Chemistry 20 Review

Science 10

1. What is the definition of matter?

has a mass and occupies space

2. What are the three states of matter?

solid, liquid, and gas

3. How is matter classified?

Matter is divided into pure substances, those substances that are composed of a single type of
particle, and mixtures, those substances that contain two more types of particles

4. What is a pure substance?

A substance composed of only one type of particle

5. What is the difference between an element and a compound?

Element – composed of only one type of atom
Compound – composed of two or more types of atoms

6. State the main ideas of Dalton’s atomic theory.

 All matter consists of indivisible particles called atoms

 Atoms of the same element are similar in shape and mass, but differ from the atoms of other
elements
 Atoms cannot be created or destroyed
 Atoms of different elements may combine with each other in a fixed, simple, whole number
ratios to form compound atoms
 Atoms of same element can combine in more than one ratio to form two or more compounds
 The atom is the smallest unit of matter that can take part in a chemical reaction
7. How did Thomson’s model of the atom differ from Dalton’s?
Thomson’s model included the subatomic particle, the electron

8. What experimental evidence allowed Rutherford to propose a new model of the atom?
The results of the gold foil experiment – some alpha particles were reflected by particles in the
gold foil, while a majority went straight through the foil

9. How did Bohr’s model differ from Rutherford’s? What concepts did Bohr introduce?
Bohr indicated that the electrons existed in specific orbits around the nucleus. Bohr introduced
the concepts of energy levels for electrons, and that those electrons nearest the nucleus
possessed the lowest energy, and as you moved away, the energy level of the electrons
increased.

Chemistry 20 – Review of Science 10 1

10. What are the charges and the relative masses of the three subatomic particles that are of most
interest to chemists?
proton - + charge, mass of 1 amu
neutron – 0 charge (uncharged), mass of 1 amu
electron - - charge (negative), mass 0.000549 amu (about 1/1800 amu)

11. Describe the composition of the nucleus of each atom.

The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons

12. What does the atomic number of each atom represent?

the number of protons in the nucleus

13. What is an isotope?

Atoms with the same number of protons (the same element) but a different number of neutrons.
As a result, these atoms will have different masses.

14. What is the atomic mass of an element?

The sum of the masses of the protons and the neutrons.

15. Draw the energy level diagrams of the first 20 elements based upon the restricted
quantum model.
--1 e- -- --2 e- --

1 p+ 2 p+
0 n0 2 n0
H He

--1 e- -- --2 e- -- --3 e- -- --4 e- -- --5 e- -- --6 e- -- --7 e- -- --8 e- --

--2 e- -- --2 e- -- --2 e- -- --2 e- -- --2 e- -- --2 e- -- --2 e- -- --2 e- --

3 p+ 4 p+ 5 p+ 6 p+ 7 p+ 8 p+ 9 p+ 10 p+
4 n0 5 n0 6 n0 6 n0 7 n0 8 n0 10 n0 10 n0
Li Be B C N O F Ne

--1 e- -- --2 e- -- --3 e- -- --4 e- -- --5 e- -- --6 e- -- --7 e- -- --8 e- --

--8 e- -- --8 e- -- --8 e- -- --8 e- -- --8 e- -- --8 e- -- --8 e- -- --8 e- --
--2 e- -- --2 e- -- --2 e- -- --2 e- -- --2 e- -- --2 e- -- --2 e- -- --2 e- --

11 p+ 12 p+ 13 p+ 14 p+ 15 p+ 16 p+ 17 p+ 18 p+
12 n0 12 n0 14 n0 14 n0 16 n0 16 n0 18 n0 22 n0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

--1 e- -- --2 e- --
--8 e- -- --8 e- --
--8 e- -- --8 e- --
--2 e- -- --2 e- --

19 p+ 20 p+
20 n0 20 n0
K Ca

Chemistry 20 – Review of Science 10 2

16. Which electrons are described as the valence electrons? Why are these electrons of interest to
chemists?
The electrons that are located in the outermost energy level are called the valance electrons.
These electrons are of interest as they form covalent bonds or are involved in oxidation and
reduction.
17. What is the empirical definition of a metal? a non-metal?
A metal is grey (most, some exceptions), solid (most, a few exceptions), malleable, ductile, shiny,
a good conductor of electricity and heat. They tend to have high melting points.
A non-metal can be different colours, can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas, brittle, dull, and are poor
conductors of electricity and heat. They tend to have low melting points.
18. What elements are referred to as metalloid? Why?
B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te
These elements have empirical properties of both metals and non-metals.
19. Label the following on the periodic table above.

a. metals
b. transition elements
c. nonmetals
d. alkali metals
e. alkaline earths
f. halogens
g. noble gases
h. rare earths – the actinide and lanthanide series
Chemistry 20 – Review of Science 10 3
 i. lantinide series
j. actinide series
k. transuranium series – elements greater than atomic number 92

Can you describe some of the properties shared by all elements in these areas?
transition elements – metals with high melting points, form more than one ion
non-metals (see empirical definition above)
alkali metals – soft, extremely reactive (react violently with the water vapour in air), light, grey
metals. Never found in their pure form.
alkaline earth metals – soft, reactive, light grey metal. Form a protective coating on the surface
when exposed to oxygen in the air. Never found in their pure form.
halogens – extremely reactive, most are coloured, can be solid, liquid, or gas. Never found in
their pure form.
noble gases – chemically inert (do not participate in reactions), extremely stable
rare earths – found in very small amounts on earth, typical metal characteristics
lanthanide/actinide series – see rare earths
transuranium series – unstable, decay radioactively. Not naturally found (synthetic)
20. What is an ion? A cation? An anion? Why do atoms form ions?
An ion is a charged particle (#electrons does not equal the #protons). A cation is a positively
charged ion (more protons than electrons). An anion is a negatively charged ion (more electrons
than protons)
21. What group of elements form anions? form cations?
Non-metals gain electrons to form anions.
Metals lose electrons to form cations.
22. What are polyatomic ions?
Ions that contain more than one kind of atom.
23. How do you name ions with more than one charge? Which elements can form ions with more
than one charge? Where are they located on the periodic table?
Ions with more than one charge are formed by the transition elements (Groups 3 to 12) on the
periodic table. The magnitude of the charge is written as a roman numeral in brackets after the
name of the element. For example Fe3+ is the iron(III) ion, Fe2+ is the iron(II) ion.
24. What is a theoretical definition of an ionic compound?
An ionic compound is formed by the electrostatic attraction between cations and anions (ionic
bond).
25. What is empirical evidence of an ionic compound?
Solid at room temperature, most are crystals, high melting point, dissolve in water, form
conducting solutions.
26. What is a molecular compound?
A molecular compound is formed when non-metals share electrons and form covalent bond.
Molecular compounds are named using the prefix system – mono, di, tri,….
27. What is empirical evidence of a molecular compound?
Can be solid, liquid, or gas, low melting point, generally not soluble in water, if it is, it forms a
non-conducting solution
28. Is an acid an ionic or molecular compound? Why?
Neither, acids are always a mixture of compounds, this is indicated by (aq) which means the
substance has been dissolved in water. Ionic or molecular compounds are PURE substances.
29. What is the empirical evidence of an acid?
An acid is a solution that that will conduct electricity, and will turn blue litmus red.

Chemistry 20 – Review of Science 10 4

 Chemistry 20
Writing and Naming Ionic Compounds

IUPAC Name Chemical Formula

scandium oxide Sc2O3(s)

cesuim nitride Cs3N(s)

magnesium iodide MgI2(s)

cobalt(III) phosphate CoPO4(s)

manganese(II) oxide MnO(s)

lead(II) chloride PbCl2(s)

rhenium sulfide Re2S7(s)

tungsten fluoride WF6(s)

mercury(II) arsenide Hg3As2(s)

ruthenium(IV) telluride RuTe2(s)

thallium(II) oxide TlO(s)

tin(II) fluoride SnF2(s)

indium sulfide In2S3(s)

rubidium bromide RbBr(s)

lithium nitride Li3N(s)

antimony(V) sulfide Sb2S5(s)

zinc oxide ZnO(s)

titanium(II) oxide TiO(s)

potassium iodide KI(s)

silver selenide Ag2Se(s)

chromium(III) arsenide CrAs(s)

tin(IV) phosphide Sn3P4(s)

bismuth(V) oxide Bi2O5(s)

cesium sulfide Cs2S(s)

Chemistry 20 – Review of Science 10 5

 Polyatomic Ions: A Systematic System?

Typically, when naming compounds containing polyatomic ions we will have available a data book
containing the names of 30 - 40 commonly encountered varieties. However, it is not unusual to
encounter examples that are different from the most common forms only in the numbers of
oxygens bound to the central atom of the ion.

The table illustrates how these varieties are named. It is possible to predict the name for a wide range
of polyatomic ions using the naming rule illustrated below- even those that are not known to exist in
nature! Remember the portion of the ion name provided by the central atom is called the stem.

HYPO________ITE ________ITE ________ATE PER________ATE

two less [O] than one less [O] than (Most Common) one more [O] than
________ATE ________ATE ________ATE

SO22– SO32– SO42– SO52–

hyposulfite sulfite sulfate persulfate

NO– NO2– NO3– NO4–

hyponitrite nitrite nitrate pernitrate

ClO– ClO2– ClO3– ClO4–

hypochlorite chlorite chlorate perchlorate

SiO2– SiO22– SiO32– SiO42–

hyposilicite silicite silicate persilicate

PO23– PO33– PO43– PO53–

hypophosphite phosphite phosphate perphosphate

CO2– CO22– CO32– CO42–

hypocarbonite carbonite carbonate percarbonate

BO3– BO23– BO33– BO43–

hypoborite borite borate perborate

CrO22– CrO32– CrO42– CrO52–

hypochromite chromite chromate perchromate

BrO– BrO2– BrO3– BrO4–

hypobromite bromite bromate perbromate

Please complete the table using the first row as an example.

Chemistry 20 – Review of Science 10 6

 Chemistry 20
Writing and Naming Ionic Compounds

NiS2O3(s) nickel(II) thiosulfate LiOH(s) lithium hydroxide

PbBr2(s) lead(II) bromide K2Cr2O7(s) potassium dichromate

SnI2(s) tin(II) iodide BaSO4(s) barium sulfate

potassium
KMnO4(s) Mg(ClO3)2(s) magnesium chlorate
permanganate

sodium hydrogen
CaCO3(s) calcium carbonate NaHCO3(s)
carbonate

Fe2O3(s) iron(III) oxide FeO(s) iron(II) oxide

KC6H5COO(s) potassium benzoate CsCH3COO(s) cesium acetate

lithium dihydrogen
LiH2PO4(s) KCN(s) potassium cyanide
phosphate

AuCl3(s) gold(III) chloride AlP(s) aluminium phosphide

Al(NO3)3(s) aluminium nitrate Eu(ClO2)3(s) europium(III) chorite

NaClO(s) sodium hypochlorite K2O(s) potassium oxide

Li3N(s) lithium nitride NaH(s) sodium hydride

(NH4)2SO4(s) ammonium sulfate NaOH(s) sodium hydroxide

Pb(NO3)2(s) lead(II) nitrate SrSO3(s) strontium sulfite

K2CrO4(s) potassium chromate Mn(IO3)2(s) manganese(II) iodate

Chemistry 20 – Review of Science 10 7

 CaCl2(s) calcium chloride AgHSO3(s) silver hydrogen sulfite

rubidium hydrogen
Rb2HPO4(s) AlPO4(s) aluminium phsophate
phosphate

praseodymium
AgI(s) silver iodide Pr(ClO4)3(s)
perchlorate

Bi2O3(s) bismuth(III) oxide Cs2S(s) cesium sulfide

Al(NO2)3(s) aluminium nitrite UF6(s) uranium(VI) fluoride

V(CO3)2(s) vanadium(IV) carbonate Co(NO3)2(s) cobalt(II) nitrate

FeCO3(s) iron(II) carbonate Na2S2O3(s) sodium thiosulfate

Mo(IO3)6(s) molybdenum(VI) iodate Be(MnO4)2(s) berylium permanganate

CrOOCCOO(s) chromium(II) oxalate Al2(SiO3)3(s) aluminium silicate

Ca(SCN)2(s) calcium thiocyanate Ni3(PO4)2(s) nickel(II) phosphate

Co(NO3)3(s) cobalt(III) nitrate Ru(OH)2(s) ruthenium(II) hydroxide

MgCr2O7(s) magnesium dichromate Nb(CN)5(s) niobium(V) cyanide

NaCH3COO(s) sodium acetate Ti2(CrO4)3(s) titanium(III) chromate

UO2(s) uranium(IV) oxide CoBO3(s) cobalt(III) borate

Chemistry 20 – Review of Science 10 8

 Chemistry 20
Hydrated Ionic Compounds

Hydrated ionic compounds form when an ionic compound crystallizes from aqueous solution such that it
incorporates one or more water molecules into its lattice. The prefixes used to indicate the number of water
molecules are listed in the following table.
mono - 1 di - 2 tri - 3 tetra - 4 penta- 5
hexa - 6 hepta - 7 octa - 8 nona - 9 deca - 10

Complete the following table.

LiOH•H2O(s) lithium hydroxide monohydrate

Li2CrO4•2H2O(s) lithium chromate dihydrate

PbCl2•2H2O(s) lead(II) chloride dihydrate

IrBr3•4H2O(s) iridium(III) bromide tetrahydrate

Na2S2O3•5H2O(s) sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate

Mg(ClO4)2•6H2O(s) magnesium perchlorate hexahydrate

MgCl2•6H2O(s) magnesium chloride hexahydrate

CoCl2•6H2O(s) cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate

Na2SO4•10H2O(s) sodium sulfate decahydrate

CaCl2•2H2O(s) calcium chloride dihydrate

NiCl2•6H2O(s) nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate

CuSO4•5H2O(s) copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate

MgSO4•7H2O(s) magnesium sulfate heptahydrate

Na2CO3•10H2O(s) sodium carbonate decahydrate

Cd(NO3)2•4H2O(s) cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate

ZnCl2•6H2O(s) zinc chloride hexahydrate

Ba(OH)2•8H2O(s) barium hydroxide octahydrate

AlCl3•6H2O(s) aluminium chloride hexahydrate

BaCl2•2H2O(s) barium chloride dihydrate

Na2SO4•10H2O(s) sodium sulfate decahydrate

LiCl•4H2O(s) lithium chloride tetrahydrate

Chemistry 20 – Review of Science 10 9

 Chemistry 20
Naming Molecular Compounds

1. Classically Named Compounds

Some of these very familiar compounds were discovered long before nomenclature rules for
naming were available or they are named according to rules you will be taught at a later date.
The compounds whose name, formula and common state you must commit to memory are as
follows.

water H2O(l) for drinking, bathing and Chemistry

ammonia NH3(g) Windex® ingredient
methane CH4(g) major component of natural gas
propane C3H8(g) an automobile fuel
octane C8H18(l) most common automobile Fuel
methanol CH2OH(l) toxic alcohol in gas line antifreeze
ethanol C2H5OH(l) the alcohol in beers wine and spirits
glucose C6H12O6(s) the sugar consumed in cellular respiration
sucrose C12H22O11(s) common white sugar
hydrazine N2H4(l) common rocket fuel
hydrogen peroxide H2O2(l) used to bleach and perm hair/an antiseptic
hydrogen fluoride HF(g)

}
hydrogen chloride HCl(g)
hydrogen bromide HBr(g)
hydrogen iodide HI(g) These compounds dissolve in water
hydrogen sulfide H2S(g) to make acids of varying strengths.
hydrogen selenide H2Se(g)
hydrogen telluride H2Te(g)

2. Binary Molecular Compounds and the Prefix Nomenclature System

A binary molecular compound contains no more than two non-metal elements held together
by shared pairs of electrons/covalent bonds. The Prefix nomenclature system is summarized
as follows:
prefix - first element full name prefix - second element stem - ide

Here are some examples

CO(g) carbon monoxide CO2(g) carbon dioxide

NO(g) nitrogen monoxide N2O(g) dinitrogen monoxide
N2O4(g) dinitrogen tetroxide N2O5(s) dinitrogen pentoxide
B2H6(s) diboron hexahydride B4H9(s) tetraboron nonahydride
IF7(s) iodine heptafluoride SO2(g) sulfur dioxide
P4O10(s) tetraphosphorus decoxide BF3(s) boron trifluoride

The prefixes and their meanings, from one element to ten elements per formula, are as follows:

mono - 1¶ di - 2 tri - 3 tetra - 4 penta- 5

hexa - 6 hepta - 7 octa - 8 nona - 9 deca - 10

¶ : never used for the first named element

Chemistry 20 – Review of Science 10 10
Provide the IUPAC names for the following binary molecular compounds.

1. CS(g) 2. CS2(l)
carbon monosulfide carbon disulfide

3. N2O5(g) 4. NF3(s)
dinitrogen pentoxide nitrogen trifluoride

5. P2F4(s) 6. ICl2(s)
diphosphorus tetrafluoride iodine dichloride

7. XeF2(s) 8. SiCl4(l)
xenon difluoride silicon tetrachloride

9. P4S6(s) 10. CCl4(l)

tetraphosphorus hexasulfide carbon tetrachloride

11. N2H4(l) 12. SiO2(s)

dinitrogen tetrahydride(hydrazine) silicon dioxide

Provide formulae for the molecular compounds with the following IUPAC names:
(Note: except through experience it is not easy to determine the state of many binary molecular
compounds - unless a classical name is available in which case you must know the state.)

13. sulfur dioxide 14. sulfur trioxide

SO2 SO3

15. tetrasulfur tetranitride 16. phosphorus trifluoride

S4N4 PF3

17. xenon tetrafluoride 18. dinitrogen monoxide

XeF4 N2O

19. nitrogen monoxide 20. diphosphorus pentaoxide

NO P2O5

Chemistry 20 – Review of Science 10 11

 Chemistry 20
Naming Acids

Typically, when naming acids containing polyatomic ions we will have available a data book containing
the names of 30 - 40 commonly encountered varieties. It is an easy matter to name such acids by giving
them ionic names are preceeded by aqueous. The table illustrates how these varieties are named.

______ate  ______ic acid

______ite  ______ous acid
hydrogen ______ ide  hydro______ ic acid

Acid Formula Ionic Acid Name Classical Acid Name

H2SO5(aq) aqueous hydrogen persulfate persulfuric acid

H2SO4(aq) aqueous hydrogen sulfate sulfuric acid

H2SO3(aq) aqueous hydrogen sulfite sulfurous acid

H2SO2(aq) aqueous hydrogen hyposulfite hyposulfurous acid

H2S(aq) aqueous hydrogen sulfide hydrosulfuric acid

H2PO4(aq) aqueous hydrogen hypophosphite hypophosphorous acid

HNO2(aq) aqueous hydrogen nitrite nitrous acid

H2SiO3(aq) aqueous hydrogen silicate silicic acid

H2CO3(aq) aqueous hydrogen carbonate carbonic acid

HClO4(aq) aqueous hydrogen perchlorate perchloric acid

H3BO3(aq) aqueous hydrogen borate boric acid

H2CrO4(aq) aqueous hydrogen chromate chromic acid

HMnO4(aq) aqueous hydrogen permanganate permanganic acid

CH3COOH(aq) aqueous hydrogen acetate acetic acid

HIO3(aq) aqueous hydrogen iodic iodic acid

HBrO4(aq) aqueous hydrogen perbromate perbromic acid

Chemistry 20 – Review of Science 10 12

 Acid Formula Ionic Acid Name Classical Acid Name

HOOCCOOH(aq) aqueous hydrogen oxalate oxalic acid

H3BO2(aq) aqueous hydrogen borite borous acid

HNO(aq) aqueous hydrogen hyponitrite hyponitrous acid

HBr(aq) aqueous hydrogen bromide hydrobromic acid

H2S2O3(aq) aqueous hydrogen thiosulfate thiosulfuric acid

H3PO4(aq) aqueous hydrogen phosphate phosphoric acid

HCN(aq) aqueous hydrogen cyanide hydrocyanic acid

HSCN(aq) aqueous hydrogen thiocyanate thiocyanic acid

H2CrO3(aq) aqueous hydrogen chromite chromous acid

H3PO5(aq) aqueous hydrogen perphosphate perphosphoric acid

HBrO3(aq) aqueous hydrogen bromate bromic acid

H2Cr2O7(aq) aqueous hydrogen dichromate dichromic acid

HIO2(aq) aqueous hydrogen iodite iodous acid

C6H5COOH(aq) aqueous hydrogen benzoate benzoic acid

HI(aq) aqueous hydrogen iodide hydroiodic acid

HClO(aq) aqueous hydrogen hypochlorite hypochlorous acid

H2S2O3(aq) aqueous hydrogen thiosulfate thiosulfuric acid

HIO4(aq) aqueous hydrogen periodate periodic acid

HF(aq) aqueous hydrogen fluoride hydrofluoric acid

HNO3(aq) aqueous hydrogen nitrate nitric acid

HCl(aq) aqueous hydrogen chloride hydrochloric acid

HClO3(aq) aqueous hydrogen chlorate chloric acid

HIO2(aq) aqueous hydrogen iodite iodous acid

Chemistry 20 – Review of Science 10 13

 Chemistry 20
Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations

Reaction Type : Formation

General Reaction : element + element  compound

1. 2 Na(s) + Cl2(g)  2 NaCl(s)

2. 2 K(s) + O2(g)  K2O(s)
3. Mg(s) + Br2(l)  MgBr2(s)
4. 2 Al(s) + 3 F2(g)  2 AlF3(s)
5. 2 C(s) + O2(g)  2 CO(g)
6. P4(s) + 4 Cl2(g)  2 P2Cl4(l)
7. 2 N2(g) + 3 H2(g)  2 NH3(g)
8. S8(s) + 16 O2(s)  8 SO2(g)
9. Zn(s) + I2(s)  ZnI2(s)
10. C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g)
11. 4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g)  2 Fe2O3(s)
12. 3 Li(s) + N2(g)  2 Li3N(s)
13. 4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g)  Al2O3(s)
14. 2 H2(g) + O2(g)  2 H2O(l)
15. Ti(s) + 2 Cl2(g)  TiCl4(s)
16. 16 Ag(s) + S8(s)  8 Ag2S(s)
17. S8(s) + 4 N2(g)  2 S4N4(s)
18. N2(g) + 2 H2(g)  N2H4(l)
19. 4 Co(s) + 3 O2(g)  2 Co2O3(s)
20. Sn(s) + 2 Br2(l)  SnBr4(s)

21. Sulfur reacts with barium to form barium sulfide.

S8(s) + 8 Ba(s)  8 BaS(s)

22. Calcium reacts with selenium.

Ca(s) + Se(s)  CaSe(s)

23. Strontium reacts with nitrogen.

3 Sr(s) + N2(g)  Sr3N2(s)

24. Scandium reacts with iodine.

2 Sc(s) + 3 I2(s)  2 ScI3(s)

Chemistry 20 – Review of Science 10 14

Reaction Type : Decomposition

General Reaction : compound  element + element

1. 2 NaCl(s)  2 Na(s) + Cl2(g)

2. 2 Ag2O(s)  4 Ag(s) + O2(g)
3. Mg(OH)2(s)  Mg(s) + O2(g) + H2(g)
4. 2 BaCO3(s)  2 Ba(s) + 3 O2(g) + 2 C(s)
5. C6H12O6(s)  6 C(s) + 3 O2(g) + 6 H2(g)
6. CCl4(l)  C(s) + 2 Cl2(g)
7. 2 NF3(g)  N2(s) + 3 F2(g)
8. 4 CS2(l)  4 C(s) + S8(s)
9. Hg2Se(s)  2 Hg(l) + Se(s)
10. HOOH(l)  H2(g) + O2(g)
11. Fe3O4(s)  3 Fe(s) + 2 O2(g)
12. Ca(NO3)2(s)  Ca(s) + N2(g) + 3 O2(g)
13. 2 AlBr3(s)  2 Al(s) + 3 Br2(l)
14. 2 H2O(l)  2 H2(g) + O2(g)
15. 2 NaN3(s)  2 Na(s) + 3 N2(g)
16. 2 ZnO(s)  2 Zn(s) + O2(g)
17. 4 AlP(s)  4 Al(s) + P4(s)
18. 8 SrS(s)  8 Sr(s) + S8(s)
19. 2 CsBr(s)  2 Cs(s) + Br2(l)
20. CO2(g)  C(s) + O2(g)
21. Sulfuric acid is decomposed into its elements.
8 H2SO4(aq)  8 H2(g) + S8(s) + 16 O2(g)

22. Calcium hydroxide is broken down into its elements.

Ca(OH)2(s)  Ca(s) + O2(g) + H2(g)

23. Cobalt(II) chloride is decomposed into its elements.

CoCl2(s)  Co(s) + Cl2(g)

24. Water is decomposed by electrolysis.

2 H2O(l)  2 H2(g) + O2(g)

25. Aluminium chloride is gently heated.

2 AlCl3(s)  2 Al(s) + 3 Cl2(g)

Chemistry 20 – Review of Science 10 15

Reaction Type : Single Replacement

General Reaction : element + compound  element + compound ****Usually (aq)

1. 2 Na(s) + 2 HOH(l)  H2(g) + 2 NaOH(aq)

2. 6 K(s) + Al2O3(s)  2 Al(s) + 3 K2O(s)
3. Cu(s) + 2 AgNO3(aq)  2 Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)
4. 3 Co(s) + 2 H3PO4(aq)  3 H2(g) + Co3(PO4)2(aq)
5. Ca(s) + 2 HOH(l)  H2(g) + Ca(OH)2(s)
6. Cl2(g) + 2 NaBr(aq)  Br2(l) + 2 NaCl(aq)
7. H2(g) + CuSO4(aq)  Cu(s) + H2SO4(aq)
8. 2 Al(s) + 3 Cu(NO2)2(aq)  3 Cu(s) + 2 Al(NO3)3(aq)
9. Br2(l) + 2 KI(aq)  I2(s) + 2 KBr(aq)
10. Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq)  H2(g) + ZnCl2(aq)
11. Ni(s) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)  Pb(s) + Ni(NO3)2(aq)
12. Cr(s) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)  Pb(s) + Cr(NO3)2(aq)
13. Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq)  Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq)
14. Mg(s) + 2 CH3COOH(aq)  H2(g) + Mg(CH3COO)2(aq)
15. 2 Al(s) + Fe2O3(s)  2 Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)
16. 2 Fe(s) + 3 NiSO4(aq)  3 Ni(s) + Fe2(SO4)3(aq)
17. H2SO4(aq) + Cr(s)  H2(g) + CrSO4(aq)
18. 2 K(s) + 2 HOH(l)  H2(g) + 2 KOH(aq)
19. HgBr2(aq) + Cl2(g)  Br2(l) + HgCl2(aq)
20. 3 H2(g) + Fe2O3(s)  2 Fe(s) + 3 H2O(g)

21. A piece of zinc metal is placed into aqueous iron(II) chloride.

Zn(s) + FeCl2(aq)  Fe(s) + ZnCl2(aq)

22. An aqueous solution of cesium iodide reacts with liquid bromine.

2 CsI(aq) + Br2(l)  2 CsBr(aq) + I2(s)

23. An aqueous solution of magnesium iodide reacts with chlorine gas.

MgI2(aq) + Cl2(g)  MgCl2(aq) + I2(s)

24. Calcium metal reacts with water.

Ca(s) + 2 HOH(l)  Ca(OH)2(s) + H2(g)

25. Lithium metal reacts with water.

2 Li(s) + 2 HOH(l)  H2(g) + 2 LiOH(aq)

Chemistry 20 – Review of Science 10 16

Reaction Type : Double Replacement

Precipitation : Ionic + Ionic  Precipate(s) + Ionic

Compound(aq) Compound(aq) Compound(aq)

Neutralization : Acid + Base  Water + Ionic Compound(aq)

1. BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2 NaCl(aq)

2. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 KCl(aq)  PbCl2(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)
3. HNO3(aq) + KOH(aq)  HOH(l) + KNO3(aq)
4. Sr(OH)2(aq) + 2 HCl(aq)  SrCl2(aq) + 2 HOH(l)
5. CaBr2(aq) + K2CO3(aq)  CaCO3(s) + 2 KBr(aq)
6. AgNO3(aq) + RbCl(aq)  AgCl(s) + RbNO3(aq)
7. Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 2 H3PO4(aq)  2 AlPO4(s) +3 H2SO4(aq)
8. KOH(aq) + CH3COOH(aq)  KCH3COO(aq) + HOH(l)
9. Na2SO3(aq) + SrBr2(aq)  2 NaBr(aq) + SrSO3(s)
10. Eu(ClO4)3(aq) + Na3PO4(aq)  EuPO4(s) + 3 NaClO4(aq)
11. K2CrO4(aq) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)  2 KNO3(aq) + CuCrO4(s)
12 3 ZnSO4(aq) + 2 (NH4)3PO4(aq)  Zn3(PO4)2(s) +3 (NH4)2SO4(aq)
13. AgNO3(aq) + KCH3COO(aq)  AgCH3OO(s) + KNO3(aq)
14. Pb(ClO3)2(aq) + 2 NaBr(aq)  PbBr2(s) + 2 NaClO3(aq)
15. 2 HNO3(aq) + Ca(OH)2(s)  2 HOH(l) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)
16. 3 Na2CO3(aq) + 2 Fe(NO3)3(aq)  6 NaNO3(aq) + Fe2(CO3)3(s)
17. 3 CuSO4(aq) + 2 K3PO4(aq)  Cu3(PO4)2(s) + 3 K2SO4(aq)
18. 2 AgNO3(aq) + (NH4)2S(aq)  Ag2S(s) + 2 NH4NO3(aq)
19. KOH(aq) + HI(aq)  KI(aq) + HOH(l)
20. 3 HOOCCOOH(aq) + Fe2O3(s)  Fe2(OOCCOO)3(aq) + 3 H2O(l)

21. An aqueous ammonium chloride solution reacts with aqueous silver nitrate.

NH4Cl(aq) + AgNO3(aq)  NH4NO3(aq) + AgCl(s)

22. An aqueous solution of sodium phosphate is added to an aqueous solution of calcium nitrate.

2 Na3PO4(aq) + 3 Ca(NO3)2(aq)  Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6 NaNO3(aq)

23. An aqueous barium chloride solution reacts with an aqueous thallium(I) hydroxide solution.

BaCl2(aq) + 2 TlOH(aq)  Ba(OH)2(s) + 2 TlCl(aq)

24. An aqueous cesium hydroxide solution reacts with hydrochloric acid.

CsOH(aq) + HCl(aq)  CsCl(aq) + HOH(l)

Chemistry 20 – Review of Science 10 17

Reaction Type : Complete Combustion Reactions

General Reaction: Compound/Element + Oxygen  Most common oxides

In this type of reaction a compound or element reacts with oxygen to form the most common
oxides. Some of the most common oxides of nonmetals are: CO2(g), NO2(g), H2O(l), and SO2(g);
of metals are the most common ion oxides.

1. CH4(g) + 2 O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

2. 2 C2H6(g) + 7 O2(g)  4 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g)
3. C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g)  3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g)
4. 2 C4H10(g) + 13 O2(g)  8 CO2(g) + 10 H2O(g)
5. C5H12(g) + 8 O2(g)  5 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g)
6. 2 C6H14(g) + 19 O2(g)  12 CO2(g) + 14 H2O(g)
7. C7H16(g) + 11 O2(g)  7 CO2(g) + 8 H2O(g)
8. 2 C8H18(g) + 25 O2(g)  16 CO2(g) + 18 H2O(g)
9. C9H20(g) + 14 O2(g)  9 CO2(g) + 10 H2O(g)
10. 2 C10H22(l) + 31 O2(g)  20 CO2(g) + 22 H2O(g)
11. 2 C6H6(l) + 15 O2(g)  12 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g)
12. C2H5OH(l) + 3 O2(g)  2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(g)
13. 2 CH3OH(l) + 3 O2(g)  2 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g)
14. 4 NH3(g) + 7 O2(g)  4 NO2(g) + 6 H2O(g)
15. 4 CH3NH2(g) + 13 O2(g)  4 CO2(g) + 10 H2O(g) + 4 NO2(g)
16. 2 NiS(s) + 3 O2(g)  2 NiO(s) + 2 SO2(g)
17. C25H52(s) + 38 O2(g)  25 CO2(g) + 26 H2O(g)
18. 2 C2H5SH(l) + 9 O2(g)  4 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g) + 2 SO2(g)
19. C10H8(s) + 12 O2(g)  10 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g)
20. CH3COOH(s) + 2 O2(g)  2 CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

21. Sulfur burns.

S8(s) + 16 O2(g)  8 SO2(g)

22. Solid iron is burned in a a Bunsen flame.

4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g)  2 Fe2O3(s)

23. Charcoal briquettes (assume pure carbon) are burned in a barbeque.

C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g)

24. Hydrazine reacts with oxygen.

N2H4(l) + 3 O2(g)  2 NO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

Chemistry 20 – Review of Science 10 18

 Chemistry 20
The Mole and Avogadro’s Number

Words are often used to represent common numbers, e.g. - a couple or pair (2), a trio (3), a dozen (12),
a score (20), a gross (144) or a ream (500). Well, it turns out that molecules are so tiny that even a ream
of them is so small as to be quite invisible. Chemists use the collective noun - the mole (from
molecule) to describe a specific number of atoms, molecules or ions.

The mole is defined as the number of carbon atoms in exactly 12 g of pure carbon - 12. Current
measurements put this number at 602 200 000 000 000 000 000 000 atoms which is best represented as
6.022 x 1023 atoms. This number is so large and unique that we call it Avogadro’s number to honour
Italian scientist Luigi Amadeo Avogadro.

23
6.022 x 10 particles
1 mole

We can use this number to convert the number of particles into moles (abbreviated with a “n”), which, as we
will soon find out, is a very convenient number to use in Chemistry.

Example 1. How many atoms are in 0.200 mol of sodium?

23
6.022 x 10 atoms Na 23
atoms Na= 0.200 mol Na x = 1.20 x 10 atoms Na
1 mol Na

Example 2. How many mol of chlorine contain 1.00 x 1024 molecules?

24 1 mol Cl2
n Cl2 = 1.00 x 10 molecules Cl2 x 23
= 1.66 mol Cl2
6.022 x 10 molecules Cl2

1. How many molecules are in 0.150 mol of oxygen?

23
6.022 x 10 molecules O2 22
molecules O2 = 0.150 mol 𝑂2 x = 9.03 x 10 atoms O2
1 mol O2

2. How many mol of silicon contain 2.2 x 1025 atoms?

25 1 mol Si
n Si = 2.2 x 10 atoms Si x 23
= 37 mol Si
6.022 x 10 atoms Si

3. How many atoms are in 2.567 mol of carbon?

23
6.022 x 10 atoms C 24
atoms C = 2.567 mol C x = 1.55 x 10 atoms C
1 mol C

Chemistry 20 – Review of Science 10 19

4. How many mol of lithium contain 4.6 x 1027 atoms?

27 1 mol Li
n Li = 4.6 x 10 atoms Li x 23
= 7.6 x 103 mol Li
6.022 x 10 atoms Li

5. How many molecules are in 0.00124 mol of carbon dioxide?

23
6.022 x 10 molecules CO2 20
molecules CO2 = 0.00124 mol CO2 x = 7.467 x 10 atoms CO2
1 mol CO2

6. How many mol of sodium hydroxide contain 1.1 x 1021 formula units?

21 1 mol NaOH
n NaOH = 1.1 x 10 formula units NaOH x 23
= 1.8 x 10−3 mol NaOH
6.022 x 10 formula units NaOH

7. How many formula units are in 1.3 x 10–6 mol of sodium chloride?

23
6.022 x 10 formula units NaCl 17
formula units NaCl= 1.3 x 10 −6
mol NaCl x = 7.8 x 10 formula units NaCl
1 mol NaCl

8. How many mol of silver contain 2.50 x 1020 atoms?

20 1 mol Ag -4
n Ag = 2.50 x 10 atoms Ag x 23
= 4.15 x 10 mol Ag
6.022 x 10 atoms Ag

Chemistry 20 – Review of Science 10 20

 Chemistry 20
The Mole and Molar Mass

Your periodic table is organized to provide a practical way to convert the mole directly into grams.
Knowing how many moles of substance are in a specified number of grams of substance is of invaluable
help.

The mass of one mole of an element, a molecular compound or an ionic compound is called
that substance’s molar mass.

How is molar mass calculated? To explain this, you will have to look at the key of your periodic table to
find atomic molar mass (see diagram).

The atomic molar mass of

an element is indicated
within the box for each 3 Li
element.
1.0 1+
6.94
The units of atomic molar
mass are g/mol
(grams per mole) lithium

Part 1. What is the molar mass of

a. sodium f. copper
22.99 g/mol 63.55 g/mol
b. tin g. bromine
118.71 g/mol 159.80 g/mol
c. krypton h. sulfur
83.80 g/mol 256.56 g/mol
d. mercury i. hydrogen
200.59 g/mol 2.02 g/mol
e. uranium j. oxygen
238.03 g/mol 32.00 g/mol

The molar mass of a compound, no matter the formula, is rather easy to determine. To determine
the molar mass of a compound, calculate the sum of the atomic molar masses of all the atoms in that
compound. See the examples over leaf.

Chemistry 20 – Review of Science 10 21

Example: What is the molar mass of H2O(l)?
Answer: In each mole of water molecules there are two mol of hydrogen atoms and one
mol of oxygen atoms. The molar mass of water is

2 mol of H atoms - 2 x 1.01 g/mol = 2.02 g

1 mol of O atoms - 1 x 16.00 g/mol = 16.00 g

The molar mass of H2O(l) (the total) = 18.02 g/mol

Example: What is the molar mass of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate?

Answer: The formula whose molar mass is to be calculated is CuSO4•5H2O(s). The molar
mass of CuSO4•5H2O(s) is -

1 mol of Cu atoms - 1 x 63.55 g/mol = 63.55 g

1 mol of S atoms - 1 x 132.06 g/mol = 32.06 g
9 mol of O atoms - 9 x 16.00 g/mol = 144.00 g
10 mol of H atoms - 1 x 1.01 g/mol = 10.10 g

The molar mass of CuSO4•5H2O(s) = 249.71 g/mol

Part 2. Calculate the molar mass of

a. sodium hydroxide k. glucose

40.00 g/mol 180.18 g/mol

b. carbon dioxide l. copper(II) bromide

44.01 g/mol 223.35 g/mol

c. sodium carbonate m. aluminium sulfate

105.99 g/mol 342.17 g/mol

d. mercury(II) oxide n. hydrogen peroxide

216.59 g/mol 34.02 g/mol

e. uranium(IV) fluoride o. potassium permanganate

314.03 g/mol 158.04 g/mol

f. sodium nitrate p. zinc oxalate

85.00 g/mol 153.43 g/mol

g. carbon disulfide q. sucrose

76.15 g/mol 342.34 g/mol

h sodium hydrogen carbonate r. barium sulfate

84.01 g/mol 233.40 g/mol

i. chromium(III) oxide s. ammonia

152.00 g/mol 17.04 g/mol

j. phosphorus trifluoride t. octane

87.97 g/mol 114.26 g/mol

Chemistry 20 – Review of Science 10 22

 Chemistry 20
Mass to Mole Conversions

From your previous handout you learned how to calculate the molar mass of any compound.

The molar mass of a compound is the sum of the atomic molar masses of all the
atoms in that compound.

The word amount refers to the number of moles of substance present in any given mass. The word
mass refers to the mass in grams (g) of substance present in any given number of moles/amount. Molar
masses are the conversion factors that allow us to convert from mass to moles and vice versa. The
common symbols for mass and amount are m and n, respectively.

Example 1: What amount of substance is present in 100 g of NH3(g)?

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3
𝑛 𝑁𝐻3 = 100 𝑔 𝑁𝐻3 𝑥 = 5.87 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3
17.04 𝑔 𝑁𝐻3

The amount of ammonia present is 5.87 mol.

Example 2: What mass of substance is present in 100 mol of NH3(g)?

17.04 𝑔 𝑁𝐻3
𝑚 𝑁𝐻3 = 100 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3 𝑥 = 1.70 𝑥 103 𝑔 𝑁𝐻3
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3

The mass of ammonia present is 1.70 x 103 g or 1.70 kg.

Example 3: What amount of substance is present in 200 kg of NH3(g)?

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3
𝑛 𝑁𝐻3 = 200 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝐻3 𝑥 = 11.7 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3
17.04 𝑔 𝑁𝐻3

The amount of ammonia present is 11.7 kmol.

Example 4: What mass of substance is present in 2.9 Mmol of NH3(g)?

17.04 𝑔 𝑁𝐻3
𝑚 𝑁𝐻3 = 2.9 𝑀𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3 𝑥 = 49 𝑀𝑔 𝑁𝐻3
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3

The mass of ammonia present is 49 Mg.

SIMPLE RULE: MULTIPLY BY THE UNIT YOU

WANT, DIVIDE BY THE UNIT YOU DON’T WANT

Chemistry 20 – Review of Science 10 23

Determine the mass or amount as required in of the following.
a. What amount of sodium chloride is present in 12 g of table salt?
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
𝑛 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 = 12 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 𝑥 = 0.21 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
58.44 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
b. What is the mass of 2.56 mol of glucose?
180.18 𝑔 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6
𝑚 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 = 2.56 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 𝑥 = 461 𝑔 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6
c. What amount of methanol is present in 189 g of gas line antifreeze?
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻
𝑛 𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻 = 189 𝑔 𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻 𝑥 = 5.90 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻
32.05 𝑔 𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻
d. What is the mass of 6.52 kmol of propane?
44.11 𝑔 𝐶3 𝐻8
𝑚 𝐶3 𝐻8 = 6.52 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶3 𝐻8 𝑥 = 288 𝑘𝑔 𝐶3 𝐻8
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶3 𝐻8
e. What amount of compound is present in 5.00 kg of iron(III) oxide ?
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3
𝑛 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 = 5.00 𝑘𝑔 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 𝑥 = 0.0313 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3
159.70 𝑔 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3
f. A reaction needs 1.2 mol of zinc oxalate. What mass is required?
153.43 𝑔 𝑍𝑛𝑂𝑂𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂
𝑚 𝑍𝑛𝑂𝑂𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂 = 1.2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑍𝑛𝑂𝑂𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂 𝑥 = 0.18 𝑘𝑔 𝑍𝑛𝑂𝑂𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑍𝑛𝑂𝑂𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂
g. What amount of compound is present in 600 Mg of sucrose?
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶12 𝐻22 𝑂11
𝑛 𝐶12 𝐻22 𝑂11 = 600 𝑀𝑔 𝐶12 𝐻22 𝑂11 𝑥 = 1.75 𝑀𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶12 𝐻22 𝑂11
342.34 𝑔 𝐶12 𝐻22 𝑂11
h. What mass of barium sulfate is present in 12.5 mmol?
233.40 𝑔 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4
𝑚 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 = 12.5 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑥 = 2.92 𝑔 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4
i. What amount of compound is present in 600 mg of ammonium chloride?
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙
𝑛 𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙 = 600 𝑚𝑔 𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙 𝑥 = 11.2 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙
53.50 𝑔 𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙
j. 1.00 L of octane has a mass of 702.5 g. What amount of octane is present?
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶8 𝐻18
𝑛 𝐶8 𝐻18 = 702.5 𝑔 𝐶8 𝐻18 𝑥 = 6.148 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶8 𝐻18
114.26 𝑔 𝐶8 𝐻18
k. What is the mass of 0.028 mol of aluminium sulfate?
342.17 𝑔 𝐴𝑙2 (𝑆𝑂4 )3
𝑚 𝐴𝑙2 (𝑆𝑂4 )3 = 0.028 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑙2 (𝑆𝑂4 )3 𝑥 = 9.6 𝑔 𝐴𝑙2 (𝑆𝑂4 )3
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑙2 (𝑆𝑂4 )3
l. An experiment uses 2.00 g CuSO4•5H2O(s). What amount is this?
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 5𝐻2 𝑂
𝑛 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 5𝐻2 𝑂 = 2.00 𝑔 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 5𝐻2 𝑂 𝑥 = 0.00801 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 5𝐻2 𝑂
249.72 𝑔 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 5𝐻2 𝑂

Chemistry 20 – Review of Science 10 24