!9@P><!?8J9?B;!
>!8;F86!N>F!9;7!=@6<G;7!E@6!B@=C9?6<;F!B;F!9;7!C<6B6CG;7!B<?7G?>F;7!6F!N?8>T!=?6FG<>7!
69!B6FG<;!86!9>!G?6<<>!67!?86FG?:?B>8;!B;F!9;!;C@67G;!;!=>9;4!B;F!69!9@P><!>!8;F86!76!N>!>!
7@:<?<! C;<! 9;7! C6B>8;7! B;=6G?8;7O! #>! ?FN6<7?LF! E@6! A>B6! -;<;G6>! F;7! A>B6! C6F7><! 6F!
G<67!B;7>7Q!6F!69!B;F;B?=?6FG;!86!-;<;G6>!869!;<86F!869!B;7=;7!R@86;B<?7G?>F;T!6F!9>!
?FB;=C<6F7?LF!86!9>!@D?B>B?LF!869!B;7=;7!76PdF!9>!N?7?LF!R@86;B<?7G?>F>!C;<!C><G6!86!
8?BA;! C6<7;F>R6! 86! 9>! F;N69>4! >7J! B;=;! 6F! 9>! F6P>B?LF! 86! I7G6! >9! =;=6FG;! 86!
6FB;FG<><76! 6F! 9>! G?6<<>T! H! 6F! 9>! 6=6<P6FB?>! 86! @F>! @D?B>B?LF! B;7=;PLF?B>! E@6! 67GK!
>B;<86!B;F!9>7!N?7?;F67!869!=@F8;!C<6B;9;=D?F>74!H>!E@6!6FB;FG<>=;7!>9!?F:<>=@F8;!
?86FG?:?B>8;!B;F!9;!C;7?G?N;!C@67!C><>!699>!F;!67!9@P><!86!7@:<?=?6FG;!B;=;!9;!C<;C>P>!
69! B<?7G?>F?7=;O! "7J! C@674! G>FG;! 6F! 69! 8?7B@<7;! F;! 6N?86FG6! 86! 9>! F;N69>4! B;=;! 6F! 9>7!
B@9G@<>7!C<6B;9;=D?F>74!F;!6FB;FG<>=;7!9>!;C;7?B?LF!D@6F;o=>9;!<69>B?;F>8>!B;F!69!
B?69;!H!9>!G?6<<>4!<67C6BG?N>=6FG64!7?F;!E@6!8?BA;7!9@P><67!7;F!>=D;7!?86FG?:?B>8;7!B;F!
9>! B<6>B?LF! H! B;F76<N>B?LF! 86! 9>! N?8>! 6F! 69! B;7=;74! 67! 86B?<4! ><<?D>! H! >D>R;! 7;F!
 ISSN: 2014-1130 n.º4 | invierno 2011 | 56-64 Alba sovietina Estrada Cárdenas 60

B;=C96=6FG><?;74! F;! ;C@67G;7T! B;=;! 9;! 7;F! 9>7! 8;7! =?G>867! 86! 9>! 9@F>! E@6!
867B@D<?=;7!6F!9>!F;N69>O!
&G<;7! >7C6BG;7! <69>B?;F>8;7! B;F! 9>! 9@F>4! 86FG<;! 86! 9>! F;N69>4! H>! 76>! B;=;!
:6<G?9?8>8!;!B;=;!=@6<G64!E@6!F;7!A>B6F!C6F7><!6F!9>!N?7?LF!86!=@F8;!C<6B;9;=D?F>4!
7;F!G>FG;!9>!B;=C96=6FG><?68>8!86!9;!=>7B@9?F;!H!9;!:6=6F?F;4!>7J!B;=;!9;!B;FB<6G;O!
'6>=;7O!)F!)@<;C>!A>H!B@9G@<>7!E@6!?86FG?:?B>F!>!9>!9@F>!B;F!9;!=>7B@9?F;!H!;G<>7!B;F!
9;! :6=6F?F;4! >7J4! [X9Z>! 76<C?6FG6! XYZ! 67! @F>! 6C?:>FJ>! 86! 9>! 9@F>! XYZ! )F! "96=>F?>4! 6F!
p<>FB?>4!6F!1;<G@P>9!H!6F!;G<;7!7?G?;74!9>7!=@R6<67!G6=6F!E@6!@F>!76<C?6FG6!6FG<6!6F!7@!
D;B>!8@<>FG6!69!7@6V;!H!9>7!86R6!6FB?FG>4!7;D<6!G;8;!6F!9>!IC;B>!86!9>7!<6P9>7\!])9?>864!
`ffgQ! `h_cO! "86=K74! [X9Z>! 9@F>! C@686! G6F6<! G>=D?IF! @F>! C6<7;F?:?B>B?LF! =>7B@9?F>\!
](DJ8OQ!`h`cO!5?6FG<>7!E@6!6F!9>7!B@9G@<>7!C<6B;9;=D?F>7!869!5IS?B;!>FG?P@;!9>!9@F>!67!
86! B><KBG6<! :6=6F?F;Q! [)FG<6! 9;7! =>H>7! XYZ! (SBA694! 8?;7>! 86! 9>! 9@F>! XYZ4! 6FG<6! 9;7!
>MG6B>7! 9>! 9@F>! 67! A?R>! 86! *9K9;B\! ].A6N>9?6<! H! eA66<D<>FG4! `ffgQ! hgfcO! 5?6FG<>7! E@6!
6FG<6! 9;7! C@<IC6BA>7! 67! [XFZ>F>! .@GM?! ;! .@GM@! ]%6V;<>! #@F>c\! ].K<86F>7! p6<FKF86M4!
^__aQ! `icO! 16<;! G>=D?IF! 67! B;=C96=6FG><?>! H! F;! ;C@67G>! >9! 7;9! ;! C><G6! =>7B@9?F>O!
.>D6! 86B?<! G>=D?IF! E@6! 6F! 9>7! B@9G@<>7! F>G@<>967! 869! B;FG?F6FG6! >=6<?B>F;4! >!
8?:6<6FB?>! 86! 9>! B;7=;N?7?LF! R@86;B<?7G?>F>4! 69! 7;9! H! 9>! 9@F>! 7;F! 8?;767T! 6F! 9;7!
G6;G?A@>B>F;7! 67G;7! >7G<;7! :@6<;F! C<;8@BG;! 869! 7>B<?:?B?;! 86! ;G<;7! 8?;767! C><>!
>9@=D<><!>9!=@F8;!H!B<6><!B;F!699;7!69!8J>!H!9>!F;BA64!;!69!=;=6FG;!86!>BB?LF!H!<6C;7;!
869!A;=D<64!<67C6BG?N>=6FG6O!!
)F!9>!F;N69>!!"#$%&!"'%()&0!B;=;!@F>!B<6>B?LF!=67G?M>!;!C<;8@BG;!86!9>!@F?LF!
86! 8;7! N?7?;F67! 86! =@F8;! ]R@86;B<?7G?>F>! H! C<6B;9;=D?F>c4! 6FB;FG<>=;7! E@6! 76!
B;F:@F86F!69!D?F;=?;!=>7B@9?F;2:6=6F?F;!WB;=;!N?=;7!E@6!6S?7G6!6F!9>!F;N69>!6F!9>!
@F?LF!86!9>7!=68?>7!9@F>7!=>7B@9?F>7!B;F!9>7!:6=6F?F>7W!H!9>!;C;7?B?LF!R@86;B<?7G?>F>!
8;F86!9;!=>7B@9?F;!67!N?7G;!B;F!7@C6<?;<?8>8!<67C6BG;!>!9;!:6=6F?F;4!H>!E@6!9>!=@R6<!
67GK!867G?F>8>!>!76<96!7@=?7>!>9!A;=D<6!B;=;!N6=;7!E@6!C>7>!6F!67G>!;D<>!86!,@9:;4!
>86=K7! 86! E@6! 6FP6F8<>! 69! C6B>8;! 6F! 7@! C<;C?;! 76<4! C@67! 69! .;=>9! E@6! <6=?G6! >!
C@<P>G;<?;! ;! ?F:?6<F;! 67! :6=?F?M>8;! B;F! 69! =;<:6=>! [>\Q! .;=>9>O! 3! G>=D?IF! 76!
B;F:@F86!9;!7;D<6F>G@<>9!;!67C?<?G@>9!869!;BB?86FG>94!B;F!9;!G>FP?D96!;!=@F8;!F>G@<>9!
869!?F8JP6F>O!!
 ISSN: 2014-1130 n.º4 | invierno 2011 | 56-64 Alba sovietina Estrada Cárdenas 61

.;=;! H>! A6=;7! N?7G;4! 6F! 9>! F;N69>! 9>7! =68?>7! 9@F>7! 6N?86FG67! H! 9>7! =68?>7!
9@F>7!F;!6N?86FG67!7;F!B;=C96=6FG><?>74!7?F!6=D><P;4!9;!:6=6F?F;!>C><6B6!76C><>8;!
86!9;!=>7B@9?F;!>!9>!A;<>!86!9>!=@6<G64!C@67!.;=>9>!?86FG?:?B>8>!B;=;!?F:<>=@F8;!;!
?F:?6<F;!67!69!9@P><!86!9>7!C6B>8;<>74!86!9>7!=@R6<67!E@6!6F!N?8>!F;!B@=C9?6<;F!B;F!7@!
<;9!7;B?>9=6FG6!>B6CG>8;4!C;<!9;!E@6!9>7!=@R6<67!86!9>!=68?>!9@F>4!C;<!6SG6F7?LF4!76!
6FB@6FG<>F!C@<P>F8;!9;7!C6B>8;7!C<;C?;7!86!7@!76S;4!>@FE@6!A>H>F!7?8;!C<67>!86!9;7!
>D@7;7!76S@>967!86!168<;!1K<>=;O!%?F!6=D><P;4!B>D6!86B?<!>E@J!E@64!6F!9>!F;N69>4!69!
A;=D<6! E@6! 67! 7;=6G?8;! C;<! ;G<;! 674! >9! ?P@>9! E@6! 9>! =@R6<4! 867G?F>8;! >! ?<! >9!
?F:<>=@F8;! ;! ?F:?6<F;! >FG6! 7@! ?FB>CB?8>8! 86! B;=C<><! 7@! 6FG<>8>! >9! B?69;O! )F! 67G>7!
B?<B@F7G>FB?>7! 69! ?F:<>=@F8;! 76! 86N69>! B;=;! 69! 9@P><! 867G?F>8;! G>FG;! C><>! 9>! =@R6<!
E@6!>9@86!>!7@=?7?LF4!B;=;!C><>!69!A;=D<6!7;=6G?8;!;!7@=?7;O!
)F! "#$%&! "'%()&! C;86=;7! N6<! >! G<>NI7! 86! 8?:6<6FG67! 7?PF;7! H! 7J=D;9;74! H!
86786!8?7G?FG;7!KFP@9;74!BL=;!9>!=@R6<!67!?86FG?:?B>8>!B;F!;DR6G;!76S@>9!<6C<;8@BG;<O!
0F>!86!9>7!B;F7G>FG67!67!9>!=6FB?LF!86!9>!9@F>!N?FB@9>8>!B;F!9>!=6F7G<@>B?LF4!96!8?B6!
-;9;<?G>7!>!p@9P;<!%68>F;Q![.;7>7!86!=@R6<674!7>D6!@7G68!XOOOZ!56!G;B>!9>!9@F>\!],@9:;!
^___Q!ghcO!3!9>!9@F>!B;=;!7>D6=;7!=><B>!9;7!B?B9;7!=6F7G<@>967!H>!E@6!>C><6B6!B>8>!
^j! 8J>7O! &G<;! B>7;! 67! B@>F8;! 168<;! 1K<>=;! 96! 8?B6! >! p@9P;<! %68>F;Q! [-6R>! 67;!
C6F8?6FG6O!"A;<?G>!67G;H!=@H!;B@C>8;!B;F!=?!k9@F>!86!=?69l\!],@9:;4!^___Q!gfc4!H>!E@6!
>@FE@6!F;!>C><6B6!69!7?PF;!=6F7G<@>B?LF!8?<6BG>=6FG64!7J!67GK!?=C9JB?G;!C;<E@6![9@F>!
86! =?69\! F;7! <6=?G6! ?F=68?>G>=6FG64! C;<! 9;! B@9G@<>94! >! 9;! 76S@>94! 867C@I7! 869!
=>G<?=;F?;4! H! 9>! =@R6<! :I<G?9! 76! C@686! <6C<;8@B?<4! 6FG<6! ;G<>7! B;7>74! 86D?8;! >! 9>!
;N@9>B?LFO! %?F! 6=D><P;4! 6F! N><?>7! B@9G@<>74! 1+2(! 2+#3(! 7?PF?:?B>! :6<G?9?8>8! H! 7@! :;<=>!
>C><6B6! B;=;! =68?>! 9@F>O! 1;<! 6R6=C9;4! 6F! 9>! B@9G@<>! C@<IC6BA>4! 9>! 9@F>! F@6N>! 67! 9>!
8?;7>! q><>G>FP>4! 8?;7>! 86! 9>7! 76=?99>74! 8?;7>! 86! 9>! :6<G?9?8>84! H! 76PdF! .;<;F>! +dV6M!
]`fgjc4! >86=K7! 86! N?FB@9><76! B;F! 9>! :6<G?9?8>8! >P<JB;9>4! G>=D?IF! 76! <69>B?;F>! >! 9>!
:6<G?9?8>8! A@=>F>T! C;<! 9;! E@6! >E@699;! E@6! B;F86F>! >! 9>7! =@R6<67! 6F! @F>! N?7?LF! H! 967!
F?6P>!69!>BB67;!>9!B?69;4!67!G>=D?IF!9;!E@6!967!C6<=?G6!7@!6FG<>8>!>9!B6FG<;!86!9>!G?6<<>!
E@6! 67! 8;F86! 76! 6FB@6FG<>! .;=>9>4! C@67! G>FG;! 9>! <6C<;8@BB?LF! B;=;! 9>! =@6<G6! 7;F!
C><G6! 869! B?B9;! 86! 9>! N?8>4! H! N;9N6=;7! >! <6G;=><! 9>! F;B?LF! 86! E@6! 9;7! 76S;7! 7;F!
B;=C96=6FG><?;7O!":?<=>!$9>FB>!.K<86F>7!E@6!69!?F:<>=@F8;!;!9@P><!86!9;7!=@6<G;7!67!
>9!=?7=;!G?6=C;!:@6FG6!86!N?8>4!86!:6<G?9?8>84!C@67!6F!I9!9>7!76=?99>7!B<6B6F!H!D<;G>F!
 ISSN: 2014-1130 n.º4 | invierno 2011 | 56-64 Alba sovietina Estrada Cárdenas 62

86! 9>! G?6<<>! A6BA>7! C9>FG>74! E@6! 69! ?F:<>=@F8;! 67! C@67! @F! BJ<B@9;Q! 6F! 7@! B6FG<;! 76!
G6<=?F>!9>!N?8>!C6<;!G>=D?IF!6F!I9!?F?B?>O!!
%?F!6=D><P;4!6F!.;=>9>4!69!B?B9;!86!9>!N?8>!76!N6!?FG6<<@=C?8;4!C@67!6F!699>!76!
<6C<;8@B6! ;! :6<G?9?M>! 6F! @F! =;=6FG;! 8>8;4! C6<;! C;7G6<?;<=6FG6! G6<=?F>! 9>! N?8>! 6!
?F?B?>! 9>! <6C<;8@BB?LF! 86! 9;7! >BG;7! 86! 9>! N?8>! C>7>8>4! H! >AJ! 76! 67G>FB>4! C;<! 9;! E@6! 6F!
67G6! 76FG?8;! 67! @F>! 86B;F7G<@BB?LF! 869! ?F:<>=@F8;O! 3! >! C67><! 86! 67G;4! .;=>9>! 7?P@6!
?86FG?:?BKF8;76!=K7!B;F!9>!N?7?LF!86!=@F8;!C<6B;9;=D?F>4!E@6!B;F!9>!;BB?86FG>9!6F!9;!
<6:6<6FG6!>!9;!B;FB<6G;O!'6>=;74!6F!9>!F;N69>4!9;7!C@6D9;7!86!%>H@9>!H!86!.;=>9>!7;F!
B;=C><>8;7!C;<!U@>F!1<6B?>8;4!I9!8?B6Q!!
XYZ! 6F! %>H@9>! XYZ! A>DJ>! N?7G;! XYZ! 69! N@69;! 86! 9>7! C>9;=>7! <;=C?6F8;! 69! >?<6!
E@?6G;4!7>B@8?6F8;!7@7!>9>7!XYZ!';9>D>F!H!B>J>F!7;D<6!9;7!G6R>8;74!=?6FG<>7!9;7!
P<?G;7! 86! 9;7! F?V;7! <6N;9;G6>D>F! H! C><6BJ>F! G6V?<76! 86! >M@9! XYZO! "A;<>! 67G>D>!
>E@J! X6F! .;=>9>Z! 6F! 67G6! C@6D9;! 7?F! <@?8;7! XYZ! &J>! B>6<! =?7! C?7>8>7! XYZ! 5?7!
C?7>8>7! A@6B>7! XYZ! 5?<I! 9>7! B>7>7! N>BJ>7T! 9>7! C@6<G>7! 867C;<G?99>8>7O! ],@9:;4!
^__gQ!`ac!
!
)F!9>!B?G>!>FG6<?;<4!%>H@9>!>9@86!>!<@?8;!H!=;N?=?6FG;!6F!B;=@F?8>8!;!C9@<>9!W
N;9><4! <;=C6<4! 7>B@8?<4! B>6<4! P<?G><! <6N;9;G6><4! G6V?<W! C@67! 9;7! N6<D;7! [N;9>D>F\4!
[B>J>F\4!H![<6N;9;G6>D>F\!67GKF!B;FR@P>8;7!6F!9>!G6<B6<>!C6<7;F>!869!C9@<>94!>7J!B;=;!
9;7!P6<@F8?;7![<;=C?6F8;\!H![7>B@8?6F8;\!A>B6F!<6:6<6FB?>!>!9>!=?7=>!C6<7;F>O!3!9;7!
7@7G>FG?N;7!E@6!76!<6:?6<6F!>!8?BA;7!N6<D;7!867B<?D6F!?P@>9=6FG6!>!@F!C9@<>94!>!7>D6<4!
C>9;=>7!H!F?V;7O!.;=>9>4!>9!B;FG<><?;4!67!?86FG?:?B>8>!C;<!U@>F!1<6B?>8;!B;F!7?96FB?;4!
>D>F8;F;4! 6F! B;F76B@6FB?>! B;F! [F;! =;N?=?6FG;\! H! [N>BJ;\T! C@67! 69! dF?B;! <@?8;!
6S?7G6FG6!67!69!86!7@7!C<;C?>7!C?7>8>7!E@6!>86=K7!7;F!B>9?:?B>8>7!C;7G6<?;<=6FG64!C;<!
I9! =?7=;4! B;=;! A@6B>7O! 1;<! 9;! E@6! N6=;7! BL=;! %>H@9>4! 6F! 9>! F;N69>4! 67! 69! C@6D9;!
;C@67G;!>!.;=>9>!6F!G>FG;!E@6!>9@86!>![N?8>\!@![A;=D<6!N?N;\4!=?6FG<>7!E@6!.;=>9>!
>9@86!>![=@6<G6\!@![A;=D<6!=@6<G;\O!"7J!C@674!U@>F!1<6B?>8;!N>!869!9@P><![86!N?8>\!>9!
[9@P><! 86! =@6<G6\O! "A;<>! D?6F4! 6F! 69! [9@P><! 86! =@6<G6\! 6FB;FG<>=;7! 9>! F;B?LF! 86!
[=@6<G;!N?N?6FG6\!;![86!=@6<G;!;!>9=>!E@6!F;!76!76C><>!86!7@!B@6<C;\!]B;=;!C>7>!6F!
9>! N?7?LF! ;BB?86FG>9c4! C;<! 9;! E@6! 69! B@6<C;! 869! =@6<G;! N?N?6FG6! F;! 67GK! 86:;<=>8;! ;!
867B;=C@67G;! 7?F;! B;=;! 6<>! B@>F8;! 67G>D>! N?N;O! "7J! N6=;7! BL=;! 9>! F;B?LF! 869!
=@6<G;! 76! >C<;S?=>! =K7! >! 9>7! B@9G@<>7! >@GLBG;F>7! 869! 5IS?B;! >FG?P@;! E@6! >! 9>!
;BB?86FG>94!C@67!69!=@6<G;!F;!67!@F!67CJ<?G@!E@6!76!76C><L!86!7@!B@6<C;4!7?F;!@F!76<!
B;FB<6G;! ;! =>G6<?>9O! #>! ?86FG?:?B>B?LF! 869! =@6<G;! B;F! 9;! N?N;! W;! B;F! 9;! =>G6<?>9W4! >7J!
 ISSN: 2014-1130 n.º4 | invierno 2011 | 56-64 Alba sovietina Estrada Cárdenas 63

B;=;! 9>! B;FR@P>B?LF! 86! 9>7! 8;7! B@9G@<>7! E@6! B;F:;<=>F! C<68;=?F>FG6=6FG6! >9!
=6S?B>F;4! 9>7! C;86=;7! 6FB;FG<><! 86786! 69! B>=?F;! 86! %>H@9>! >! .;=>9>4! B@>F8;! U@>F!
1<6B?>8;!6FB@6FG<>!>!"D@F8?;4!69!C<?=6<;!8?B6!869!76P@F8;Q![56!A>DJ>!G<;C6M>8;!B;F!
I9! 6F! #;7! )FB@6FG<;74! 8;F86! 76! B<@M>D>F! N><?;7! B>=?F;7O! 56! 67G@N6! >99J! 67C6<>F8;4!
A>7G>!E@6!>9!:?F!>C><6B?L!67G6!A;=D<6\!],@9:;4!^__gQ!``cO!!
!!
#>!B?G>!>FG6<?;<4!86!>B@6<8;!>!9>!F;N69>4!C@686!D?6F!<6=?G?<F;7!>!8;7!76FG?8;74!
@F;!B;=;!N6<D;!H!69!;G<;!B;=;!7@7G>FG?N;O!)9!C<?=6<;!>9@86!>!9>!>BB?LF!86!6FB;FG<><76!
B;=;! 1<6B?>8;! 6FB@6FG<>! >! "D@F8?;T! 69! 76P@F8;! >9! 9@P><! 869! 6FB@6FG<;! >7J! B;=;!
G>=D?IF! >! :>FG>7=>! ;! 67CJ<?G@O! %?F! 6=D><P;4! 69! 67CJ<?G@! @! A;=D<6! =@6<G;4! "D@F8?;4!
E@6! 6FB@6FG<>! U@>F! 1<6B?>8;! 67! ?86FG?:?B>8;! B;F! A;=D<64! 67! N?7G;! C@67! 86786! @F>!
B;FB6CB?LF! =>G6<?>9! ;! G>FP?D96T! >9! ?P@>9! E@6! 9>! P6FG6! =@6<G>! 869! C@6D9;! 86! .;=>9>4!
C@67G;! E@6! 6F! 9>! F;N69>! F;! 76! 96! ?86FG?:?B>! B;F! 67CJ<?G@7! 7?F;! E@6! U@>F! 1<6B?>8;! 9;7!
B;F:@F86! B;F! 9>! =>G6<?>! ;! B;F! 9;! N?N;Q! [56! 8?! B@6FG>! E@6! 7@! N;M! 67G>D>! A6BA>! 86!
A6D<>7!A@=>F>74!E@6!7@!D;B>!G6FJ>!8?6FG67!H!@F>!96FP@>!E@6!76!G<>D>D>!H!867G<>D>D>!
>9!A>D9><4!H!E@6!7@7!;R;7!6<>F!B;=;!G;8;7!9;7!;R;7!86!9>!P6FG6!E@6!N?N6!7;D<6!9>!G?6<<>\!
],@9:;4!^__gQ!`bc4!8?B6!U@>F!1<6B?>8;!86!9>!C<?=6<>!=@R6<!=@6<G>!E@6!76!6FB@6FG<>!6F!
.;=>9>O!!
"A;<>!D?6F4!%>H@9>!76!?86FG?:?B>!B;F!69!C>7>8;!6F!G>FG;!.;=>9>!B;F!69!C<676FG6O!
+;7!6FB;FG<>=;7!6FG;FB67!B;F!E@6!69!C>7>8;!<6=?G6!>![N?8>\4!=?6FG<>7!69!C<676FG6!>!
[=@6<G6\!;!?F:<>=@F8;O!)F!9>!B@9G@<>!=6S?B>F>!69!C>7>8;!67!>7;B?>8;!B;F!9>7!B@9G@<>7!
C<6B;9;=D?F>7! H! 69! C<676FG6! B;F! 69! =67G?M>R64! ;! 9>! 7@=>! 86! 9>! N?7?LF! 86! =@F8;!
R@86;B<?7G?>F>! >! 9>! N?7?LF! 86! =@F8;! 86! 9>7! B@9G@<>7! >FG?P@>7O! "7J! N6=;7! BL=;! 69!
C<676FG6! 86! 9>! F;N69>! 76! B;<<67C;F86! B;F! 69! C<676FG6! 869! =6S?B>F;4! 6F! G>FG;! 67! 69!
9@P><!86!=@6<G6!86!9>!=@R6<!H!86!G;8;!76<!=><P?F>8;O!)F!67G>7!B?<B@F7G>FB?>7!%>H@9>!
E@68>! B;=;! 69! 9@P><! 869! <6B@6<8;4! 6F! 8;F86! B;FG?Fd>! 69! B?B9;! 86! 9>! N?8>4! E@6! D?6F!
C@686!?86FG?:?B><76!B;F!9;!?F8JP6F>O!
!
!
$($#(&e,"pr"!
!
$).s),4!08;!]`ffhcO!42.,.1&5#$,(!$#!1&6!78)9&1&6O!5IS?B;4!&BI>F;O!
 ISSN: 2014-1130 n.º4 | invierno 2011 | 56-64 Alba sovietina Estrada Cárdenas 64

!
./,-)+"%4!$9>FB>!]^__acO!:&6!.+#2;&6!#2!1#2<+(!5=&%->?!+2!5+2;&!$#!3,6;(!6&.,&.%8;,.&O!
5;<69?>4!05%+to1<6F7>7!0F?N6<7?G><?>7!86!16<C?PF>Fo!.,(#"01O!
!
.t)'"#(),4! U6>F! H! et)),$,"+*4! "9>?F! ]`ffgcO! @,..,&2(%,&! $#! 1&6! 68)9&1&6O! $><B69;F>4!
t6<86<O!
!
.&,&+"4!U;7I!]`fibcO!A,;&1&<8(!;(%(6.(O!5;<69?>4!$>97>9O!
!
)#("-)4!5?<B6>!]`ffgcO!B%(;($&!$#!-,6;&%,(!$#!1(6!%#1,<,&2#6O!5IS?B;4!)<>O!
!
)%*,"-"4!"9D>!]^__gcO!46;%+.;+%(!C!$,6.+%6&!$#!<>2#%&!#2!"#$%&!"'%()&!$#!D+(2!E+1F&O!
5IS?B;4!)8?B?;F67!)LFo05%+tO!
!
,0#p&4!U@>F!]^___cO!"#$%&!"'%()&O!5IS?B;4!19>M>!U>FI7O!
!